I-Neural Substrates yesifiso socansi kubantu ngabanye abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokweqile (2015)

IMIBUZO: Lolu cwaningo lwe-fMRI lwaseKorea luchaza ezinye izifundo zobuchopho kubasebenzisi be-porn. Njengesikole saseCambridge University ithole amaphethini okusebenza okucutshungulwa kobuchopho kumlutha wezocansi oveze amaphethini omlutha wezidakamizwa. Ngokuvumelana nezifundo eziningana zaseJalimane zathola ukuguqulwa kwe-correx ye-prefrontal ehambisana nezinguquko ezitholakala ezilutha izidakamizwa.

Nakuba lichaza izici zenye izifundo, leli phepha laseKorea linezela okulandelayo:

1. Ihlola izindawo ezengeziwe zobuchopho ezithintekayo ekusebenziseni i-reactivity, futhi zathola ukuthi zonke zenziwa ngamandla amakhulu kunezilawuli ezinempilo. Izifunda zobuchopho ezingeziwe: i-thalamus, i-nucleus engakwesokunxele, i-gyrus eyi-supramarginal, futhi ihlehlisa kahle i-cingulate gyrus.
2. Okusha ukuthi ukutholakala kufane ngokuphelele namaphethini we-prefrontal cortex abonwe ezidakamizweni zezidakamizwa: Ukuqaphela okukhulu -ukuphinda usebenzise izithombe zocansi, kepha kuvinjelwe impendulo kwezinye izinto ezijwayelekile. Emlutha, izinkomba ezihlobene nokulutha kubangela i-prefrontal cortex ukuqhuma isifunda somvuzo ngezimpawu "zokuyithola". Kubuye kubangele injabulo encane ekuphenduleni imivuzo ejwayelekile yansuku zonke. Lokho wukuthi, isisusa esincane sokuphishekela imivuzo ejwayelekile.

Ngaphambili. Behav. I-Neurosci., 30 November 2015

LINKA KUFUNDO ESIFUNDWAYO

Ji-Woo Seok futhi Jin-Hun Sohn*

• UMnyango Wezokwelapha, i-Brain Research Institute, iChungnam National University, iDaejeon, eNingizimu Korea

Izifundo ngezici zabantu abane-hypersexual disorder bezilokhu zanda ngenxa yokwanda kokukhathazeka ngokuziphatha okuyinkinga kwe-hypersexual (PHB). Njengamanje, kuncane okwaziwayo ngezindlela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha nezindlela zesifiso sesondo. Ucwaningo lwethu luhlose ukuphenya ama-neural correlates wesifiso sobulili ngemifanekiso ehlobene nokusebenza komlingo kazibuthe (fMRI). Abantu abangamashumi amabili nantathu abane-PHB kanye nezilawuli ezinempilo ezihambisana nobudala ezingama-22 baskenwe ngenkathi bebuka nje izinto ezingathandeki zocansi nezingathandeki. Izinga lezifundo zesifiso sobulili lihlolwe ngokuphendula isisusa ngasinye sezocansi. Ngokuphathelene nezilawuli, abantu abane-PHB babhekana nesifiso sobulili esivamile futhi esithuthukisiwe ngesikhathi sokuchayeka ezenzweni zocansi. Ukusebenza okukhulu kwabonwa ku-nucleus ye-caudate, i-parietal lobe engaphansi, i-dorsal anterior cingate gyrus, thalamus, ne-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex eqenjini le-PHB kunaseqenjini elilawulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphethini we-hemodynamic ezindaweni ezivuliwe ahlukile phakathi kwamaqembu. Ngokuhambisana nokutholakele kwezifundo zokucatshangelwa kobuchopho ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa nokuziphatha, abantu abanezici zokuziphatha ze-PHB kanye nesifiso esithuthukisiwe bakhombise ukuvuselelwa okushintshiwe ezindaweni eziphambili ze-cortex nezindawo ezingaphansi. Ekuphetheni, imiphumela yethu izosiza ekuboniseni isimilo kanye nezinqubo ezihambisanayo ze-neural zabantu abane-PHB.

Isingeniso

Ukuziphatha okuphathelene nezinkinga zocansi (PHB) kuchazwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganyela okuqhubekayo ezenzweni zobulili eziphindaphindiwe ezingenakho ukulawula ukucindezela ngokweqile ngokobulili nokuziphatha naphezu kokuqaphela imiphumela emibi ehambisanayo (I-Goodman, i-1993; Amakhadi, i-2001, 2013). Labo abahlushwa yi-PHB bangathola ubunzima obunzima emiphakathini yabo yomndeni nokusebenza komsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi noma ukukhulelwa okungafuneki ebuhlotsheni bobulili obufebe (Schneider no-Schneider, i-1991; I-Kuzma ne-Black, i- 2008). E-US, i-3-6% yabafundi bomphakathi nabakolishi babe ne-PHB (Coleman, 1992; Okumnyama, i-2000; Ababukeli, i-2003). E-Korea, cishe i-2% yabo bonke abafundi bekolishi bane-PHB (UKim no-Kwak, i-2011). Ngenxa yobandlululo obuphezulu kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene, izingozi ezihambisanayo ziyaziwa ngokwengeziwe emphakathini njengoba kwenzeka ukuthi i-PHB ikhula.

Nakuba ukungathí sina kwe-PHB manje sekuqashelwa, akufakiwe ku-DSM-5 (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ngabe ukugula kwengculazi kufanele kubekwe njengesifo; Ngakho-ke, akukho ukuvumelana ngokuchazwa kwayo, ukuhlukaniswa, noma ukuxilongwa. Lokhu kubonisa ubunzima ekwenzeni izinga elicacile lokuhlukaniswa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezifundo zomgomo nezinhloso eziphathelene nezifo eziphathelene nocansi.

