Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile: Izinga le-Prefrontal ne-limbic nokuxhumana (i-2016)

IZIMPENDULO: Ngenkathi isifundo sisebenzisa igama elithi "Ukuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB)," lezi zihloko zaziyimilutha yezocansi (bheka lokhu kukhishwa kwezindaba). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli eziphilile ze-CSB izifundo zenyuke phezulu kwesilinganiso se-amygdala futhi zanciphisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokuphumula phakathi kwe-amygdala kwesokunxele kanye ne-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC. Abalobi baphetha ngokuthi:

Izibalo zethu zamanje ziqokomisa imiqulu ephakeme esifundeni esithinteka ekutheni ukugqugquzela nokuxhuma okuphansi kwesimo se-prefrontal phezulu-phansi amanethiwekhi okulawula okulawulayo. Ukuphazanyiswa kwamanethiwekhi okunjalo kungase kuchaze amaphethini okuziphatha okuzenzekelayo ekuzuzeni umvuzo ongokwemvelo noma ukuvuselelwa okuthuthukisiwe kumaphuzu okukhuthaza okubalulekile. Nakuba ukutholakala kwethu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuqhathaniswa nalabo abasebenzisa izidakamizwa zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (i-SUD), lezi zitholakele zingabonisa ukungafani njengokusebenza kwemiphumela ye-neurotoxic yokutholakala kwezidakamizwa ezingapheli.

Ukuthola ukuhumusha #1): "Ukuxhumana okuncane okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." I-amygdala idlala indima enkulu ekuqhubekeni kwemizwa, kufaka phakathi impendulo yethu ekucindezelekeni. I-amygdala ithinteka ngokuqinile ezicini eziningi zokulutha njengezifiso, i-cue-reactivity nezimpawu zokuhoxa. Ukunciphisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala kanye ne-prefrontal cortex ehambelana nokulutha kwezidakamizwa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuxhumana okumpofu kunciphisa ukulawula kwe-cortex yangaphambi kokushaywa ngumsebenzisi kokuziphatha okuluthayo.

Ukuthola ukuhumusha #2): "Kukhuphuke ivolumu ye-amygdala" (okusho ukuthi udaba olumpunga ngaphezulu). Iningi lezifundo zokulutha izidakamizwa zibika i-amygdalae encane eziluthweni (udaba oluncane kakhulu). Lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ubuthi bezidakamizwa bungaholela odabeni olungenampunga futhi ngaleyo ndlela banciphise ivolumu ye-amygdala eziluthweni lwezidakamizwa. Akungabazeki ukuthi lokhu kudlala indima. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-amygdala isebenza ngokungaguquguquki ngesikhathi sokubukwa kocansi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvezwa kokuqala kokuya ocansini. Isibonelo, ukuchofoza kuthebhu kuya kuthebhu noma ukusesha ividiyo noma isithombe kungakhanyisa i-amygdala. Mhlawumbe njalo ubulili ukuhleleka nokusesha nokufuna kuholela emthonjeni oyingqayizivele ku-amygdala kubasebenzisi be-porn.

Incazelo ehlukile ye-amygdala eyinhloko kuma-addicts e-porn: Iminyaka yokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela ngokuqinisekile ingaba ukucindezela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zihloko ze-CSB zazingeyona imilutha yezocansi kuphela; Baphinde babhekana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kocansi (ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, izinkinga zobudlelwano, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ED eyenziwe ngocansi). Nali iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo: Ukucindezeleka okungapheli komphakathi kuhlobene nokukhula kwe-amygdala volume:

Nakuba izindlela eziqondile ze-plasticity zingakacaciswa ngokugcwele, ukulinganisela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kubonakala kukwandisa ukukhula kwemikhakha eminingana ye-amygdala, kanti imiphumela ye-hippocampus ne-prefrontal cortex ivame ukungafani.

Sibheka ukutholakala okungenhla ngokucacile kwalokhu Ucwaningo lwe-2015 olutholile ukuthi "imilutha yezocansi" ine-axis ye-HPA engasebenzi (isimiso sokucindezeleka ngokweqile). Kungenzeka yini ukucindezeleka okungapheli okuhlobene nokulutha kobulili / ngokocansi, kanye nezici ezenza ubulili obuhlukile, ziholele kumthamo omkhulu wama-amygdala? Okokugcina, umthamo we-amygdala ophansi ungase ube isimo esandulele esikhatsini sokudakwa, njenge inzalo emindeni enengozi enkulu yokudakwa ngokweqile ine-amygdalae encane.

