Ukusetshenziswa kwabase-Australia abasezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuzibandakanya nezenzo zokuziphatha ngocansi (2017)

Amazwana: Ukufundwa kwabase-Australia abaneminyaka eyi-15-29 bathole ukuthi i-100% yamadoda ayebukele i-porn. Iphinde yabika ukuthi ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile okuhambisana njalo nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.

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I-Aust NZJ Impilo Yomphakathi. 2017 Jun 29.

i-doi: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678.

Lim MSC^{1, I-2,3}, Agius PA^{1, I-2,4}, I-Carrotte ER¹, Vella AM¹, Hellard ME^1,2.

abstract

IZINJONGO:

Phakathi kokukhathazeka kwezempilo yomphakathi ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu abasha, sibika ukwanda kokubukwa kwezithombe zocansi futhi sihlole izinto ezihambisana nemvamisa yokubuka nobudala ekuqaleni kokubuka.

IZINDLELA:

Ucwaningo olunzulu lwe-inthanethi kwisampula esikahle sama-Victorians aneminyaka engu-15 kuya ku-29 iminyaka eqoqwe ngezokuxhumana.

IZIPHUMA:

Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabikwa njalo yi-815 yabahlanganyeli be-941 (87%). Isikhathi esiphakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyiminyaka ye-13 yamadoda neminyaka ye-16 yabesifazane. Ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakunokuhlobene nobulili besilisa, ubudala, imfundo ephakeme, ukungaziwa kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane, abanobudlova obudala kanye nezinkinga zempilo yamuva. Ubudala obuncane ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa nobulili besilisa, ubudala besikhathi samanje, imfundo ephakeme, ubunikazi obungewona wesifazane, ubuncane ekuqaleni kokuxhumana kocansi kanye nezinkinga zamuva zempilo yengqondo.

IMIBUZO:

Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvamile futhi kuhlotshaniswa neminye imiphumela yezempilo nokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside luyadingeka ukuze kutholakale umthelela we-pornography kulezi zici. Imiphumela yempilweni yomphakathi: Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvamile futhi kuvamile kubantu abasha kusukela esemncane futhi lokhu kudinga ukubhekwa emfundweni yezocansi.

Amagama angukhiye: izithombe zocansi; impilo yezocansi; ezokuxhumana zocansi; abantu abasha

I-PMID: 28664609

I-DOI: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678

PUkusetshenziswa kwe-ornography kungase kube ukukhathazeka kwempilo yomphakathi. Ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-intanethi, ama-smartphones kanye nemithombo yezokuxhumana phakathi kwabancane base-Australia kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuvamile kuyinto evamile futhi isilinganiso seminyaka ekuboniseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sehlile eminyakeni yamuva.¹ Imibiko evela ekuqaleni nakwa-2000s ikhombise ukuthi amazinga okuphila okubukhoma ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ayengama-73-93% kubafana abasha kanye ne-11-62% yamantombazane asebasha ase-Australia.^1,2 Ucwaningo olunomusa lubonisa ukuthi intsha eningi yase-Australia ikholelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinto evamile phakathi kontanga,³ naphezu kwemithetho evimbela abantu ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.⁴

Ukukhathazeka kwezempilo emphakathini okubalulekile mayelana nemikhuba yokuveza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingathinta ukuxhasana ngokocansi kwabantu abasha ngokuthonya ukuqonda kwabo ukuthi iziphi izenzo zokuziphatha ngokocansi nezindlela zokuziphatha zivamile, zamukelekayo futhi zizuzisa.⁵ Yize ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabukwa kahle futhi kunikeze indlela yokuhlola ubulili bomuntu,^6,7 Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zivame ukubonisa ukuziphatha abantu abadala abaningi abangaziboni njengezinto ezivamile, futhi abakucabangi ukuthi bayakujabulela, futhi / noma bangengozini enkulu ngokuphathelene nezocansi. Isibonelo, ezithombeni ezingcolile ze-intanethi kuphela i-2-3% yezimpikiswano zobulili obuhlukile zithinta ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu.^8,9