Nakuba, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-PHB njengesifo kusengenhlamba, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukucansi ngokweqile kufanele kufakwe njengesigaba sezinkinga zokulutha ngoba i-PHB ihlanganisa izimpawu ezifana nezinye izinhlobo zokulutha (I-Goodman, i-2001; Kor et al., 2013). Isifiso esithuthukisiwe sihlobene kakhulu nezici ezihambisana nomtholampilo eziphazamisayo zomlutha. Ucwaningo lokucwaninga luye lwabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi wezifunda zobuchopho ezihileleke esifisweni kuguqulwa kulabo abanokulutha ngokweqile (I-Garavan et al., I-2000; I-Tapert et al., 2003; U-Franklin et al., 2007;McClernon et al., 2009). Izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, njengokugembula, ukugembula kwe-intanethi, nokuziphatha kocansi, okungafaki ukutholakala ngokuqondile kwezidakamizwa kuhlanganisa nesifiso esikhulisiwe esibonakala sihlobene nemisebenzi eguquliwe ezindaweni eziphathelene nobuchopho (I-Crockford et al., I-2005; Ko et al., 2009;UKühn noGallinat, i-2014; I-Voon et al., I-2014).

Ucwaningo lwe-Brain imaging of isifiso sokulutha ngokweqile nokulutha komzimba kukhonjisiwe izinguquko zomsebenzi ku-prefrontal cortex (PFC) nasezifundeni ezinomvuzo ongaphansi kwezifundo ezihambisana nalezi zinkinga (I-Goldstein noVolkow, i-2011). Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zifundo ziye zaveza ukubandakanyeka okuyinhloko kwe-PFC ekudambiseni, kokubili ngokulawula kwayo izifunda zomvuzo kanye nokubandakanyeka kwazo ezinkampanini zokugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuziphatha okuphoqelekile. Ukuphazanyiswa kokusebenza kwe-PFC kuholela ekutheni kube nokukhubazeka ekuphenduleni ukuvimbela kanye nokwehluleka kwemfanelo, njengokunikezwa kwesibindi esingafanele ngokweqile ekuqaphelweni kokulutha, njengokwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuziphatha okuluthayo, nokunciphisa isifiso sokuvuselela okuvamile (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; I-Goldstein noVolkow, i-2011).

Ngokuvumelana nale miphumela, imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-neuroimaging kuma-PHBs lisikisela ukuthi abantu abane-PHB banesifiso esikhulu sokuzicabangela ngokobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa okunempilo nokuthi isifiso esithuthukisiwe sihlotshaniswa namaphethini ahlukene wezimpendulo ze-neural ku-anorior-outral-striral-amygdala inethiwekhi esebenzayo (I-Voon et al., I-2014). Esakhiweni sobuchopho kanye nesifundo sokuxhuma emsebenzini, UKühn noGallinat (2014) wabonisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo sobuchopho esishintshileyo nokusebenza ezindaweni ze-PFC futhi kungaholela ekuthambekeni kokufuna amanoveli kanye nezinto ezingcolile zocansi.

Lezi zifundo zinikeza ubufakazi bokuthi isifiso sakhudlwana kanye nokungahleleki okusebenzayo okufakwe kwisifiso nakho kuhilelekile ku-PHB, noma ngabe ukuziphatha ngokwabo akukwenzanga imiphumela ye-neurotoxic.

Ngeshwa, idatha yombhalo mayelana nezimpendulo zobulili ezihlobene nesifiso sobulili kubantu abane-PHB ayanele. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili emikhankasweni yobuchopho obangela ukucubungula isifiso sobulili kubantu abano-PHB basebenzise ama-paradigms ejwayelekile emabhulogi ngesikhathi sokusebenza komfanekiso we-resonance magnetic (fMRI) nokuvezwa okwesikhashana kokushukunyiswa kobuciko. Ekucwaningweni kwesifiso socansi, ubude besikhathi sesethulo kubonakala kubalulekile kusuka ekuboneni kwembono yezobuchwepheshe futhi ngenxa yokungafani kokucutshungulwa kolwazi (Bühler et al., 2008). Emiklamo yebhokisi, isikhathi sokwethulwa kwe-stimulus sihlala isikhathi eside, futhi kwenzeka ukuthi ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo ebhodini kubikezelwe ngokuphelele (Zarahn et al., 1997). Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela imiklamo kungase kusebenze izindawo ezihlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokuqonda, njengokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, ukulawulwa okuphezulu, nokuvinjelwa kokuvusa ucansi. Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni ukuzibandakanya ngokomzwelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela sishintshe umsebenzi we-neural osisekelo (I-Schafer et al., I-2005). Ngokwemvelo, imiklamo ehlobene nomcimbi ingaphansi kwezinto ezijwayelekile zemiklamo yokuthola izindawo ezicushiwe zengqondo, kuyilapho ziphakeme ngokulinganisa umsebenzi wokuphendula we-hemodynamic (I-Birn et al., I-2002).

Ngakho-ke, izinhloso zalolu cwaningo kwakufanele

(1) baphinde baphendule ukutholakala kokuziphatha okwedlulele kwesifiso sobulili esikhulisiwe kubantu abano-PHBs,

(2) ukukhomba izinguquko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho ezifundeni eziyaziwa ukuthi zihlotshaniswa nesifiso esithuthukisiwe, futhi

(3) baqonde umehluko ekuphenduleni kwe-hemodynamic yalezo zindawo zobuchopho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubantu abane-PHB ngokusebenzisa i-FMRI ephathelene nomcimbi.