LINKA KUFUNDO ESIFUNDWAYO

UCasper Schmidt,1,2,3 ULaurel S. Morris,1,4 UTimo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Paula Hall,5 UThaddeus Birchard,5 no-Valerie I-Voon1,4,6 *

Ibalazwe le-Brain Mapping

• Ishicilelwe okokuqala: 27 Okthoba 2016 Umlando wokushicilela ophelele
• I-DOI: 10.1002 / hbm.23447 Buka / ulondoloze citation

Abalobi basho ukuthi abanakho ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo zokumemezela.

abstract

Background

Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB) kuvamile futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka komuntu siqu nomphakathi. I-neurobiology engezansi isacacile kahle. Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlola imiqulu yobuchopho nokuphumula kokusebenza kombuso ku-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo (i-HV) ehambelana.

izindlela

Idatha ye-Structural MRI (MPRAGE) iqoqwe ngezihloko ze-92 (i-23 CSB abesilisa ne-69 i-HV yamadoda ubudala) futhi ihlolwe ngokusebenzisa i-voxel-based morphometry. Ukubuyisela idatha esebenzayo ye-MRI esebenzayo usebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-multi-echo planar kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezingxenye ezizimele (ME-ICA) ziqoqiwe kwizihloko ze-68 (izihloko ze-23 CSB kanye ne-45 i-HV).

Imiphumela

Izihloko ze-CSB zibonisa okukhulu kakhulu kwesokunxele i-amygdala grey matter volumes (ivolumu elincane ilungisiwe, i-Bonferroni ihlelwe P <0.01) futhi kunciphise ukuxhumana kokuphumula kombuso phakathi kwembewu ye-amygdala yesobunxele kanye ne-bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ubuchopho bonke, iqoqo lilungiswe i-FWE P <0.05) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HV.

iziphetho

I-CSB ihlotshaniswa nemigomo ephakanyisiwe ezindaweni ezihamba phambili ezihambisana nokusekela okugqugquzelayo nokucubungula imizwelo, nokuxhumana okungasebenzi kahle phakathi kwezindawo zokulawula ezithintekayo nezilawuli zomphakathi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlose ukuhlola izinyathelo ze-longitudinal ukuphenya ukuthi lezi zithole yini eziyingozi ezingakapheli ukuqala kokuziphatha noma imiphumela yeziphathamandla.

Izifinyezo

• I-ACC yangaphakathi ye-cingulate cortex
• I-CSB ukuziphatha kocansi ngokucindezela
• I-CSF i-cerebrospinal fluid
• I-DLPFC i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• I-GM grey indaba
• Imodeli ejwayelekile ye-GLM
• HV izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezempilo
• I-MPRAGE magnetization elungiselelwe i-gradient-echo
• I-OFC i-orbitofrontal cortex
• I-ROI esifundeni sesithakazelo
• I-SPM Isitatimende seParametric Mapping
• Isikhathi sokuphindaphinda TR
• Isikhathi se-TE echo
• I-VBM-based morphometry
• I-WM indaba emhlophe.

ISINGENISO

Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB), owaziwa nangokuthi u-hypersexual disorder noma ukulutha ngokocansi, kuvamile (kulinganiselwa ku-3% -6%) [Kraus et al., 2016] futhi ehlangene nokucindezeleka okuphawulekayo nokukhubazeka kwengqondo, kufaka phakathi ukukhonzwa, ukungafisi, nokukhubazeka komphakathi kanye nokusebenza [Kraus et al., 2016]. Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwagxila ekuqondeni okuqondakalayo kwe-neurobiological correlates [Kraus et al., 2016] nakuba ukungabi nampofu kwezifundo kunciphisa ukuqonda kwethu kwezinqubo ezingezansi nendlela esingase sicabange ngayo lezi zinkinga. I-CSB iye yacutshungulwa njengokungathi i-disorder control disorder noma ukulutha kokuziphatha [Kraus et al., 2016]. Kodwa-ke, nakuba izixazululo ze-hypersexual disorder zihlongozwa i-DSM-5 futhi ziqinisekiswe ekuvivinyweni kwamasimu [Reid et al., 2012], le disorder kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane kwe-intanethi noma imidlalo yevidiyo, ayifakiwe engxenyeni eyinhloko ye-DSM-5, ngenxenye ngenxa yedatha elinganiselwe ezimweni. Ngakho-ke, izifundo eziqhubekayo ze-CSB ziyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda okukhulu kwalokhu kuphazamiseka. Nakuba i-CSB ingaba nokuziphatha okuningi, lapha sigxila ekubunjweni kweqembu eliqakathekileko lokusebenzisa i-pornography yokuphoqa. Sisebenzise igama elithi CSB ngokucabangela ukuthi "ukucindezela" kuchaza ukuphindaphindiwe kwezinto futhi akuhloswe ukufaka noma yikuphi ukucabanga okungokwemvelo noma etiological.

Senza ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ngokulutha ukuziphatha ngokusebenzisa i-voxel-based based morphometry (VBM) noma ubukhulu be-cortical. Sisebenzise amagama alandelayo alandelayo ku-PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '[(“Voxel-based morphometry” noma “cortical thickness”) kanye],' kulandelwa noma “[[ukugembula okungokwemvelo],” “[umlutha we-intanethi],” “[i-intanethi disorder],” “,” noma “ [umlutha wokudlala]. ” Ngokuphelele, izifundo ze-13 zitholakale ngaphakathi kwezidakamizwa zokuziphatha ezihlobene nokugembula, ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi, noma imidlalo yokudlala evivinya i-VBM noma ubukhulu be-cortical. Ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo kuvezwe kuThebula 1 futhi kuxoxwe ngezansi.