Kukhona umzimba okhulayo wezincwadi ochaza umthelela ongase ube khona wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezempilo yezocansi, ukuziphatha ngokobulili nempilo yengqondo.¹⁰ Intsha ibike ukuthi isebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela yokufundisa ngezocansi, njengokubandakanya imikhuba yobulili engcolile-eziphefumulelwe ekuphileni kwabo kwangempela kwezocansi.^11,12 Isibonelo, ucwaningo olunomqondo lubonisa ukuthi abanye besifazane abasha bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba bahlanganyele emlonyeni wokulala, okuvezwe ku-15-32% yezigcawu ezingcolile zobulili ngokuhlangana kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane,^8,9 futhi abaningi bathi lokhu kucindezelwa kusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabalingani babo besilisa.¹³ Ngaphakathi, ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside luye lwathola ukuthi ukuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nokuvezwa okuvame kakhulu, kokubili kuhlotshaniswa nokuqaliswa kokuziphatha ngokobulili ngesikhathi esincane phakathi kwentsha.^14,15 Ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kwamuva kubonise ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuziphatha kocansi phakathi kwabathengi abadala;¹⁶ Ubufakazi obuxhumanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuziphatha ngokocansi phakathi kwentsha kuxubene.¹⁷

Ukuzisa inqubomgomo yezempilo kanye nemfundo yezocansi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi abantu abasha basebenzisa kanjani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi banqume ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunemiphumela emibi empilweni nasenhlalakahleni. Ucwaningo lwezocansi olubandakanya intsha eguqulela ekubeni umuntu omdala ngesikhathi se-smartphone lukhawulelwe, futhi akuzange kube nezifundo zamuva kumongo wase-Australia. Kunobuthakathaka bemininingwane yakamuva etholakalayo ngokuphathelene nobudala ekuvezweni, imvamisa yokuchayeka kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswa abantu abasha ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lolu cwaningo lubika ukusabalala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezibukela esampula esilula sezingane zase-Australia. Ihlola izici ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokubuka imvamisa kanye neminyaka ekubukeni kokuqala nokuthi izinga elibalulekile ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zilinganiselwe ubulili. Sizicabangela ukuthi isikhathi esiningi kakhulu futhi esincane lapho ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqala kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi kanye nokuthi amaphethini kanye nama-correlates okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile angase ahluke ngobulili nezinsizwa ezincane kakhulu ukuthi zibukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi zibuke njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

izindlela

Ukwakhiwa nokwenziwa kwesampula Ucwaningo lwaluyinhlolovo ehlukaniswe nge-inthanethi enesampula elula yamaVictoria aneminyaka engu-15-29, eyenziwa ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi 2015. Ukufaneleka kwahlolwa ngenyanga yokuzazisa kanye nonyaka wokuzalwa nangekhodi leposi. Ukuqashwa kusetshenziswe imithombo yezokuxhumana kubandakanya izikhangiso ezikhokhelwayo kuFacebook, ezibhekiswe kumaVictoria aneminyaka engu-15-29, nezikhangiso ezabiwe ngamanethiwekhi abacwaningi asebenza ngobungcweti nangabantu. Izikhangiso azizange zikhulume ngezithombe zocansi, kepha zichaze ucwaningo njengezempilo yezocansi. Ababambiqhaza bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo oluku-inthanethi oluhlanganisa izingqikithi zabantu, impilo yezocansi nokuziphatha, nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha. Uhlu lwemibuzo lushintshwe ocwaningweni 'Lwezocansi, Izidakamizwa, kanye neRock'n'Roll' oluqoqe imininingwane yobungozi nezempilo kubantu abasha kusukela ngo-2005.¹⁸ Abahlanganyeli babe nethuba lokuwina i-voucher yesipho. Ukwamukelwa kwanikezwa yiKomiti Yezokuziphatha EzokuPhepha Kwabantu Abakwa-Alfred Hospital.

Izindlela

Izibalo zabantu zifaka ubulili (owesilisa, owesifazane, i-transgender noma okunye) nobudala, obabalwa kusukela enyangeni nonyaka wokuzalwa. Ababambiqhaza babike iminyaka lapho beqala khona ukuhlangabezana nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha ngokocansi, noma bakhombisa ukuthi abakaze bazibandakanye kulokho kuziphatha; lokhu kuziphatha kufaka phakathi ukuthinta izitho zangasese zomlingani ngezandla zabo, ukuthintwa ezithweni zakho zangasese ngesandla sozakwethu, ukunikela ngocansi ngomlomo, ukuthola ucansi lomlomo, ucansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane (ipipi esithweni sangasese), kanye nobulili bendunu (umthondo endunu). Kulo lonke leli phepha, sisebenzisa igama elithi 'ukuxhumana kocansi' ukubhekisa kunoma yikuphi kulezi zindlela eziyisithupha zokuziphatha, kanti 'ukuya ocansini' kubhekisela kuphela ocansini lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane noma sangasese.

