Intsha, isimo sokubheka kanye nokukhathalela ukunakekelwa kocansi (2015)

IMIBUZO: Ucwaningo lobuchopho obusha base-Cambridge University. Izihloko zahlolwa ngokucophelela imilutha yezocansi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli, bajwayele ukushesha ezithombeni zobulili. Okungukuthi, ubuchopho babo baqala ukusebenza kancane bebona isithombe esifanayo… bashesha ukubhoreka. Ngakho-ke, ubusha be-porn ye-intanethi bangela ukuluthwa yikho, kwakha ukuvunguza okuyindilinga kokufuna ubusha obengeziwe ukunqoba ukujwayela ngokushesha. Kepha lesi sifiso sokwenza izinto ezintsha emilonyeni yezocansi sasingakabi khona ngaphambili. Okusho ukuthi, 'inkukhu' ukusetshenziswa kocansi futhi 'iqanda' lifuna okusha.

Isitatimende sephephandaba. Novemba 23, 2015

Abantu abonisa ukuziphatha okubi ngokocansi - ukulutha kobulili - baqhutshwa ukucinga okuningi ngezithombe ezintsha zocansi kunabo ontanga, ngokusho kocwaningo olusha oluholwa yi-University of Cambridge. Okutholakele kungase kusetshenziswe ngokukhethekile kumongo we-inthanethi e-inthanethi, okungenzeka unikeze umthombo ongapheli wemifanekiso emisha.

Esicwaningweni eshicilelwe ku Journal of Research Psychiatric, Abaphenyi baphinde babike ukuthi imilutha yezocansi isengozini yokutholwa yimikhuba yezemvelo exhumene nezithombe zocansi kunalezo ezixhumene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi.

Ukulutha ngokocansi - lapho umuntu enenkinga yokulawula imicabango yakhe yezocansi, imizwa noma indlela aziphatha ngayo - kujwayelekile, kuthinta abaningi kwabangu-25 abadala. Icwaswa kakhulu futhi ingaholela ekubeni namahloni, ithinte umndeni womuntu kanye nempilo yakhe kanye nomsebenzi wakhe. Ayikho incazelo esemthethweni yesimo ukusiza ukuxilongwa.

Emsebenzini wangaphambilini oholwa nguDkt. Valerie Voon ovela eMnyangweni Wezokwelapha eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, ososayensi bathola ukuthi izindawo ezintathu zobuchopho bezibandakanya kakhulu kubantu abahlukunyezwa ngokobulili uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo. Ngokuphawulekayo, lezi zifunda - i-ventral striatum, ihlaya i-anterior cingulate kanye ne-amygdala - yizifunda eziphinde zisebenze ezilutha izidakamizwa lapho kuboniswa izidakamizwa.

Ocwaningweni olusha, oluxhaswe yi-Wellcome Trust, uDkt Voon kanye nozakwabo bafunde ngokuziphatha kwabantu abayimilutha yezocansi abangama-22 kanye namavolontiya angama-40 'aphilile' enza imisebenzi. Emsebenzini wokuqala, abantu baboniswa uchungechunge lwezithombe ngababili, kufaka phakathi abesifazane abanqunu, abesifazane abagqokile nefenisha. Bese bekhonjiswa ngokunye ngababili bezithombe, kufaka phakathi izithombe ezijwayelekile nezintsha, futhi bacelwa ukuthi bakhethe isithombe ukuze 'bazuze i- £ 1' - yize ababambiqhaza bebengazazi izingqinamba, amathuba okuwina noma yiziphi izithombe kwakungu-50%.

Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kwakungenzeka kakhulu ukukhetha inoveli phezu kokukhethwa okujwayelekile kwezithombe zocansi ezihlobene nezithombe ezingahambisani nendawo, kuyilapho izisebenzi zokuvolontiya ezinempilo zikwazi ukukhetha ukhetho lomdlalo wezithombe zesifazane ezingathathi hlangothi ezihlobene nezithombe zento engathathi hlangothi.

"Sonke singahlobana ngandlela thile nokusesha izisusa zenoveli ku-inthanethi - kungaba ukushayisana kusuka kuwebhusayithi yezindaba eyodwa kuya kwenye, noma ukweqa usuka ku-Facebook uye ku-Amazon uye ku-YouTube kuqhubeke," kuchaza uDkt Voon. "Kodwa kubantu abakhombisa ukuziphatha ngocansi okuphoqelela, lokhu kuba yindlela yokuziphatha engaphezu kwamandla abo, egxile ezithombeni ezingcolile."

Kumsebenzi wesibili, amavolontiya akhonjiswa ngababili bezithombe - owesifazane ongagqokile nebhokisi elimpunga elingathathi hlangothi - zombili zazimbozwe emaphethini ahlukile angaqondakali. Bafunde ukuhlobanisa lezi zithombe ezingabonakali nezithombe, ngokufana nokuthi izinja zesilingo esidumile sikaPavlov zafunda kanjani ukuhlanganisa insimbi ekhalayo nokudla. Babe sebebuzwa ukuthi bakhethe phakathi kwalezi zithombe ezingabonakali kanye nesithombe esisha esingaqondakali.

Ngalesi sikhathi, abacwaningi bakhombisile ukuthi imilutha yezocansi yayinamathuba amaningi okuthi ikhethe (kulokhu amaphethini angaqondakali) ahlobene nemivuzo yezocansi neyemali. Lokhu kusekela umbono wokuthi izinkomba ezibonakala zingenabungozi endaweni yokulutha kungabenza ukuthi bafune izithombe zocansi.

"Izinkomba zingaba lula njengokuvula isiphequluli sabo se-inthanethi," kuchaza uDkt Voon. “Bangadala uchungechunge lwezenzo futhi ngaphambi kokuba bazi, umlutha ubheka izithombe ezingcolile. Ukwephula ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zinkomba nokuziphatha kungaba yinselele enkulu. ”

Abacwaningi benza olunye uhlolo lapho izidakamizwa ze-20 zobulili kanye ne-20 ezifanelana nezivolontiya ezinempilo zithola ukuhlolwa kobuchopho ngenkathi kuboniswa uchungechunge lwezithombe eziphindaphindiwe - owesifazane ongenqanyuliwe, imali ye-£ 1 noma ibhokisi elingenalo i-gray.

Bathola ukuthi uma izidakamizwa zobulili zibuka isithombe esifanayo socansi ngokuphindaphindiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo abhekana nokwehla okukhulu komsebenzi esifundeni sobuchopho owaziwa ngokuthi i-rorsal anterior cingulate cortex, eyaziwa ukuthi ihileleke ekulindeni imivuzo nokuphendula izenzakalo ezintsha. Lokhu kuhambisana 'nokujwayela', lapho umlutha uthola khona ukuvuselela okufanayo okuncane kakhulu - isibonelo, isiphuzo sekhofi singathola i-caffeine 'buzz' esitokisini sawo sokuqala, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphuza kakhulu ikhofi, amancane buzz iba.

Lokhu kusebenza okufanayo kwendabuko kwenzeka emadodeni enempilo aboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ividiyo efanayo ye-porn. Kodwa uma bebuka ividiyo entsha, izinga lesithakazelo nokuvusa libuyela ezingeni langempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ukuvimbela ukujwayela, umlutha wezocansi uzodinga ukufundwa njalo kwezithombe ezintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, ukujwayela kungase kuqhubekele ukucinga izithombe zeveli.

"Izinto esizifunayo zisebenza ngokukhethekile emlandweni wezithombe ezingcolile zobulili," kusho uDkt. Voon. "Akucaci ukuthi yini ebangela ukubheja ngokocansi endaweni yokuqala futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abantu bajwayele ukubheja ngokweqile kunabanye, kodwa ukubonakala okungapheli kwezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi kusiza ukondla umlutha wabo, okwenze kube ngaphezulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubaleka. "

Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: Paula Banca et al. Intsha, isimo sokubheka kanye nokukhathalela ukunakekelwa kocansi, Journal of Research Psychiatric (2016). I-DOI: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

 

ISIFUNDO

Paula Banca, ULaurel S. Morris, Simon MitchellUNeil A. Harrison, UMarc N. Potenza, U-Valerie Voon (uDkt)izincwadiimeyili

I-DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

abstract

I-intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu weveli novelisayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuqondene nezinto ezicacile ngokobulili. Ukufuna ukuvelisa kanye nokuqaphela isimo yizinqubo eziyisisekelo okukhethwa kuzo kanye nendlela yokuziphatha okuhilelekile ekubhekaneni nokulimala. Lapha sihlola lezi zinqubo kubantu abanokuziphatha okuphoqeleka ngokocansi (CSB), ukuxuba okuthandwa kakhulu kwezobuciko ngokocansi kanye nalokho okushiwo yizinkokhelo zocansi ngokuphathelene namavolontiya anempilo. Amadoda amabili angama-CSB namadoda angama-40 avunyelwe ubudala amavolontiya avunyelwe emizamweni emibili yokuziphatha egxile ezintweni ezithandwayo ezenzakalelayo kanye nesimiso esifanele. Izihloko ezingamashumi amabili ezivela eqenjini ngalinye zibuye zihlolwe ngomsebenzi wesithathu wokuqeda isimo nokuqedwa ngokusebenzisa i-imagination esebenzayo ye-resonance imaging. I-CSB ihlotshaniswa nokuthandwa okuthuthukisiwe kobulili, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula izithombe, kanye nokukhethwa okujwayelekile kwezimpawu ezibhekiswe emiphakathini yezocansi nezomali ngokungafani nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo. Abantu be-CSB nabo babenomsebenzi omkhulu wokuzibophezela ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezithombe zocansi ngokuhambisana nezindleko zemali ngezinga lokujwayele ukuhambisana nokukhetha okuthuthukisiwe ekuveleni kocansi. Indlela yokuziphatha kwezici zobulili ezihlukanisiwe ngokobulili ezikhethwe yizintandokazi ezithandwayo zahlotshaniswa nokukhathazeka kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu be-CSB banezintandokazi ezingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kocansi okungenzeka zihlangane nokujwayela okukhulu kakhulu nokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa okwenziwe ngezifiso ukuze kubuyekezwe. Siphinde sigcizelele indima ehlukanisekayo ye-cue-conditioning kanye nokwaziswa okuthakazelisayo ekuqaphelisweni kokuqala kokucatshangelwa ngokocansi. Lokhu okutholakele kunokubaluleka okubanzi njengoba i-intanethi inikeza inqwaba yamanoveli futhi angase abe nomthelela omuhle.