Ithebula 1. Ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo yezifundo ze-volumetric kanye ne-cortical thickness kwizidakamizwa zokuziphatha

Ukuqonda ukuphazanyiswa kwe-neural kwezidakamizwa kuvela ezifundweni zokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (SUD). Abantu abane-SUD babonisa ukwehla kwezinga le-cortical yobuchopho nobukhulu ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezise-prefrontal cortical ezigcina ukulawula ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta yakamuva kwezinguquko ze-9 nezixhunywa ze-296 ngokwezitshalo ezidakamizwa zitholile kakhulu kunciphisa inani le-prefrontal grey (GM), kubandakanya i-cingulate cortex yangaphakathi (i-ACC) [Xiao et al., 2015], ngevolumu ye-GM ye-cortical yangaphambili ehlotshaniswa kabi nokusetshenziswa kotshwala kokuphila [Taki et al., 2006]. Izindleko ze-Prefrontal GM nazo zancishiswa ngokufanayo kubantu abathintekayo be-cocaine, kuhlanganise ne-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) [Rando et al., 2013; Tanabe et al., 2009], i-anterior prefrontal cortex [Rando et al., 2013] ne-ACC [Connolly et al., 2013], okugcina okuhambisana neminyaka yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa [Connolly et al., 2013].

Ukuhlukana kweqembu emibhalweni ye-cortical kanye nobukhulu be-cortical kuye kwacaca kancane emilonyeni yokuziphatha (kubukezwe kuThebula 1). Izifundo ezintathu ezincane zokubheja ukugembula zabonisa ukungahambisani okuhambisana nokunciphisa ama-cortical ezindaweni eziningi ezise-prefrontal naseparietal regions [Grant et al., 2015], imiqulu ekhulayo e-prefrontal cortex efanele [Koehler et al., 2013] noma akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu [Joutsa et al., 2011]. Esikhathini sokutadisha okukhulu kwabagembula abanenkinga encane kakhulu, akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu okwakubhekwa emibhalweni yobuchopho [van Holst et al., 2012]. Esinye isifundo esincane ekugqilweni kwe-intanethi kubonise ukuqina okuphansi kwe-cortical e-OFC [Hong et al., 2013], nangenye ivolumu ephansi yokubika e-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] nezifundo ezimbili eziphakamisa imiqulu ephansi ye-ACC [Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011]. Izifundo ezimbili ezincane eziphazamiswaneni zokudlala kwe-intanethi kubike ukuthi kunezinyathelo ezinciphile e-OFC [Weng et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], nezifundo ezimbili ezinkulu zabika amancane amancane ku-cingulate cortex [Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015] kanye nokubika okukodwa kwezemfundo kunciphisa ku-DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], engezansi ephansi [Lin et al., 2014], i-parietal ephakeme [Wang et al., 2015] kanye ne-parietal ephansi [Yuan et al., 2013] ama-cortices. Ngokuqondene nezinhlaka ezingaphansi kwe-subcortical, isifundo esisodwa esincane sabikezela ukuvota kokugembula kwe-ventral (VS) ephezulu yezokugembula (Koehler et al., 2013] ngaphandle kokungafani okungahambisani nalokho okushiwo kwezinye izifundo. In-disorder yokudlala ye-intanethi, ukuthola okufanayo kwakungavumelani nanoma i-parahippocampal enkulu [Sun et al., 2014], i-hippocampal ephansi [Lin et al., 2014] noma akukho ukungezwani [Wang et al., 2015; I-Weng et al., 2013]. Ucwaningo olulodwa ngosayizi wesampuli olunengqondo olugxile emigqumeni ye-subcortical ibike ama-caudate amakhulu kanye ne-VS imiqulu ehambisana nokuhluleka kokulawulwa kwengqondo [Cai et al., 2015]. Ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​ukutholakala kokungaqondakali kwe-cortical noma subcortical ekuguleni kwegeyimu akuhambisani kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imibiko yokungahleleki kwe-cortical ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi noma ukudlala kwe-intanethi kubika ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi kunciphise ukunyuka nokuncipha kwe-ACC kanye ne-OFC ivolumu kuphindwe ngezifundo okungenani ezimbili.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona ubufakazi obuncane bokushintsha kwesakhiwo se-neural kubantu abane-CSB. Izifundo zabantu abanempilo enemifanekiso engcolile yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthi i-CSB ibonisa yini imiqulu ephansi ye-GM ku-caudate efanele [uKühn noGallinat, 2014]. Ucwaningo oluncane lwe-MRI lwabantu abane-CSB (N = 8 ngeqembu ngalinye) kukhonjiswe ukwehla kokungafani kwamapheshana emhlophe angaphambili angaphezulu (WM) ngokuqhathaniswa ne-HV [Miner et al., 2009]. Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi osebenzayo, ukuboniswa kwe-HV wesilisa kwandise izinqubo zokuhlala zokuhlala ngokufaka umsebenzi ophansi we-putaminal we-BOLD kuya emifanekisweni emibi yezinto ezibonakalayo [uKühn noGallinat, 2014] kanye nokuhleleka okuphansi kokugcina okuhle kwezithombe ezicacile [Prause et al., 2015]. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ocwaningweni lwe-FMRI olusekelwe emsebenzini oluqhathanisa i-CSB ne-HV, amavidiyo ocansi acacile acele ukuphakama kwe-VS ephezulu, i-amygdala ne-DRC ye-ACCBOLD ku-CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezihambelaniswe nesifiso sesifiso socansi noma "ukufunwa" kodwa "hhayi ukuthanda" ezifundweni ze-CSB ezibonisa indima yokugqugquzela okukhuthaza, okufana nokulutha kwemithi. Ngokufanayo, kwesinye isifundo ekugqilazweni kwe-pornography e-intanethi, isithombe esithandwayo sezocansi sasihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlasela we-ventral futhi uhlobaniswa kuphela nezimpawu ezizimele ze-intanethi yokulutha izidakamizwa futhi hhayi ngezinye izinyathelo zokuziphatha ngokocansi noma ukucindezeleka [Brand et al., 2016]. Olunye ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi abantu abanenkinga yokuxilonga ngokobulili babhekana nesifiso socansi esivame kakhulu futhi esithuthukisiwe ngenkathi bevezwa ezenzweni zobulili, futhi ukuvuselela okukhulu kwatholakala ku-caudate, ngaphansi kwe-parietal lobe, ukukhipha i-cingulate gyrus, i-thalamus, ne-DLPFC kuleli qembu [Seok and Sohn, 2015]. Ama-CSB abantu abaqhubekayo abonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kokuqala kokucacisa okucacile ngokocansi [Mechelmans et al., 2014] okuhambisana nezifiso zokukhetha ezibhekiswe kuzo izithombe eziphathelene nobulili [Banca et al., 2016]. Ukuphendula ukuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe kwezithombe ezithinta izithombe, izihloko ze-CSB zibonisa ukujwayela okukhulu kwe-ACC emiphumeleni yezocansi, ehambisana nokuthandwa kwezintandokazi kwezithombe zobulili zamanoveli [Banca et al., 2016], umthelela ongachazwa noma ukujwayela kodwa ungase uhambisane nomqondo wokubekezela ekudakwa.

