I-Critique ye: "Izimpahla Ezonakalisiwe: Ukubona Ukulutha Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Njengomlamuleli Phakathi Kokukholwa Nobudlelwano Ukukhathazeka Kuzungeze Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa" (Leonhardt, Willoughby, & Young-Petersen 2017)

The_scientific_truth.jpg

Ukubuyekezwa (Julayi, i-2017): Umbhali osebenza ndawonye uBrian Willoughby udalula ukuthi uDavid Ley waphotha kanjani futhi wasimela kabi isifundo sakhe kuLey's Psychology Today post post “Ukungqubuzana Kwezenkolo Kubangela Ububi Bubi Ubudlelwane": Ukucabangela Okumnyama Nokumhlophe: Ukuphendula Ngokwemangalo ethi Ukukholelwa Kokuthi Kungabangela Ukuhlukumeza Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile.

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esihlokweni

I "kuqondwe ukulutha kocansi "i-meme iyaqhubeka nokuthelela izincwadi ezibukezwa ngontanga, kulokhu esifundweni esisha:"Izimpahla ezilimazayo: Umbono wezokwelapha zobulili ezingcolile njengoMlamuleli Phakathi Kokwethembeka Nebudlelwane Ukukhathazeka Okusizungezile Ukuzithokozisa Kusetshenziswa", 2017 (Leonhardt, et al.). Inkulumo ethi "wabona ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi" yaphakanyiswa nguJoshua Grubbs, futhi yaqala ukusetshenziswa kwakhe Ucwaningo lwe-2013. Kucace bha ukuthi ukwesekwa kwesifundo samanje sokuheha “umlutha wezocansi ocatshangelwayo” noma “ukukholelwa ekuluthweni ngocansi” kuxhomeke ekukhuthazeni umqondo okuqhubekayo kukaJoshua Grubbs. Leonhardt, et al. icaphuna i-3 Grubbs ihlola ukukhishwa izikhathi 36 emzimbeni wephepha.

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole Leonhardt, et al. I-5-item "ebonwa ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile" lwemibuzo, ake siphinde sihlole izifundo zeGrubbs. (YBOP ishicilelwe lokhu kuhlaziywa okubanzi wezimangalo ezenziwe ezifundweni zeGrubbs "ezibonakalayo umlutha" nakumaphephandaba ahlobene nokudukisa.)

Isigaba 1: Iqiniso ngemuva kwenkulumo kaJoshua Grubbs "ubona ukulutha kocansi kocansi"

Hlola Hlola #1: Lapho izifundo zakwaGrubbs zisebenzisa ibinzana elithi “bebona ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile,"Empeleni lisho amaphuzu aphelele kumaGrubbs" I-Cyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory "(CPUI-9) - uhlu lwemibuzo olungakwazi, futhi olungakaze luqinisekiswe, ukuhlunga "okubonakalayo" kusuka ekuluthweni kwangempela. Kulungile, "ubona ukulutha kocansi kocansi"Akubonakali lutho kunombalo: inani eliphelele ku-9-into yocansi Ukuba umlutha wezithombe uhlu lwemibuzo. Leli qiniso liyalahleka ekuhumusheni ezifundweni zaseGrubbs ngenxa yokuphindaphindwa kaningi kwesichazamazwi esidukisayo esithi "umlutha obonakalayo" esikhundleni selebula elinembile, elingenayo i-spin-free: "i-Cyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory score."

Hlola Hlola #2: I-Grubbs CPUI-9 ihlola okwangempela umlutha we-porn, hhayi inkolelo ekuluthweni kocansi. Yakhiwa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zokulutha izidakamizwa. Ungathathi izwi lethu ngakho. Nayi i-CPUI-9. (Umbuzo ngamunye utholwa kusetshenziswa isikali se-Likert sika-1 kuye ku-7, kuthi owu-1 abe “lutho neze, "Futhi i-7 ibe"kakhulu. ")

Isigaba sokuphoqa

  1. Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngiyisidakwa sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi.
  2. Ngizizwa ngingakwazi ukuyeka ukusebenzisa kwami ​​izithombe ezingcolile zobulili.
  3. Ngisho nalapho ngingathandi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi, ngizizwa ngidonsela kuso

Isigaba Semizamo Yokufinyelela

  1. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngizama ukuhlela isimiso sami ukuze ngibe ngedwa ukuze ngibheke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
  2. Ngenqabe ukuphuma nabangani noma ukuya eminye imisebenzi yomphakathi ukuze ngithole ithuba lokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
  3. Ngiye ngaqeda izinto ezibalulekile ukuze ngibuke izithombe ezingcolile.

Ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo Isigaba

  1. Nginamahloni ngemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi.
  2. Ngicindezelekile ngemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi.
  3. Ngizizwa ngigula ngemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi.

Lapho kuhlolisiswa, imibuzo engu-1-6 ye-CPUI-9 ihlola izimpawu nezimpawu ezivamile kuzo zonke izidakamizwa, kuyilapho imibuzo 7-9 (Ukukhathazeka Komzwelo) ihlola icala, amahloni nokuzisola. Ngenxa yalokho, "okwangempela umlutha ”uhambelana eduze nemibuzo engu-1-6 (Ukuphoqelelwa Nemizamo Yokufinyelela). Ukususa imibuzo emi-3 "Yokukhathazeka Ngokomzwelo" (ehlola amahloni nokuzizwa unecala) kuholela emiphumeleni ehluke kakhulu yezifundo zeGrubbs: 1) Ubudlelwano obuthakathaka kakhulu phakathi kwenkolo nenkolo okwangempela umlutha wezocansi. 2) Ubudlelwano obuqine phakathi “[I-Porn] Sebenzisa Ngamahora"Futhi okwangempela umlutha wezocansi. Ngamanye amagama amahora wokusetshenziswa kocansi abikezela ngokuqinile ukubheja kocansi, kuyilapho ubudlelwane benkolo nenkolo yokuluthwa kocansi buthakathaka kakhulu. Uma sibhola phansi sithola ukuthi inkolo ayinabo neze ubuhlobo ne umlutha wokuziphatha umlutha njengoba kuhlolwa imibuzo 4-6.

Kalula nje - umlutha wangempela wezocansi unemibono encane kakhulu enkolweni. Umuntu angabuza kahle uma kuyindlela ezwakalayo yokuxuba ama-aphula namawolintshi kuthuluzi lokuhlola, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise ukuhlangana nokulutha ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nokuhlangana nehlazo lecala kolunye. Umuntu angaphinda abuze ukuthi ngabe kufanelekile yini ukukhetha isichazamazwi ("okubonwayo") okusho ukuthi, ngokungeyikho, ukuthi ithuluzi lokuhlola lingahlela okwangempela kusuka ekuluthweni okubonakalayo.

Hlola Hlola #3: Ungathatha futhi izwi likaJoshua Grubbs lokuthi i-CPUI iyi okwangempela umbuzo wokulutha izidakamizwa ezingcolile, e Iphepha lokuqala lika-Grubbs lika-2010 uqinisekisile i-Cyber-Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory (CPUI) njengesivivinyo sokuhlola imibuzo okwangempela umlutha wezocansi (bheka lesi sigaba ngokuningi). Izinkulumo ezithi "ukubonwa njengomlutha" kanye "nokubona ukulutha kwezocansi" aziveli ephepheni lakhe le-2010. Ngokuphambene nalokho, Grubbs et al., I-2010 ichaza ngokucacile ezindaweni eziningana ukuthi i-CPUI ihlola umlutha wobulili wangempela:

“Umklamo we-CPUI wawususelwa esimisweni sokuthi isimilo sibonakala ngokwehluleka ukunqanda isimilo, imiphumela emibi emibi ngenxa yalokho kuziphatha, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokweqile ngokuziphatha (Delmonico & Miller, 2003)…. I-CPUI ikhombisa isithembiso njengethuluzi lokuhlola ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi ezikuyi-Internet. ”

Hlola Hlola #4: Kamuva, ku-a Ucwaningo lwe-2013, I-Grubbs inciphise inani lemibuzo ye-CPUI kusuka ku-32 (noma i-39 noma i-41) kuya kwi-9 yamanje, futhi (ngokumangalisayo) iphinde ibhale phansi okwenziwe, okuqinisekisiwe ukuhlolwa kwezilonda zocansi njengemibuzo ehlola “umlutha wezithombe zocansi.” Ngenkathi uGrubbs ngokwakhe engashongo ukuthi isivivinyo sakhe singahle sihlolwe kusukela ekuluthekeni kwangempela, ukuqashwa kwakhe kwegama elidukisayo ("ukubonwa njengomlutha") kwamaphuzu kuthuluzi lakhe le-CPUI-9 kuholele abanye ukuthi bathathe insimbi yakhe inempahla yomlingo yokukwazi ukubandlulula phakathi kokulutha "okubonakalayo" kanye "kwangempela". Lokhu sekwenze umonakalo omkhulu emkhakheni wokuhlolwa kwezilonda zocansi ngoba abanye bathembela emaphepheni akhe njengobufakazi bokuthile abangakwenzi, futhi abangakwazi ukukuletha. Akukho sivivinyo esikhona esingahlukanisa umlutha “wangempela” nokulutha “okubonwayo”. Ukumaka nje ngaleyo ndlela akunakwenza kube njalo.

UJoshua Grubbs uthe nge-imeyili ukuthi umbuyekezi wesifundo sakhe sesibili se-CPUI-9 kubangele yena kanye nabanye ababambisene nabo besifundo se-2013 ukuthi bashintshe igama elithi "umlutha wezocansi" le-CPUI-9 (ngoba umbuyekezi waklolodela "ukwakha" yokulutha kocansi). Kungakho uGrubbs eguqule incazelo yakhe yesivivinyo yaba “kuqondwe umlutha wocansi ”uhlu lwemibuzo. Empeleni umbuyekezi / umhleli ongaziwa kulo magazini owodwa uqalise ilebula engasekelwa, edukisayo ka “kuqondwe umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. ” I-CPUI ayikaze iqinisekiswe njengokuhlukana kokuhlola kokuhlola umlutha wangempela wezocansi kusuka ku- “ukubhekwa kwezidakamizwa ezingcolile.”Nangu uGrubbs tweeting ngale nqubo, kufaka phakathi ukuphawula kombuyekezi:

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Ephepheni lami le-1 mayelana nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela: "Lokhu kwakha [umlutha wezocansi] kunengqondo ukulinganisa njengezinto zokubanjwa ngokungemthetho: akunangqondo."