Amagama angukhiye: Intsha, isimo sokulondoloza, umvuzo wezocansi, ukuhlehlisa ukuhlaziya, Ukuba umlutha wezithombe, ukucabangela

Isingeniso

Kungani ukuqhutshwa kwe-intanethi ku-intanethi kubandakanya abantu abaningi? I-intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu weveli futhi kungase kube nomthelela omuhle. Ukufuna ukuveliswa, ukukhathalela nokuqaphela isimo yizinqubo eziyisisekelo ezingaholela ekuthandeni okungazi lutho nokuthatha izinqumo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lezi zinqubo zingase zibe negalelo ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozeni izidakamizwa zokulutha.

Ukufuna inoveli kungaba kokubili ukubikezela kanye nomphumela wokuphazamiseka kokulutha. Lesi sici, esivame ukuvivinywa kusetshenziswa isikali sikaZuckerman sokufuna imizwa, sitholakale kaninginingi siphakamisiwe ekuluthweni okuhlukahlukene kokuziphatha nezidakamizwa (Belin et al., 2011, Redolat et al., 2009). Incazelo ephakanyisiwe yalokhu buhlobo obuqinile incike ekucabangeni ukuthi ukuvezwa kwendabuko kungase kusebenze, okungenani ingxenye, imishini efanayo ye-neural ephikisana nemiphumela emihle yezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa (Bardo et al., 1996). Ezifundweni zezintambo, okuthandwa ngu-novelty kufakazela ukuguquka kokuziphatha okuphoqeleka kwe-cocaine (Belin noDeroche-Gamonet, i-2012). Ezifundweni zabantu, ukufunwa kwezinzwa kuhlotshaniswa ngokuzitika ngokuphuza ngokweqile kwabaselula (Conrod et al., 2013).

Izimpawu ezifakiwe noma izimpawu ezisezindaweni zethu zingathinta kakhulu ukuziphatha. Iphunga legwayi, izindawo noma abangane ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, noma ukubona imali kungasebenza njengamazwi afanelekile futhi kungase kuthuthukise ukuvuselela nokukhupha, kukhuthaza futhi kubuyeke ekuhluphekeni kokulutha (ngokubukwa kokubukwa (Childress et al., 1993) ). Lezi zici azikhombisi hlangothi ezingahle zizuze ngokubaluleka kokubakhuthaza ngenqubo yokumiswa ngokubambisana ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinzuzo zezidakamizwa noma ezinye izibusiso zemvelo ezifana nokudla (i-Jansen, i-1998) noma ubulili (i-Pfaus et al., I-2001, i-Toates, i-2009 ).

Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokufunda kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuba kufakwe i-polysynaptic loop esebenzayo ehlanganisa i-hippocampus, i-ventral striatum, nesifunda se-midbrain dopaminergic (i-Lisman no-Grace, i-2005). Ukutholakala kwezinto ezintsha, ukukhumbula ikhodi yesikhathi eside nokufunda kuhilela umsebenzi we-dopaminergic othuthukisa i-hippocampal plasticaplasticity, okuyinto eyenziwe nge-glutamatergic projection kuya kwe-ventral striatum, idlulisela ulwazi endaweni ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) ebuye iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuyele emuva ku-hippocampus (Knight, 1996, Lisman noGrace, 2005). Ngokuvezwa okuphindaphindiwe, i-hippocampus kanye ne-middlebrain izimpendulo ze-dopaminergic ziyahlehliswa komthetho, zinikeze ukujwayela lapho izijwayele zijwayele (Bunzeck no-Duzel, 2006, Bunzeck et al., 2013). Ukuguqulwa kwezifundo ze-primate kanye nezifundo zabantu kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-phasic we-dopaminergic ukhombisa iphutha lokubikezela, ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwemiphumela yangempela nekulindeleke ebonisa umphumela ongalindelekile, osebenza njengesignali yokufundisa ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokubeka isimo (Schultz et al., 1997). Imizimba ye-monolimbic dopaminergic engxenyeni ye-midbrain ku-inethiwekhi kufaka phakathi i-striatum, i-dorsal yangaphakathi ye-cingulate cortex (i-dACC) ne-hippocampus (u-Williams no-Goldman-Rakic, i-1998). I-DACC ibandakanyekile ekuphenduleni ukunakekelwa kwezenzakalo zamanoveli nezisemqoka nokucubungula umvuzo wokulindela kanye nephutha lokubikezela (uRanganath noRainer, 2003, Rushworth et al., 2011).

Ukwengeza ekuthandweni kwezinto ezenzakalelayo nezokuzijabulisa, ukuthambekela kokucubungula izintandokazi ezihambisana nento yokulutha (ukukhathazeka ngokweqile) kuyisici esibalulekile esichaza ukuphazamiseka kokulutha (Ersche et al., 2010, van Hemel-Ruiter futhi al., 2013, Wiers et al., 2011). Ithonya lezimpawu ezingokomzwelo ezinkambisweni zokunakekelwa kwezinto zibika kabanzi emasampula enempilo kanye nemitholampilo (Yiend, 2010). Ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka okuphathelene nokusebenza okuhlobene nezidakamizwa kutholakale ekukhathazeni okusetshenziselwa izidakamizwa utshwala, i-nicotine, i-cannabis, i-opiates ne-cocaine (i-Cox et al., I-2006). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokuvusa izithombe eziphathelene nobulili nokuphazamiseka kokunakekelwa kuye kwafunyanwa kubantu abanempilo, okubonakala kubangelwa isimo sengqondo esithinta ubulili nesisusa socansi (Kagerer et al., 2014, Prause et al., 2008). Siphakamisile ngaphambili lokhu okutholakele kubantu abanezinkinga zokuziphatha zocansi (CSB) besebenzisa umsebenzi we-dot-probe (uMechelmans et al., 2014).

Ngokufinyelela okwandayo kwi-intanethi, kunokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nokukwazi ukusetshenziswa okudlulele. Ucwaningo oluhlola amandla okubikezela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-intanethi (ukugembula, ukugembula, i-imeyli, njll) ekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okuphoqelelwe kushiwo ukuthi ama-stimuli ecacile ngokobulili ayenamandla kakhulu ekusebenziseni ukulutha / okuphoqeleka (Meerkerk et al. , I-2006). Ama-stimuli avela ku-intanethi amaningi futhi akhula, futhi lesi sici singase sikhuthaze ukukhula kwesisetshenziswa kwabanye abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, abesilisa abanempilo ababuka ngokuphindaphindiwe ifilimu ecacile efanayo bathole ukuthi bajwayele ukuvuselela futhi bathole ukukhushulwa okucacile njengokuvusa kancane kancane ngokocansi, okunciphisa kancane nokunciphisa kancane (Koukounas and Over, 2000). Kodwa-ke, ukuchazwa okulandelayo kwendima yefilimu ecacile kwandisa amazinga okuvuka ngokocansi nokumamatheka emazingeni afanayo wangaphambi kokuhlala, okuphakamisa izindima ezibalulekile ekuveleni nasekuhlaleni. Ucwaningo lokucwaninga luye lwabona inethiwekhi ethize yokucubungula ama-neural of stimuli kubantu abanobuhle, okubandakanya i-hypothalamus, i-nucleus accumbens, izindawo ze-orbitofrontal, i-occipital kanye ne-parietal (Wehrum et al., 2013, Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Le nethiwekhi ye-neural, engazimele ngokuvusa imizwelo evamile, itholakala kokubili emadodeni nakwabesifazane nakuba amadoda abonisa ukuqhutshwa kombuso okunamandla kunabesifazane, okungenzeka kube ukukhombisa ukuziphatha komzimba ocansini okunamandla. Inethiwekhi efanayo ye-neural isebenzela ukuvuselela ngokocansi okwenziwe ngokomzimba, kanye nomphumela wesini ngendlela efanayo (Klucken et al., 2009).

Esifundweni sethu, sibheka ukuhleleka, ukukhathalela nokucabangela ukubhekela izinto ezibonakalayo ezitholakala ku-inthanethi kubantu abane-CSB. Lezi zinqubo zihambisana kakhulu nezidakamizwa zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa futhi zingase zibe ezifanelekile kwi-CSB. I-stimuli ecacile ngokobulili inamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile, futhi i-CSB ivame kakhulu, eyenzeka ku-2 kuya ku-4% emphakathini nasemphakathini asebekhulile kanye nasezikhungweni zempilo yengqondo (Grant et al., 2005, Odlaug noGrant, 2010, Odlaug futhi al., 2013). I-CSB ihlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okuphawulekayo, imizwa yehlazo nokungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo. Nakuba iqembu elisebenzayo le-11th I-edition ye-International Classification of Diseases okwamanje iphakamisa ukufaka i-CSB njengesiyaluyalu sokulawula umfutho (Grant et al., 2014), i-CSB ayifakiwe ku-DSM-5, naphezu kokuphikisana okuthile (i-Toussaint ne-Pitchot, i-2013), ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yedatha elinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka izifundo ezengeziwe. Ukuqonda ukufana nokungafani phakathi kwe-CSB nezinye izifo zengqondo, ikakhulukazi ukucindezeleka-ukulawula ukucindezeleka kanye nokulutha, kungasiza ngemikhakha yokuhlukanisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuvimbela nokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe.