imiPhumela

Abahlanganyeli babuzwa imibuzo emine ephathelene nokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; (akukho incazelo ecacile yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinikezwe kulolubuzo lwemibuzo):

• Uneminyaka emingaki lapho uqala ukubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? (inketho engakaze ibonwe yanikezwa)
• Ezinyangeni zokugcina ze-12, ubuke kaningi kangakanani indaba yezocansi? 'angalokothi', 'ngaphasi kwenyanga,' 'nyangazonke', 'ngesonto ngalinye' noma 'nsuku zonke / cishe nsuku zonke'.
• Uvame ukubuka kanjani lokhu? 'ukusakaza / ukulandwa efonini ephathekayo', 'ukusakaza / ukulandwa kwikhompyutha', 'i-DVD', 'ikhamera yewebhu ephilayo,' 'omagazini / izincwadi' noma 'enye'
• Ubani obheka ngokuvamile lokhu? 'nomlingani', 'nabangani', noma 'ngedwa'

Ukuhlaziywa, 'isonto ngalinye' futhi 'nsuku zonke / cishe nsuku zonke' bahlanganiswe njenge 'ngeviki noma ngaphezulu'.

Ukuvezwa

Izici ezilandelayo zifakwe kumamodeli, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kwethu:

Isikhathi sokuqala socansi - Labo ababika kuqala ababandakanyeka kunoma yiziphi izenzo zokuziphatha ngokobulili (okubalwe ngenhla) eminyakeni engu-15 noma abancani babekwa njengababancane lapho bexhumana nabo ngokocansi.

Sex - Ubulili obuhlangenwe nakho obuhlangenwe nakho buphathwa njenge-variary binary.

Ingozi yezocansi - Ingozi yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STI) yayisetshenziswe kulabo abangenayo ingozi, ephansi noma ephezulu; abahlanganyeli babika ukulala ngokobulili ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhondomu nganoma yikuphi: abambisene nabo abasha, abalingani abangathandana nabo noma abangaphezu kweyodwa kumlingani ezinyangeni ze-12 ezedlule babekwa njengengozi enkulu; labo abaye balala ngokocansi kodwa njalo basebenzisa amakhondomu noma babika kuphela umlingani ovamile kulo nyaka odlule baphathwa njengengozi encane; abahlanganyeli abangeke babike noma yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho kobulili babecatshangelwa ukuthi bangabungozi. Labo abangenalo ulwazi lwezocansi babebhekwa njengencazelo ekuhlaziyeni.

Impilo yengqondo - Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi baphendule ngoyebo noma cha "Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule unezinkinga zempilo yengqondo? Lokhu kufaka noma yiziphi izingqinamba ongakaze ukhulume ngazo nochwepheshe wezempilo. ”

Isimo sokuphila - Abahlanganyeli babonise ukuthi bahlalaphi; lokhu kwacaciswa kulabo ababehlala nomlingani wabo noma abangahlali nomlingani wabo.

Ezemfundo - Abahlanganyeli babonise izinga eliphezulu lemfundo abaye baqeda. Lokhu kwakucacisiwe kunoma yimiphi imfundo esikoleni esiphakeme noma cha.

Ubunikazi bobulili - Abahlanganyeli babonise ukuthi bangabanikazi bobulili. Lokhu kwakunqatshelwe ukuthi umuntu ocansini noma ocansini, abesilisa abathandana nabo, abesilisa nabesifazane, abesilisa nabesifazane, ukubuza imibuzo, ubheyili noma enye (GLBQQ +) ngokobulili.

Analysis

Ukuhlaziywa kwetafula okuqhubekayo kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngezilinganiso zokusabalala kwezenzo zokuziphatha kwabantu, ezempilo kanye nezempilo zocansi nezithombe zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Ukuphindaphindiwe kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamanje

Ama-correlates wamvamisa wamanje wokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayezimisele ukusebenzisa ukuhlukunyezwa kokulandelana kwemvelo; kokubili bivariate kanye multivariate (kufaka phakathi zonke iziguquko ezizimele). Ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe imiphumela yezici ezithile zilinganiselwe ubulili, amamodeli angaphansi kokunciphisa kanye nemigomo yokuxhumana kulinganiselwa ekufaniseni. Lapho ukulinganisa okulinganiselwe okungafani nakho akuzange kuhlangabezane nemiphumela ethize ephathekayo kumamodeli ahlongozwayo (okungukuthi imiphumela ezimele yesici ehlukahluka kuwo wonke amazinga okubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile), imodeli ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe futhi ehlangene (i-gllamm)¹⁹ yayisetshenziselwa ukucacisa amamodeli we-covariate ethize okubheka ukulungiswa ukuze kuphumule izilinganiso ezilinganayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Brant²⁰ kanye nokuhlolwa kokulingana kwamathuba emvelo phakathi kwamamodeli we-gllamm amahle (amamodeli angaphansi okucindezelayo aphumule ukucabanga okulinganiselwe okubalulekile ngezici ezikhethiwe) asetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukuphawula kwesitatimende ukuthi ngabe idatha ihlangabezane nokulinganisa okulinganiselwe kokunciphisa ukucindezeleka.

Ubudala ekubukeni kokuqala kocansi

Ama-correlates yobudala ekubukeni kokuqala kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayezimisele ukusebenzisa ukuhlukumeza okulinganayo kwe-Cox,²¹ kucatshangelwa ukuthi kutholakala ukutholakala kwedatha ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwabafundi ababengakaboni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwemiphumela eyinhloko, imigomo yokuxhumana nayo yacatshangelwa kulezi zindlela zokulondoloza ukuhlola ukuthi imiphi imiphumela eyalinganiselwe ubulili. Isikhathi sakwaMedian ekubukeni kokuqala kocansi, ukuxhumana kocansi nokulala ngokobulili kwakunqunyelwe ukusebenzisa le ndlela.

Indlela ephelele yokubhekana nayo yasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya lapho ababambiqhaza abanesidingo elahlekile kunoma yiziphi izici zokuhlonza okubalulekile abafakiwe ekuhlaziyeni. Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-Stata statistical package version 13.1.

Imiphumela

Phakathi kwabantu abangu-1,001 abahloliwe, abayisishiyagalolunye babhekwa njenge-sexender noma 'abanye' ubulili kepha abafakiwe ekuhlaziyeni ngenxa yezinombolo ezincane kula maqembu. Abanye abahlanganyeli be-26 abazange baphendule imibuzo mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi i-25 ibonise idatha elahlekile kwi-covariates eyinhloko futhi ingavunyelwe ekuhlaziyweni. Lezo zindaba ezingekho emkhakheni we-covariate azange zihluke ngokuphawulekayo kulabo abafakwe ekuhlaziyweni ngobuningi bokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (p= 0.555) noma iminyaka ekubukeni kokuqala kocansi (p= 0.729).

Kulabo abahlanganyeli be-941 babandakanya, i-73% yayingowesifazane kanti iminyaka yobudala yayiyiminyaka engu-20 (IQR 17-24) yabesifazane kanye ne-21 iminyaka (IQR 19-25) yamadoda. Ithebula 1 ibonisa izici zabaphenduli. Phakathi kwababambiqhaza be-804 ababike ukuthi babe noxhumana nabo ngokocansi nomlingani, iminyaka yobudala ekuthintaneni kocansi okokuqala kwakuneminyaka engu-16 (IQR 16-17) yabesifazane kanye ne-16 iminyaka (IQR 16-16) yamadoda. Phakathi kwabathintekayo be-710 ababike ukuthi babe nobulili, iminyaka yobudala phakathi kobulili bokuqala kwakuyiminyaka eyi-17 (IQR 17-18) yabesifazane kanye ne-18 iminyaka (i-IQR 17-18) yamadoda.

Ithebula 1. Isibonelo sesimo senhlalo yabantu, impilo nezingozi zokuziphatha ngokobulili: Isibalo (n) namaphesenti (%) (n = 941).

Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabikwa njalo ngabahlanganyeli be-815 (87%). Abathintekayo abesilisa babika imvamisa ephakeme kakhulu yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukubuka kunabesifazane abahlanganyeli (ithebula 2). Abaningi ababambiqhaza (n = 629, 87%) bavame ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphela futhi ngokuvamile bavame ukusakaza noma ukulandwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhompyutha noma kwifoni. Iminyaka yobudala ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyiminyaka eyi-13 yabahlanganyeli besilisa (95% CI = 12-13) kanye neminyaka eyi-16 yabahlanganyeli besifazane (95% CI = 16-16; p