UNicole R Prause, PhD @NicoleRPrause

Wena noma umbuyekezi?

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD

Umbuyekezi wathi kimi

Josh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD  Jula 14

Eqinisweni ukuthi yini eyenza umsebenzi wami wokuqeda umlutha, ngacabanga ngemibono njengoba ibuyekezwe ukugxila.

Noma uGrubbs asebenzise umusho othi "ukubonwa njengomlutha" izikhathi ezingama-80 ephepheni lakhe le-2013, waveza ubunjalo be-CPUI-9 kule ngcaphuno:

“Ekugcineni, sithole ukuthi i-CPUI-9 ihlotshaniswe kahle nokuthambekela okuvamile kwe-hypersexual, njengoba kulinganiswe yi Kalichman Scale Compulsivity Scale. Lokhu kukhomba ezingeni eliphakeme lobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi okucindezelayo nobungqingili ngokuvamile kakhulu. ”

Qaphela ukuthi le ngcaphuno engenhla isho kanjani ukuthi i-CPUI-9 ihlola "ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela."

Amaqiniso Hlola #5: Ayikho i-questionnaire ehlola "ukulutha okubonakalayo" kwanoma yini - into noma isimilo - kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Kungakho-ke usesho lwe-'Google Scholar 'lubuyisa imiphumela engemihle kulokhu “okuluthayo okubonwayo” okulandelayo:

Hlola Hlola #6: Ayikho isethi yemibuzo engahlukanisa phakathi "kokukholelwa ekuluthweni kocansi" kanye nezimpawu nezimpawu zokulutha kabi kocansi. Njengezinye izivivinyo zokulutha, i-CPUI ihlola izindlela zokuziphatha nezimpawu ezivamile kuzo zonke izidakamizwa (nakho konke ukuhlolwa kokulutha), njengokuhluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa, ukuphoqelelwa ukusebenzisa, izifiso zokusebenzisa, imiphumela emibi yengqondo, ezenhlalo nezomzwelo, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokusebenzisa . Eqinisweni, kuphela umbuzo # 1 we-CPUI-9 ngisho nokusikisela ekuluthweni "okubonakalayo": Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngiyisidakwa sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi.

Ngokufingqa, ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa komlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile" alisho lutho ngaphandle kwenani eliphelele ku-CPUI-9, ukuguqulwa kombuzo wemibuzo oqinisekiswe okokuqala ku-2010 njenge okwangempela ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ezingcolile. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uGrubbs "wakhuthazwa kakhulu" yiphephabhuku lokushicilela ukuthi abhale kabusha i-CPUI-9 "ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo" kwezidakamizwa zocansi - ngaphandle kwesisekelo sesayensi, noma ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni noma yini. Lelo phepha lika-2013, nazo zonke izifundo ezalandela zeGrubbs, zithathe indawo “inani eliphelele le-CPUI-9”Ngenkulumo ethi“ubona ukulutha kocansi kocansi. ” Uma kwenzeka ubona izindatshana zisho izinto ezinjengezi:

  • "Ukukholelwa kwakho ekuluthweni kocansi okubangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo"

noma isifundo esithi:

  • "Ukukhathazeka kwezifundo kwakuhlobene nombono wabo wokulutha kabi kocansi"

Yazi ukuthi indlela enembile kakhulu yokuyifunda kanje:

  • "Umlutha wezocansi ubangela ukucindezeleka kwengqondo"
  • "Ukukhathazeka kwezifundo kwakuhlobene nezikolo ekuhlolweni kokulutha kwezidakamizwa"

Ama-Grubbs awazange afunde kuphela ngokuqinile, nangokukhohlisa, ahlola ukuthi bahlole "umbono wokulutha kwezocansi," ezinye izimangalo ezimbili esifundweni nazo zahlukana:

  • Isimangalo # 1) "Umlutha wezocansi uhlobene kakhulu nenkolo."

Akunjalo Empeleni. Lesi sigaba yembula ukuthi inkolo ihlobene ngokubuthakathaka kuphela okwangempela umlutha wobulili; ngenkathi lesi sigaba ihlukanisa ukukholelwa kwezenkolo nokusho kobulili be-porn.

  • Isimangalo # 2) "Umlutha wezocansi awuhlobene namahora wokusetshenziswa kocansi."

Akulona iqiniso. Lesi sigaba khipha lesi simangalo.

Amaqiniso Hlola #7: Izifundo ziyaqaphela ukuthi inani lokusebenzisa i-porn hhayi ngokuhambisana ngokuhambisana nomlutha wezocansi (ngaphezulu ngezansi kwesigaba 5)

Uphi ubufakazi obukuphi Leonhardt, et al. futhi amaphepha e-Grubbs akhiwe, okungukuthi inani lemifanekiso yokusebenzisa i-porn iyinkampani enokwethenjelwa yokulutha ngokweqile - nalabo abasebenzisa okuningi ngokuba "abanomlutha" kunelabo abasebenzisa kancane? Leonhardt, et al. ubuze ngemvamisa, ngenkathi uGrubbs esebenzisa amahora wokusetshenziswa, kepha iqiniso ukuthi akukho sivivinyo esifana "nezinga lokulutha ngokweqiniso." Iqiniso ukuthi, amathuluzi wokuhlola umlutha asunguliwe awalokothi asebenzise “inani lokusetshenziswa” njengommeleli yedwa wokulutha.

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi inani lokusebenzisa i-porn yiyona isilinganiso esingathembeki sokulutha umlutha, noma yisiphi isiphakamiso sokuthi umlutha wezocansi "uyinkinga yenkolo" esekelwe ukungqubuzana okuncane (phakathi kwamahora wokusebenzisa nokulinganisa ekuhlolweni kwezinto ze-5) uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi benkolo nabangenakuqhathaniswa, ngakho-ke akusekelwa, futhi ngokuqinisekile kungakapheli isikhathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekugcineni ngibheke ukuhlazeka kwenkolo noma ukulahlwa yecala kudala izinguquko zobuchopho ezibukisa labo abatholakala emilutha yezidakamizwa. Kodwa kukhona ezinye ze-30 izifundo zezinzwa ukubika ukuguqulwa kobuchopho obuhlobene nokulutha kwezidakamizwa kubasebenzisi be-porn abathintekayo / abashayeli bezocansi. Lezi zifakazela ubufakazi obuqinile bokulutha ngokweqile kwabanye abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile.

Isigaba 2: The Leonhardt, et al. Imibuzo ye-5-item ihlola kuphela okwangempela umlutha wezocansi

Manje, ubuyele esifundweni se-BYU samanje: ULeonhardt, uWilloughby, no-Young-Petersen, I-2017 (Leonhardt, et al.). Ukuhlola "umlutha wezithombe zocansi obonwayo" ababhali baguqule imibuzo emi-5 ethathwe embuzweni we-10 "Isikali Sokuphoqeleka Ngokocansi." "Isikali Sokuphoqeleka Ngokobulili" senziwa ngonyaka we-1995 futhi senzelwe ngokocansi okungalawulwa ubudlelwane engqondweni (mayelana nokuphenya ngendlala yengculaza).

Ngokufaka “ezocansi” noma “ezocansi” ufake “izithombe zocansi,” i Leonhardt, et al. ababhali bakhe uhlu lwemibuzo abalubhale njengelokuhlola “ukubhekwa kwezidakamizwa zobulili ezingcolile."Basebenzise zombili lezi zisho kanye" nenkolelo yokuluthwa yizithombe zocansi "esifundweni sabo sonke, ngokungafani neqiniso"isiqephu esiphelele ku-imibuzo yethu ye-5-item. "

Zibuze, ingabe le mibuzo emi-5 elandelayo ilinganisa “inkolelo ekulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma bahlola izimpawu, izimpawu kanye nokuziphatha okungavamile kwezidakamizwa eziningi?

  1. "Imicabango yami mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile idala izinkinga empilweni yami,"
  2. "Izifiso zami zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziphazamisa ukuphila kwami ​​kwansuku zonke,"
  3. "Ngezinye izikhathi ngiyehluleka ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophezela kwami ​​nemithwalo yemfanelo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile,"
  4. "Ngezinye izikhathi isifiso sami sokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sikhulu kakhulu futhi ngilahlekelwa ukulawula,"
  5. "Kumelwe ngilwisane ukuze ngingaboni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile."

Namanje ungaqiniseki? Kuthiwani ngokuzivumelanisa le mibuzo emihlanu ukwakha imibuzo yemibuzo yokulutha izidakamizwa:

  1. "Imicabango yami mayelana usebenzisa utshwala ubangela izinkinga empilweni yami, "
  2. "Isifiso sami sebenzisa utshwala ukuphazamisa ukuphila kwami ​​kwansuku zonke, "
  3. "Ngezinye izikhathi ngiyehluleka ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophezela kwami ​​nemithwalo yemfanelo ngenxa yami ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, "
  4. "Ngezinye izikhathi isifiso sami uphuze utshwala kuhle kakhulu ngilahlekelwa ukulawula, "
  5. "Kumele ngizikhandle hhayi sebenzisa utshwala. "

Ngakho-ke, ingabe le mibuzo emi-5 engenhla ihlola “inkolelo yokuba umlutha wotshwala” noma ingabe ihlola “umlutha wotshwala woqobo?” Njengoba noma ngubani engabona, le mibuzo emi-5 iyahlola okwangempela ukuphuza ngokweqile, njengoba nje behlola ukubheja kocansi kwangempela ku Leonhardt, et al.

Nokho sitshelwa ukuthi umuntu Inani amaphuzu ayo yonke imibuzo emi-5 afana ncamashi nokuthi “ukukholelwa ekuluthweni” kunokuba umlutha uqobo! Kudukisa kakhulu, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isisekelo sesayensi, njengoba le mibuzo engu-5 ayizange iqinisekiswe njengokuhlukanisa "inkolelo yomuntu ekuluthweni kocansi" kusuka ekubeni umlutha wangempela.

