IZIMPENDULO: Ngenkathi kubuyekezwa kahle, kwashiya izifundo eziningi eziqoqwe kuleli khasi: Izifundo zobuntu kubasebenzisi be-Porn. Mhlawumbe iphepha lalethwa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwezifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyekezwa akuhlukanisi "ucansi" kusuka ekuluthweni kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Lokho kusho, isiphetho sicacile:
“Uma kuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ubufakazi bubonakala busho ukuthi izinguquko ezingxenyeni zangaphambili ze-lobe, i-amygdala, i-hippocampus, i-hypothalamus, i-septum, kanye nezobuchopho ezenza umvuzo zidlala indima enkulu ekuveleni kobungqingili. Izifundo zofuzo nezindlela zokwelashwa kwe-neuropharmacological zikhomba ekubandakanyeni kohlelo lwe-dopaminergic. ”
Xhumanisa ekutadisheni okugcwele (ukhokhe)
Ukubukezwa Kwezwe Lomhlaba We-Neurobiology
S. Kühn*, †, , , J. Gallinat*
- * I-University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, iMitholampilo nePolyclinic ye-Psychiatry ne-Psychotherapy, eHurmand, eJalimane
- † Isikhungo se-Lifespan Psychology, i-Max Planck Institute for Development Human, eBerlin, eJalimane
Itholakala ku-31 ku-May 2016
abstract
Kuze kube manje, ukucwasana kobulili obufanayo akutholakalanga ukungena ezinkambisweni zokuhlukanisa ezivamile. Kodwa kuyinto evame ukuxoxwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ehlanganisa isifiso socansi ngokweqile okungukuthi i-maladaptive yomuntu ngamunye. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwaluhlolisisa ukuxilongwa kobulili obuphathelene ne-neurobiological, kodwa izincwadi zamanje azikwanele ukudweba iziphetho ezingalingani. Ekubukezeni okwamanje, sifingqa futhi sixoxisane ngeziphumo ezihlukahlukene: ukuhlolwa kwe-neuroimaging kanye ne-lesion, ukuhlola kwezinye izifo ze-neurological ngezinye izikhathi ezihambisane nobungqingili obubungqingili, ubufakazi be-neuropharmacological, izakhi zofuzo kanye nezifundo zezilwane. Ukuhlanganiswa, ubufakazi bubonakala sengathi butholakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-lobe yangaphambili, i-amygdala, i-hippocampus, i-hypothalamus, i-septum, nezindawo zobuchopho ezisebenzayo umvuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kobulili obufanayo. Ucwaningo lwe-Genetic kanye ne-neuropharmacological izindlela zokwelashwa zikhomba ekubandakanyekeni kwesistimu ye-dopaminergic.
Amagama angukhiye: Ukubheja ngokwecansi; Ukuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile; U-Sexual; Ukuziphatha kobulili okungenasiphilisi ngokweqile
IZINTO EZIKHULU
I-4. UKUHLELWA KWE-NEUROIMAGING KUNYE NE-HYPERSEXUALITY
Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwaphenya ama-neural correlates wokuvusa ucansi ekuphenduleni izinto ezibonakalayo ezibukwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi usebenzisa i-imaging resonance imaging esebenzayo (fMRI). Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta ekufundweni okuningi kwe-neuroimaging okuphenya izimpendulo zobuchopho kwizimpawu ezibukwayo ezenziwa kwabesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa, sithole ukuhlangana phakathi kwezifundo ekusebenzeni kwe-BOLD ezifundeni eziningana ezibandakanya i-hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), insula, fusiform gyrus , i-precentral gyrus, i-parietal cortex, ne-occipital cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2011a) (I-Fig. 1). Ezifundweni ezibike izimpendulo zobuchopho ezihambisana nomaka womzimba wokuvusa ucansi (isb., I-penile tumescence), sithole ukwenziwa okungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izifundo ze-hypothalamus, thalamus, insula yamazwe amabili, i-ACC, i-postcentral gyrus, ne-occipital gyrus. I-lateral frontal cortex I-cortex yangaphambi kwesikhathi ye-cortex yesikhashana I-cortex yangaphakathi engaphakathi kwe-cortex Cuadate Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Insula Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus. Umdwebo. 1 Izifunda ezingabandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kwe-hypersexual (i-septum ayikhonjisiwe).