Saqhathanisa iminyaka yabahlanganyeli ekuqaleni kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile neminyaka yabo lapho siqala ukuxhumana ngokocansi. Abahlanganyeli abangamashumi amane nane (5%) babike ukuthi abakaze babuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma babone noma ikuphi ukuxhumana kocansi, i-536 (57%) ibibuke izithombe zocansi ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kocansi, i-80 (9%) yazibonela bobabili ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwathi i-281 (30%) babebancane ekuxhumaneni kwabo ngokocansi okokuqala uma kuqhathaniswa nokubukwa kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Brant kubonise ukuthi ukucabanga kwezingqinamba ezilinganiselwe kumodeli ecacisiwe kwakungafaneleki kunikezwe idatha (χ²(20) = 50.3; p<0.001). Ingozi yezocansi (χ²(2) = 11.8; p= 0.003) nempilo yengqondo (χ²(2) = 5.7; p= Izici ze-0.05) zibonise imiphumela engalingani. Lokhu kwasekelwa ngokulinganisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa okuvela emzimbeni ovela ku-gllamm modeling, okwakubonisa ukuthi imodeli yokunciphisa ukulinganisa okulinganiselayo nokuzilibazisa okuyingxenye (okungukuthi ingozi yocansi kanye nezici zempilo yengqondo) ibonise ukulingana okungcono kakhulu kunemodeli eqinile ngokugcwele (LR χ²(6) = 31.5; p<0.001). Ngakho-ke, ngengozi yezocansi nempilo yengqondo kwasetshenziswa imodeli engavinjelwe.

Ithebula 3 ikhombisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokubuka imvamisa usebenzisa ukufanekisa kwe-gllamm. Abahlanganyeli besifazane babencane amathuba okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuvamile ziqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli besilisa (AOR = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.12). Ukuhlaziya kubonise ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nabathintekayo ngabesilisa nabesifazane, labo ababeyi-GLBQQ + babephindwe kabili amathuba okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi (AOR = 3.04; 95% CI = 2.20-4.21); futhi labo abanezemfundo ye-post-secondary babenama-48% ngaphezulu (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.01-2.17) ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kunezo zemfundo yesibili kuphela. Labo ababika okuhlangenwe nakho kobulili obudala kungenzeka ukuthi babukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09-2.06); noma kunjalo, ukulinganiswa kokuxhumana phakathi kobulili obudala nobulili (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.03-5.90; Wald χ²(1) = 4.14; p= 0.042) ubonise ukuthi lo mhlangano uvinjelwe kwabesifazane kuphela (amadoda: AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.33-1.45; abesifazane: AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.12-2.63). Kubekho ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo okutholakala phakathi kobulili nokuzibandakanya ngokocansi (Wald χ²(1) = 2.29; p= 0.13) noma ubulili nesimo sokuphila (Wald χ²(1) = 0.17; p= 0.68).

Ithebula 3. Izici ezihlotshaniswa nemvamisa yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile: ukuhlaziywa okulinganayo kokuhlaziya kusuka kumamodeli ajwayelekile ahlanganisiwe abonisa ukungaxazululwa (OR) nezilinganiso zokuphikisana nezinguquko (AOR), izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingama-95% (95% CI) namanani okungenzeka (p-indinganiso) (n = 941) †.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababengakaze bahlanganyele ngokocansi, abahlanganyeli bezocansi babecabanga ukuthi bahlanganyela engozini encane (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.23-2.98) noma engozini enkulu (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.44-4.16) ngokobulili ukuziphatha kwakungenzeka ukuthi kubike izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingaphansi kwenyanga, kodwa kwakungekho ukungafani kokungafani kokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kakhulu kulawo maqembu. Ngendlela efanayo, kwakukhona ukubulawa kwe-heterogeneity ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo yengqondo kuwo wonke amazinga okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangenawo umlando wezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, labo ababika izinkinga zempilo yengqondo phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungaba ngu-65% amathuba okubuka izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphansi kwenyanga (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.18-2.31) futhi i-52% kungenzeka ukuba ibuke masonto onke noma ngaphezulu (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.06-2.18).

Ithebula 4 ibonisa ukulingana kweminyaka yobudala ekubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqala. Kubucayi obukhulu be-cox, ukubuka okungcolile kokuqala kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabikwa ngabahlanganyeli abesilisa, okwamanje abasebancane, okwamanje babehlala nomlingani, bengakapheli esikoleni esiphakeme, bebaneminyaka engaphansi kokuxhumana kocansi, futhi babika impilo yengqondo yakamuva inkinga. Labo ababika i-GLBQQ + ubunikazi bezocansi nabo babelungele ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusukela eminyakeni encane (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.05-1.48); noma kunjalo, ukulinganisa kokuxhumana phakathi kobulili nobulili (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.43-3.02; Wald χ²(1) = 14.6; p<0.01)) kukhombisile ukuthi le nhlangano ivinjelwe abesifazane kuphela (abesilisa: AHR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.50-1.04; abesifazane: AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.34-1.99).