Sithemba ukuthi abantu abane-PHB bangase babe nesifiso esikhulu sezocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa okunempilo nokuthi izifunda zobuchopho, njenge-PFC kanye nezijikelezo zokuvuza eziphansi, kubonisa imisebenzi eguquliwe kanye nezimpendulo ze-hemodynamic uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okunempilo.

izindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Isifundo samanje sihlanganisa Amaqembu e-23 abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa ababesilisa abangamanye amaqembu eqembu le-PHB [iminyaka yobudala = 26.12, ukuphambana okujwayelekile (SD) = iminyaka engu-4.11] kanye nabahlanganyeli be-22 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa ababesilisa ababesithandana nabo eqenjini lokulawula (iminyaka yobudala = 26.27, SD = Iminyaka engu-3.39). Cishe abathintekayo be-70 baboshwa ezindaweni zokwelashwa zokuziphatha okubi kocansi kanye nemihlangano yezokwelapha ezingekho emthethweni. Imigomo yokufaka isisekelo isekelwe kwi-PHB criteria yokuhlola yezifundo zangaphambilini (Ithebula le-S1; I-Carnes et al., I-2010; I-Kafka, i-2010). Takhiphe izinqubo kwaba okulandelayo: yobudala ngaphezu kwe-45 noma ngaphansi kwe-18; isifo esibucayi esingokwemvelo, njengesifo sokuphuza utshwala, ukubheja ukugembula, ukucindezeleka okukhulu kokucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo eguquguqukayo noma ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo; okwamanje ukuthatha imithi; umlando wokulimala okukhulu kwekhanda; ubungqingili; irekhodi lobugebengu; noma ukungavumeleki kwe-imaging (okungukuthi, enesisindo emzimbeni wakhe, njenge-astigmatism enzima, noma i-claustrophobia). Abahlengikazi baqhuba izingxoxo zomtholampilo kuzo zonke izifundo ezikhona, futhi iqembu lokugcina labesilisa be-23 abahlangabezana nenqubo yokungena futhi hhayi okukhethwa kuzo okukhethiwe kuqembu le-PHB. Kuqembu lokulawula, abahlanganyeli be-22 abanezici zobuntu (iminyaka, ubulili, izinga lemfundo, kanye nezinga lokuthola imali) elilingana neqembu le-PHB lakhethiwe. Bonke ababambiqhaza banikeze ngokubhaliwe okubhaliwe abanolwazi emva kokuchazwa kubo okuqukethwe kwaleso sifundo. Ibhodi leChungnam National Institutional Review Board lamukele uhlelo lokuhlola nokuvuma (inombolo yokugunyazwa: 201309-SB-003-01). Bonke abahlanganyeli bathole isinxephezelo sezimali (amadola ka-150) ngokuhlanganyela kwabo.

Izinsimbi zokulinganisa

Abahlanganyeli baphetha inhlolovo equkethe imibuzo ngezici zabo zezenhlalo kanye nemisebenzi yezocansi ezinyangeni zangaphambilini ze-6 nezikali ezilinganiselwe, njenge-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (Patton et al., 1995), Imibuzo yemibuzo ye-Buss-PerryUBuss no-Perry, i-1992), I-Beck Depression Inventory (U-Beck et al., 1996), I-Beck Yokukhathazeka Inventory (U-Beck et al., 1996), Ukuvivinya ngokocansi Ukuhlolwa kwe-Sex-R (SAST-R; I-Carnes et al., I-2010), ne-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (i-HBI; Reid et al., 2011; Ithebula 1). Imibuzo ephathelene nokuziphatha ngokobulili yayineminyaka yobudala bokulala ngokobulili kanye nesimo samanje sobudlelwano bocansi. An isimo socansi okukhethekile kwachazwa njengobudlelwane lapho abantu ababili kuphela abahlanganyela kwezocansi kuphela. A ukungabonisi ubuhlobo bobulili kwachazwa ngokuthi kugcinwa ubudlelwane obuningi bezocansi nabalingani bezocansi abahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokugcina noma yiluphi uhlobo lobudlelwane obuseduze nobuhlobo.

Imibuzo ephathelene nezici ezihlobene nomsebenzi wobulili yayihlanganisa imvamisa yokulala ngokobulili ngesonto, imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu ngesonto, imvamisa yokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngesonto, kanye nenani labalingani bobulili obuphelele ezinyangeni ezidlule ze-6. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SAST-R (I-Carnes et al., I-2010) ne-HBI (Reid et al., 2011) asetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinga le-PHB kulabo ababambiqhaza. I-SAST-R inemibuzo ye-20 eyenzelwe ukuhlola izinga lokulutha ngokocansi. Amaphesenti amaphuzu avela ku-0 kuya ku-20 amaphuzu, anezici eziphakeme ezibonisa ukulutha kakhudlwana ngokocansi. I-HBI iqukethe imibuzo ye-19, namanani we-score kusuka ku-19 kuya ku-95. Isibalo esiphelele se-53 noma ngaphezulu sikhombisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual. Ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi (i-coefficient ye-Cronbach α) ye-SAST-R ne-HBI yi-0.91 ne-0.96, ngokulandelana (I-Carnes et al., I-2010; Reid et al., 2011).

I-Stimuli yokuhlola nokuParadigm yokuhlola

Ubuqili buqhutshwa kumadoda e-130 enemisebenzi ejwayelekile yocansi engazange ahlanganyele ekuhlolweni kwe-fMRI ukuze akhethe isisombululo socansi nesingaxhumani nesifundo se-fMRI (Ifayela le-S1). Ukubheka okubonakalayo kwakunezithombe ze-20 eziqoqwe kusukela ku-International Affective Picture System (izithombe ze-6; I-Lang et al., I-2008) namawebhusayithi e-inthanethi (izithombe ze-14). Isenzo socansi sasinezithombe ezibonisa abesifazane abunu futhi umsebenzi wobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombe ze-20 ezingazange zenze noma yisiphi isifiso sobulili zikhethwe njenge-stimuli engashadile. Babalinganiswa nesisindo sobulili sezinga labo lobumnandi. Ukuziqhenya kwabantu abashadile kubonisa izigcawu ezivusa amadlingozi, njengemisebenzi yezemidlalo yamanzi, ukugubha ukunqoba, nokweqa. Lezi zindlela ezikhethiwe zakhethwa ukuze zithole umsebenzi wobuchopho owawuhlobene kuphela nesifiso socansi ngokubheka umsebenzi ophumela ekuzijabuliseni nasekuvusweni okujwayelekile.