Sithole ngaphambili ukuthi abantu abane-CSB babonisa ukusebenziselwa kobuchopho obukhulu besifundazwe ekuphenduleni izici zobulili ezicacile emgodini we-ventral, ukukhipha i-cingulate cortex (i-DACC) yangaphandle, kanye nezimo ezibangelwa ukukhwabanisa izidakamizwa kanye nokulangazelela izidakamizwa zokulutha (Voon et al ., 2014). Ukuxhumeka okusebenzayo kwalenethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi i-DACC, kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso socansi esikhulu noma isisusa sokucacisa okucacile. Siphinde saqaphela ukuthi abantu abane-CSB, uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangaphandle, bakhombise ukukhathazeka kokuqala okubhekiswe kwezocansi (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Lokhu kuhloswe kokuqala kwakunconywa ukuba kubonise izindlela zokugqugquzela ezithinta umphumela wokugqugquzela wezimpawu ezibhekiswe emiphumeleni yezocansi. Lapha, sithuthukisa ukucwaninga kwethu kokucwaninga ngokuphenya izindlela ezisekela ukuthuthukiswa kokuziqhenya okuthuthukisiwe nokucubungula ukusebenza kwe-CSB ngokuhlola kokubili izimpendulo zokuziphatha nezengqondo ezenzweni ezintsha kanye nokucubungula isimo sokubhekana nesimo esicacile socansi.

Senza imisebenzi emibili ngaphandle kwe-scanner ukuhlola okukhethwa kukho okukhethayo kweveli nofana nesimo esivamile socansi kanye nokukhetha okukhethwa kukho okubhekiswe ku-Sexual, Finance and Neutral. Sithemba ukuthi abantu be-CSB ngokuphathelene namavolontiya anempilo (ama-HVs) abe nokukhetha okukhulu kunanveli ngokuphathelene nezithombe ezijwayelekile esimweni socansi kodwa hhayi esimweni sokulawula. Siphinde sicabange ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB ziyoba nokukhetha okukhulu okuthandwa yizici ezibhekene nesimo socansi kodwa hhayi esimweni sezimali.

Ababambiqhaza nabo benza umsebenzi wokucabangela ukukhipha izithombe (fMRI) nokuqedwa komsebenzi okubandakanya izimo ezithombeni ezenzweni zobulili, ezezimali nezokungathathi hlangothi. Izenzo ezimbili ezingathathi hlangothi zazihanjiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ngezithombe zobulili ezahlukene ezaboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi sokuma. Esigabeni sesiphumo sezingalo zesimiso, ukujwayela kwe-neural ezithombeni zobulili kwahlolwa ngokuhlola ushintsho emisebenzini ye-neural yesithombe ngasinye sezocansi ngesikhathi esibheke ekuvezweni okuphindaphindiwe ngaleyo ndlela kuhlukanisa ukuhlaziywa kwezigaba zesimo nesimo somphumela. Sithemba ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB ezihlobene nama-HVs zizobonisa umsebenzi othuthukisiwe we-neural kuya ku-Sexual Versus Neutral oshukumisayo okwenziwe kahle kakhulu ikakhulukazi ku-DACC nase-striatum, izifunda ngaphambilini ezikhonjisiwe ekusebenzisaneni ngokobulili ekusebenziseni ngezihloko ze-CSB (i-voon, i-mole, i-2014). Siphinde sicabange ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB eziqhathaniswa nama-HVs zizobonisa ukuthi ubukhulu bobulili obubhekene nocansi buqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa okungahambisani nalokho.

Indlela

Recruitment

Ukuqashwa kuye kwachazwa kabanzi kwenye indawo (Voon, Mole, 2014). Izihloko ze-CSB zaqashwa ngezikhangiso ezisekelwe ku-intanethi kanye nokudluliselwa kwezimbangi. I-HVs yaqashwa kusuka kumaklayenti asekelwe emphakathini e-East Anglia. Izihloko ze-CSB zaxoxwa yi-psychiatrist ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zigcwalisekile izindlela zokuhlola ze-CSB (indlela ehlongozwayo yokuxilongwa ye-Hypersexual Disorder; indlela yokulutha ngokocansi) (i-Carnes et al., I-2001, i-Kafka, i-2010, i-Reid et al., I-2012), egxila ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobulili ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi.

Zonke izifundo ze-CSB kanye nama-HVs amadala ngokufana kwakungabesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane ngokobulili obuhlukile. Ama-HV afaniswe ngesilinganiso se-2: 1 nezihloko ze-CSB ukukhulisa amandla wezibalo. Izindlela zokubekelwa eceleni zifaka ukuba ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, umlando wokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, umsebenzisi ojwayelekile wezinto ezingekho emthethweni (kufaka phakathi i-cannabis), nokuba nesifo sengqondo esibi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukucindezelwa okukhulu okuphakathi (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) noma ukuphazamiseka okucindezelayo, noma umlando wesifo se-bipolar noma i-schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (Sheehan et al., 1998). Okunye ukulutha okuphoqelela noma kokuziphatha kwakungukukhishwa, okwahlolwa ngudokotela wezifo zengqondo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi noma imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula okungokwemvelo noma ukuthenga okuyimpoqo kanye nokuphazamiseka kokudla ngokweqile.

Izihloko zaqedela i-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (i-Whiteside ne-Lynam, i-2001), i-Beck Depression Inventory (i-Beck et al., I-1961), ukufakwa kokukhathazeka kwe-State Trait (Spielberger et al., 1983) noViyo-Ukusetshenziswa kweziNkinga zokuLinga ( I-AUDIT) (Saunders et al., 1993). I-National Adult Reading Test (uNelson, 1982) yasetshenziselwa ukuthola inkomba ye-IQ.

Izifundo ezimbili ze-CSB zithatha izidakamizwa futhi zine-comorbid-generalized anxiety disorder kanye ne-phobia social: i-phobia yenhlalo (N = 1) nomlando wobuntwana we-ADHD (N = 1).

Kwavunyelwa imvume enolwazi futhi isifundo samukelwa yiKomiti Yezokuziphatha Yokusesha I-University of Cambridge. Izihloko zikhokhwe ngokuhlanganyela kwabo.

Imisebenzi yokuziphatha

Izihloko ezingamashumi amabili nambili ze-CSB kanye ne-40 abavolontiya besilisa asebekhulile behlolwe emisebenzini yokuthanda izinto ezenzakalelayo kanye nemisebenzi emibili yokwenza izinto ezihlelwe lapha, kanye nomsebenzi wokuqapha (umsebenzi we-dot-probe) obikelwe kwenye indawo (IMechelmans, i-Irvine, i-2014). Imisebenzi yenziwa ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwe-fMRI, ngokuhleleka okulinganayo.

Okuthandwa nguwe

Izihloko zazijwayele izigaba ezintathu zempikiswano (Izithombe zobulili, izithombe ezingezona ezenzelwe abantu nezithombe ezingenayo i-Neutral) bese zenza isigaba sokuhlola ukukhetha, ngokukhetha phakathi kweveli nofana nokujwayela okujwayelekile okuhambisana nesigaba ngasinye (Umfanekiso we-1A). Esikhathini sokufunda, izithombe eziyisithupha zaboniswa kumhlanganyeli: Izithombe ze-2 zabesifazane abangenacala (isimo socansi), izithombe ze-2 zabesifazane abagqoke (Control1) ne-2 izithombe zefenisha (Control2) (izithombe ze-2 ngesimo ngasinye). Izithombe ze-6 zihanjiswe ngezikhathi ngezibili kubathintekayo, ngokulinganiselwa kwezilingo ze-48 (izilingo ze-16 ngasinye isimo). Ubude besilingo ngasinye buyimfihlo ye-5. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubandakanyeka nomsebenzi, izifundo zafundiswa ukuba zifunde ngokucophelela izithombe ngoba zizocelwa imibuzo ngesikhathi sesigaba sokufunda. Imibuzo elula mayelana nezithombe yenziwa ngokungahleliwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngesikhathi sokulinganisa (isb., Ukukhombisa ukuthi yiyiphi owesifazane owayenezingalo zakhe eziwela ngomlenze wesokudla noma wesobunxele: 'Izikhali ziwela'). Umbuzo ngamunye wawufanelekile emifanekisweni ebonwe ngaphambilini, ngakho-ke kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zihloko zigcinwa ukunakekelwa kokubili kwezithombe.

Isithombe sesithombe se-Figure 1. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umfanekiso we-1

Izinyathelo zokuziphatha nezesimo sokuziphatha. A. Okuthandwa ngu-Novelty: umsebenzi nemiphumela. Izihloko zaziwe ngezithombe zocansi kanye nemifanekiso emibili yokulawulwa ngokocansi elandelwa umsebenzi wokukhetha ukukhetha okubandakanya ukukhetha phakathi kokukhetha okujwayelekile noma okufananiswe noveli (p = 0.50) ehlobene nokuwina. Igrafu ibonisa inani lokukhetha okungaveli kulo lonke uvivinyo ngezihloko ezinokuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi (CSB) kanye namavolontiya anempilo (HV). B. Isimo: umsebenzi kanye nemiphumela. Umsebenzi wesimo socansi uyakhonjiswa. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, amaphethini amabili amnyama nomhlophe abukwayo (i-CS + Sex ne-CS-) alandelwa izithombe zocansi noma ezingathathi hlangothi ngokulandelana. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokukhetha ukubandlululwa, izifundo zikhethe phakathi kwe-CS + Sex kanye ne-CS-ebhangqwe nge-novel visual-pattern stimuli (A no-B). I-CS + Sex ne-CS- stimuli bezihlotshaniswa namathuba amakhulu wokuwina. Amagrafu akhombisa inani lezinqumo ezikhethiwe ezinesimo kuzo zonke izilingo ze-CSB ne-HV yemiphumela yezocansi (kwesobunxele) nemiphumela yemali (kwesokudla). * Ukusebenzisana kweqembu-by-Valence: p <0.05.