Ucwaningo lwangoku luhlola i-volumetric GM ku-CSB futhi lubuyekeze izincwadi zamanje ngezifundo ze-volumetric kanye ne-cortical ukuguga kwesifo kanye ne-intanethi kanye nokukhathazeka kokusetshenziswa kwezemidlalo. Siphinde sihlole ukuxhuma kokusebenza kombuso wabantu abane-CSB kanye ne-HV ehambelana ne-novel multi-echo planar ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezingxenye ezizimele (ME-ICA) lapho izibonakaliso zeBOLD zikhonjelwa njengezingxenye ezizimele ezinezinguquko ezibonisa ukushintsha kwesignali (TE) kanti izimpawu ezingekho BOLD zikhonjelwa njengezingxenye ezimele ze-TE [Kundu et al., 2012]. Silindele ukuphazamiseka inethiwekhi yezintambo kanye nezinhlelo ezihlobene nomvuzo ezigcinwe yi-amygdala, i-VS ne-ACC.

IZINDLELA

Abahlanganyeli

Izihloko ze-CSB zaqashwa ngezikhangisi ezisekelwe ku-intanethi nasuka ekudlulisweni kwabagulaphi. Ama-HV wesilisa ahlotshaniswa nobudala asetshenziselwa izikhangiso ezisuka emphakathini endaweni yase-East Anglia. Zonke izihloko ze-CSB zaxoxwa yi-psychiatrist ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zigcwalisekile izindlela zokuxilonga ze-CSB (ihlangabezane nenqubo ehlongozwayo yokuxilongwa kokubili ukugula kwengqondo [Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012] nokulutha ngokocansi [Carnes et al., 2007], ngokugxila ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobulili ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi. Lokhu kwahlolwa ngokusebenzisa inguquko eguquliwe ye-Arizona Sexual Scale Experiences (ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011], lapho imibuzo ephendulwa khona ngezinga le-1-8, enezici eziphakeme ezimelela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kakhulu. Njengoba inikezwe uhlobo lwama-cues, zonke izihloko ze-CSB ne-HV zazingamaduna futhi zithandana ngokobulili. Yonke i-HV yayineminyaka yobudala (± 5 ubudala ubudala) nezihloko ze-CSB. Izihloko nazo zihlolwe ukuhambisana nemvelo ye-MRI njengoba senze ngaphambilini [Banca et al., 2016; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014]. I-criteria yokuxoshwa ihlanganiswe ibe ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18, ibe nomlando we-SUD, ngokuba ngumsebenzisi ojwayelekile wamanje wezinto ezingekho emthethweni (kufaka phakathi i-cannabis), nokuba nesifo esibucayi esingokwemvelo, okubandakanya ukucindezeleka okukhulu okunamandla noma ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo, noma umlando we-bipolar disorder noma i-schizophrenia (ihlolwe ngokusebenzisa i-Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [Sheehan et al., 1998]. Ezinye izidakamizwa zokucindezela noma zokuziphatha nazo zazingekho. Izihloko zihlolwe ngumhlengikazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa okunzima kokugembula kwe-intanethi noma ezokuxhumana, ukugembula ngokwemvelo noma ukuthenga ngokweqile, ubuntwana noma umuntu omdala ukukhathazeka kokungaboni kahle kokugula, nokuxilongwa kwesifo sokuzibulala. Izihloko zaqedela uPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [u-Whiteside noLynam, 2001] ukuhlola ukungabi nomqondo, kanye ne-Beck Depression Inventory [u-Beck et al., 1961] ukuhlola ukucindezeleka. Izihloko ezimbili ze-23 CSB zithatha izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka noma zine-disorbid generalized anxiety disorder kanye ne-phobia social (N = 2) noma i-phobia yomphakathi (N = 1) noma umlando wobuntwana we-ADHD (N = 1). Imvume ebhaliwe enolwazi yatholakala, futhi isifundo savunywa yiKomidi Lokuziphatha Lezunivesithi laseCambridge. Izihloko zikhokhelwe ngokubamba iqhaza kwazo.