Ku-paradigm yokuhlola ye-fMRI, imiyalelo emifushane mayelana nokuhlolwa yanikezwa i-6 ekuqaleni kokuhlola, okulandelwa ukuboniswa okungahleliwe kwanoma yisiphi isimiso socansi noma abangasondli ngayinye ye-5. Isikhathi ngasinye se-interstimulus sasiyi-7-13 s (isilinganiso, i-10 s) ukusiza umhlanganyeli ukuba abuyele esimweni sabo sokuqala. Ukuze ugcine abahlanganyeli bagxile ku-stimuli, babuzwa ukuthi bacindezele inkinobho yokusabela lapho ihlombe elingalindelekile linikezwe cishe nge-500 ms inani lama-12 izikhathi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Isikhathi esiphelele esidingekayo ukuhlolwa kwakungu-8 min ne-48 s (Umfanekiso 1).

ISIGABA 1

                      

 

 

Umfanekiso we-1. I-paradigm ehlobene nomcimbi ngesifiso sobulili.

Ngemva kokuqedela ukuhlolwa kwe-fMRI, abahlanganyeli babheke okufanayo okushiwo ekuhlolweni kwe-fMRI, futhi kwakudingeka baphendule kule mibuzo emithathu elandelayo ukuhlolwa kwengqondo.

Okokuqala, babuzwa ukuthi baphendule "yebo" noma "cha" lapho bebuzwa ukuthi bazizwa benesifiso sobulili uma bebukeka behlelwe yi-stimulus ngayinye.

Okwesibili, kwakudingeka balinganise isifiso sabo sobulili kumkhawulo we-Likert wamaphuzu amahlanu kusuka ku-1 (okungenani kakhulu) kuya ku-5 (kakhulu kakhulu).

Okwesithathu, izilinganiso zabahlanganyeli 'ezilinganisweni zobukhulu be-valence nokuvusa kukhuthazo ngalunye kunqunywe ngokwesilinganiso samaphuzu ayisikhombisa e-Likert.

Ukulinganisa kwakhiwe ngezilinganiso ezimbili. I-Valence, eyayinembile noma engalungile, isuka kusuka embi kakhulu ku-1 kuya emihle kakhulu ku-7, futhi ukuvusa ngokomzwelo kwavela kokuzolile ku-1 ukuze ujabulele / kuvuswe ku-7. Okokugcina, abahlanganyeli kwakudingeka babike noma yiziphi ezinye imizwelo abaye bazibonela ngaphandle kwesifiso sobulili ngenkathi bevezwa ekukhuthazeni ngamunye.

Ukuzuza isithombe

Ukuthengwa kwesithombe kwenziwa nge-3.0 T Philips i-scanner magnetic resonance (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands). I-imaging eyodwa-shot echo-planar indlela yokuskena ye-fMRI [ukuhlukahluka kokucabanga: ukuphindaphinda isikhathi (TR) = 2,000 ms, isikhathi se-echo (TE) = 28 ms, ubukhulu besigaba = 5 mm kungekho gap, matrix = 64 × 64, indawo ukubuka (i-FOV) = 24 × 24 cm, i-flip angle = i-80 °, kanye no-in-resolution resolution = 3.75 mm] isetshenziselwe ukuthola ama-35 okuyizintambo eziqhubekayo zezithombe ze-oxygen-dependent level (BOLD). Izithombe ze-T1 ezilinganiselwe zitholakala nge-3-dimensional -tentenated inversion sequence (TR = 280, TE = 14 ms, flip angle = 60 °, I-FOV = 24 × 24 cm, i-matrix = 256 × 256, nobunzima bokuhlukanisa = 4 mm).

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Ukuze uphenye izimpendulo zokuziphatha nezengqondo ezisekelwa kuphela kwisifiso sobulili, idatha yokucabanga kanye nengqondo yezithombe ezintathu ezibangele ezinye imizwelo, njengokuhlambalaza, intukuthelo, noma ukumangala, ngaphandle kokuvuswa kobulili kwakungekho ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha . Kuzimele t-Izifiso zamagunya nezifiso zesifiso sobulili phakathi kwalamaqembu amabili zenziwa nge-SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Ukuvama kwesifiso sobulili kwakubhekwa njengenani lezinkomba ezithinta isifiso socansi phakathi kwesisindo se-20 sezocansi, futhi ukuqina kokuvuthwa ngokobulili kwakuyizinga elilinganiselwe lesifiso socansi elizithobayo ezithombeni ze-20.

I-SPM8 (i-Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, eLondon, UK) yasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya idatha ye-fMRI. Esikhathini esandulela phambili, ukuthengwa kwesithombe se-MRI kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: ukulungiswa kwesikhathi-sikhathi sokuthenga okungahambi kahle, ukulungiswa kokuhamba, nokuhlelwa kwendawo endaweni yesimiso esisezingeni elihlinzekwa yi-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ngemva kwalokho, izithombe ezijwayelekile zenziwe nge-kernel ye-8-mm Gaussian.