Ithebula 4. I-Correlates yobudala bokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokuqala: Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlekelele ezilinganayo ze-Cox kuhlaziya okukhombisa ukulinganiselwa okungalungisiwe (i-HR) kanye nezilinganiso zengozi eziguquliwe (AHR), izikhathi zokuzethemba ezingama-95% (95% CI) namanani okungenzeka (amanani-p).

Ingxoxo

Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyisenzo esivamile kubantu abasha esampula sethu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa abasha. Amaphesenti angamaphesenti ayishumi kanye ne-82% yabesifazane abasha abaye babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isikhathi esiphakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyiminyaka ye-13 yamadoda neminyaka ye-16 yabesifazane. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesine amajaha kanye no-19% wabesifazane abasha babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesonto noma nsuku zonke. Isifundo se-Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships, esenziwe ngo-2012-2013, asizange sifake ukuvama noma iminyaka yobulili obubukwayo; Kodwa-ke, ithola ukuthi ingxenye encane yabasha abake babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile: 84% yamadoda aneminyaka engu-16-19; 89% yamadoda aneminyaka engu-20-29; 28% yabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-16-19; no-57% wabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-20-29.²² Ezinye izifundo zase-Australia ziphakamisa ukuthi inani labantu abasanda kuboniswa ezithombeni ezingcolile liyakhula. Ku-2012-13, i-63% yamadoda kanye ne-20% yabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-16 nangaphezulu bebukele indaba yezocansi ngonyaka odlule.²³ Uma kuqhathaniswa, ku-2001-02, i-17% yamadoda no-12% wabesifazane babevakashele iwebhusayithi yezocansi kwi-intanethi.²⁴ Amaphesenti ase-Australia abuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi kwe-age 16 enyuke kusuka ku-37% kuma-1950 kuya ku-79% kuma-2000 okuqala.¹

Abesifazane babengaphansi kwamadoda kunokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, bebukele kancane kancane, futhi babuke kuqala ekudala. Lokhu okutholayo kuhambisana nokucwaninga kwe-US okubike amadoda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi avezwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi ngesikhathi esingaphansi kwabesifazane.²⁵ Ngesikhathi abantu bebaningi abathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi phakathi kwe-82% yabesifazane abasha ababika ukuthi babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile iningi (84%) bavame ukubuka bodwa futhi i-22% ibheke okungenani masonto onke. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kunabesifazane abasha ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo. Ucwaningo olwedlule luye lwabonisa ukuthi abafana abasebancane babika izimo zengqondo ezihle ezithombeni ezingcolile kunamantombazane asebancane; Kodwa-ke, amantombazane anezimo zengqondo ezinhle njengoba zikhula.²⁵

Sithole izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezibuka phakathi kwe-GLBTIQQ + intsha; lokhu kuvumelana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini.^26,27 Lokhu kutholakala kungabonisa ukungabi nolwazi kolwazi olujwayelekile oluhambisana nokuziphatha okungavumelani nokuziphatha ngokobulili, okwenza kube nesidingo sokufinyelela lolu lwazi ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.²⁸ Isibonelo, ekuhloliseni okufanisayo kwabafana abasha abafana abasha, abahlanganyeli babike ukuthi basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze bafunde ngezitho zocansi kanye nomsebenzi, imishini yobulili bobulili obufanayo, ukufundela ngokusebenza kocansi kanye nezindima nokuqonda ukuthi kufanele ucabange kanjani ngocansi imigomo yenjabulo nobuhlungu.⁶

Phakathi kwabesifazane, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana nazo zihlotshaniswa nokuhlala ocansini. Ucwaningo oludlule luye lwathola ukuthi abanye besifazane bathola ukulala ngokobulili obuhle; Kodwa-ke, abesifazane babika ukuthi ukutholwa kwesilisa okulinganayo akujabulisi kunokuba abantu benze konke.²⁹ Ngomunye ucwaningo olulinganiselayo, abesifazane babika ukuthi baphoqelelwa noma baphoqelelwa ngokobulili obuyindoda nabalingani besilisa ababesebonile ubulili obufakiwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile.¹³ Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi esifundweni sethu, inhlangano phakathi kokulala komzimba kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholwa ngabesifazane abahlanganyeli kodwa hhayi abahlanganyeli besilisa. Izincazelo ezingenzeka lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi abesifazane abanesithakazelo ekufundeni ngezindlela ezehlukene zobulili noma abangaba nesifiso sokuzama ukulala ngesilwane esilisayo kungenzeka ukuthi babheke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; Ngaphandle kwalokho, abesifazane ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangase babe namathuba amaningi okucabanga ukuthi ubulili obuyilindeleke kubo ngabalingani babo besilisa.

Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwezifundo ezibandakanya abathengi abadala bathola izixhumanisi phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemikhuba yezocansi ezingaphephile kanye nezinombolo eziphezulu zabalingani bocansi.¹⁶ Ubufakazi obuxhumanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuziphatha kobulili phakathi kwentsha kuxubene.¹⁷ Ezinye izifundo zentsha kanye nabantu abasha baye babonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nabalingani bezocansi abangaphezu kokuphila.^30,31 Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusetshenziswa okungenalo ikhondomu kubesilisa abasha, kodwa hhayi kwabesifazane, kanye nokungabambisani phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nenani labalingani bocansi noma ubudala obudala bokuqala ngokocansi.²⁷ Okunye ukufundwa akutholanga ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokusetshenziswa kobulili okungavimbelwe nabalingani abangavamile.³² Esifundweni samanje, asitholanga ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kweminyaka encane ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ukubukwa kanye nokuziphatha kwengozi yamuva yobulili. Sithole ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababengenalwazi ngokobulili, labo abenza ingozi encane noma ukuziphatha okubi ngokocansi babe nemiphumela enkulu yokubukela izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngaphansi kwenyanga ngokuqhathaniswa nokungaboni nhlobo. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi (njalo ngenyanga, masonto onke noma nsuku zonke) akuhlobene nokuhlukana kokuziphatha kocansi. Olunye ucwaningo aluzange luphenye ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokuziphatha kwezingozi zobulili kanye nama frequency okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngakho-ke ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukubukela izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphansi kwenyanga kungumgogodla obalulekile wokulungiswa nokuziphatha ngokocansi. Ukungafani phakathi kwezifundo kungase kube ngenxa yabantu abahlukahlukene, imiklamo yocwaningo, izincazelo, noma ukufakwa kwezinyathelo ezihlukene zokuziphatha kocansi.¹⁷

Ubuncane ekuhlangenwe nakho kobulili bokuqala kuboniswe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingalungile nempilo eqhubekayo yocansi.^18,33 Ubudala obuncane ekuhlangenwe nakho kobulili bokuqala buhlotshaniswa nokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kodwa hhayi imvamisa yamanje yokubuka. Ucwaningo oluthile lwezinhlangothi ezihlangene lusekela ubuhlobo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuqala kokuziphatha kobulili ngesikhathi esincane.^22,34-36 Ucwaningo lwama-international longitudinal luye lwathola ukuthi ukuvezwa kokuqala kanye nokuvulwa okuvamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kokubili kuhlotshaniswa nokuqaliswa kokuziphatha ngokobulili ngesikhathi esincane.^14,15 Noma kunjalo, lobu buhlobo bungase kungabi yi-causal; kungase kudideke ngesimo sokushicilela nokufuna ukuzwa.

Ukubambisana phakathi kwempilo yengqondo empofu nokusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuye kwaphawula ngaphambili. Esicwaningweni saseSweden, cishe u-20% wabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zansuku zonke babe nezimpawu ezicindezelayo, kakhulu kunabasebenzisi abangapheli (12.6%).¹¹ Ukuvame ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuye kwahlotshaniswa nethonya elibi,³⁷ ukucindezeleka nokucindezeleka phakathi kwezinsizwa,³⁸ kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka kwabesifazane abasebasha.³⁹ Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezinganeni ezincane ziye zahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okwesikhashana;⁴⁰ Nokho, ngolwazi lwethu lokhu kuyisifundo sokuqala sokubonisa ubudlelwane obuphakathi kweminyaka encane yokuchayeka kanye nempilo yengqondo embi ekuphileni okulandelayo.

Amanye ama-correlates wokuqala okuvamile nokuqala kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ahlanganisa amazinga aphezulu emfundo futhi angahlali nomlingani. Abantu abahlala nomlingani wabo bangase babheke izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingenangqondo ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yezocansi ezithandanayo eziningi, noma mhlawumbe kusuka kumathuba amancane okubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngasese.