Neuroimaging

Ukuthola idatha nokucubungula

Isakhiwo.

Izithombe ezakhiwe zihlanganisiwe zihlanganisa i-gradient-echo ephelele elungiselelwe i-magnetization (MPRAGE) esebenzisa isithwebuli se-Siemens Tim Trio 3T ngekhoyili yekhanda ye-32 esebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-MPNAGE ye-T1 (izingcezu ze-176 sagittal, izilinganiso zamaminithi we-9; isikhathi sokuphindaphindiwe (TR) = I-2,500 ms; isikhathi se-echo (TE) = 4.77 ms; isikhathi sokungena = 1,100 ms; ukuthengwa komzimba = 256 × 256 × 176; flip angle = 7 °; usayizi we-voxel 1 × 1 × 1 mm). Ukuskena kwenzeka esikhungweni se-The Wolfson Brain Imaging University e-University of Cambridge.

Idatha yesakhiwo yakhiwe nge-Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (Isikhungo se-Wellcome Trust se-Neuroimaging, eLondon, UK). Izithombe ezi-anatomical zazihlelwe kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo, zibeka umsuka ekuhambeni kwangaphakathi. Izithombe zahlukaniswa (usebenzisa i-New Segment for SPM) zibe yiGG, i-WM kanye ne-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ngokusekelwe kumamephu ajwayelekile amathrekhi amathrekhi wehlobo ngalinye lomzimba. Lezi zincwadi ezintathu zamathambo zifingqwa ukuze zikhiqize ivolumu engalingani. Ithemplate yenkambiso yadalwa kusetshenziswa i-DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], echaza amapharamitha adingekayo ukulingana isithombe somuntu ngamunye se-GM endaweni eyodwa, ngendlela ephindaphindwayo. Lesi sifanekiso se-DARTEL sabe sesibhaliswa kumamephu okungenzeka abe nezicubu ngokuguqulwa kwe-affine, kwaletha izithombe esikhaleni se-MNI. Izithombe zilungiswe ngokwendawo ngobubanzi obugcwele ku-kernel ephezulu yesigamu engu-8 mm³.

Isimo sokuphumula.

Ukubuyisela idatha ye-fMRI yombuso itholakale emaminithini we-10 ngamehlo avuliwe ngesithwebuli se-Siemens 3T Tim Trio nge-coil ye-32 yesiteshi esikhungweni se-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, i-University of Cambridge. Ukulandelana kwe-multi-echo planar imaging kwakusetshenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kwe-intanethi (isikhathi sokuphindaphinda, i-2.47 s; i-flip angle, i-78 °; usayizi we-matrix 64 × 64; ukulungiswa kwezindiza, i-3.75 mm; i-FOV, i-240 mm; i-32 i-oblique tincetu, ukushintsha ukuxhuma kwesigaba sokuthenga u-3.75 mm nge-10% gap; i-iPAT factor, i-3; ibanga le-bandwidth = i-1,698 i-Hz / pixel; isikhathi se-echo (TE) = 12, 28, 44, ne-60 ms).

Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali okuzimele amaningi (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) yasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa nokususwa kwe-data ye-multi-echo yokuphumula idatha ye-fMRI. I-ME-ICA idiliza idatha ehlukahlukene ye-fMRI ezingxenyeni ezizimele ne-FastICA. Ukushintsha kwesignali yamaphesenti we-BOLD isignally ku-TE, isici se-T2 * ukubola. Lokhu kuxhomekeka kwe-TE kuqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa umsebenzisi-F-statistic, kappa, enezici ezithinta kakhulu nge-TE ekubeni nezikhwalithi eziphakeme ze-kappa [Kundu et al., 2012]. Izakhi ezingezona-BOLD zikhonjiswe yi-TE ukuzimela ezilinganiselwe ngamagama-F-statistic, rho. Ngakho-ke izingxenye zihlukaniswa njengeBOLD noma okungewona BOLD ngokusekelwe nge-kappa ne-rho value valueings yazo, ngokulandelana [Kundu et al., 2012]. Izakhi ezingezona eze-BOLD zisuswa ngokuqagela, idatha yokususa ukunyakaza, okokusebenza komzimba kanye nesithwebuli ngendlela eqinile esuselwa ezimisweni zomzimba. Izithombe zomuntu ngamunye ze-echo-de-noised dearised planar zabhalwa kwi-MPRAGE yazo futhi zenziwa zajwayelekile kwisifanekiso seMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ukwenza bushelelezi kwendawo kwenziwe nge-Gaussian kernel (ububanzi obugcwele isigamu esiphezulu = 6 mm). Inkambo yesikhathi se-voxel ngayinye yayihlungwa okwesikhashana nge-band-pass (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Ukuskena kwe-anatomical komuntu ngamunye kwahlukaniswa kwaba yi-GM, WM, ne-CSF. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezibalulekile zamasiginali avela ku-WM naku-CSF zisusiwe.

Ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza okusebenzayo kwenziwa ngendawo yesithakazelo (i-ROI) -kusetshenziselwa indlela yebhokisi le-CONN-fMRI Lokusebenza Lokusebenza Lokusebenza [i-Whitfield-Gabrieli ne-Nieto-Castanon, 2012] ye-SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Izici zezihloko nezikolo zemibuzo zaqhathaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu anemisila emibili t-abalingani ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuhluka okulinganayo. Zonke izihlalutyi zezibalo zenziwa nge-R version (3.2.0) Team RC, 2014].

wezakhiwo

Ngokuqhathaniswa kweqembu, amavolumu e-GM ezihloko ze-CSB ne-HV afakwa kumodeli ejwayelekile ejwayelekile (i-GLM). Idatha yalungiswa kumthamo wabahlanganyeli ophelele wokusebenzisa okungalingani kanye nemaskhi ecacile ku-SPM. Ukuqhathaniswa kweqembu kwalungiswa kokubili iminyaka yobudala kanye nezikolo zokudangala njengama-covariate. Sagxila ku a priori izindawo ezithintekayo ezithakazelisayo ezivezwe esifundweni sethu sangaphambilini [Voon et al., 2014] nasezindabeni zokuhlaziywa kwezidakamizwa zokuhlaziya izidakamizwa [uKühn noGallinat, 2011], okungukuthi i-VS kwesokunxele nesokudla, i-amygdala engakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla, futhi i-ACC yehlisa i-ACC isebenzisa iphutha lomndeni elungisiwe (i-SVC) iphutha lomndeni (FWE) elungisiwe P <0.01 (UBonferroni ulungisiwe ngokuqhathanisa okuningi). Kulokhu kuhlaziywa kwe-SVC, sisebenzise i-VS anatomical ROI, echazwe ngaphambilini [Murray et al., 2008] okwakukhishwa ngesandla usebenzisa i-MRIcro esekelwe kuncazelo ye-VS ngu-Martinez et al. [2003]. I-amygdala ROI itholakala ku-Atlas Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL). I-ACC ye-Dorsal ishintshwe ngesandla ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi lamathuluzi le-MarsBaR ROI [Brett et al., 2002] futhi ngokusekelwe kwi-cingulate cortex ROI evela ku-AAL atlas. Yashintshwa njengokuthi umngcele wangaphakathi wawuyisici se-corpus callosum [Cox et al., 2014; Desikan et al., 2006] futhi ukuma ngemuva kwaba ukuphela kokugcina kweqiniso kwe-corpus callosum [Desikan et al., 2006]. Ukuhlaziywa okungeziwe ukulungiswa kwamaphuzu e-BDI kwenziwa.

Isimo sokuphumula

Ukuqhathanisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezihloko ze-CSB ne-HV, amabalazwe wokuxhumeka kobuchopho aphelele e-ROI-to-voxel abhaliswa esifundeni senzalo ye-amygdala yesithakazelo ngokuya ngokutholwe ngomehluko wamaqembu we-volumetric. Amamephu wokuxhumeka abangelwa afakwe kuma-GLM's okugcwele okuqhathanisa ukuxhumana okuphelele kobuchopho phakathi kwamaqembu ahlela iminyaka nokuhlaziywa okulandelayo kokulungiswa kweminyaka yobudala nokudangala. Iqoqo lonke lobuchopho lilungise i-FWE P <0.05 ibithathwa njengebalulekile ngokungafani kweqembu.

IZIPHUMA

Izici

Amadoda angamashumi amabili nantathu abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abane-CSB (iminyaka engu-26.9; iminyaka engu-SD 6.22) kanye no-69 ubudala (iminyaka yobudala ye-25.6; i-SD 6.55) i-HV yesilisa engathandana nabo abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni (ithebula 2), lapho izihloko ze-19 CSB ne-55 HV zaqedela imibuzo yokuziphatha. Izifundo ze-CSB zineBDI ephakeme (P = 0.006) ne-UPPS-P (P <0.001) izikolo eziqhathaniswa ne-HV. Ezinye izikolo zokuziphatha ezibandakanya iphethini nobukhali bezithombe zocansi nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kubikwe kwenye indawo [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014].

Ithebula 2. Idatha yabantu kanye nokuziphatha kwezifundo eziphoqelelayo zokuziphatha ngokocansi kanye namavolontiya anempilo

wezakhiwo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROI kwe-amygdala kwesobunxele nesekunene, i-VS kwesokunxele neyokudla kanye ne-ACC ye-Dorsal yembula ukuthi ukushiya i-amygdala grey matter ivolumu kwanda ku-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HV efana ne-SVC FWE-eqondisiwe, P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, xyz = -28, −4, -15) (UBonferroni ulungiswe ukulungiswa kwe-SVC FWE P <0.01) (I-Fig. 1). Zonke ezinye izihlaziywa ze-ROI azibalulekile. Ukulungisa ukucindezeleka akuzange kushintshe ukutholakala kweqembu.