Ngemuva kokuqedela ukuqala kokuqala, amamatiriyali wokuklama nemibandela emibili (isimo socansi nesimo sengqondo esingaxilanga ngaso sonke isikhathi) sidalwe kumhlanganyeli ngamunye ukuze abone izindawo eziphathelene nokusebenza okuhlobene nesifiso sobulili. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga elilodwa lomuntu wokuqala lokuqhathaniswa nesimo sobulili ngaphandle kwesimo somuntu ongasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela engahleliwe, futhi kusho izithombe ezenzelwe isihloko ngasinye. Isampula esisodwa t-Izithombe ezinhlobonhlobo zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola imiphumela ebalulekile yeqembu eqenjini ngalinye emifanekisweni ehlukene eyenziwa yilowo nalowo. Isampula ezimbili t-Izibalo zenziwa ukukhomba umehluko phakathi kwala maqembu amabili ngenxa yezimpendulo zobuchopho esifundweni sobulili ngokuhambisana nesimo sobulili. Ukwengeza, ukuhlaziywa kwe-correlational kwenziwa kuphela eqenjini le-PHB ukucacisa izifunda zokusebenza ezihambelana nokuqina kocansi ngokobulili ngokusho kwe-SAST-R. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhluka kwamanani wezinhlu zezifundo kungase kube phansi kakhulu ukudalula ukusebenzisana okuphawulekayo eqenjini lokulawula, ukuhlaziywa kwe-correlational akukwenziwe eqenjini lokulawula. Amanani we-P angaphansi kwe-0.05 (Isilinganiso Sokutholakala Ngamanga, esilungisiwe, usayizi weqoqo ≥ 20) noma i-0.001 (okungakahlelwa, usayizi weqoqo ≥ 20) kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kobuchopho njengoba la mazinga avunyelwa ngokuvamile kwizifundo ze-FMRI. Zonke izixhumanisi zevoxel ezisebenzayo ziboniswa njenge-MNI iqondisa emaTables 3, 4.

Ukuguqulwa kwesignali yamaphesenti kukhishwe kwiMiphakathi Yezintshisekelo (i-ROIs) ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kweqembu kanye nokulungiswa [isib., I-thalamus ephakathi, i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i-DLPFC), i-nucleus yesokunxele, i-right supramarginal gyrus, kanye nelungelo ukukhipha i-anterior cingulate gyrus] ne-MarsBaR (http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/marsbar). Ama-ROIs adalwe ngokubeka i-5-mm sphere ezungeze izixhumanisi ezibikwe emaTables 3, 4. Ukuze uhlole izici zesikhashana zezimpendulo ze-hemodynamic, inkathi ye-BOLD yesikhathi sesikhangiso nayo ikhishwe kuma-ROI ngesikhathi kunikezwa isisombululo ngasinye socansi (inani le-12 s; i-5 kanye ne-7 ngemuva kwalokho) kubo bonke abahlanganyeli. Izifundo zesikhathi ngaleso sikhathi zahlukaniswa phakathi kwabahlanganyeli eqenjini ngalinye.

Njengesivivinyo sokulandelelwa sokulungiswa kokubala ukulingana kokulingana, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwezibalo ku-SAST-R ne-HBI kanye nesignali yephesenti kuguquka kuma-ROI ngokusekelwe emiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlanganiswa (ithebula 4) zahlaziywa eqenjini le-PHB nge-SPSS 22.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela yezinhlolovo zengqondo

Kulezi zihloko zokulawulwa okunempilo kwe-20, ezinye ezimbili kuphela ezibikiwe imizwelo ngaphandle kokuvusa ngocansi ngokuphendula lezi zenzo ezintathu zobulili. Omunye umhlanganyeli eqenjini lokulawula wabika ukuthi imibono emibili yezocansi phakathi kwe-20 yocansi yocansi yenza inhlamba nokuthukuthela, kanti omunye umhlanganyeli eqenjini lokulawula ulinganisile ukuthi isithombe esisodwa socansi senze isimanga. Izithombe ezintathu zobulili ezenza imizwa ngaphandle kokuvukela ngokobulili ayengekho ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha.

Isimele t-kukhonjisiwe akukhonjiswanga umehluko weqembu ngokulinganisa kwe-valence futhi kuvusa ukubhekana nezici zocansi [i-valence: t(43) = 0.14, p> 0.05, uCohen's d = 0.042; kuvusa: t(43) = 0.30,p> 0.05, uCohen's d = 0.089]. Ukwengeza, iphesenti lesenzo sobulili phakathi kwezithombe ze-20 ezishisayo ezenza isifiso sobulili swaqaphela ukuthi iqembu le-PHB lazifisa isifiso socansi kaningi ngaphezu kweqembu lokulawula ngenkathi kutholakala ekukhuthazeni ngokocansii [t(43) = 3.23, p <0.01, Cohen's d = 0.960]. Tukuqina okukhulu kokuvuthwa kobulili kubonise ukuthi iqembu le-PHB lihlangene nokuvusa okukhulu kocansi kuneqembu elilawulayo ekuphenduleni izithombe ezithinta ucansi [t(43) = 14.3, p <0.001, Cohen's d = 4.26]. Imiphumela yokuhlola kwengqondo iboniswa kuThebula 2.

Imiphumela ye-fMRI

Esikhathini seqembu le-PHB, ukuvuselelwa kwaqashelwa phakathi kwe-gyri yangaphakathi / engaphansi kwe-gyri yangaphambili (i-Brodmann area (BA) 9], i-cuneus / precuneus (i-BA 7, i-18, ne-19), i-striatum, i-thalamus, ne-cingulate gyri (i-BA 24 ne-32 ) ekuphenduleni isenzo sobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nesenzo esingaxhaswa ngokobulili. IIqembu elilawulayo, ukuvuselelwa kuboniswe kwi-gyri yangaphakathi / engaphansi kwe-gyri (BA 9), i-cuneus / precuneus (i-BA 7, i-18, ne-19), i-striatum, i-thalamus, ne-left cingulate gyrus (i-BA 24) (ilungiswe ukutholakala kwamanga Linganisa,p <0.05).