Qaphela ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kokulutha izidakamizwa emashumini eminyaka kokubili ukukhwabanisa kwamakhemikhali nokuziphatha kuncike emibuthanweni efanayo nalezo ezingenhla ukuhlola okwangempela, hhayi “nje kuqondwe, ”Umlutha. Isibonelo, i- Leonhardt, et al. imibuzo ihlola ukuziphatha komlutha okuyisisekelo njengoba kuvezwe yithuluzi lokuhlola elisetshenziswa kakhulu elaziwa njenge “I-4 Cs.”Ake siziqhathanise. Nakhu ukuthi Leonhardt, et al imibuzo ihambisana nama Cs amane:

  • Cukuqhuma ukusebenzisa (2, 3)
  • Ukungakwazi Csebenzisa ukusetshenziswa (2, 3, 4)
  • Cukufutheka okuzosetshenziswa (1, 2, 3, 4 )
  • Csebenzisa ukusetshenziswa naphezu kwemiphumela emibi (2, 3)

Kafushane, Leonhardt, et al. bahlola izimpawu, izimpawu nokuziphatha kwe-a okwangempela umlutha wezocansi, hhayi inkolelo yokulutha. Akukho lutho kule mibuzo emi-5 ekhomba “inkolelo yokulutha nje.” Akagcinanga nje ngokwenza i- Leonhardt, et al. ababhali basebenzise ngokungafanele inkulumo ethi "ukubonwa ukuluthwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile" kulo lonke iphepha labo, bathatha igxathu eliya phambili ngokugcizelela ukuthi zombili iGrubbs CPUI-9 kanye nemibuzo yabo enezinto ezi-5 bangakwazi ukuhlola "inkolelo yomuntu yokuluthwa yizilonda zocansi." Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uGrubbs ngokwakhe akazange asebenzise igama elithi "ukukholelwa ekuluthweni."

Uma laba balobi bebeqinisile ukuthi izinto zabo ze-5 zihlola "ukubonwa okuluthayo," lapho-ke cha ukuhlolwa kokulutha kwezidakamizwa okukhona kungahle kuhlole ukulutha okuyiqiniso. Lokhu kuzoba yizindaba ezingenakuqhathaniswa nakakhulu ezinkulungwaneni zezokwelapha ochwepheshe emhlabeni jikelele abasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okunjalo ukuhlola izinhlobo eziningi zokulutha nsuku zonke.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko: Njalo lapho ufunda i-athikili noma isifundo usebenzisa isigaba esithi "umlutha wezithombe zocansi" noma "ukukholelwa ekuluthweni kocansi," yazi nje ukuthi wonke amagama anjalo adukisayo asho into eyodwa kuphela: "amaphuzu aphelele kohlolo oluthile lokulutha kwezocansi. ” Ukuze uveze ukubaluleka kwangempela kokutholakele kulezi zihloko nakwizifundo ezinjalo, mane ushiye amagama anjengokuthi “okuqondwayo” noma “inkolelo,” bese ufaka esikhundleni sawo “umlutha wezocansi.” Masenze lokhu ngezimo ezimbalwa kwezingaphezu kwe-100 lapho Leonhardt, et al. kufakwe "okuqondwayo" noma "inkolelo" ephepheni labo:

Leonhardt, et al. wathi:

Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazizwa ukuthi ukukhathazeka kobuhlobo kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kuphela njengoba bakholelwa ngokwabo ukuba babe nokusebenzisa okucindezelayo, okucindezelayo.

Ngaphandle kwemibandela engalungile:

Abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ngubani amaphuzu aphezulu esihlokweni sethu se-5-into yokuzilahla kwezocansi eziphathelene nokulutha kwezidakamizwa ukukhathazeka okuzungezile ukusetshenziswa kwazo kokusebenzisa i-porn.

Leonhardt, et al. wathi:

Ngokwale miphumela, labo abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akudingeki bazizwe bekhathazekile ebuhlotsheni babo ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo, ngaphandle uma bekholelwa ngokwabo ukuba babe nokusebenzisa okucindezelayo, okucindezelayo.

Ngaphandle kwemibandela engalungile:

Ngokwemiphumela labo abayisidakwa sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazizwa bekhathazekile ebuhlotsheni babo.

Leonhardt, et al. wathi:

Ukucabangela ukuthi ukungathandabuzi ukuphola kwaba yinkampani eyakhayo ekuhlotsheni ubudlelwane obukhathazayo ezungezisayo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abantu abazikholelwa ukuthi babe nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezicindezelayo ezicindezelayo kungase kube ikakhulukazi ukungabaza ukufuna abalingani bokuphola.

Ngaphandle kwemibandela engalungile:

Ukucabangela ukuthi ukungathandabuzi ukuphola kwaba yinkampani eyakhayo ekuhlotsheni ubudlelwane obukhathazayo ezungezisayo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abantu abanomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangase bangafuni ukufuna abangane abathandana nabo.

Empeleni isifundo sathola ukuthi izidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zathola ukukhathazeka ezizungezile izithombe zabo ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemiphumela emibi ephumela ekubambeni, ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yabo yansuku zonke, nokungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuzibophezela komphakathi kanye nomsebenzi. Ngokumangazayo, ukubheja kwabo okucansi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuthintekile izici ezihlukahlukene zobudlelwano bobuhlobo.

Yize kusiza abanakekeli ukuthi bazi ukuthi abanye abasebenzisi be-porn bangadinga ukusebenzela ukuzethemba kwabo kanye nanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwe-porn, akusizi umphakathi ukuthi ukhohliswe ukuthi izivivinyo zingahlukanisa phakathi "kokubonwayo" nokwangempela umlutha. Futhi akusizi ngalutho ukudida imiqondo emibili bese wenza izimangalo ezingenasisekelo ngokususelwa ekudidekeni okunjalo.

QAPHELA: On podcast yakhe, UNatasha Helfer Parker uxoxa noDkt. Brian Willoughby ngalolu cwaningo. Enkulumweni ye-Willoughby yenza isimangalo esimangalisa ukuthi:

"Sibone mayelana ne-10-15% yesampuli yethu ehambisana nalesi sigaba (umlutha wangempela wezocansi) ... kodwa lapho sibheke umbono nje wawungama-2-3 izikhathi ezinkulu kunelo nani. Ngakho sibone lokhu okukhudlwana kwabantu abazibiza ngokweqile ngokuthi banomlutha wezocansi. Isiqephu sokuziphatha salokho kubonakala sengathi asihambanga. "

Akukho lutho esifundweni sakhe okukhomba imininingwane engenhla. Masibe sobala: Imibuzo kuphela ehlobene "nokulutha kocansi okubonakalayo" noma "umlutha wangempela we-porn" kwakuyimibuzo emi-5 ebhalwe ngenhla. Le mibuzo emi-5 ayikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane uWilloughby athi unayo: amandla okuhlukanisa ukuthi ngubani empeleni umlutha we-porn futhi ngubani kuphela bakholwa babenomlutha wezithombe ezingcolile (kodwa empeleni babengenjalo).

Lezi zitatimende zikaWilloughby azisekelwa ngokuphelele. Umlutha ungatholakala kuphela ngokuhlanganiswa komlando wamakhasimende wokuthatha, ukuxoxisana, kanye nemibuzo yemibuzo yokuhlola (njengeCambridge University esetshenziswa nezifundo zayo). Akekho umcwaningi othetheleleka ngokumane abhale noma isiphi isihloko ngokuthi "ungumlutha weqiniso" noma "akholelwa ngamanga ukuthi bayimilutha" ngokusebenzisa uhlu lwemibuzo lwezinto ezi-5 ezigcwaliswe ku-Amazon M-turk.

UWilloughby akagcini nje ngokusebenzisa amabinzana athi "umlutha obonakalayo" nokuthi "umbono wangaphakathi wokuba umlutha", uthi lezi zihloko "zizibiza ngokuthi ziyimilutha". Ngizophinda: isihloko siphendule imibuzo yemibuzo emi-5. Isifundo futhi manje uWilloughby usenaso uphinde wabhala amaphuzu aphelele emibuzweni emi-5 njengakho konke okulandelayo: “ukubonwa ukuluthwa kocansi”, “ukukholelwa ekuluthweni kocansi”, “ukubona kwangaphakathi ukulutha kocansi”. “Bezibiza ngomlutha”.

Okokugcina, isifundo kanye noWilloughby basikisela ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkolo nezikolo kuhlu lwemibuzo lwezinto ezi-5 kumele kubonise ukuthi iningi labasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile ze-porn lizwa amahloni kuphela futhi alizitholi izimpawu nezimpawu zokulutha. Lokho kweqa impela uma ucabanga ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo akuhlolisanga amahloni, noma omunye umuzwa.

Isigaba 3: Ukubhala kabusha nokuhumusha kabusha i- Leonhardt, et al. abstract

Yini eyoyiyo Leonhardt, et al. ukubukeka okungaqondakali uma inkolelo nokubona kususiwe? Okokuqala, nayi i-abstract njengoba ishicilelwe:

Ucwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile luveza ukuthi ukubhekwa komlutha kubikezela imiphumela emibi ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo luye lwasikisela ukuthi abantu benkolo bangase bazibonele ukuthi banomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenzisa kaningi kangakanani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukusebenzisa isampula yabantu abadala abangashadile abangu-686, lolu cwaningo luyanelanisa futhi lukhulisa ucwaningo olwedlule ngokuhlola ukulutha okubonakalayo ekuziphatheni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengomlamuleli phakathi kwezenkolo nokukhathazeka kobudlelwane ezungeze izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela yembulani ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana nokuzikhohlisa zihlotshaniswa nobuhlobo obunzulu bokukhathazeka obuseduze nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuyilapho ukubuka umlutha wobulili obungcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nobuhlobo obunxushunxushile obuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Kodwa-ke, uma ukubuka ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile kufakwe njengomkhulumeli esimisweni sokulinganisa, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kunomthelela omncane ongathandabuzeki ekuhlotsheni ubudlelwane obuseduze nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ukubuka ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile kwahlukanisa kancane kancane ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokuzikhohlisa nobuhlobo bokukhathazeka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzelana kanjani, ukukholelwa enkolweni, nokubona umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zixhuma ebuhlotsheni obukhathazayo ezungeze izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukudala ubuhlobo bomshado, sithemba ukuthuthukisa amathuba emibhangqwana ngokuphumelelayo ekubhekiseni isihloko sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunciphisa ubunzima ebuhlotsheni obuseduze.