Imiphumela yempilweni yomphakathi

Okutholakele kwalolu cwaningo kunomthelela obalulekile ekwakheni imfundo yocansi. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi iningi labantu abasha libukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuthi cishe zonke izinsizwa zivame ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibhekiswe njengengxenye yezinhlelo zemfundo yezocansi esikoleni esiphakeme. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibukwa kuqala kusukela esemncane, ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokufundisa ezifanele iminyaka efanele zidinga ukusetshenziselwa kusukela eminyakeni ehlelekile yesikole esiphakeme, uma kungekudala. Izinhlelo ezinjalo akufanele zibe yizicabangela, njengoba imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuthi labo ababa njenge-GLBQQ + babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi futhi kusukela ezincane. Akufanele futhi ucabange ukuthi abesifazane abasha ngeke babukele noma bajabulele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izinhlelo zezemfundo kufanele zibhekane nezinkinga ezifana nokusabalalisa nokuziphatha kobulili obuhlukile besilisa ocansini emhlabeni wangempela ngokumelene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Nakuba izinhlelo zokufundisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziqala ukuvela;^41,42 kusadingeka kube khona ucwaningo olunquma ukuphumelela kwalendlela.¹⁰

Umthetho wase-Australia uvimbela abantu ngaphansi kwe-18 ekubukeni izithombe ezingcolile;⁴ Kodwa-ke, okutholakala kwethu kubonisa ukuthi imithetho nemithetho yamanje ayivimbeli ukufinyelela kusuka ebusheni. Ukungenelela okufana nesofthiwe yokuqinisekisa ubudala, isofthiwe yokuhlunga i-intanethi nokuqapha komzali kungadlala indima ekunciphiseni izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, noma ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane ezincane. Noma kunjalo, lezi zindlela azikwazi ukuphumelela ekumiseni umuntu omusha oshukumisayo ekufinyeleleni izithombe ezingcolile.^2,43

Ukuhlangana phakathi kwempilo yengqondo empofu kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka. Akucaci ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyisici esibangelwa yini empilweni engafanele yengqondo noma uma kubonisa izinkinga ezingaphansi. Kunoma yikuphi, labo abathintekayo ekunakekeleni abantu abasha abanezimo zempilo yengqondo bangase bafune ukucabangela ukuthi ngabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyinkinga kwamanye amaklayenti.

Ukulinganiselwa

Ukulinganiselwa ekuhloleni kwezimo zethu eziguqukayo kufaka phakathi ukuthi imibuzo ayizange ihlukanise phakathi kokuvezwa ngamabomu nezenzo ezingcolile ngokuziphendulela nokuthi kungenakho incazelo ecacile noma ukuxilongwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho imininingwane eqoqwe ekugqugquzelweni kokubuka noma uhlobo lokuqukethwe elibukwe. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili luye lwabona ezinye izixhumanisi ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezingazange zifakwe ocwaningweni lwethu, kufaka phakathi ukwaneliseka okungezansi ebuhlotsheni nasezinkundleni zobulili, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kanye nokuziphatha kobulili ngabesifazane.¹⁴ Ezinye izinyathelo zokungcebeleka azisebenzisi izikali eziqinisekisiwe, isibonelo, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo zihlolwe besebenzisa into eyodwa. Ucwaningo aluzange lufake nezinguquko eziphathelene nemithelela emihle yokusetshenziswa kocansi. Lolu cwaningo luxhomeke kulwazi oluzimele, okumele lukhumbule ukukhishwa kwesibalo nokuzimela. Umklamo wokucwaninga wesigaba esiphambene nomqondo kusho ukuthi asikwazi ukuveza ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezinye izinto. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo lusetshenziselwa isampula esilula esathathwa ku-intanethi, engabonakali abantu abaningi.

iziphetho

Lesi isifundo sokuqala sase-Australia sokuhlola izinhlangano eziphakathi kokuvama nobudala bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okokuqala nokuziphatha kocansi, impilo yengqondo, nezinye izici kubantu abasha. Ukutadisha kwethu kukhombisile ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvamile futhi kuvamile kubantu abasha base-Australia kusukela besebancane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela engaba yingozi, njengezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, ukuya ocansini usemncane nokuya ocansini endunu. Ukuphenya umthelela ongaba khona wokutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile empilweni yabantu abasha nasekuziphatheni kwabo, kudingeka ucwaningo oluthe xaxa lwesikhathi eside. Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubandakanya ukuxoxwa kwezithombe zocansi emfundweni yezocansi kusukela esemncane.

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