Phakathi nokuhlaziywa phakathi kweqembu, iqembu le-PHB libonise ukusebenze okukhulu kakhulu ekuhambeni kwesokudla kwe-cingulate cortex yangaphakathi (i-DACC; i-BA 24 ne-32), i-thalami ephakathi kwamanye amazwe, i-nucleus yama-caudate eyashiya, i-DLPFC (BA 9, 46), kanye ne-gyrus efanele ye-supramarginal (BA 40) ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kuqembu lokulawula ngesikhathi sokuchazwa kwesenzo socansi uma kuqhathaniswa nesisusa esingathandana nabo. Azikho izifunda zobuchopho eqenjini lokulawula elibonise ukusebenza okukhulu kuneqembu le-PHB. Zonke izixhumanisi zevoxel ezisebenzayo ziboniswa njenge-MNI iqondisa emaTables 3, 4. Umfanekiso 2 ikhombisa izinguquko zesiginali sephesenti ekulawuleni nakumaqembu e-PHB esimweni ngasinye sokuhlola (okungukuthi, izimo zocansi nezingaxhumano) ze-ROI ekhethiwe, nomdwebo 3 ibonisa uchungechunge lwezinkathi zenkathi yeqembu ngalinye lezinguquko zesiginali sephesenti ngesikhathi ngasinye lapho kubonakala khona ama-ROI ngesikhathi sesethulo sesisindo ngasinye socansi (inani le-12 s; i-5 ne-7 ngemuva kwalokhu) ngokususelwa kwimiphumela yokuhlaziywa kweqembu.

Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlanganiswa kwezifunda ezihlobene nesilinganiso se-SAST-R kubonise ukuthi i-thalamus ne-DLPFC (BA 9) efanele ihlotshaniswa nezikolo ze-SAST-R (p <0.001, engalungisiwe) eqenjini le-PHB ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kuzimo zocansi, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4. TImiphumela ye-analysis uphenyo yabonisa ukuthi ishintsho lesignali yephesenti esathathwa kusukela ku-thalamus efanele kanye ne-DLPFC ehlangene ngokubaluleka ngokubambisana kobulili obufanayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Izinguquko zesiginali sephesenti ku-thalamus efanele futhi i-DLPFC ehambelana kahle ne-SAST-R izikolo eqenjini le-PHB ngenkathi kuvezwa ezenzweni zobulili (i-thalamus kwesokudla: r = 0.74, n = 23, p <0.01; i-DLPFC kwesokudla: r = 0.63, n = 23, p <0.01). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwesiginali samaphesenti ku-DLPFC elungile kanye ne-thalamus yangakwesokudla kwakuhlobene kahle nezikolo ze-HBI eqenjini le-PHB (thalamus yangakwesokudla: r = 0.65, n = 23, p <0.01; i-DLPFC kwesokudla: r = 0.53, n = 23, p <0.01), njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 4.

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Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini umehluko emazingeni eesifiso sobulili phakathi kwabantu abane-PHB kanye nokulawula okunempilo futhi, uma kunjalo, ngabe lo mthelela wawuhlobene nokuguqulwa komsebenzi emagcekeni we-neural wesifiso socansi kulaba bantu ngabanye. Njengoba kwabikezelwa, iqembu le-PHB likhombisa ngokuphawulekayo amazinga wesifiso sobulili kanye nokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kuma-PFC nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-subcortical kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi izinguquko ezisebenzayo kumabonakude we-neural ezixhumanisa isifiso esithintekayo sokuziphatha ngokuziphatha ngokobulili zazifana nalabo abasabela ekuboniseni isethulo kubantu abanezidakamizwa noma izidakamizwa zokuziphatha (I-Garavan et al., I-2000; I-Tapert et al., 2003; I-Crockford et al., I-2005; U-Franklin et al., 2007;Ko et al., 2009; McClernon et al., 2009). Voon et al. (I-2014) kubika isifiso esingavamile kanye nezinguquko zomsebenzi ezifundeni ezihambisana nesifiso esikhulisiwe kubantu abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi. Siphinde sichaza futhi sandisa le miphumela ngokuphenya ngezichungechunge zezinkathi zokuqalisa ngesikhathi se-12 sonke ezindaweni ezihlobene nesifiso socansi.

Njengoba i-hypothesized, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yokuhlola kwengqondo kubonise ukuthi iqembu le-PHB libonise isifiso socansi esivame kakhulu kuneqembu elilawulayo ngenkathi kutholakala ezenzweni zobulili, okuphakamisa ukuthi leli qembu linomngcele ophansi wesifiso sobulili. Lapho isifiso sobulili senziwa, iqembu le-PHB libonisa ukuphakama okuphakeme kwesifiso socansi kunalokho iqembu elawulayo. Lo mphumela wawuhambisana nokuthola kwangaphambilini kubantu abaneqembu le-PHB (Laier et al., 2013; I-Laier neBrith, i-2014; I-Voon et al., I-2014), ikakhulukazi abonise ukuthi isifiso sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile singadlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nocansi lwe-inthanethi.

Imiphumela ekuphenduleni kobuchopho ekubhekaneni nesimo socansi ngokucophelela okutholwe yi-neuroimaging okutholakele ukuthi kubonakala ukuthi imisebenzi ibonakala ezindaweni ezibucayi ezihilelekile ekufuneni ngokobulili noma ekukhuthazeni / ekulindeni, kanye nokuthanda ngokocansi noma ukuvusa / ukuphelisa, lapho bonke abahlanganyeli bekhona evezwe ekukhuthazeni ucansii (UGeorgiadis noKingelbach, i-2012). Imiphumela yokuqhathaniswa kweqembu le-imaging yobuchopho ibonakalise ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo ku-DLPFC (BA 9) nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-subcortical, kuhlanganise ne-DACC efanele (i-BA 24 ne-32), i-nucleus esele kwesokunxele, i-supramarginal gyrus (i-BA 40), futhi ilungelo thalamus, futhi lezi zinguquko zingase zihlotshaniswe nezici zokuziphatha zeqembu le-PHB. Ngaphezu kokusebenza kobuchopho, sahlola uchungechunge lwezikhathi zezimpendulo ze-hemodynamic kulezi zindawo ngesikhathi nangemva kokuvusa isifiso socansi kulezi zindawo.