Thembeka, ngabe akekho umfundi ongacabanga kulokhu okungenhla ukuthi the mere inkolelo ekuluthweni kocansi kuyisona sodwa sezinkinga ezihlobene nocansi ezihlolwe?

Manje, nayi i- Leonhardt, et al. Okungabonakali kubhalwe njengoba sicabanga ukuthi bekufanele ukuthi kususelwe kokutholakele, ngaphandle kwamabinzana angaqondile njengokuthi "ukukholelwa ku," "ukuqonda kwe," nangomongo owengeziwe ophathelene nocwaningo lweGrubbs Leonhardt, et al. abalobi bathembele ku:

Ucwaningo lwamuva ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile lubonisa ukuthi ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubikezela imiphumela emibi ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izifundo ezimbalwa ezenziwa yiqembu lakwaGrubbs zithole ukuthi "abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingamanyala ezenkolo" bathola amaphuzu kancane ephakeme kunaleyo engasebenzisi inkolo ye-porn ku- "Cyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory" (CPUI-9). Lokhu okutholakele kufanele kubhekwe ngokomongo wokuthi zonke izifundo ezihlukanisiwe zibika amazinga aphansi kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kobulili kubantu abangokwenkolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abakholwayo abambalwa basebenzisa i-porn njalo njalo aphansi amazinga "okulutha kocansi kocansi" phakathi kwabantu benkolo. Kuphakanyiswe izici ezimbalwa ezingenzeka ukuthi kungani abantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangase baphole amaphuzu aphezulu emibhalweni yezintambo zobulili ezingcolile kunabantu abasebenzisa izithombe ze-porn.

Ukusebenzisa isampula yabantu abadala abangashadile abangu-686, lolu cwaningo luya phambili ocwaningweni oludlule ngokuhlola ukucwiliswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile njengomlamuleli phakathi kokuzikhohlisa nokukhathazeka kobudlelwane ezungeze izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela yembula ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana nokuzikhohlisa zihlotshaniswa nokukhathazeka okukhulu kobudlelwane obuseduze nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanti ukulutha kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nobudlelwane obunxushunxushile obuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi.

Kodwa-ke, lapho umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile wawufakwe njengomkhulumeli esimweni sokulinganisa, ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakunomthelela omncane ongathí sina ekuhlosweni kobudlelwane obuseduze nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile kwahlukanisa kancane kancane ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokuzikhohlisa nobuhlobo bokukhathazeka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenza kanjani, inkolo, nokulutha kobulili ezingcolile zixhuma ebuhlotsheni ukukhathazeka okuzungezile izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukuqala ubuhlobo bomshado, sithemba ukuthuthukisa amathuba okubambisana ngokuphumelelayo ekubhekiseni isihloko sezithombe zocansi nokunciphisa ubunzima ebuhlotsheni obuseduze.

UKUPHATHA: Ukukholelwa enkolweni kwakungu “okuhlobene ngokubuthakathaka”Ngokukhathazeka kobuhlobo okuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuluthwa yizithombe zocansi (njengoba kuhlolwe yimibuzo emi-5) “kwakungu ehlobene kakhulu”Ngokukhathazeka kobuhlobo okuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokuphelele, ukuba yinkolo kungeze ukukhathazeka okuncane ebudlelwaneni nasekusebenziseni i-porn mix - okunengqondo. Kepha bekungumlutha we-porn (noma ngabe ungowenkolo noma cha) obambe iqhaza elikhulu ekukhuthazeni ukukhathazeka okuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kocansi. Futhi ukukhathazeka kobudlelwano kwabonakala kanjani kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili? Njengoba isifundo sathi:

"Lobu budlelwane bokukhathazeka obuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakale ngokungabaza okukhulu ukufuna abathandana nabo nobunzima obukhulu bokudalula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi."

Izambulo ezimbili ezinkulu zesifundo:

  1. Izidakamizwa ze-Porn azifuni ukukhuluma ngokulutha kwazo kocansi.
  2. Ukuba umlutha wezithombe ezingcolile kuyingozi kakhulu ekuphileni kwakho kothando. Ngesinye isikhathi, umlutha wezithombe ezingcolile angase athande i-porn kumlingani wangempela wobulili, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ahlale engaphansi kancane.

Ingabe lokhu okutholakele kuyamangaza kunoma ubani?

Isigaba 4: Ingabe inkolo ihlobene ngempela nokulutha kwezilonda ezingcolile?

Isingeniso: Ubufakazi obungakazelelwe kubantu abathintekayo ngokocansi bakhombisa ukuthi kukhona amaklayenti bazizwa umlutha we-porn, kepha uyibuke ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Kungenzeka ukuthi amanye ala maklayenti akholwa futhi azizwa enecala futhi eyihlazo elizungeze ukusetshenziswa kwawo kocansi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ingabe laba bantu bahlushwa kuphela "ukubonwa umlutha" hhayi umlutha wangempela we-porn? Mhlawumbe. Lokho kusho ukuthi, laba bantu bafuna ukuyeka okwamanje bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-porn. Noma ngabe laba "abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bezikhathi ezithile" bayimilutha ngempela noma bazizwa benecala futhi benamahloni, into eyodwa iqinisekile: noma iGrubbs CPUI-9, noma Leonhardt, et al. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwezinto ezi-5 lungahlukanisa "umlutha obonakalayo" kusuka ekubeni umlutha wangempela kulaba bantu noma omunye umuntu.

Ukwethembeka akuhambisani nokusetshenziswa kocansi noma ukulutha kwezilonda

Ukukholelwa ekukholweni akubikezeli ukulutha kocansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Abantu abakholwayo bancane amathuba okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ngaleyo ndlela bancane kakhulu ukuba babe izilonda zocansi.

Leonhardt, et al. kanye noJoshua Grubbs izifundo akazange asebenzise isigaba sokunqamula abantu abankolo. Kunalokho, kuphela abasebenzisi be-porn bamanje (ezenkolo noma ezingenkolo) zazibuzwa. Ukutadisha konke okunyatheliswayo kwanyathelisa imibiko ephansi kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kobulili kubantu abakholwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangebona benkolo (funda i-1, funda i-2, funda i-3, funda i-4, funda i-5, funda i-6, funda i-7, funda i-8, funda i-9, funda i-10, funda i-11, funda i-12, funda i-13, funda i-14, funda i-15, funda i-16, funda i-17, funda i-18, funda i-19, funda i-20, funda i-21, funda i-22.)

Ucwaningo lokuhlola abasebenzisi bezinhlelo ze-porn zenkolo luphela ngamaphesenti amancane kubo bonke abantu bezenkolo uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile (phakathi kwabo okusetshenziselwa ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile kubantu bonke abasha). Ama-two-aways: 1) inkolo iyisivikelo ekubhebhethekeni kocansi; I-2) isampula yabasebenzisi be-porn zenkolo sibhekiswe kubantu abangokwenkolo abangenasonto.

Isibonelo, lolu cwaningo lwe-2011 (I-Cyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory: Ukuqhathanisa iSampula Sezenkolo Nesizwe) kubike iphesenti lamadoda ekolishi nabenkolo bekolishi abasebenzisa i-pornography okungenani kanye ngesonto:

  • Ezomphakathi: 54%
  • Inkolo: 19%

Esinye isifundo ekolishi abanamadoda enkolo (Ngikholwa ukuthi akulungile kepha ngisakwenza namanje - Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinsizwa ezingokwenkolo eziphikisanayo ezingasebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, 2010) wembula ukuthi:

  • I-65% yezinsizwa zenkolo ibike ukuthi ayibukeli izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni ezedlule ze-12
  • I-8.6% ibike ukubuka izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu ngenyanga
  • I-8.6% ibike ukubukwa nsuku zonke noma zonke izinsuku

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esinqunyiwe samadoda asekolishi-yobudala kubonisa amanani aphezulu kakhulu okubuka izithombe ze-porn (I-US - 2008: 87%, I-China - 2012: 86%, ENetherlands - 2013 (yobudala 16): 73%).

Leonhardt, et al. ayinaki konke nezinye Ucwaningo oluye lwashicilelwa kumazinga okusetshenziswa kocansi phakathi kwabasebenzisi benkolo

Ngokuthutha okumangalisayo i Leonhardt, et al. abalobi bathi yonke inhlolovo kanye nezifundo ezilinganisweni zokusetshenziswa kobulili phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezenkolo zihamba kahle. Ngamanye amazwi, Leonhardt, et al. iphakamisa ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu nelingaguquguquki labantu abathile benkolo baye baqamba amanga mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kobulili kuzo zonke izinhlolo-mlando ezingaziwa ezilinganisweni zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Empeleni, Leonhardt, et al qhubeka usho ukuthi abantu benkolo esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingeni eliphakeme kunabantu abangewona onkolo! Ingqikithi elandelayo inikeza ukulungiswa kwabo kwalokhu okuqinisekisayo:

Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalezi zimiso zocansi ezigcinayo, nokukhathazeka okungenzeka kuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abantu bezenkolo bahlala bebika amazinga aphansi ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa kunabantu basemhlabeni (UCarroll et al., 2008; uPoulsen, uBusby, noGalovan, 2013; Wright, 2013) . Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo ezihlola izinjini zokusesha (iMacInnis neHodson, 2015) kanye nokubhaliselwe okuku-inthanethi (u-Edelman, 2009) kusikisela ukuthi abantu abavela kubantu benkolo, abazigcinayo bangaba nethuba lokufuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunabalingani babo bezwe.. Ukungafani phakathi kwedatha yokuzibika kanye nezinyathelo zomgomo kubonisa ukugxekwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinkolweni zenkolo, njengoba abantu benkolo bangase bahle kakhulu ukufihla ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yamahloni azungeze ukusetshenziswa okunjalo.

Ngakho, ukusekela lokhu Leonhardt, et al. Isimangalo sivela kwizifundo ze-2 isifundazwe jikelele idatha: 1) IMacInnis neHodson, I-2015 (i-Google isesha imigomo ethile ehlobene nocansi), ne-2) Edelman, I-2009 (Ukubhalisela kwisayithi elilodwa elikhokhelwayo le-porn ku-2007).