Esigabeni sokuhlolwa, izihloko zibheke izithombe ezintathu-zithombe ezihlanganisa isithombe esaziwa kahle nesithombe somdlalo esifanelana nesimo ngasinye sokuhlola. Izithombe eziyisithupha zisetshenzisiwe: i-3 ejwayelekile, ekhethiwe kusukela kwisigaba sokuqala sokufunda (esinye sezimo ezintathu) kanye nemifanekiso emisha ye-3 (inoveli eyodwa yesimo ngasinye). Umbhangqwana wesithombe uboniswe kumasekhondi angu-2.5 alandelwe impendulo ye-1-(win £ 1 noma ungatholi lutho). Ukulingwa kwezinguquko ze-60 (izilingo ze-20 ngasinye isimo) zinikezwe. Amathuba okuwina noma yimiphi imifanekiso yayingenangqondo ku-p = 0.50. Le ndaba yafundiswa ukuba ikhethe enye yezinkomba ezivela kumbili ngenhloso yokwenza imali eningi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi yatshela ukuthi izothola isilinganiso semali yabo. Batshelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungaba ukuqagela kodwa ukuthi enye yezinto ezithintekayo izoba nomthelela omkhulu wokuwina. Isilinganiso esiyinhloko sesilinganiso sasiyinani lezinketho zenveli ezivivinyweni zesimo ngasinye. Njengoba izinto zokufunda ezisetshenziselwa lapha zazingenangqondo (p = 0.50), umphumela ulinganisa kuphela lokho okuthandwa ngu-stimuli. Ngemuva kokucwaninga, izihloko zacelwa ukuba zilinganise ukuheha kwezifundo zesifazane ngesilinganiso se-1 kuya ku-10 ngemva kokuhlolwa. Isikhathi somsebenzi sasinguMaminithi we-8 (i-4 min yokuqeqeshwa kanye ne-3.5 iminithi yesigaba sokuhlola).

Okuthandwa ngu-Conditioning

Izihloko zavivinywa emisebenzini emibili yokukhetha isimo ngokuhleleka okulinganiselwe, kokubili okuhlanganisa isigaba sokubeka isimo nesigaba sokuhlola (Umfanekiso we-1B). Yombili imisebenzi yayinomklamo ofanayo kodwa eyodwa igxile ekuziphatheni ngokocansi kanti enye isetshenziswe ngokwezimali.

Esikhathini esisodwa sokuqeqesha, izindlela ezimbili ezibukwayo (CS + Sex, CS-), ezenzelwe imizuzwana ye-2, zifakwe esithombeni somfazi ongahlanjululwa noma ibhokisi elingenalutho (umphumela wesibili we-1), ngokulandelana. Lokhu kulandelwe yisikhathi sokulinganisa phakathi kwe-0.5 kuya kwe-1 yesibili. Izilingo ezingamashumi ayisithupha zalethwa ngokuphelele (30 CS+ ne-30 CS-). Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubandakanya komsebenzi, izihloko zafundiswa ukugcina ithrekhi yenani lezikhathi babona isikwele esibomvu nxazonke ngesithombe somphumela, futhi babika le namba ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuqeqesha.

Isigaba sokuqeqesha salandelwa isigaba sokuhlola lapho i-CS + Sex ne-CS- stimuli ngayinye yayibhanjiswa ngayo inzwa yombono obonakalayo (isib. Image A noma Image B ngokulandelanayo). Izihloko zacelwa ukuthi zikhethe enye yezinkomba ezivela ku-pair pair (isib. CS + Sex noma Image A; CS- noma Image B; ubude be-2.5 imizuzwana), eyalandelwa yimpendulo ye-win £ 1 noma ayizuzi lutho (ubude be-1 yesibili) . I-CS + Sex ne-CS- inekhono elikhulu lokuwina (p = 0.70 win £ 1 / p = 0.30 lutho olunqobe) ngokuphathelene ne-novel stimulus (p = 0.70 ukunqoba lutho / p = 0.30 win £ 1). Izihloko zahlolwe izilingo ze-40 ngokuphelele (izilingo ze-20 ngesimo ngasinye) futhi zatshelwa ukuthi umgomo kwakuwukwenza imali eningi ngangokunokwenzeka nokuthi bayothola ingxenye yemali yabo. Batshelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungaba ukuqagela kodwa ukuthi enye yezinto ezithintekayo izoba nomthelela omkhulu wokuwina.

Ekusebenzeni kokubili nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, ukuklanywa komsebenzi ofanayo kusetshenziselwe ukuhambisana nomphumela wezimali: iqoqo elihlukile lezindlela zokubukwa lihlelwe (CS + Imali, CS-) esithombeni se-£ 1 noma ibhokisi elingenalutho elimnyama. Izihloko zatshelwa ukuthi zizokuthola ingxenye yemali abayibhekayo. Isigaba esifanayo sokuhlolwa silandelwe.

Njengoba i-CS + ne-CS- stimuli ihlotshaniswa namathuba amaningi okuwina, sihlolisise ukukhetha okukhethiwe kokuhlolwa kokuqala ukuhlola ukuziphatha kokuqala kanye nenani lezikhathi ze-CS + ne-CS-stimuli ezikhethiwe kuzo zonke izivivinyo ukuze zihlolwe ithonya ukukhetha okukhethwa kukho ukufundwa kwezinsimbi. Umsebenzi ngamunye uhlale cishe kwemizuzu engu-7 (i-4 min yokuqeqeshwa kanye ne-2.5 iminithi yezigaba zokuhlola).

Umsebenzi wokucabanga

Izihloko ezingu-20 ze-CSB kanye ne-20 ehambelana nama-HVs askena ukwenza umsebenzi wokumisa isimo nokuqedwa (Umfanekiso we-3A). Esikhathini sesimo sokubeka isimo, izithombe eziyisithupha (amaphethini ezinemibala) zisetshenziswe njengesimo sokwemvelo esimisiwe (CS +) sasihambisana nesithombe esingaxilwanga (US) sesifazane ongagqwanga (i-CS + sex), i-£ 1 (i-CS + imali) noma ibhokisi elingenamthetho (CS-). Ama-CS amabili + ahlanganiswe ngomphumela ngamunye. Izithombe ezinhlanu ezihlukene zezingqingi ezingasetshenzisiwe zisetshenziselwa imiphumela yezocansi kanye nezikhathi eziphindaphindiwe ze-8 phakathi nenkambo yokwenza isimo. Ubude be-CS + buyi-2000 msec; ku-1500 msec, i-US yahlanganiswa nge-500 msec futhi ilandelwe ibhodi yokuphendula nephuzu eliphakathi lokulinda, eliphakathi kwe-500 kuya ku-2500 msec. Ukuze ugcine umsebenzi, izihloko zicindezele inkinobho yesokunxele ngemiphumela yemali, inkinobho efanele yomphumela womuntu, noma inkinobho yomphumela wokungathathi hlangothi phakathi nenkathi yokulungisa. Izihloko zibuke inani lezilingo ze-120 (20 nge-CS + noma i-40 ngesimo) esimweni sesimo. Izimo zafakwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Esigabeni sokuqedwa, i-CS + ngayinye yaboniswa i-2000 msec ngaphandle kwe-US ngokulinganiselwa kwezilingo ze-90 (15 nge-CS + noma i-30 ngesimo ngasinye) kulandelwe iphuzu lokulungisa (500 kuya ku-2500 msec). Ngakho, ku-1500 msec, izihloko zingalindela umphumela, okwakungalindelekile okungalindelekile. Ngaphambi kokucwaninga, izifundo zaqeqeshwa ngaphandle kwesithwebuli kuzilingo ze-20 zomklamo ofanayo nge-CS + nemifanekiso yezinsikazi, imali kanye nezinto ezingathathi hlangothi ukuze zenze impendulo yezimoto ngesikhathi sokuphendula. Phakathi nomkhuba, izihloko zibukwa izithombe zabesifazane abagqoke kodwa zatshelwa ukuthi kuyi-scanner, zingase zibone ukucaciswa okucacile. Yonke imisebenzi ihlelwe nge-E-prime professional v2.0 software.

Isithombe sesithombe se-Figure 2. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umfanekiso we-2

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuthandayo okukhethwa kukho nokukhathalela ukunakwa emaqenjini. Igrafu engakwesobunxele ikhombisa izikolo zokunaka ekuqaleni kwezinhloso zokuya ocansini nokungathathi hlangothi (izikolo eziphakeme zikhombise ukukhetha okukhulu maqondana nezenzo zocansi nezingathathi hlangothi) ezifundweni ezikhethe i-CS + Sex uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CS- njengokhetho lokuqala kuwo womabili amaqembu. * p <0.05. Igrafu engakwesokudla ikhombisa amaphuzu okuqala okunaka okwenzelwa ubulili obuqhathaniswa nokungathathi hlangothi ezifundweni ezikhethe inkuthazo yezocansi yenoveli uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhuthazo esijwayelekile.

Isithombe sesithombe se-Figure 3. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umfanekiso we-3

Umsebenzi wokufanisa izithombe nokuhlala. A. Umsebenzi wokufanisa. Ngenkathi isimo sibhekene nezimo, izihloko zibheke amaphethini ayisithupha ahlukahlukene alandelwa isithombe socansi, sezimali noma sezingathathi hlangothi. Isigaba sokuqothulwa salandelwa, lapho okwakukhona khona ukuvuselelwa kwesimo ngaphandle kokugqugquzelwa okungenakunqunywa. B. Ukuzijwayeza. Ukujwayela ukwenza umsebenzi we-corsulate wangaphakathi (cAC) (i-DACC) ekuthandweni kokuziphatha ngokobulili (CSB) ngokuhambisana namavolontiya anempilo (i-HV) yokuphindaphindiwe ngokobulili nokungahambisani Nezithombe. Isithombe sibonisa ukuqhathaniswa kwengxenye yokuqala neyokugcina yezilingo. C. I-Slope nokunqabela ukujwayela kwe-DACC. Amagrafu akhombisa ukuthambeka noma izinga lokujwayela (igrafu engakwesobunxele) yamanani we-beta we-DACC kubantu be-CSB kanye ne-HV kanye nokunqanda noma ukwenza kokuqala kwe-CSB kuqhathaniswa ne-HV (igrafu engakwesokudla) ye-Sexual - Neutral (Sex) ne-Monetary - Neutral ( Imali) izithombe. * Imiphumela ye-Valence ne-Group-by-Valence p <0.05; ** Umthelela weValence p <0.05.