Phakathi kwalezi zifunda, i-nucleus ye-caudate ye-left kanye ne-ACC (ilungelo le-BA 24 ne-32) kanye ne-DLPFC elungile kuthiwa ihlotshaniswa nesakhi esishukumisayo sesifiso socansi. Ukubandakanya kwe-nucleus ye-caudate ekugqugquzelweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemali kungase kulandele ukuphendula kwayo kwisenzo socansi (I-Delgado, i-2007). I-dorsal striatum ivuliwe ngesikhathi sokulindela (I-Delgado, i-2007), okungenzeka kubonakale isifiso esihambisana nokulindela okunjalo. Ekucwaningweni kwezimpendulo ze-neural ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuvuselelwa njalo ngenxa yezinto ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kungabangela ukugqoka nokunciphisa i-striatum, kuhlanganise ne-nucleus ye-caudate, ekulawuleni okunempilo (UKühn noGallinat, i-2014). Kodwa-ke, esifundweni samanje, ukuvuselela okukhulu kukhonjisiwe ku-nucleus ye-caudate eqenjini le-PHB, noma ngabe iqembu le-PHB libuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi. Lokhu kungezwani phakathi kwemiphumela yesifundo samanje kanye nalabo UKühn noGallinat (2014) ingachazwa umehluko kulabo ababambiqhaza. Okusho ukuthi, ngokungafani nokusetshenziswa kwabantu abadala abesilisa abanempilo esifundweni esedlule, isifundo sethu senziwa kubantu abane-PHB. Ubufakazi bokuqoqa bubonisa ukuthi i-nucleus ekhunjulwa ibalulekile ekufundiseni umkhuba wokuziphendulela nokugcinwa kokuziphatha komlutha (UVanderschuren no-Everitt, i-2005). Ukusetshenziselwa i-nucleus ye-caudate kulolu cwaningo kungase kusiphakamise ukuthi kutholakala ukucubungula ngokocansi-ukuvuselelwa kokuphindaphindiwe ngemuva kokuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kobulili.

I-DACC yaziwa ukuthi ihlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokugqugquzela zesifiso sobulili (I-Redouté et al., I-2000; I-Arnow et al., I-2002; U-Hamann et al., 2004; U-Ferretti et al., I-2005; I-Ponseti et al., I-2006; UPaul et al., 2008). Ukutholakala kwethu kokusebenza kwe-DACC kusikisela ukuthi kunendima yesifiso socansi, futhi le miphumela ifana neyesifundo esenzelwe umsebenzi we-neural ohlobene nesifiso ezindabeni ezinokuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokobulili (I-Voon et al., I-2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DACC yaziwa ukuthi ibalulekile ekuqalisweni kokuqala kokuziphatha okugxilwe ngamagoli ngokubandakanya ekuqaphelweni kokuphikisana phakathi kwesifiso sokuveza ukuziphatha nokukhishwa kwesicelo (I-Devinsky et al., I-1995; I-Arnow et al., I-2002;I-Karama et al., I-2002; U-Moulier et al., 2006; Safron et al., 2007). I-neuroanatomically, amaphrojekthi we-DACC aya kwi-DLPFC ne-parietal lobe (I-Devinsky et al., I-1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001). Kulolu cwaningo, ukusebenza ku-DACC eqenjini le-PHB kungase kubonise ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwesifiso sokuveza izifiso zobulili njengezenzo kanye nesifiso sokuqeda izimpendulo ngenxa yezimo zesimo ngesikhathi sesethulo socansi.

Ukusebenza kwe-gyrus ye-supramarginal kuhlotshaniswa nokunakekelwa kakhudlwana emigomeni ebonakala njengezicansi (I-Redouté et al., I-2000; Stoléru et al., 2012). Ucwaningo lwangaphambili seluhlongoze ukuthi ukunakekelwa okwenyuka kwezocansi kudlale indima ebalulekile ekugcineni isifiso sobulili (I-Barlow, i-1986; Janssen no-Everaerd, i-1993) futhi ihlotshaniswa nokuzizwa kocansi okufunayo (I-Kagerer ne-al., I-2014). Esifundweni samanje, ukuvuselelwa kwe-supramarginal kungabonisa ukunakwa okukhulu okukhokhelwe yi-PHB kwizihloko zobulili futhi okungabangela amazinga aphezulu wesifiso sobulili uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula.

Phakathi kwezifunda eziye zavulwa kakhulu phakathi kwemiphumela yeqembu, i-DLPFC ne-thalamus ngokuqondile zihambelana nokuqina komlutha wezocansi ezifundweni ze-PHB. Sibheke ukusebenza okukhulu kwe-thalamus, okuhambisana nokutholwa kwangaphambilini kwezifundo zokuvuswa kobulili (I-Redouté et al., I-2000; U-Moulier et al., 2006). Ngokwezifundo zangaphambilini ngesifiso socansi, ukusetshenzwa kwe-thalamus kuhlobene nezimpendulo zomzimba (okungukuthi, ukulungela ukwenza ucansi) okubangelwa yisifiso sobulili futhi kuhambisana kahle nokuhlelwa kwe-penile (I-MacLean ne-Ploog, i-1962; I-Redouté et al., I-2000; U-Moulier et al., 2006). Ngokuthakazelisayo, sithole iphrofayli ephakeme futhi evulekile ye-hemodynamic ku-thalamus uma kuqhathaniswa nalokhu ekulawuleni. Le mpendulo ephakeme futhi evulekile ye-hemodynamic ingase ikhombise ukuthi ukuvuvukala ngokocansi kwakunamandla futhi kunwetshwa kubantu abane-PHB.