Umeme ophindaphindiwe wokuthi i-Utah inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kocansi kwavela ephepheni lezomnotho likaBenjamin Edelman lika-2009 “Izizwe Ezibomvu Zokukhanya: Ubani Othenga Ukuzijabulisa Kokudala Kwe-Inthanethi?”Uthembele ngokuphelele kwimininingwane yokubhaliselwe evela ku- single abaphezulu kwabayishumi abahlinzeka ngokuqukethwe okukhokhelwayo lapho ebala amazwe ngokusetshenziswa kocansi - engazinaki amanye amawebhusayithi anjalo. Kungani akhethe lowo ukuthi amhlaziye?

Siyazi ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kuka-Edelman kwenziwa ngo-2007, ngemuva kokusebenza kwamahhala, okusakazwa "kwamasayithi amashubhu", futhi ababukeli bezithombe ezingcolile babephendukela kubo. Ngakho-ke, idatha eyodwa ka-Edelman ekhomba ezinkulungwaneni (zamasayithi wamahhala nokubhaliselwe) akunakuthathwa njengokumelela bonke abasebenzisi be-porn base-US. Kuvela ukuthi iphepha lakhe liyadukisa. (Ukuze ubone okuningi - I-Utah #1 ku-Porn isebenzisa?) Eqinisweni, ezinye izifundo kanye nedatha etholakalayo zibeka ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ye-Utah phakathi kwe-40th ne-50th phakathi kwezizwe. Bheka:

  1. Leli phepha elibukeziwe ngontanga: “Ukubukeza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziselwa ucwaningo: Indlela kanye nemiphumela emithonjeni emine (2015)." I-Cyberpsychology: Journal of Research Psychosocial on Cyberspace (2015).
  2. Noma lokhu kulula ukufunda isihloko se-2014: Ukucubungula amaMormon ne-Porn: Utah 40th e-US kuNew Porn Data.
  3. Ukubuka kwekhasi le-Per capita, elisuka ku-Pornhub ku-2014 (igrafu ku-YBOP).

Iphepha “Ukubukeza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziselwa ucwaningo: Indlela kanye nemiphumela emithonjeni emine (2015)”Ibuye ihlaziye IMacInnis neHodson, I-2015. Ingcaphuno echaza ukuthi yini IMacInnis neHodson wenza:

IMacInnis neHodson, (2014) sebenzisa idatha ye-Google Trends search term term njengoba ummeleli wokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi uhlole ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile ezingeni likahulumeni kanye nezinyathelo zokukholelwa ezandleni zenkolo kanye ne-conservatism. Bathola ukuthi uthi ngezingqondo zokucabanga ezisekelwe ngokufanele kakhulu kunezilinganiso eziphakeme zokuseshwa kwe-Google ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Inkinga yokuqala nge IMacInnis neHodsonUkuseshwa kwe-Google Trend akuyona ummeleli wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Isibonelo, imibiko yokuzimela iphakamisa ukuthi abasebenzisi be-porn abavamile bavakashele amasayithi abo abathandayo ngamabhukhimakhi noma ngokuthayipha igama lesayithi leshubhu enkambeni yekheli lesiphequluli (ngenkathi bakumodi ye-incognito). Uma sebesendaweni yabo abayithandayo ye-tube, abasebenzisi be-porn abavame ukufinyelela indawo entsha ye-porn ngama-hyperlink nezikhangiso, ngaleyo ndlela badlule ukusesha kwe-Google ngokuphelele.

Ubuthakathaka wesibili ku IMacInnis neHodson: Ukusesha kwe-Google akusitshelanga lutho ngesilinganiso sesikhathi noma yimuphi umsebenzisi othile ochitha ukubukela i-porn. Isibonelo, umbuso ungaba nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokufuna abafuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isibonelo, abantu abasha, isibonelo) abasuke bebheka izithombe ezimbalwa kuphela, kanti amanye amazwe angaba namanani aphezulu abasebenzisi abangasetshenziswayo be-porn abangasebenzisi neze i-Google, kodwa basebenzisa amahora amaningana ukubukela izithombe ezingcolile.

Ubuthakathaka besithathu: IMacInnis neHodson yehlulekile ukubheka ezinye izizathu ezingaba khona zamanani aphezulu osesho lweGoogle ngocansi namagama ahlobene nocansi. Kungenzeka impela ukuthi abantu abasha abafuna imininingwane ngocansi noma ngezenzo zocansi bangasebenzisa iGoogle, ngenkathi abasebenzisi be-porn abanolwazi bazodlula izinjini zokucinga bese beya ngqo kumasayithi we-porn. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amanani aphakeme kakhulu wokubukwa kocansi kwenzeka kubantu abasha nasebekhulile. Ngenxa yalokhu, besingalindela ukuthi amazwe anabantu abaningi abasha abe namazinga aphezulu okuseshwa kwe-Google kokuqukethwe kocansi.

Hlola kusho isimo senani labantu besifundazwe. I-16 ithi amaphesenti aphezulu wabantu abasha zibhekwa njenge- "Red States" (ezenkolo ngaphezulu kanye nezombusazwe). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke ngaphandle kwesifundazwe esisodwa esine- iphesenti elincane kunazo zonke iyi- "Blue State" (engaphansi kwezenkolo, nenkululeko ethe xaxa). Lokhu kuguquguquka okukodwa kungachaza ifayela le- MacInnis & HodsonOkutholakele.

Futhi lokhu kungenye yezinto eziguquguqukayo eziningi okufanele zifakwe lapho kunamathisela ukubaluleka kokuhlangana phakathi kwamazinga ezinga lombuso enkolweni kanye nommeleli oyedwa osolisayo wokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ikakhulukazi lapho lonke ucwaningo nezifundo zibika ukusetshenziswa okuncane kocansi phakathi kwabantu benkolo.

Iphepha “Ukubukeza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziselwa ucwaningo: Indlela kanye nemiphumela emithonjeni emine (2015).”Kusho okulandelayo mayelana IMacInnis neHodson:

Imiphumela emgqeni wokuqala we-Table 3 bonisa ukuthi sithola ubuhlobo obuphawulekayo phakathi kobukholwa ne-conservatism ezimweni eziningi uma sisebenzisa idatha ye-Google Trends. Kodwa-ke, enye imigqa kuThebula 3 ibonisa ukuthi sithola ubudlelwane obunamandla obuningi lapho sisebenzisa noma yimiphi imithombo emithathu yedatha. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi uma i-MacInnis no-Hodson (i-2014) basebenzise noma yimiphi eminye imithombo yedatha emithathu, kungenzeka ukuthi bafinyelele esiphethweni esihlukile ephepheni labo mayelana namandla obuhlobo ababuhlolayo.

Iqiniso lokuthi iMacInnis noHodson (2014) bathola ubudlelwane obuphawulekayo phakathi kobuholi bezinga lobuzwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisezingeni likahulumeni okuthakazelisayo ngokucabangela ukuthi izifundo ezidlule zisebenzisa idatha yezinga elilodwa zithola ukuthi abantu abaya njalo esontweni basencane amathuba okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Ngezansi: Sine Leonhardt, et al. ukunganaki izifundo eziningi kanye nokuhlola okwehlukanisa abantu ngabankolo ngokuvumelana neziphetho zeso sifundo esingabazeki ngendlela ehlukumezekayo eqondanisa izinkambiso zenkolo zamaqembu ombuso, ngesimo esincane kakhulu sokuseshwa kwe-inthanethi kokuqukethwe kocansi. Akungakholeki.

Ukungahambisani kwangaphakathi: The Leonhardt, et al. ukufakazela ukuthi inqwaba enkulu yabantu abangokwenkolo basho mayelana nokusebenzisa izithombe zabo ezingcolile ekuhloleni okungaziwa. Futhi abanakho baqamba amanga kuzo zonke izinhlolovo ezishicilelwe. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, kumelwe sikudelele Leonhardt, et al.'s ezitholakalayo ezisekelwe ekuzikhulumeni kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zenkolo, njengaye Leonhardt, et al. ngokuphindaphindiwe isaphulelo futhi enganakwa zonke ezinye izinhlolovo zokusebenzisa ze-porn ngaphambi kwazos.

If Leonhardt, et al.'s izihloko zenkolo zihlala zingabika ukusetshenziswa kwazo kocansi (njengoba zithi abasebenzisi benkolo banalo kolunye ucwaningo), lokhu kusho ukuthi inani lamanani "lokuvama kokusetshenziswa kocansi" ezifundweni zabo zenkolo kumele lilungiswe liye phezulu. Ukukhulisa (“ukulungisa”) imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kweqembu lenkolo kuletha ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekuqondanisweni nezikolo zabo kuhlu lwemibuzo lwezinto ezi-5. Ngokumane nje, amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kocansi ezifundweni zenkolo ahambisana kahle nezikolo eziphakeme kuhlu lwemibuzo lokulutha izidakamizwa zocansi. Noma kulula okwamanje: inani le-porn elisetshenzisiwe = amazinga okulutha kocansi - kubo bobabili abasebenzisi benkolo nabangakholwa. Uma lokhu kunjalo, akukho lutho ngempela Leonhardt, et al. Ukubika. Ukuthola okungahambi kahle.

Ngakho-ke, ngibuza abalobi be Leonhardt, et al., Yikuphi kwe-3 elandelayo enembile?

  1. Yonke imibuzo engaziwa ezifundweni zenkolo kufanele inganakwa ngoba iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu labantu abangokwenkolo njalo ngaphansi kokubika ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi zonke izifundo ze-Grubbs kanye Leonhardt, et al. 2017
  2. Zonke izinhlolozi ezingaziwa ezifundweni zenkolo kufanele zithathwe ngokubaluleka, njengoba bonke bebika okufanayo okutholakele: amazinga aphansi asebenzelana nokusetshenziswa kocansi phakathi kwabantu abakholwayo.
  3. Inhlolovo kuphela Leonhardt, et al. kufanele athembeke. Yonke imibuzo engaziwa ezindabeni zenkolo kufanele inganakwa. Yilokho Leonhardt, et al., Isimo samanje sababhali.

Abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bezenkolo bangase babe namanani aphezulu emibandela ekhona ngaphambili

Njengoba inikezwe ukuthi iningi labantu basekolishi, abantu abakholwayo abavami ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, i-Grubbs kanye Leonhardt, et al. amasampula ahlosiwe "abasebenzisa i-porn yenkolo" abamele idlanzana labantu bezenkolo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amasampula "abasebenzisi be-porn bezwe" bavame ukumela iningi labantu abangakholwa.

Iningi labasebenzisi abancane bezithombe ezingcolile zenkolo bathi bangakuthandi ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (100% in lolu cwaningo). Manje kungani laba basebenzisi abathile babuka? Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi isampula elimele "abasebenzisi be-porn yenkolo" liqukethe iphesenti eliphakeme kakhulu locezu lwabantu bonke olwa nezimo ezikhona noma ama-comorbidities. Lezi zimo zivame ukubakhona eziluthweni (okuyi-OCD, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, i-ADHD, umlando womndeni wokulutha, ukuhlukumezeka kwengane noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ezinye izidakamizwa, njll.).

Lesi sici sodwa singasichaza ukuthi kungani abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bezenkolo, njengeqembu, baphakamisa kancane kwi-Grubbs futhi Leonhardt, et al. imibuzo yokulutha izidakamizwa ze-porn. Le ngqondo ixhaswa yizifundo ukufuna ukwelashwa abashayeli bezocansi / ngokobulili (okungenzeka singalindela ukuduma ngokungahambisani naleso sigaba esifanelekile). Abafuna ukwelashwa babonisa cha ubuhlobo phakathi kokukholwa nokulinganisa kokulutha nokuzikhohlisa (Ucwaningo lwe-2016 1, Ucwaningo lwe-2016 2). Uma Leonhardt, et al.Iziphetho bezivumelekile, nakanjani sizobona inani elilinganiselwe labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abafuna ukwelashwa.

Emazingeni aphezulu e-pornography basebenzisa abantu benkolo babuyele emikhubeni yenkolo futhi inkolo ibaluleke kakhulu

Lokhu Ucwaningo lwe-2016 kubasebenzisi be-porn yenkolo kubika ukuthola okuthakazelisayo okuwukuphela kwendlela okungachaza ukuhlangana okuncane phakathi okwangempela umlutha wezocansi kanye nenkolo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokuzikhohlisa kuyi-curvilinear. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyanda, umkhuba wenkolo nokubaluleka kwenkolo ukwehla - kuze kube iphuzu. Kodwa-ke lapho umuntu wezenkolo eqala ukusebenzisa i-porn kanye noma kabili ngesonto leli phethini liyaziguqula: Umsebenzisi we-porn uqala ukuya esontweni kaningi futhi ukubaluleka kwenkolo empilweni yakhe kuyanda. Ingcaphuno evela esifundweni:

"Kodwa-ke, umthelela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zangaphambili ekusebenzeni kwezinkolo zakamuva nasemthandazweni kwakuyi-curvilinear: Ukuhambela izinkolo kanye nokuthandaza kwehla kuze kube sezingeni bese kukhuphuka emazingeni aphezulu okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile."

Leli grafu, elithathwe kulolu cwaningo, liqhathanisa ukufika kwenkonzo yenkolo nenani le-porn elisetshenziswa:

Kubonakala sengathi njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabantu abangokwenkolo kukhula ngokungalawuleki, babuyela enkolweni njengecebo lokubhekana nokuziphatha kwabo okuyinkinga. Lokhu akumangazi, njengoba amaqembu amaningi wokuthola umlutha ngokususelwa kuzinyathelo ze-12 afaka ingxenye engokomoya noma yezenkolo. Umbhali wephepha uphakamise lokhu njengencazelo engenzeka:

… Izifundo zokulutha ziphakamisa ukuthi labo abazizwa bengenakuzisiza ekuluthweni kwabo bavame ukuthola usizo olungaphezu kwemvelo. Ngempela, izinhlelo eziyizinyathelo eziyishumi nambili ezifuna ukusiza abantu abalwa nezilutha kuyo yonke indawo zifaka phakathi izimfundiso zokuzinikela emandleni aphezulu, futhi inani elikhulayo lezinhlelo eziyizinyathelo eziyishumi nambili zobuKristu zenza lolu xhumo lucace nakakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu (okungukuthi, basebenzise amazinga okungenzeka abe yisici sokuphoqelelwa noma ukulutha umlutha) empeleni baphoqelelwa enkolweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunokuba basuke kuyo.

Lesi simo sabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bezenkolo ezibuyela ezinkolelweni zabo njengokweqile umlutha kungase sikwazi ukuchaza kalula noma yikuphi ukulingana phakathi kokulutha kwezilonda ezingcolile kanye nenkolo.

Ngokuphambene nezihloko zenkolo, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezisebenzisa izihloko kungenzeka zingayiboni imiphumela yezocansi ngoba azami ukuzama ukuyeka

Kungenzeka yini ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bezenkolo bathole amaphuzu aphezulu emibhalweni yokulutha umlutha wezocansi ngoba bazamile ukuyeka, ngokungafani nabafowabo bezwe? Ngokwenza njalo bazokwazi ukubona izimpawu nezimpawu zokulutha kwezocansi njengoba kuhlolwe yi Leonhardt, et al. Imibuzo yemibuzo ye-5.

Ngokuya ngeminyaka yokuqapha amaforamu wokuthola kabusha i-porn online, siphakamisa ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele bahlukanise abasebenzisi abazame ukuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kulabo abangazenzi, lapho bebabuza ngemiphumela abazibonayo ye-porn. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi abasebenzisi be-porn banamuhla (bobabili abakholwayo nabangakholwa) banokuqonda okuncane ngemiphumela ye-porn ye-intanethi kubo kuze kube ngemuva bazama ukuyeka (futhi badlule noma yikuphi izimpawu zokuhoxiswa).

Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi be-porn abakholelwa ukuthi i-agnostic bakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi akulimazi, ngakho-ke abanaso isisusa sokuyeka… kuze kube yilapho bengena ezimpawu ezingabekezeleleki (mhlawumbe, ukukhubazeka kokukhathazeka komphakathi, ukungakwazi ukuya ocansini nomlingani wangempela noma ukukhuphuka kokuqukethwe abakuthola kudida / kuphazamisa noma okuyingozi kakhulu). Ngaphambi kwalelo phuzu, uma ubabuza ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi, bazobika ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle. Ngokwemvelo bacabanga ukuthi "bangabasebenzisi abangajwayelekile," abangayeka noma kunini, nokuthi izimpawu abanazo, uma zikhona, zibangelwa okuthile futhi. Shame? Nope.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, abaningi abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile baye baxwayiswa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyingozi. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise i-porn encane futhi bazama ngokuyinikeza, mhlawumbe okungaphezu kwesisodwa. Ukuhlola okunjalo kokuyeka izithombe ze-intanethi kukhanyisa kakhulu, njengoba kungukuthi lapho abasebenzisi be-porn (benkolo noma cha) bethola:

  1. Kunzima kangakanani ukuyeka (uma bengumlutha)
  2. Ukusetshenziswa kocansi kubathinte kanjani kabi, ngokomzwelo, ngokocansi nangenye indlela (ngokuvamile ngoba izimpawu ziqala ukuyeka ngemva kokuyeka)
  3. [Endabeni yezimpawu ezinjalo] Yeka ukuthi ukuhoxiswa kungenza kanjani izimpawu zibe zibi nakakhulu, ngaphambi kokuba ubuchopho buyabuyisele
  4. Kubuhlungu kangakanani lapho befuna ukunikela ngokuthile kodwa bengakwazi (Lokhu amahloni, kodwa hhayi "ihlazo lezenkolo / lezocansi" - njengoba abacwaningi kwesinye isikhathi becabanga ngoba abasebenzisi benkolo bakubika kaningi. Iningi labo bonke abayimilutha ngeshwa bazizwa benamahloni lapho bezizwa bengenamandla okuyeka, noma ngabe bangabenkolo noma cha.)
  5. Ukuze babe nesifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa i-porn. Izifiso zivame ukwanda ngokweqile ngeviki noma ukuphumula isikhathi eside ngokusebenzisa i-porn.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo kwenza labo abazame ukuyeka ukuyeka ukuxwaya kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa kocansi. Njengoba abasebenzisi bezenkolo abaningi bebevame ukwenza izivivinyo ezinjalo, izinsimbi zomqondo zizobonisa ukuthi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi kunabasebenzisi abangakholwa - yize kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphansi!

Ngamanye amagama, akufanele yini ukuthi abacwaningi nabo baphenye ukuthi abasebenzisi be-porn bezwe kwesinye isikhathi ukungaqondi kahle ukusetshenziswa kocansi njengokungenangozi, kunokucabanga ukuthi ngabantu benkolo abaqonda ngokungekho ubukhona bezinkinga ezihlobene nocansi yize besebenzisa okuncane? Umlutha, ngemuva kwakho konke, awuhlolwa ngokususelwa kubungako noma imvamisa yokusetshenziswa, kepha kunalokho kube nemiphumela edumazayo.

Kunoma yikuphi, ukwehluleka ukuhlukanisa labo abaye bazama ukushiya labo abangakabikho, kuyinkimbinkimbi enkulu ekucwaningeni ezama ukudweba iziphetho mayelana nemiphumela yobuhlobo phakathi kokukholwa, ukuhlazeka nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Kulula ukutolika kabi imininingwane njengobufakazi bokuthi “inkolo kwenza abantu bakhathazeke ngezithombe ezingcolile zobulili noma ngabe basebenzisa kancane kunezinye, nokuthi ukube bebengezona izinkolo bebengeke bakhathazeke. ”

Isiphetho esifanelekile singaba ukuthi labo abake bazama ukuyeka, futhi baqonda ukuthi amaphuzu angenhla bakhathazekile kakhulu, nokuthi inkolo iyimbangela yokwenza kwabo lokho kuhlola (futhi okunye okungabalulekile). Kuyadumaza ukubona izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zenza ukuhlangana okulula nenkolo / ingokomoya futhi zenze iziphetho "ezihlazisayo", ngaphandle kokubona ukuthi ziqhathanisa "ama-apula" nama "amawolintshi" lapho ziqhathanisa abasebenzisi abazame ukuyeka nabasebenzisi abangazange. Futhi, yilabo abakuqala abavame ukubona izingozi kanye nokulimala kokusetshenziswa kocansi ngokucacile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benkolo noma cha.