Buka isithombe esikhulu | Landa isilayidi se-PowerPoint

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende kwedatha yokuziphatha

Izici zezihloko zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuzimela kwe-t noma i-Chi Square. Idatha ihlolwe abathengisa ngaphandle (> i-3 SD kusuka ekuchazeni kweqembu) futhi yahlolwa ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile (ukuhlolwa kweShapiro Wilks). Ukukhethwa kokukhetha kukalwe kuzo zonke izilingo kuzo zombili izinto ezintsha kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlola kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezixubekile ze-ANOVA ezinesici esiphakathi kwezihloko zeQembu (CSB, HV) kanye nesici esingaphakathi kwesihloko seValence (Ezocansi, Ukulawula1, Ukulawula2; CS +, CS-) . Izinketho zesivivinyo sokuqala nazo zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zeChi-Square. I-P <0.05 ithathwa njengebalulekile.

Neuroimaging

Kucatshangwa ukuthola idatha

Ababambiqhaza baphenywe ku-scanner ye-3T Siemens Magnetom TimTrio, esikhungweni se-Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, i-University of Cambridge, enekhoyili yekhanda ye-32. Izithombe ezenziwe nge-anatomical zitholakale ngokusebenzisa isithombe se-T1 esilinganiselwe ngesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-MPRAGE (TR = 2300 ms; TE = 2.98 ms; FOV 240 x 256 x 176 mm, usayizi we-voxel 1x1x1 mm). Idatha ye-fMRI yatholwa ngokusebenzisa i-blood-oxygenation-dependent level (BOLD) ngokuphambene nomfanekiso we-echo-planar imaging (EPI) enamapharamitha alandelayo: 39 s interleaved axial tincetu ngevolumu, TR 2.32, TA 2.26, TE 33 ms, 3mm ubukhulu besigaba .

Ukuhlaziya kwedatha kwenziwa nge-Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM 8) (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Ukucubungula kwangaphambi kwakunokulungiswa kwesikhathi sesikhathi, ukuguqulwa kwendawo, ukugxila kokuqukethwe kanye nezihloko ze-T1-ezilinganiselwe ezakhiweni, ukujwayelekile, nokukhanyisa indawo (ububanzi obugcwele ku-8 mm). Imiqulu yokuqala ye-4 yeseshini ngayinye yalahlwa ukuvumela imiphumela ye-T1-ukulinganisa.

Ukucabanga ukuhlaziywa kwedatha

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende kwenziwa nge-model-linear-model (GLM) ukufanekisela izigaba zokumisa nokuqedwa kokubili isifiso esimisiwe nemiphumela ngokwahlukana kuzo zonke izigaba ze-3. Imingcele yokuguqula ihlanganisiwe ukulungisa isakhiwo se-motion. Isikhathi sokuqala kokushiyeka komphumela esigabeni sokuqothulwa esasetshenziswa kwakuyi-1500 msec ngemuva kokuqala kokugqugquzela (noma isikhathi lapho umphumela ubungalindeleke khona esigabeni sesimo) nge-500 msec.

Kuleso simo ngasinye, isimiso esisodwa (CS + Sex, CS + Money, CS-) sasike saba nesilinganiso phakathi kwezilingo ezihlukile eceleni kwesigaba sokumiswa nesimo sokuphela, kanye nomphumela wesigaba sokuqedwa. Izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zahlukaniswa ngesimo esifanayo. Ekuhlaziyweni kwezinga lesibili, sisebenzise ukuhlaziya okuphelele kweqiniso (izinyathelo eziphindaphindiwe ze-ANOVA) ngokuqhathanisa neqembu, i-Valence nokusebenzisana kokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe. Izigaba ezihlukene zomsebenzi wokucabangela kanye nencazelo yokuhlaziywa kukhonjisiwe nakakhulu Umfanekiso we-4.

Isithombe sesithombe se-Figure 4. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umfanekiso we-4

Umfanekiso wesimo sokuhlala, ukujwayeleka nokuqothulwa Lesi sibalo sibonisa izigaba zomsebenzi wokucabangela lapho isimiso sokwemibandela esihlanganiswe khona nemiphumela (ubulili be-CS + obuboniswe lapha; imali ye-CS + ifakwe emiphumeleni yemali futhi i-CS- ifakwe emiphumeleni yokungathathi hlangothi yayingenwe ngaphakathi futhi ayiboniswa) kanye nesigaba sokuqedwa lapho khona kuphela okushicilelwe okwesikhashana kuboniswa ngaphandle komphumela. I-CS + ehlukene emibili yohlobo lomphumela ngamunye noma i-CS- ibekwe phezu kwezilingo ze-20 ngesikhuthazo. Izithombe ezinhlanu zobulili ezihlukene (eziboniswe lapha ezinemibala ehlukene yesithombe sensimbikazi) zazihanjiswe ngezikhathi ezimbili ngezocansi ezimbili ze-CS + futhi ziboniswe ngezikhathi ze-8 ngasinye. Ukuhlaziywa komkhuba, ukuguqulwa ngesikhathi salo miphumela ephindaphindiwe kwahlaziywa.

Ukuhlaziywa kokujwayela imiphumela esigabeni sokubekisa, senze ama-regressors engxenyeni yokuqala neyokugcina yemiphumela yezocansi nengathathi hlangothi ekuhlaziyweni kwezinga lokuqala. Izihloko ziboniswe izithombe ezi-5 ezahlukahlukene zocansi izikhathi eziyi-8 kuzo zombili izivivinyo ze-CS + Zocansi. Ngakho-ke ezithombeni zobulili, isigamu sokuqala sihambisana nokuvezwa kwesithombe sokuqala kwezocansi kwe-4 ngayinye yezithombe ezi-5 ezihlukene nengxenye yokugcina, ukudalulwa kokugcina kwezithombe ezi-4 zesithombe ngasinye kwezingu-5 ezihlukile. Ekuhlaziyweni kwezinga lesibili, sisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okugcwele kwe-factorial, siqhathanise okwenziwayo engxenyeni yokuqala neyokugcina yemiphumela yezocansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Neutral sisebenzisa i-factor-subject factor of Group, kanye nezinto ezingaphakathi kwezihloko ze-Valence ne-Time. Kukho konke ukuhlaziywa okungenhla, iqoqo eliphelele lobuchopho elilungiswe i-FWE p <0.05 lithathwa njengelibalulekile.

Njengoba sibonile ukusebenzisana phakathi kweQembu x Valence x Isikhathi ku-DACC, sabe sesisebenzisa i-SPM Toolbox, iMarsBaR (MARSeille Boite A Region d'Interet), ukukhipha amanani we-beta kusisekelo sokulingwa sokwenza komuntu ngamunye ukuxhumanisa okumaphakathi kwe-DACC nobubanzi be-5 mm. Ekuhlaziyweni kwezinga lokuqala, sakha ama-regressor wokuhlola ushintsho ngokwesisekelo sokulingwa. Isibonelo, ama-regressor we-8 enzelwe umphumela wezocansi oqukethe imiphumela ehlukene yezocansi ekhonjiswe izikhathi eziyi-8. Sibale umthamo futhi sibambe amaphuzu emiphumela ngayinye kwemithathu yomuntu ngamunye. I-slope kanye ne-intercept amaphuzu abese ehlukaniswa ngokwahlukana afakwa ku-ANOVA yokuqhathanisa iQembu njengezinto eziphakathi kwezihloko neValence njengengaphakathi lesifundo. I-P <0.05 ithathwa njengebalulekile.

Ngokufanayo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-psychophysiological-interaction kwenziwa ngenzalo efanayo ye-DACC yesifunda-sentshisekelo (i-ROI) ngokuqhathanisa ukutholwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuqhathaniswa nemiphumela yocansi. Kukho konke ukuhlaziywa, ukwenziwa ngenhla kwephutha lokuhlakanipha komndeni (i-FWE) eliphelele-lobuchopho elilungiswe i-p <0.05 ne-5 voxels ethintekayo yathathwa njengebalulekile. Siphinde saqhubeka nokuhlaziywa kwesifunda okugxile kukho a priori izifunda ezisebenzisa i-WFU PickAtlas ukulungiswa kwevolumu encane (i-SVC) i-FWE-ilungiswe ngokulungiswa kweBonferroni kokuqhathanisa okuningi kwe-ROI (p <0.0125).

Imiphumela

Izici ze-CSB ne-HV zibikiwe Ithebula 1.