Umdwebo 1.

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I-morphometry esekelwe nge-voxel ekuziphatheni kocansi okuphoqelela. Umthamo omkhulu we-amygdala ukhonjiswe ekuziphatheni okuphoqeleka ngokocansi ngokuphathelene namavolontiya anempilo. Isithombe sivinjelwe ku P <0.005 ayilungiselwe ukufanekisa. [Umbala wombala ungabukwa ku- wileyonlinelibrary.com]

State Resting

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yesakhiwo, sibheke ukuphumula kokusebenza kombuso kanye nenzalo ngakwesokunxele se-amygdala. Sithole uxhumano oluncishisiwe nge-DLPFC yangaphandle (i-Right DLPFC: P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, xyz = 31 42 16; I-DLPFC yangakwesobunxele: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, xyz = −27 52 23) (I-Fig. 2). Ukulungiswa kwe-BDI akuzange kushintshe ukubaluleka kokuthola (I-DLPFC kwesokudla: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, xyz = 31 61 23; I-DLPFC yangakwesobunxele: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, xyz = −29 49 35).

Umdwebo 2.

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Ukubuyisela ukusebenza kombuso okusebenzayo kwe-amygdala kwesokunxele. Ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili kuhlotshaniswa nokunciphisa ukuxhumeka kokusebenza kombuso kwe-amygdala kwesokunxele (inzalo, ngakwesobunxele) ene-correx ephakathi kwama-colors (iphakathi naphakathi kwesokudla), ngokuphathelene namavolontiya anempilo. Isithombe sivinjelwe ku P <0.005 ayilungiselwe ukufanekisa. [Umbala wombala ungabukwa ku- wileyonlinelibrary.com]

UKUKHULUMA

Siphenya ukungalingani kwesakhiwo se-neural kubantu abano-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HV efana. Izihloko ze-CSB zenyukile umthamo we-amygdala wesokunxele futhi zanciphisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokuphumula phakathi kwe-amygdala kwesokunxele ne-DLPFC emadolobheni.

I-amygdala ibandakanywa ekusetshenzisweni kwemvelo okuqondisa ukuziphatha okuqondisa ukuziphatha. I-nuclei ye-amygdala isixhumanisi sangaphambilini sokungathathi hlangothi kwesimo semvelo noma sangaphakathi esineziphakamiso ezihambelanayo zokubaluleka kokuthinta, ukufakaza ubuciko obushukumisayo obushukumisayo [Everitt et al., 2003], kanye nokucubungula ukulawulwa ngokomzwelo [Cardinal et al., 2002; UGottfried et al., 2003]. Ukutholakala kokwanda kwe-amygdala ivolumu kuphikisana nezifundo eziningana ngokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kotshwala [Makris et al., 2008; Wrase et al., 2008], njengoba izifundo kulolu hlobo lodaba lokulutha izidakamizwa zinciphisa imiqulu ye-amygdala, lapho izinyathelo ze-volumetric zihlolwe. Incazelo engaba khona yalokhu kungavumelani ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwezinto ezidakamizwa kubangelwa izinguquko ezinomsoco ezihlala isikhathi eside kanye nobuthi [Kovacic, 2005; I-Reissner ne-Kalivas, 2010] okungabangela ukukhuthazela kokuziphatha kwezidakamizwa [Gass no-Olive, 2008]. I-neurotoxicity enjalo ingase ibe nomthelela ekwenzeni i-atrophy esandayo ephazamisekile ngokwezinto ezidakamizwa [Bartzokis et al., 2000; UCarlen et al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007]. I-neurotoxicity ehlobene nezidakamizwa ezihlobene nezidakamizwa cishe iyinkinga efanelekayo e-SUD kodwa ingaphansi kokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa zokuziphatha. Ekucwaningweni kwe-CSB yakamuva esebenzisa i-fMRI, ukuvezwa kweziqephu ezicacile zobulili ku-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko ezingekho ze-CSB kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kwe-amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umehluko kumthamo we-amygdala wuphawu olukhona ngaphambili olwenziwe ngabantu abaye bafika kwi-CSB noma oluhlobene nokuchayeka ngokweqile kuhlala kusungulwa.