Lokhu kuphazamiseka kuvame ukuxhashazwa yilabo abafuna ukunakwa kude nezibonakaliso ezinzima abasebenzisi abangenayo inkolo abathola njalo. Abasebenzisi be-agnostic bavame ukuba nezibonakaliso ezinzima ngesikhathi do yeka, ngoba nje bathambekele ekuyekeni endaweni ephansi ekwehleni kwezimpawu kunabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile. Kungani abacwaningi bengafundi lesi simo?

Empeleni, besizobheja ukuthi isabelo sengonyama salabo abane ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okubangelwa ucansi kukhona ama-agnostics. Kungani? Ngenxa yokuthi abangenayo inkolo bavame ukukholelwa ukungabi nabungozi kokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-intanethi okuqhubekayo ukuyisebenzisa ngokudlula izibonakaliso zokuxwayisa, njengokukhushukela ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukukhula kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukunganaki, ubunzima ekufezeni ukulungiswa ngaphandle kocansi, kunzima ukusebenzisa amakhondomu noma ukuphefumula nomlingani, njalonjalo.

Iqiniso liwukuthi, noma okungajwayelekile, noma okungajwayelekile, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kungabeka ubungqingili kwabanye abasebenzisi bokuthi buphazamise ukwaneliseka ngokobulili kanye nobudlelwano. Nakhu i-akhawunti yomuntu oyedwa. Ukwenyuka kokuqukethwe kobulili okwakungenakuthandeka noma ukuphindaphinda kuvamile isigamu sabasebenzisi be-porn abasebenzisi be-inthanethi. Ngamafuphi, njengoba kucatshangwe ngenhla, ukusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile akuyona i-panacea. Labo abangasebenzisi njalo kodwa abakhathazeke ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezingcingo kungase kube nesizathu esihle sokukhathazeka ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwabo, ngokungafani nalokho abakuzwayo nge-porn ngesikhathi sezinkonzo zenkolo.

Kungabe kungcono ukwakha ucwaningo olubuza abasebenzisi be-porn (kokubili ngokwenkolo nakwezinye izindlela) ukuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile isikhashana bese uqhathanisa nakho kwabo ngezilawuli? Bheka Ukuqeda Amaphutha Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zisebenzise Ukuveza Imiphumela Yalo ukuze kube nokuklanywa kwesifundo.

Izizathu zezinto eziphilayo zokuthi kungani abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bangase baphole amaphuzu aphezulu emibhalweni yezinhlanzi zobulili ezingcolile

Ukusetshenziswa kocansi kaningi kwe-intanethi kunezingozi ezijwayelekile kubasebenzisi abaningi banamuhla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhula kwezinto ezimbi kakhulu, ukunethezeka kobulili kanye nokwaneliseka kobudlelwane, ukulutha umlutha, kanye / noma ukulahleka kancane kancane kokuthandwa kwabalingani bangempela (kanye nokuvinjelwa kwe-anorgasmia kanye nokwethenjelwa).

Okungaziwa kahle ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphakathi (isibonelo, amahora angu-2 wokuzibopha izithombe ezingcolile okulandelwa amasonto ambalwa okuziqeda ngaphambi kwesinye isikhathi sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) abeka ingozi enkulu yokulutha umlutha. Izizathu ziyizinto eziphilayo, futhi kukhona lonke ucwaningo lomlutha womzimba on ukusetshenziswa okuphakathi ezilwaneni nasezintweni zabantu abahlukumeza izenzakalo zobuchopho ezithintekayo.

Isibonelo, kokubili umuthi futhi ukudla okungenamsoco Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphakathi kungaholela ngokushesha ukuguqulwa kobuchopho obuhlobene nomlutha (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzisi uyangena yini ngokugcwele). Izinguquko eziyinhloko ukuzwela okuyinto iqhuma isikhungo sombukiso sobuchopho ngezibonakaliso ezikhiqiza kanzima ukunganaki izifiso. Ngokwezwa, izijikelezo zobuchopho ezihilelekile ekugqugquzelweni nasekufuneni umvuzo ziba yizicabangela ezingqondweni noma ezihlobene nokuziphatha kokulutha. Lesi simo sokujula sePavlovia siphumela ku ukwanda "ukufuna" noma ukunxanela. Ama-cues, njengokuvula ikhompuyutha, ukubona i-pop-up, noma i-yedwa, kubangela ukulangazela okukhulu kwe-porn. (Izifundo zokubika ukuzwa ukuzwela noma ukucubungula-abasebenza kubasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)

Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi izikhathi zokuziyeka (amasonto we-2-4) kuholele ekushintsheni kwe-neuroplastic lokho akuveli kumsebenzisi ongathathi amakhefu amade. Lezi zinguquko ebuchosheni zanda izifiso zokuzisebenzisa ekuphenduleni izimbangela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i izinguquko zesistimu yokucindezeleka kangangokuthi ngisho nokucindezeleka okuncane kungabangela imbangela izifiso zokusebenzisa.

Ukusetshenziswa okungapheli (ikakhulukazi uhlobo lokudakwa) ingaveza futhi izimpawu ezinkulu zokuhoxisa, njengokungathembeki, ukucindezeleka futhi izifiso. Ngamanye amazwi, uma umuntu esebenzisa ngemuva kokuziyeka, kanye ne-binges, ingashaya umsebenzisi kanzima - mhlawumbe ngenxa ukuqina okukhulu okuhlangenwe nakho.

Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kusho i-cocaine, utshwala, ugwayi, noma ukudla okungenamsoco akudingekile ukukhiqiza izinguquko zobuchopho eziphathelene nokulutha. Ukuzibophezela okungapheli kungenza into efanayo nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka Okuningi.

Manje, ake sibuyele ekuqhathaniseni abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingokwenkolo nabangenacala. Yiliphi iqembu elingafaka phakathi abasebenzisi abangaphezulu? Ucwaningo olunikeziwe olubonisa lokho Abasebenzisi be-porn zenkolo bakhetha ukungasebenzisi i-porn, cishe kunokwenkolo kunabasebenzisi bezwe abanjwe umjikelezo wokuzibamba. Okungukuthi, isabelo esingavumelani sabasebenzisi benkolo siyovame ukuba "abasebenzisi abasemkhatsini." Abasebenzisi baseNingizimu Afrika bavame ukuthi bavame ukuthatha amakhefu okungaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbalwa - ngaphandle kokuba babe abasebenzisi abaphakathi kwamanye amazwe ngoba bezama ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kocansi.

Omunye umphumela obalulekile wokujikeleza ukuzitika ngokweqile wukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bahlangabezana nezikhala ezinwetshiwe (kanye nokuthuthukiswa kaningi). Bangakwazi ukubona ngokucacile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kobulili kubathinte kanjani, ngokungafani nabasebenzisi abavamile. Lokhu kuphela kungase kuholele ezikoleni eziphakeme kumbuzo wezinkinga zokulutha izidakamizwa. Okwesibili, umphumela obaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile bayothola iziqephu ezivame kakhulu zezifiso ezinamandla. Okwesibili, uma abasebenzisi abaphakathi bangena ngaphakathi, isayensi okukhulunywe ngenhla ibikezela ukuthi bayozizwa behluleka ukulawula, bese bezwa okunye kokunciphisa ngemuva kokubheja. Ngamafuphi, abasebenzisi abasemkhatsini (abangokwenkolo) bangaba umlutha futhi baphawule ngokumangalisayo ukuhlolwa kobulili bezocansi, nakuba basebenzisa imvamisa encane kunabo abafowabo bezwe.

Ngaphansi kwezimo, kungakapheli ukuphetha ngokuthi ukuhlazeka kubangela umehluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi benkolo nabangenkolo. Abacwaningi kumele balawule umthelela wokusetshenziswa okuphakathi. Wathi ngokuhlukile, uma ngaphezulu Leonhardt et al's izifundo zenkolo zazibandakanya amaphesenti aphezulu abasebenzisi abangaphakathi kunezihloko zabo ezingathandeki, omunye angalindela abasebenzisi benkolo ukuba baphuzule kakhulu ekuhloleni izidakamizwa naphezu kokusebenzisa kancane kancane.

Yiqiniso, ingozi yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingasetshenziswanga ayihlanganiswa nabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingokwenkolo. Lesi simo sibonisa izibonelo zezilwane kanye nabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile abazama ukuyeka kodwa beqhubeka bezitika ngokweqile ngezikhathi ezithile. Iphuzu liwukuthi umphumela wokusetshenziswa okuvamile kanye nokulutha kabi kocansi kudingeka udatshulwe ngokuzimela ngaphambi kokudweba nokwethula imibono mayelana namahloni (noma "okubonwayo" ukulutha kobulili obungcolile) njengencazelo kuphela yokuthi kungani abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile babika izikolo eziphakeme zokulutha emakhonsathini ukusetshenziswa okuncane njalo.

Isifinyezo se-Religiosity ne-Porn Sebenzisa:

  1. Ukukholelwa ekukholweni akubikezeli ukulutha kocansi (okubonwayo noma okunye). Amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu abantu abasebenzisa i-porn.
  2. Njengoba amaphesenti amancane abantu abakholwayo basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngokusobala inkolo iyabonakala ukuvikela ngokumelene nokulutha kwezilonda.
  3. Grubbs kanye Leonhardt, et al. amasampula athathwe kwabambalwa “babasebenzisi bezithombe ezingamanyala ezingokwenkolo” asontekile maqondana nabasebenzisi benkolo, okungahle kube nomphumela ophakeme kakhulu wesampula lezenkolo elinama-comorbidities. Ngenxa yalokho abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile banamanani aphakeme kancane kuzinsimbi zomlutha wezocansi futhi babika ubunzima obuningi bokulawula ukusetshenziswa.
  4. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyinto evamile noma okuphoqeleka, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babuyela ezinkolelweni zabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi labo ababeka phambili kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa zezocansi bazophinde baphuzule phezulu ekukholweni.
  5. Abasebenzisi abaningi bezithombe ezingokwenkolo baye baxwayiswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyingozi. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise i-porn encane futhi bazama ngokuyibeka. Ngokwenza kanjalo baningi amathuba okubona izimpawu nezimpawu zokulutha kwezicathulo ezingcolile njengoba kuhlolwe yi- Leonhardt, et al. Imibuzo yemibuzo ye-5 (nefanayo) - ngaphandle kokubheka inani lokusetshenziswa kocansi.
  6. Abasebenzisi be-porn abaphakathi bangaba imilutha impela futhi babambe amaphuzu aphezulu ngokumangazayo ekuhlolweni kokulutha kwezocansi, noma ngabe basebenzisa kaningi kunezihloko zomhlaba ezifanayo (okungezona abasebenzisi abaphakathi).