Izici ze-1Subject.
CSBHVIsikwele se-T / ChiP
Inombolo2240
Ubudala25.14 (4.68)25.20 (6.62)0.0370.970
Ukuzigcina (izinsuku)32 (28.41)
ImfundoIsikolo sebanga eliphezulu22400.0001.000
I-Univ yamanje.6130.1820.777
Isiqu se-College350.0391.000
I-Univ. phansi9140.2120.784
Isiqu esiphezulu634.4720.057
IQ110.49 (5.83)111.29 (8.39)0.3970.692
Isimo sobudlelwaneSingle10160.1730.790
I-Curr. ubuhlobo7160.4070.591
ushadile580.0641.000
yokuvinjezelwaStudent7150.2000.784
Umsebenzi wesikhathi sesikhathi321.4280.337
Umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele12210.0241.000
Ayisebenzi021.1370.535
Imithiantidepressant2
Isimo samanje sokubhemaAbabhemayo01
Inkomba yomzimba womzimba24.91 (3.64)23.19 (4.38)1.5660.122
Ukudla nge-BingeBES6.91 (6.46)5.72 (6.17)0.7150.478
Utshwala usebenzisaI-AUDIT7.13 (4.11)6.29 (3.41)0.8620.392
UkucindezelekaI-BDI11.03 (9.81)5.38 (4.89)3.0390.004
ukukhathazekaI-SSAI44.59 (13.19)36.15 (13.29)2.3700.021
I-STAI49.54 (13.91)38.23 (14.57)2.9710.004
I-Obsessive compulsiveI-OCI-R19.23 (17.38)12.29 (11.72)1.8720.067
Ukungaziphathi kahleI-UPPS-P150.83 (17.95)130.26 (23.49)3.569

Izifinyezo: i-CSB = izihloko zokuziphatha ngokucindezela ngokocansi; HV = izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezempilo; I-BES = I-Binge Eating Scale; I-AUDIT = Ukuvivinya Ukusetshenziswa Kokuhlunga Utshwala; BDI = Beck Ukucindezeleka Inventory; I-SSAI / i-STAI = Ukuxhaswa Kwezimpawu Zombuso Nezinkathazo Ze-Trail; I-OCI-R = I-Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; I-UPPS-P = UPPS I-ImpPS Yokuziphatha Okumangalisayo

Imiphumela yokuziphatha

Okuthandwa nguwe

Ngokhetho olukhethiwe olukhethwa kukho konke ukuhlolwa kwe-20, bekukhona umkhuba oholela kumphumela we-Valence (F (1,59) = 2.89, p = 0.065) nokuxhumana kweqembu-nge-Valence (F (2,59) = 3.46, p = 0.035) futhi ayikho impumelelo yeqembu (F (1,60) = 1.47, p = 0.230) (Umfanekiso we-1A). Njengoba sinikezwe umphumela wokusebenzisana, senze ukuhlaziywa kokulandela, okubonisa ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zinezintandokazi ezinkulu ezenzweni zobulili ne-Control2 (p = 0.039) kuyilapho i-HV inezintandokazi ezinkulu zokulawula i-Control1 ngokuya kwe-Control2 (p = 0.024).

Ngokwezintandokazi zokukhetha kwesilingo sokuqala, nakuba izihloko ze-CSB zingenakuncane kakhulu zokukhetha inkaba uma kuqhathaniswa nesisusa esingajwayelekile se-neutral (amaphesenti wencwadi yokuqala yokukhetha: Ucansi, i-Control 1, i-Control 2: HV: 51.6%, i-58.1%, i-38.7%; I-CSB: 50.0%, i-44.4%, i-22.2%) ayikho ukuhlukana kweqembu elibalulekile (ngokocansi, i-Control1, i-Control2: i-Chi-square = i-0.012, i-0.357, i-0.235 p = i-0.541, i-0.266, i-0.193).

Ngokufingqa, izihloko ze-CSB zaziningi kakhulu zokukhetha inkaba ngaphezu kokukhethwa okujwayelekile kwezithombe zocansi ezihlobene nezithombe ezingahambisani ne-HVs kanti ama-HV ayenamathuba amaningi okukhetha ukhetho lomdlalo wezithombe ezingezona ezithandwayo zobuntu ezihlobene nezithombe ezingahambisani Nezinto.

Okuthandwa ngu-Conditioning

Umsebenzi wesimo socansi

Ukukhetha okukhethiwe okukhethwa kukho kokuhlolwa kwe-20, kube nomphumela we-Valence (F (1,60) = 5.413, p = 0.024) nomphumela weqembu-nge-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.566, p = 0.037) lapho izifundo ze-CSB babe nethuba lokukhetha i-CS + Sex kuya CS- uma kuqhathaniswa nama-HVs (Umfanekiso we-1B). Kubekho umphumela weqembu (F (1,60) = 0.047, p = 0.830). Njengoba kube nomthelela wokuxhumana, senze ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kokulandelayo: Izihloko ze-CSB zenzeka kakhulu ukukhetha ucansi lwe-CS + ngokumelene ne-CS- (p = 0.005) kodwa hhayi ama-HV (p = 0.873). Ngokukhetha okukhethwa kukho kokulingwa kokuqala, kwakungekho umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu (amaphesenti okukhetha kuqala i-CS + Sex: HV: 64.5%, CSB: 72.2%; Chi-square = 0.308, p = 0.410).

Umsebenzi wokumisa imali

Ngokukhetha okukhethiwe okukhethwa kukho kokuhlolwa kwe-20, akubanga nomphumela ophawulekayo we-Valence (F (1,60) = 1.450, p = 0.235) noma Iqembu (F (1,60) = 1.165, p = 0.287). Kube khona umphumela weqembu-nge-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.761, p = 0.035) (Umfanekiso we-1B). Ngokwezintandokazi zokukhetha kokulingwa kokuqala, kwakungekho umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu (amaphesenti okukhethwa kuqala kwe-CS + Imali: i-HV: i-48.4%, i-CSB: i-66.7%; i-Chi-square = i-1.538 p = i-0.173).

Izihloko ze-CSB (isikhangiso se-8.35, i-SD 1.49) sinezilinganiso ezifanayo zokuheha kuzo zonke izithombe zesifazane ezihlobene nama-HVs (8.13, SD 1.45; t = 0.566, p = 0.573).

Ngakho, izihloko ze-CSB zinezintandokazi ezinkulu zezinkomba ezibhekiswe kuzo izithombe noma zobulili.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuthandayo okukhethwa kukho nokukhathalela

Siphinde siphenye ukuthi ngabe kukhona ubudlelwane phakathi kokuthola okushicilelwe ngaphambili kwesibindi sokunakekelwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezithombe zocansi (iMechelmans, Irvine, 2014) kanye nokuthola okwamanje okuthandwa kokuqala kokuthanda noma kwe-CS + Sex. Ukusebenzisa izivivinyo ezizimele ezizimele esizihlolisise ukucabangela kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi ngokungafani nokukhetha okukhethwe yizihloko ezikhethile i-CS-versus CS + Sex kanye nokuzihlukanisa okuhlukile okujwayelekile nokwaseNew. Kuzo zonke izinhlangano zombili, izihloko ezikhethile i-CS + Sex uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abakhethe i-CS- zenze ngcono ukukhathazeka kokuzicabangela ngokocansi (t = -2.05, p = 0.044). Ngokuphambene, kwakungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezifundo ezikhethile iNoveli uma kuqhathaniswa neziqephu ezijwayelekile neziqaphele zobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo sokungathathi hlangothi (t = 0.751, p = 0.458) (Umfanekiso we-2).

Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala kwethu okukhulunywe ngaphambilini ngaphambilini kokuziqhenya kokuqala kungase kuhlotshaniswe nezintandokazi zesimo sezinkomba zobulili kunezintandokazi ezintsha ezenzelwe ucansi.

Imiphumela yokucabanga

Isimo: isiqephu

Siqale sahlola isimo esilinganisiwe sokulanda kuzo zonke izilingo. Kube nomphumela weqembu. Kube nomphumela weValence lapho ukuvezwa kwesikhuthazo esinemibandela yeMali (CS + Mon) kanye ne-Sex (CS + Sex) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Neutral (CS-) stimuli kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu ku-cortex ye-occipital (wonke amanani alandelayo we-p bika iqoqo lobuchopho lonke elilungisiwe i-FWE p <0.05: iqoqo eliphakeme eMontreal Neurological Institute lixhumanisa: I-XYZ mm: -6 -88 -6, Cluster size = 3948, brain whole FWE p <0.0001), left motor motor cortex (XYZ = - 34 -24 52, Cluster size = 5518, whole brain FWE p <0.0001) and putal bilateral (left: XYZ = -24 -2 4, Cluster size = 338, whole brain FWE p <0.0001; right: XYZ = 24 4 2 , Cluster size = 448, FWE p <0.0001), kanye ne-thalamus (XYZ = -0 -22 0, Cluster size = 797, p <0.0001) umsebenzi. Kwakungekho ukuxhumana kweGroup-by-Valence.

Ukuqothula: cue

Sibe sesihlola isigaba se-Extinction sesimo esinemibandela. Kube nomphumela weValence lapho i-CS + Sex ne-CS + Mon kuqhathaniswa nokuvezwa kwe-CS- kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu we-occipital cortex (XYZ = -10 -94 2, Cluster size = 2172, whole brain FWE p <0.0001). Kwakungekho miphumela yeqembu noma yokusebenzisana.

Ukutholwa: umphumela

Ukuze sihlole imiphumela yokujwayela ekuhloleni kwezocansi, saqala ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe iziphi izifunda ezinomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini yemiphumela yezocansi ezifundweni ze-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa nama-HV ngokuqhathanisa i-Group x Valence x Ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sokuqala kwesigamu sokuqala nesigamu sesithombe socansi Isigaba somphumela ongathathi hlangothi. Izihloko ze-CSB zancipha kakhulu ekusebenzeni isikhathi esingaphansi kwe-cingulate cortex (dACC) umsebenzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (XYZ = 0 18 36, ubukhulu beCluster = 391, ubuchopho obuphelele FWE p = 0.02) kanye ne-cortex yesikhashana esingaphansi (XYZ = 54 -36 -4, i-Cluster ubukhulu = i-184, ubuchopho obuphelele FWE p = 0.04) emiphakathini yezocansi nokungahambisani ne-HVs (Umfanekiso we-3B).

Sabe sesikhipha amanani we-beta wokulingwa ngocwaningo agxile kwi-DACC yemiphumela yezocansi, ezezimali nezokungahambisani necala. Sasiqhathanisa ama-slope (okungukuthi, izinga lokuhlala) futhi samukela amaphuzu (okungukuthi, umsebenzi wokuqhamuka kokuqala) ngokuqhathanisa nezocansi - Ukungathathi hlangothi nezezimali - Imiphumela engathathi hlangothi (Amanani 3C). Ku-slope, kube nomthelela omkhulu we-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.310, p = 0.017) nokuxhumana kweqembu-nge-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.288, p = 0.017). Njengoba kwakukhona umphumela wokuxhumana, senze ukuhlaziywa okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: kunciphisa okuqhubekayo emthambekeni we-DACC kwimiphumela yezocansi e-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HVs (F = 4.159, p = 0.049) ngaphandle kokungafani emiphumeleni yemali (F = 0.552, p = i-0.463). Kubekho umphumela omkhulu weQembu (F (1,36) = 2.135, p = 0.153). Ukunciphisa inani, kube nomphumela oyinhloko we-Valence (F (1,36) = 11.527, p = 0.002) kodwa akukho mphumela omkhulu weQembu (F (1,36) = 0.913, p = 0.346) noma umphumela wokuxhumana (F (1,36) = 2.067, p = 0.159). Kwakungekho ukuhlobana phakathi kwezigaba zesimo nezimo.