Ukusebenza kwe-DLPFC kuyaziwa ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezici ezibanzi zokulawulwa kwengqondo [MacDonald et al., 2000] nokukhumbula inkumbulo [Petrides, 2000]. Ukuthola kwethu kokunciphisa ukusebenza okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-DLPFC kuguqulwa ngezincwadi ezikhona ekuxhumaneni kulezi zifunda. Lokhu kuxhumana okusebenzayo kubalulekile kumthethonqubo wokuzwela, owake wabikwa ngaphambilini kulokho kuhlanganiswa okunciphise phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-DLPFC kubantu abane-disorder yokudlala ye-intanethi kuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu wokungafisi [Ko et al., 2015]. Olunye ucwaningo olulinganisa ikhono lokuhlunga izimpendulo ezimbi ezingokomzwelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokucabangela kubonise ukuthi umsebenzi ezindaweni ezithile ze-cortex yangaphambili, kuhlanganise ne-DLPFC, ihlanganiswe nomsebenzi we-amygdala, nokuthi ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwalezi zifunda kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni amasu okuqonda ukulawulwa kwemizwa emibi [Banks & al., 2007]. Ukuxhumana kuka-Amygdala no-DLPFC kuye kwahambisana nokucindezeleka kwe-unipolar [Siegle et al., 2007]. I-CSB ihlotshaniswe nezimpawu zokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kungabangela imisebenzi enjalo; Nokho, okutholakala kwethu akuhambisani nezinombolo zokucindezeleka. I-DLPFC nayo ibandakanyeke ekutadisheni kwe-HV yesilisa lapho kusetshenziswa khona izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezihlobene nokuxhumana okuphansi okuphakathi kwe-DLPFC ne-striatum lapho kubukwa isithombe esicacile [uKühn noGallinat, 2014].

Siyaqaphela ukuthi lezi zithole ziyimpumelelo zinikezwa isayizi encane yesampula yezihloko ze-CSB nakuba ngokuphawulekayo siqhathanisa leli qembu ngesayizi enkulu yesampula ye-HV ehambelana. Omunye umkhawulo wocwaningo yi-homogeneity yabantu. Njengoba singakafaki izihloko nezinye izifo ezibangelwa yi-comorbid psychiatric ezingase zidlale indima yokusebenza, le miphumela kufanele iqashwe ngokucophelela kwizihloko ze-CSB nezinye izici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungaqondakali kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza phakathi kwezihloko ze-CSB kungase kuhlobaniswe nezici zangaphambi noma kungahle kube umphumela wemiphumela ye-CSB, ngakho-ke lesi sifundo asikwazi ukwenza ukulandelana kwe-causal ngemiphumela ye-CSB. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lufanele luhlose ukuhlola izinyathelo ze-longitudinal ukucacisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamathrekhi wombuso kanye nokuziphatha okungahle kwenzeke ngokungahambi kahle kwezinguquko ezilinganisweni ezinkulu ezinamasampula amakhulu kanye nabesifazane abaxubekile.

Izibalo zethu zamanje ziqokomisa imiqulu ephakeme esifundeni esithinteka ekutheni ukugqugquzela nokuxhuma okuphansi kwesimo se-prefrontal phezulu-phansi amanethiwekhi okulawula okulawulayo. Ukuphazanyiswa kwamanethiwekhi okunjalo kungase kuchaze amaphethini okuziphatha okuzenzekelayo ekuzuzeni umvuzo ongokwemvelo noma ukuvuselelwa okuthuthukisiwe kumaphuzu okukhuthaza okubalulekile. Nakuba ukutholakala kwethu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuqhathaniswa nalabo abase-SUD, lezi zithole zingabonisa ukungezwani njengemiphumela yemiphumela ye-neurooxic yezidakamizwa ezingapheli. Ubufakazi obusukayo bubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuncike ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokulutha izidakamizwa ikakhulukazi ukusekela izintshisekelo zokugqugquzela. Siye sabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi kule nethiwekhi ye-salience ibuye ithuthukiswe ngemuva kokuchazwa kumazwi ahloniphekile noma okukhethwa ngawo ngokocansi [Brand et al., 2016; USeok noSohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014] kanye nokunyanyiswa okuthuthukisiwe [uMechelmans et al., 2014] futhi ufisa okucacile ekuthandweni kocansi kodwa hhayi ngesifiso sobulili esijwayelekile [Brand et al., 2016; Voon et al., 2014]. Ukunakwa okuthuthukisiwe ekukhulumeni kobulili kuhloswe ngokuhlotshaniswa nokuthandwa kwamagama okuziphatha ngokobulili kanjalo kuqinisekisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokubekwa kwesimo socansi nokukhathazeka [Banca et al., 2016]. Lokhu kutholakala komsebenzi othuthukisiwe ohlobene neziqephu zobulili kuhluke kunomphumela (noma isisusa esingenakunqunywa) lapho ukuhlala okuthuthukisiwe, okungenzeka kuhambisana nomqondo wokubekezela, kwandisa okuthandwayo kwenzalo yezocansi (no Ban et al., 2016]. Ngokubonke lokhu okutholakele kusiza ekuqedeni i-neurobiology engezansi ye-CSB eholele ekuqondeni okukhulu kwesifo kanye nokuhlonza izimpawu zokwelapha ezingenzeka.

Ukuvuma

Sithanda ukubonga abasebenzi be-WBIC ngobuchwepheshe nokusizwa kwabo ngokuqoqa idatha yesithombe, kanye nabahlanganyeli bethu ngesikhathi sabo nokuzibophezela. Futhi, singathanda ukubonga uThaddeus Birchard noPaula Hall ngokudluliselwa kweziguli kulolu cwaningo. I-Institute of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (i-BCNI) isekelwa yi-Wellcome Trust ne-Medical Research Council.

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