Ezifundweni lapho umsebenzi wobuchopho waqashwa khona ngesikhathi se-orgasm yabesilisa nabesifazane, ukwenziwa kusebenze kwabikwa ezindleleni ze-dopaminergic ezivela ku-ventral tegmentum (VTA) (Holstege et al., 2003) kuya kuma-nucleus accumbens (Komisaruk et al., 2004; Komisaruk , Wise, Frangos, Birbano, & Allen, 2011). Umsebenzi ubuye wabonwa ku-cerebellum ne-ACC (Holstege et al., 2003; Komisaruk et al., 2004, 2011). Kwabesifazane kuphela, ukusebenza kwangaphambi kobuchopho be-cortical kwabonwa ngesikhathi se-orgasm (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2005). Esifundweni se-cue-reactivity ezigulini ezinemilutha ye-cocaine, abantu abathile banikezwe izinkomba ezibukwayo ezihlobene ne-cocaine noma ucansi (Childress et al., 2008). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imiphumela iveze izifunda zobuchopho ezifanayo ezizocushwa ngesikhathi sezinto ezihlobene nezidakamizwa kanye nezocansi ezitholakala kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo nakuhlelo lwe-limbic, okuyi-VTA, i-amygdala, i-nucleus accumbens, i-orbitofrontal, ne-insular cortex. Abanye bakhulume ngokufana kuphrofayili yokusebenza kwe-cerebral ekuphenduleni izifiso zocansi nothando nokunamathiselwa (UFrascella, uPotenza, uBrown, no-Childress, i-2010).
Ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela kuze kube yimanje, olwazini lwethu, oluphenye umehluko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abanezinkinga zocansi nangaphandle kocansi ngesikhathi se-cue-reactivity fMRI task (Voon et al., 2014). Ababhali babika i-ACC ephezulu, i-ventral striatal, kanye nomsebenzi we-amygdala kubantu abane-hypersexuality uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangenawo. Lezi zindawo zisebenza ngokungqubuzana nezifunda zobuchopho esizikhombe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta ukuze zisebenze ngokungaguquguquki kuma-paradigms okulangazelela izidakamizwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuluthwa yizidakamizwa (K € uhn & Gallinat, 2011b). Lokhu kufana kwesifunda kunikeza ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo kwe-hypothesis yokuthi ubungqingili bungafana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kokulutha. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguVoon nozakwabo luphinde lwembula ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphezulu kwenethiwekhi ye-ACC-striatal-amygdala kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sobulili esibikiwe ngokuzithoba ("ukufuna" ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi "Lokhu kusinyuse kangakanani isifiso sakho sobulili?" Hhayi "ukuthanda" ”Ihlolwe ngumbuzo othi“ Uyithande kangakanani le vidiyo? ”) Ngezinga eliphakeme ezigulini ezinobungqingili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziguli ezinobungqingili zibike amazinga aphezulu okufuna "kepha angathandi". Lokhu kwehlukana phakathi "kokufuna" kanye "nokuthanda" kuthathwe ngokuthi kungenzeka uma isimilo esithile sesiba umlutha ngaphakathi kohlaka
yombono okuthiwa wokhuthazo-salience wokulutha (I-Robinson neBerridge, i-2008).
Esifundweni se-electroencephalography kwabahlanganyeli abakhononda ngobunzima ekulawuleni ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, amandla ahlobene nomcimbi (ama-ERPs), okungukuthi ama-P300 amplitudes ekuphenduleni izinkomba ezingokomzwelo nezocansi, bahlolwe inhlangano enezinombolo zemibuzo ehlola ubungqingili kanye nesifiso sobulili (ukufuna (USteele, uStaley, uFong, noPrause, 2013). I-P300 ibilokhu ihlobene nezinqubo zokunaka futhi ngokwengxenye ikhiqizwe ku-ACC. Ababhali bahumusha ukungabi khona kokuhlangana phakathi kwezikolo zemibuzo nama-amplip e-ERP njengokuhluleka ukuxhasa amamodeli wangaphambilini wobulili obufanayo. Lesi siphetho sigxekwe ngokungafanele abanye (Uthando, uLaier, uBrand, uHatch, noHajela, 2015; Watts & Hilton, 2011).
Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olwenziwe yiqembu lethu, saqasha ababambiqhaza besilisa abanempilo futhi sahlanganisa amahora abo abazibika wona achithwa ngezinto ezingcolile nezimpendulo zabo ze-fMRI ezithombeni zocansi kanye ne-morphology yabo yobuchopho (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). Amahora amaningi ababambiqhaza abika ukuthi badla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuncane ukuphendula kwe-BOLD kuma-putamen angakwesokunxele ekuphenduleni izithombe zocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole ukuthi amahora amaningi asetshenzisiwe ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nevolumu elincane elimpunga ku-striatum, ngokuqonde ngqo ku-caudate efanele efinyelela ku-ventral putamen. Sicabanga ukuthi ukusilela kwevolumu yokwakheka kobuchopho kungakhombisa imiphumela yokubekezelelana ngemuva kokungafuneki kwezisusa zocansi. Ukungafani phakathi kwemiphumela ebikwe yiVoon nozakwethu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi ababambiqhaza bethu baqashwa kubantu abaningi futhi abatholakali njengabanenkinga yocansi. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi namanje izithombe zokuqukethwe kwezithombe zocansi (ngokungafani namavidiyo asetshenziswe ocwaningweni yiVoon) kungenzeka zinganelisi ababukeli bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile banamuhla, njengoba kusikiselwe ngu-Love nozakwabo (2015). Ngokuya ngokuxhumeka kokusebenza, sithole ukuthi ababambiqhaza abadle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi bakhombise ukuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwe-caudate elungile (lapho ivolumu itholakale incane) kanye ne-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). I-DLPFC ayaziwa nje kuphela ukuthi iyabandakanyeka emisebenzini yokulawula abaphathi kepha futhi yaziwa ukuthi ibandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kabusha kwezidakamizwa. Ukuphazanyiswa okuthile kokuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-DLPFC ne-caudate kubikwe ngokufanayo kubahlanganyeli abayimilutha ye-heroin (U-Wang et al., 2013) okwenza ama-neural correlates ezithombe zocansi afane nalezo eziluthayo.
Olunye ucwaningo oluphenye ukwakheka kwe-neural correlates okuhambisana nobulili obufanayo obusebenzisa ukusabalalisa ukucabanga okuphikisayo futhi kubike ukungafani okuphakeme kwepheshana lezindaba ezimhlophe esifundeni esiphambili esiphambili (iMiner, uRaymond, Mueller, uLloyd, neLim, i-2009) nokuhlangana okungalungile phakathi kokungafani kobunzima kuleli pheshana kanye nezikolo ekuqoqeni kokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi. Laba babhali nabo babika indlela yokuziphatha engacabangi kakhulu emsebenzini weGo-NoGo ku-hypersexual uma kuqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli bokulawula.
Ukushoda kokuvimbela okuqhathanisekisiwe kukhonjisiwe ku-cocaine-, MDMA-, methamphetamine-, ugwayi-, kanye nabantu abathembele otshwaleni (USmith, Mattick, Jamadar, & Iredale, 2014). Olunye ucwaningo oluphenye ukwakheka kobuchopho ocansini ngokusebenzisa i-voxel-based morphometry lungaba nentshisekelo lapha, yize isampula lalinabaguli be-frontotemporal dementia (Perry et al., 2014). Ababhali babika ukuhlangana phakathi kwesokudla kwe-ventral putamen ne-pallidum atrophy nokuziphatha okufuna umvuzo. Kodwa-ke, ababhali bahlobanisa udaba olumpunga namamaki wokufuna umvuzo afaka ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha njengokudla ngokweqile (78%), ukwanda kotshwala noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (26%), ngaphezu kocansi (17%).
Ukufingqa, ubufakazi be-neuroimaging bukhomba ekubandakanyekeni kwezindawo zobuchopho ezihlobene nokuvuza ukucubungula, kuhlanganise ne-nucleus accumbens (noma ngaphezulu ngokuvamile i-striatum) kanye ne-VTA, izakhiwo ze-prefrontal kanye nezakhiwo ze-limbic ezifana ne-amygdala ne-hypothalamus ekuvusweni ngokobulili futhi okungenzeka futhi ubulili obufanayo.
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