Ukuqothula: umphumela

Sihlole ukushiywa komphumela ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqeda kuzo zonke izilingo. Lapha sinezibikezelo ezicacile ukuthi umsebenzi we-ventral wokuhlaselwa wehlelwe ngesikhathi siphumelela emiphumeleni evuzayo yangaphambili ehambisana nephutha lokubikezela elibi. Kwakukhona umphumela kaValence lapho umsebenzi wokuhlaselwa we-ventral ophansi ongakahlelwa khona wawubonakala ngokungabi khona kwemiphumela yezocansi nezomali uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela engekho emthethweni (XYZ 2 8 -10, Z = 3.59, SVC FWE ilungiswe p = 0.036) (Umfanekiso we-5A). Kwakungenayo imiphumela yeqembu noma yokuxhumana. Kubekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwemiphumela yezocansi nezomali.

Isithombe sesithombe se-Figure 5. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umfanekiso we-5

Ukuxhuma nokusebenza kokuxhumana. A. Ukukhipha umphumela ngesikhathi sokuqedwa. Ukwehla kokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwe-ventral kwesokudla emaqenjini womabili ngokushiywa okungalindelekile kwemiphumela yezocansi neyezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela engathathi hlangothi ngesikhathi sokuphela (umphumela we-Valence: p <0.05). B. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokuvezwa okuphindaphindiwe. Ukusebenzisana kwe-Psychophysiological kwabantu abanezimpoqo zokuziphatha ngocansi (CSB) kanye namavolontiya anempilo (HV) abantu abaqhathanisa ukuvezwa kwangaphambi kokuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela yezocansi nembewu ye-dorsal cingate ekhombisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo ne-ventral striatum yangakwesokudla (kwesobunxele) ne-hippocampus yamazwe amabili (kwesokudla). * p <0.05; ** p <0.005.

 

Ukuxhuma okusebenzayo kwe-dorsal cingulate

Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo usebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-psychophysiological ye-DACC ngokuphambene nokuchayeka kwesikhashana (ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-2 ngokuhambisana nezilingo zokugcina ze-2) yemiphumela yezicansi nakho kwahlolwa. Kukhona ukuxhuma okusebenza okukhulu kuma-HV uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko ze-CSB ekuqaleni kokuqhathaniswa nezilingo eziseduze phakathi kwe-DACC kanye ne-ventral striatum efanele (XYZ = 18 20 -8 mm, Z = 3.11, i-SVC FWE-ilungiswe p = 0.027) kanye ne-hippocampus yamazwe amabili (kwesokudla: XYZ = 32 -34 -8, Z = 3.68, SVC FWE-ilungisiwe p = 0.003; kwesokunxele: XYZ = -26 -38 04, Z = 3.65 SVC FWE-ilungiswe p = 0.003) (Umfanekiso we-5B). Ngakho izifundo ze-CSB zazinokuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwalezi zifunda ngasekuqaleni kokuchayeka kanti izisebenzi zokuvolontiya ezinempilo zinexhumano olukhulu lomsebenzi ekuqaleni kokuvezwa.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwemiphumela yokuziphatha nokucabanga

Siphenya ukuthi ngabe ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimo se-DACC (umthambeko) wempikiswano yezocansi nokuthandwa kwe-Sex - Control2 usebenzisa ukulungiswa kwe-Pearson. Kuzo zonke izihloko, ukuthanda okuthandwayo kwezithombe zocansi nokulawulwa kwe-Control2 akuhambisani kakhulu nomthamo wezithombe zocansi (r = -0.404, p = 0.037). Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okuthandwa kakhulu kocansi kwakuhambisana nomthamo ongathandeki noma ukujwayela okukhulu kwe-DACC.

Ingxoxo

Sibonisa ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zinezinketho ezinkulu zokukhethwa kwezithombe zobulili zendabuko kanye nezinkulumo ezibhekiswe kuzo zombili izenzo zocansi nezomali uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo. Izihloko ze-CSB nazo zenza ukujwayela okukhulu komsebenzi we-DACC ukuze ziphindwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokobulili nezithombe zemali. Kuzo zonke izihloko, izinga le-DACC yokujwayela ukuziphatha ngokocansi lihlotshaniswa nokuthanda okuvelele okukhulu kwezithombe zocansi. Lolu cwaningo lwakhiwe ekutholeni kwethu kwangaphambilini kokuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe (iMechelmans, Irvine, 2014) nokuqamba kabusha kokusebenza (i-voon, i-mole, i-2014) ekubhekiseni izici zobulili ezicacile ku-CSB ezifaka inethiwekhi ye-DACC- (ventral striatal) yamamgdalar. Lapha, sibonisa ukuthi ukukhathazeka kokuqala kwezocansi okuhlolwe kusetshenziswa umsebenzi we-dot-probe kuhlotshaniswa nezindlela zokuziphatha ezikhudlwana ezibhekiswe kumafomu agxile ezithombeni zobulili kodwa hhayi okuthandwayo. Ngakho-ke, lokho okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi izindlela ezikhona ezibangelwa ukucabangela kokuqala ngokocansi okukhulunywa ngazo ezifundweni ze-CSB zihambisana ngokuhambisana nezimo zokuzilahla kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuziphatha ezibhekiswe emaceleni okuziphatha ngokobulili. Nakuba ukuthanda okuthandwa yizocansi kubuye kuthuthukiswe kwizihloko ze-CSB, lokhu kuziphatha akuhambisani nokubonwa kokuqala kokuqaphela. Lokhu kuboniswa kuqhathaniswa nesifundo sangaphambilini kumavolontiya anempilo, okubonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kokukhathazeka ngokuphathelene nesenzo sobulili nokufuna ukuzwa ucansi (Kagerer, Wehrum, 2014). Lokhu kungachazwa ngethonya elikhulu lokuzilalisa abantu abanokugula.

Okuthandwayo kwesimiso esenzelwe umvuzo wezocansi noma wezimali

Lokhu okukhethwa kukho okuthuthukisiwe kwimibuzo emibili yomvuzo (imivuzo yezocansi nezomali) kuphakamisa ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zinomusa omkhulu wokuvuza noma ukukhiqiza kanye nokudluliswa kwemiphumela yokumisa phakathi kwezinto ezifanayo (Mazur, 2002). Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuhambisana nokuziphatha okuphambene nokuziphatha okuphazamisekile ekuhlolisweni kwezintambo phakathi kwezinto ezikhuthazayo kanye nezakhiwo ezikhuthazayo zomvuzo wemvelo, njengezocansi ezihlongozwayo ezibandakanya izindlela ze-dopaminergic (i-Fiorino ne-Phillips, i-1999, i-Frohmader et al., I-2011). Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo zokuphenya kubantu abanezinye izidakamizwa ezingezona izidakamizwa ezinjengezokugembula kwengxabano kuqinisekisiwe njengoba izifundo zokuqala ziphakanyisile ukuhlukanisa amaphethini wokusebenza kwe-neural kumvuzo wemali nokulala ngokobulili kuleli qembu (iSescousse et al., 2013).

Yize sisebenzise igama elithi habituation ukuze sichaze ukwehla komsebenzi wokuvuselela ngokocansi okuphindaphindiwe, njengoba lokhu kuhlolwe kumongo wokubhekwa kwezimo lapho izikhala zihlanganiswa nemiphumela, inqubo eyodwa ehambisanayo ingase ibe nomthelela wokufunda okubambisana ngaphansi ukuguqula isimo lapho umsebenzi we-dopaminergic umvuzo ongalindelekile ushintshela ukubhekana nesimiso futhi ngaleyo ndlela unciphisa isikhathi esiningi sokuthi umsebenzi njengomphumela womvuzo kulindeleke ukuthi wehle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Schultz, 1998). Kodwa-ke, njengoba (i) senze ngezikhathi zonke izithombe zezocansi ze-5 ziphindaphindiwe izikhathi ezingu-8 kuzo zonke izinkomba ezibhekiswe kumvuzo wokuzocansi; (ii) asizange sibone ubudlelwane phakathi kokuncipha komsebenzi we-DACC ekuqhutshweni kobulili okuphindaphindiwe nokuthandwa komthetho kodwa waqaphela ubudlelwane nokuthandwa kobulili, (iii) kwakungekho ukuhlukana kweqembu emiphumeleni yokucabanga ngemibono ebekiwe futhi akukho bufakazi (iv) Izifundo ze-CSB zinezintandokazi kokubili okushicilelwe kumvuzo wezocansi nezomali, siphakamise ukuthi inqubo ingase ihambisane nomphumela wokuhlala.

Siphinde sibonise ukuthi ukuntuleka okungalindelekile komvuzo wezocansi noma wezimali kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi ophansi we-ventral-striater kuwo wonke izifundo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-primate kanye nezifundo zabantu kubonisa ukuthi i-dopamine ye-phasic ihlanganisa iphutha lokubikezela ngephutha elibikezelayo lokubikezela umvuzo ongalindelekile nesiphambeko esibi sokubikezela kokuntuleka okungalindelekile komvuzo (Pessiglione et al., 2006, Schultz, 1998). Lokhu kwehlisa emisebenzini ye-ventral-striater ekungabikho okungalindelekile kwemali yesigceme noma yemali kungase kuhambisane nephutha elibikezelayo elibikezelayo, okuphakamisa izindlela ezifanayo ezisekelwe emivuzo yesibili nombili, okubili okungase kube nokukhetha okuthandayo.