Isigaba 5: Izifundo ziyabona ukuthi "amazinga okusetshenziswa kocansi manje" ayiyona ngokuhambisana ngokuhambisana nomlutha we-porn

Esifundweni se-Grubbs futhi Leonhardt, et al. kugcizelela ukuthi amahora okusetshenziswa kocansi afana nokuthi "umlutha wangempela we-porn." Lokho wukuthi, ubukhulu bokuthi "umlutha we-porn wangempela" uboniswa kahle kakhulu "ngamahora asetshenziswayo wamanje" noma "imvamisa yokusetshenziswa," hhayi ngokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezilonda zocansi noma ngezimpawu ezenziwa ngocansi. Ochwepheshe bemilutha abavumelani.

Umgodi kulezi zisekelo zalombhali, ongashayela ngazo iloli, ngukuthi ucwaningo lwe-inthanethi lwe-porn kanye nokulutha kwe-inthanethi (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) ibike lezo zinhlobo ezincane zokulutha kwe-intanethi azihambisani ngokulinganayo namahora okusetshenziswa. Eqinisweni, 'amahora wokusetshenziswa' ahlukahlukene yisilinganiso esingathembekile sokulutha. Amathuluzi wokuhlola umlutha asunguliwe ahlola ukuluthwa usebenzisa ezinye izinto eziningi, ezinokwethenjelwa (njengalezo ezibalwe ezigabeni ezimbili zokuqala ze-CPUI-9 noma i- Leonhardt, et al. imibuzo). Ucwaningo olulandelayo lwezokwelapha zocansi lwe-inthanethi luchaza ubuhlobo obuncane phakathi kwamahora nezinkomba zokulutha:

1) Ukubuka Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ku-intanethi: Indima Yokulinganisa Ngokwezocansi kanye Nezimo Zengqondo-I-Psychiatric for Ukusebenzisa I-Internet Sites Sites Ngokuphambene (2011)

"Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izinkinga zokuzibika empilweni yansuku zonke exhumene nezenzo zocansi ezenziwa ku-inthanethi zabikezelwa ngokulinganisa okuvusa inkanuko kwezocansi, ubukhali bomhlaba wonke bezimpawu zengqondo, kanye nenani lezicelo zocansi ezisetshenziswa lapho usezingosini zocansi eziku-Internet empilweni yansuku zonke , ngenkathi isikhathi esichithwa kumasayithi ezocansi e-intanethi (amaminithi ngosuku) asizange ibambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka ekuqhathanisweni kwe-Sex Testing System (IATsex). Sibona ukufana okukhona phakathi kwezinqubo zokuqonda nezobuchopho ezingaba nomthelela ekulondolozweni kobulili obenziwa ngokweqile ku-inthanethi nalokho okuchazwa kubantu abaphila ngokweqile. ”

2) Ukuxhaswa ngokocansi nokubhekana nokungasebenzi kahle Ukunquma ukubhebhetheka ngokocansi ngobulili obuyisilisa (2015)

“Okutholakele muva nje kukhombisile ukuhlangana phakathi kobukhali beCyberSex Addiction (CA) nezinkomba zokuthokozisa ngokocansi, nokuthi ukubhekana nokuziphatha ngokocansi kuxhumanise ubudlelwano phakathi kokuthokozela ngokocansi nezimpawu ze-CA. Imiphumela ikhombise ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwezimpawu ze-CA nezinkomba zokuvusa ucansi nokuzijabulisa kocansi, ukubhekana nokuziphatha kocansi, nezimpawu zengqondo. I-CyberSex Addiction ayihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi kanye nesikhathi sokusebenzisa i-inthanethi nge-cyber. "

3) Yiziphi Izinto: Ukulingana Noma Ukuziphatha Kokuzilibazisa Kusetshenziswa? Izici Zengqondo Nezimo Zokufuna Ukwelashwa Kwezingcolile Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa (2016)

Ngokusho kolwazi lwethu oluhle lolu cwaningo luhlolisisa ngokuqondile izinhlangano phakathi kobuningi bokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nokuziphatha kwangempela kokufuna ukwelashwa okusetshenziselwa ukuhlukunyezwa kwezithombe ezingcolile (kulinganiswa njengokuvakashela isazi sengqondo, isazi sengqondo noma isazi sezocansi ngale njongo). Imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuthi izifundo ezizayo, kanye nokwelapha, ku le nsimu kufanele igxile kakhulu emthethweni wokusetshenziswa kobulili ekuphileni komuntu ngamunye (ikhwalithi) kunokuba imvamisa nje (ubuningi), njengoba izimpawu ezingekho ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi (kunokuba imvamisa yokusebenzisa i-porn) yiyona ndlela ephawulekayo yokwelapha -kuziphatha okuhle.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-PU nezimpawu ezimbi kwakubalulekile futhi kuhanjiswe yizinkolelo zokuziphendulela ezizimele, ezithintekile (ukungabi nabampofu, okunciphisa okuncane) phakathi kwabafuna ukwelashwa. Phakathi kwalabo abafuna ukwelashwa inkolo ayihlobene nempawu ezimbi.

4) Ukuhlola I-Correlates Yezinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-Intanethi Sebenzisa Ku-Student Yunivesithi (2016)

Amaphuzu aphezulu ezinyathelweni zokulutha kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke noma ngaphezulu kwe-porn ye-intanethi. Nokho, imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi kwakungekho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwenani kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile komuntu futhi kunzima nokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, nokuphila nokwaneliseka kobudlelwane. Ukubambisana okuphawulekayo kumazinga aphezulu e-addiction e-intanethi kuhlanganiswa kokuqala kokuboniswa kwe-intanethi, ukulutha kwemidlalo yevidiyo, nokuba yindoda. Ngenkathi ezinye imiphumela emihle yokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ye-intanethi zilotshwe ezincwadini zangaphambilini imiphumela yethu ayibonisi ukuthi ukusebenza kwengqondo kuyathuthukisa ngokusetshenziswa okulinganiselayo noma okungajwayelekile kwe-inthanethi ye-intanethi.

5) Ukubuka Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-intanethi: Ubani Obunenkinga, Yeka, Futhi Kungani? (I-2009)

Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukusabalala kokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, ukuthi kuyinkinga kangakanani, nezinqubo zengqondo ezibeka inkinga kwisampula se-84 yobudala bekolishi ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo engaziwa engozini. Kutholakale ukuthi cishe i-20% -60% yesampula ebheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ithola kube inkinga ngokuya kwesizinda sentshisekelo. Kulolu cwaningo, inani lokubuka alizange libikezele izinga lezinkinga ezihlangenwe nakho.

Cabanga uzama ukuhlola ubukhona bokulutha ngokubuza nje, "Mangaki amahora ochitha njengamanje udla (ukulutha kokudla)?" noma "Uchitha amahora amangaki ukugembula (ukugembula kwalokho)?" noma "Uchitha amahora amangaki uphuza (utshwala)?" Ungathola kakhulu imiphumela edukisayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imibuzo "yokusebenzisa i-porn yamanje" yehluleka ukubuza ngokuhlukahluka okuyinhloko kokusetshenziswa kocansi: ukusetshenziswa kweminyaka kwaqala, iminyaka yokusetshenziswa, noma ngabe umsebenzisi uye wakhuphukela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zezithombe zocansi noma wenza izibungu ezingcolile ezingalindelekile, isilinganiso sokujula ne-porn kuya ekujuleni ngaphandle kwayo, inani lezocansi nomlingani wangempela, njalonjalo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuzo enjalo kungasikhanyisela kabanzi ngokuthi ngubani onenkinga ngokusetshenziswa kocansi kunokuthi "imvamisa / amahora wokusetshenziswa kwamanje"

abstract

Izimpahla ezilimazayo: Umbono weMilutha Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Njengomlamuleli Phakathi Kokwethembeka Nokubambisana Ukukhathazeka Okuzungezile Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa.

J Sex Res. 2017 Mar 13: 1-12. i-doi: 10.1080 / 00224499.2017.1295013.

Leonhardt ND1, Willoughby BJ1, Young-Petersen B1.

1 - Isikole Sokuphila Komndeni, eBrigham Young University.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile luveza ukuthi ukubhekwa komlutha kubikezela imiphumela emibi ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo luye lwasikisela ukuthi abantu benkolo bangase bazibonele ukuthi banomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenzisa kaningi kangakanani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukusebenzisa isampula yabantu abadala abangashadile abangu-686, lolu cwaningo luyanelanisa futhi lukhulisa ucwaningo olwedlule ngokuhlola ukulutha okubonakalayo ekuziphatheni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengomlamuleli phakathi kwezenkolo nokukhathazeka kobudlelwane ezungeze izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela yembulani ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana nokuzikhohlisa zihlotshaniswa nobuhlobo obunzulu bokukhathazeka obuseduze nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuyilapho ukubuka umlutha wobulili obungcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nobuhlobo obunxushunxushile obuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Kodwa-ke, uma ukubuka ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile kufakwe njengomkhulumeli esimisweni sokulinganisa, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kunomthelela omncane ongathandabuzeki ekuhlotsheni ubudlelwane obuseduze nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ukubuka ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile kwahlukanisa kancane kancane ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokuzikhohlisa nobuhlobo bokukhathazeka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzelana kanjani, ukukholelwa enkolweni, nokubona umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zixhuma ebuhlotsheni obukhathazayo ezungeze izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukudala ubuhlobo bomshado, sithemba ukuthuthukisa amathuba emibhangqwana ngokuphumelelayo ekubhekiseni isihloko sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunciphisa ubunzima ebuhlotsheni obuseduze.

I-PMID: 28287845

I-DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013