Ngokufanayo nokufundwa kwezifundo ezenzweni ze-neural kubantu abanomlutha ngesikhathi esifisa isifiso esenziwe, sithole umsebenzi oguquliwe we-PFC eqenjini le-PHB. I-PFC idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni okuzayo kanye nokukhumbula (I-Bonson et al., 2002). I-neuroanatomically, i-PFC ixhunyaniswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-DACC, i-nucleus ye-caudate, ne-parietal lobe (I-Devinsky et al., I-1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001; I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002). Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini mayelana nokulutha umlutha lukhombisile ukuthi ukungasebenzi kahle kwale nethiwekhi, kufaka phakathi i-PFC, kuhlobene nokulawulwa kwe-PFC kwezifunda zemiklomelo ye-limbic kanye nokubandakanyeka kwayo ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwe-oda, kufaka phakathi ukuzithiba, ukunikela ngamandla, nokuqwashisa (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; Khipha imali et al., 2010; I-Goldstein noVolkow, i-2011; UKühn noGallinat, i-2014). Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zifundo ziye zaphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-DLPFC njengengozi yokubambisana, okwenza kube nezimpawu, njengokungathi ukuzwela okungavamile okwenziwe ngokweqile njengokwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuziphatha okuluthayo futhi kunciphise intshisekelo ekuthandeni okujwayelekile okuvuza (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; I-Goldstein noVolkow, i-2011). Esifundweni samanje, ukubonwa kokusebenza okukhulu kwe-DLPFC eqenjini le-PHB kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula kungase kubonise isenzo esiningi ngokweqile ekunikezeni izici zocansi.

Ngokufingqa, iqembu le-PHB libonise isifiso esikhulu sezocansi esihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wobuchopho obushintshiwe. Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi iqembu le-PHB lingakhokha ukunakwa ngokweqile kwisenzo socansi nokuthi kungase kube nokuphendula okuzenzekela ngoba impendulo enemibandela yocansi engasakwazi ukuhanjiswa kahle. Ukulinganiselwa kwesifundo samanje kwaba kanje. Okokuqala, umncintiswano wezihloko wawuyi-Asia. Okwesibili, lolu cwaningo luhilelekile kuphela izifundo zesilisa, futhi izifundo ezizayo eziphathelene nabesifazane kanye nezifundo zesilisa zobungqingili kufanele zibe usizo ekuqondeni kangcono i-PHB. Izihloko ze-PHB ngokukhathazeka ngokwengqondo ezenzeka ngokuhlanganyela azibhaliswanga esifundweni samanje, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe uphenyo lwe-neural ukungasebenzi okusekelwe kuphela ku-PHB. Nokho, ngokusho kocwaningo oluthile I-Weiss (i-2004), I-28% yabesilisa abane-PHB banenkinga enkulu yokucindezeleka. Ukuthatha lezi zici ndawonye kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa komphumela wokutadisha kumuntu jikelele jikelele. Ekugcineni, la maqembu amabili kungenzeka ahluke ngokuqondene nokuziqaphela kanye / noma ukuzwela ngokomzwelo ngenxa yokwelashwa kwabahlanganyeli be-PHB. Sizama ukunciphisa umehluko phakathi kokulawula kanye namaqembu e-PHB ngokufanisa nokuguquguquka okubalulekile kwezenhlalakahle, kufaka phakathi ubudala, izinga lemfundo, nokunikezelwa, ngezinhloso zokuqhathanisa nokusebenzisa izindlela eziqine ukukhipha, njengokungabikho kwezifo zengqondo nokusetshenziswa kwamanje imithi ye-psychotropic, kokubili amaqembu. Okulandelayo, sihlela ukuhlola ukuthi izimo eziguquguqukayo ezihlobene nesikhathi sokwelashwa noma uhlobo lwezokwelapha zithinta kanjani izimpendulo zemizwelo, kuhlanganise nezimpendulo ezibhekiswe kwezocansi, zabantu abano-PHB.

Naphezu kwalokhu kunciphisa, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo inikeza kakhulu izincwadi futhi ibe nemiphumela ebalulekile ekucwaningeni esikhathini esizayo. Sithole izindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nesifiso socansi kanye nezinguquko zesikhashana emisebenzini yalezi zifunda phakathi kwezifundo nge-PHB. Njengesifundo sokucubungula ubuchopho ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa nokuziphatha, i-PHB yayihlotshaniswe nezinguquko ezisebenzayo ezindaweni ze-PFC nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, ngisho nangaphandle kwe-neurotoxicity yezidakamizwa. Ngakho-ke imiphumela yethu iyasiza ekwenzeni izici zokuziphatha nezindlela ezihambisana ne-neural zabantu abano-PHB, bese uhamba ngesinyathelo esingaphezu kwezichazo zezici ezifana nezifundo zangaphambilini.

Izimali

Lo msebenzi wawusekelwe yiKorea Basic Science Institute (No. E35600) kanye nesikhwama sokucwaninga sika-2014 Chungnam National University.

Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzalo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

Ukuvuma

Abalobi bangathanda ukubonga i-Korea Basic Science Institute ukuvumela lolu cwaningo luqhutshwe eMnyangweni Wezithombe Zomuntu Ngokusebenzisa i-3T MRI scanner (Phillips).

Izinto ezengeziwe

I-Supplementary Material yalesi sihloko ingatholakala ku-intanethi ku: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00321

Okubhekwayo