Okuthandwayo kwenzalo yezocansi noveli kanye nokuhlehlisa ukujwayela

Ukufuna inoveli nokufuna imizwa kuhlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kokulutha kuzo zonke izinto ezibandakanya ugwayi, utshwala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (I-Djamshidian et al., 2011 noKreek et al., 2005, Wills et al., 1994). Izifundo zangaphambi komtholampilo zikhombisa indima yokuthandwa yizinto ezintsha njengengcuphe yokuziphatha kokufuna izidakamizwa (Beckmann et al., 2011, Belin, Berson, 2011), futhi ngokufanayo, ukufuna imizwa ephezulu kuyisibikezelo sokuphuza ngokweqile okulandelayo ezinganeni kodwa hhayi yezinkinga zokudla (UConrod, u-O'Leary-Barrett, 2013). Ngokunjalo, ezigulini zikaParkinson ezakha imikhuba yokulawula umfutho kuma-agonists e-dopamine, ukufuna izinto ezintsha kuhlotshaniswa nemiklomelo engaphandle efana nokugembula kokugula nokuthenga okuphoqelelwe kepha hhayi imivuzo yemvelo njengokudla ngokweqile noma i-CSB (Voon et al., 2011). Esifundweni sethu samanje, kwakungekho ukungafani ezinkolweni ezifuna ukuzwa phakathi kwezihloko ze-CSB nama-HVs, ukuphakamisa indima ekuthandweni kwezinto ezenzakalelayo eziqondene nomvuzo kodwa hhayi ukuveliswa okujwayelekile-noma ukufunwa kwezinzwa. Ukuthola kwethu kungase kusetshenziswe ikakhulukazi kumongo we-stimuli ecacile e-intanethi, okungenzeka ukuthi inikeze umthombo ongenamkhawulo wendabuko, futhi ingase ihluke ngempela ekubhekaneni nezidakamizwa lapho intsha eqhubekayo ingase ibe yinkinga enkulu.

Siphinde sibonise ukuthi izifundo ze-CSB zinezikhathi ezisheshayo ze-DACC ezithombeni eziphindaphindiwe zocansi ezihlobene nezithombe zemali. Lokhu kutholakala kungabonisa ukuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezinto ezicacile ezisekelwe ku-intanethi, okufana nokubona kokunciphisa umsebenzi we-putaminal ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwezixhobo ezicacile eziku-intanethi kumavolontiya abesilisa abaphile kahle (Kuhn naseGallinat, i-2014). Kuzo zonke izihloko, ukuthanda okuthakazelisayo kwezithombe zocansi eziphindaphindiwe kwabikezelwa ukujwayela okukhulu komsebenzi we-DACC kwimiphumela yocansi. Sesanda kubonisa umsebenzi othuthukisiwe we-DACC ku-CSB izifundo ezicacile kumavidiyo (i-voon, i-Mole, i-2014), futhi i-DACC ifakwe kokubili kokusebenza kwezidakamizwa nokuzifiso (Kuhn noGallinat, 2011). Kulesi sifundo esedlule, amavidiyo ayecacile ngokobulili futhi kungenzeka ukuthi enze njengamazwi afanelekile futhi aboniswa njalo, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ayengeke ahlotshaniswe nokujwayela. Ukuzijwayeza kwakungavunywanga ngokuqondile. I-DACC ithola izilinganiso ezijulile kusukela ku-midbrain ne-neopon dopaminergic futhi ifakwe kahle ngokuxhumeka okuningi kwe-cortical ukuze ithinte ukukhethwa kwesenzo. I-DACC idlala indima ekutholeni nasekuhleleni izimpendulo ezifanele zokuziphatha ezihlangene nezenzakalo ezibalulekile ngenkathi ukujwayela okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha (Sheth et al., 2012). Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-DACC iphinde ibandakanyeke ekuziphatheni okukhuthazwa ngumvuzo, ikakhulukazi ukubikezela mayelana nemiphumela ezayo yempendulo kanye namaphutha okubikezela umvuzo (Bush et al., 2002, Rushworth noBerens, i-2008). Ngakho-ke, indima ye-DACC ingahle ihlobene nemiphumela yobuhle noma umvuzo ongalindelekile.

Ukuhlolwa kobuhle kufaka phakathi ukuqhathaniswa kolwazi olungenayo kanye nenkumbulo egciniwe elandelwa yi-polysynaptic hippocampal- (ventral striatal) - (ventral tegmental area loop) ephakanyisiwe ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olusha, ubuhle nemigomo (Lisman noGrace, 2005). Ukubheka kwethu kokuthuthukiswa kwe-dACC- (ventral striatal) -hippocampal ekufundeni kwe-CSB ngokuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe emiphumeleni yezocansi naphezu kokuncipha komsebenzi we-DACC kungabonisa inethiwekhi ehilelekile ekukhonjisweni okungenasisekelo kwememori ethembekile kwe-hippocampal ekufanekiseni izithombe zobulili eziphindaphindiwe.

Ucwaningo lunamandla amakhulu. Lokhu kungukuphenywa kokuqala kwezingqinamba ze-neural zezinqubo ezintsha nezindlela zokuqapha ama-CSB, uphenyo luvumela ukuqonda kwezinye izici zokuziphatha kanye nama-neural correlates yalezi zinqubo. Sikhombisa ngokuhlola ukuthi yini ebonakalayo emtholampilo ukuthi i-CSB ibhekene nokufuna izinto ezintsha, isimo sengqondo kanye nokujwayela ukuziphatha ngokobulili kubantu besilisa. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izilinganiso kufanele nazo zivunyelwe. Okokuqala, isifundo sasihilela kuphela amadoda angashadile abesilisa nabesifazane abasha. Nakuba lesi sici singabonakala njengamandla ngokunciphisa i-heterogeneity, ingaba nomkhawulo ngokuqondene nokukhiqiza abesifazane, amanye amaqembu eminyaka kanye nabantu ngabanye abanezimiso zobulili. Okwesibili, abahlanganyeli be-CSB ngokuvamile babexhala kakhulu, becindezelekile futhi bethinteka futhi babonise umkhuba wezinto eziningi ezithintekayo. Nakuba singatholanga umphumela oqondile walezi ziguquguquko emiphumeleni yethu, asikwazi ukubeka eceleni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zithonya ukutholakala. Okwesithathu, kwakungekho ukuhluka okuphawulekayo ekuhlaziyweni kwe-imaging yesimiso, ukuphela kokuqedwa, umphumela wokuphela. Iziphumo zethu zengqondo zisekela izinqubo zokuziphatha zobuciko bezocansi kodwa asizange sibone ukutholakala kwe-imaging ukusekela okutholakele kokuncintisana kwezimo. Amasampuli amakhulu, izithombe eziningi ezicacile, noma ukugqugquzela ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlolwa okulandelayo kubonisa izinto ezibalulekile ezifundweni ezizayo ezingase zenze imiphumela ehlukile. Okwesine, lolu cwaningo lusetshenziswe isithombe esingase sibonakale sinobuciko kunokuba sichaze ngokobulili. Izifundo ezengeziwe zisebenzisa izinto ezicacile zobulili zingase zihlukanise phakathi kwemiphumela yezimo ezibekwe emalini nasezinhlakeni ezicacile zobulili.

Siqokomisa indima yezintandokazi ezithuthukisiwe ekuveleni kobulili kanye nokuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile kwezimo ukuze kubuyekezwe izihloko ze-CSB ezibandakanya ukujwayela kwe-DACC. Lezi zithole zandisa ukubuka kwethu kwamuva ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zinezici eziningi zokucubungula ngokocansi kwinethiwekhi ezibandakanya i-DACC, i-ventral striatum ne-amygdala (i-voon, i-Mole, i-2014) nokugxila okubhekiswe ekukhulumeni ngokucacile ngokocansi (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Sigcizelela indima yokucubungula isimo se-dissociable kusuka ekuthandweni kwezinto ezintsha ezisekelwe kulokhu okubonwayo kokuthuthukiswa kokuqala kokunakekelwa kwezocansi. Lokhu okutholakele kunokubaluleka okubanzi njengoba i-intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu wezincwadi zomshuwalense kanye nezinzuzo ezingase zizuzise, ​​ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezinto eziphathelene nobulili. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lufanele luhlole ukuthi izibalo ezikhona manje zingase zihlobene kanjani nezinyathelo eziphathelene nempilo ezihlobene ne-CSB, kokubili ngokulandelana futhi ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela indima ekubhekiseni izinqubo ezingenakucatshangelwayo zokucatshangelwa ekulawuleni ukwelashwa kwe-CSB.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

Yakhelwe futhi yenzelwa ukuhlolwa: VV. Yenza ukuhlolwa: PB, SM neVV. Ihlaziye idatha: PB, LSM, SM, VV. Wabhala iphepha: PB, NAH, MNP kanye neVV.

Indima Yomxhaso Umthombo

I-PB isekelwa yi-Portuguese Foundation yeSayensi nobuchwepheshe (ukuhlangana komuntu ngamunye: SFRH / BD / 33889 / 2009). UDkt Voon ungumuntu ophakathi kwe-Wellcome Trust futhi isifundo sasixhaswe yi-Wellcome Trust (WT093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Isiteshi i-4 sasihilelekile ekusizeni ngokuqasha ngokubeka izikhangisi ezivunyelwe ukuziphatha ngokuqondene nesifundo kwi-intanethi. Izikhangiso zinikezwe imininingwane yokuxhumana yocwaningi abacwaningi abahlanganyeli abanentshisekelo.

Izingxabano zesithakazelo

Okubalulekile ukucwaninga kwasekuqaleni, akukashicilelwa ngaphambilini futhi akuthunyelwanga ukushicilelwa kwenye indawo. Abalobi PB, LM, SM, NH, MNP kanye neVV abamemezeli izithakazelo zezimali ezikhuphisanayo.

Ukubonga

Sithanda ukubonga bonke abahlanganyeli abahlanganyele ekutadisheni kanye nabasebenzi e-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre. Siyavuma futhi i-Channel 4 ngokusiza ngokuqashwa kanye nePutukezi Foundation yeSayensi neTheknoloji kanye ne-Wellcome Trust yezimali.

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