Ubuhlobo bokukhuluphala kokusebenza kwe-neural ekuphenduleni ukuthengiswa kokudla (i-2014)

I-Soc Cogn ithinta i-Neurosci. I-2014 Jul; I-9 (7): 932-938.

Ishicilelwe ku-intanethi i-2013 May 9. doi: I-10.1093 / scan / nst059

I-PMCID: PMC4090951

U-Ashley N. Gearhardt,¹ Sonja Yokum,² Eric Stice,² UJennifer L. Harris,³ futhi UKelly D. Brownell³

abstract

Intsha ibuka izinkulungwane zezentengiso zokudla unyaka nonyaka, kodwa impendulo yangempela yokukhangiswa kokudla kanye nokuhlangana kwayo nokukhuluphala akaziwa kakhulu. Lolu cwaningo lungelokuqala ukuhlola ukuthi impendulo ye-neural ekuthengisweni kokudla ihluke kanjani kolunye uvuselelo (isib. Ezentengiso okungezona ukudla kanye nombukiso wethelevishini) nokubheka ukuthi le mpendulo ingahluka kanjani ngesimo sesisindo. I-activation ye-oxygen oxygen-based activation magnetic resonance imaging activated ekalwa ebusheni be-30 isukela kokwehla kuya komzimba ngokuphendula ukudla nokuthengisa okungahambisani nokudla okugxile embukisweni wethelevishini. Intsha ikhombise ukwenziwa okuningana okukhulu ezifundeni ezifakwe ekusebenzeni kokubonakalayo (isib. I-occipital gyrus), ukunakwa (isib. I-parietal lobes), ukuqaphela (isb. I-tempor gyrus kanye ne-posterior cerebellar lobe), ukunyakaza (isb. I-cortex ye-anterior) umvuzo [isib. orbitof Pambal cortex kanye ne-anterior cingrate cortex (ACC)] ngesikhathi sokuthengisa kokudla. Ababambiqhaza be-Obese babonise ukusebenza okuncane ngesikhathi sokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungeyona kokudla ezindaweni ezi-neural ezithintekayo ekusebenzeni kokubonakalayo (isb. I-cuneus), ukunakwa (isb. I-posterior cerebellar lobe), umvuzo (isb. I-ventromedial prewardal cortex ne-ACC) nokutholwa kwe-salience (isb. I-precuneus). Ababambiqhaza be-Obese babonise ukusebenza okuningana esifundeni esifakwe kulawulo lwe-semantic (isib. I-medial temporal gyrus). Lokhu okutholakele kungazisa izinkulumompikiswano zenqubomgomo zamanje mayelana nomthelela wokukhangiswa kokudla kubantwana.

Amagama angukhiye: ukumaketha, intsha, ukukhuluphala, i-fMRI

ISINGENISO

Abantu bavulelwe inani elikhulu lokukhangiswa kokudla, ikakhulukazi intsha, okubhekiswe kaningi kuyo njenge-demographic key advertising (I-Federal Trade Commission, i-2012). Isilinganiso somuntu osemusha wadalulwa ezikhangisweni zokudla ze-TV ze-∼6000 kwi-2010 (Isikhungo se-Rudd senqubomgomo yokudla kanye nokukhuluphala, i-2011), ngezentengiso eziningi ezikhuthaza imikhiqizo ephezulu kumakhalori, ushukela, i-sodium kanye / noma namafutha (Powell et al., 2011). Kodwa-ke, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokuthi ubuchopho busabela kanjani kulezi zikhangiso, ezingabaluleka kubantu abasengozini yokukhuluphala. Ukwehluka komuntu ngamunye ekuphenduleni kwezikhangiso zokudla kungahle kube nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwenkinga yokudla, kepha izithombe zokudla ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini zokukhuluphala ziyahluka ngezindlela ezinengqondo kusuka kwezentengiso zokudla. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi izikhangiso zingadla kanjani ithonya lomvuzo wobuchopho kanye nezifunda zokunaka kukhawulelwe, njengoba kunjalo nangolwazi lwethu lokuthi lokhu kungahluka kanjani kususelwa emsindweni womzimba. Lolu cwaningo lwenzelwe ukubhekana nale mibuzo emibili.

Izifunda ze-Meso-limbic-cortico (isb. I-ventral striatum ne-insula) zibonakala zifaka inani lomvuzo wezithombe zokudla nezinkomba (Stoeckel et al., 2008) nezihlobo ezikhuluphele zabahlanganyeli abanciphile kutholakele ukukhombisa ukusebenza okukhulu kwe-neural ezindaweni zobuchopho ezifakwe kumvuzo [isb. orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC)], ukunakwa okubukwayo (isb. parietal lobe), imemori (isib. hippocampus), cognition (isb. lobe yesikhashana) nokucutshungulwa kwe-somatosensory (isb. i-postcentral gyrus) ukuphendula izintambo zokudla (UCarnell noWardle, 2007; I-Rothemund et al., 2007; Stoeckel et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2010; Stice et al., 2010). I-nucleus ephakeme iqoqa impendulo yezithombe ezinamafutha aphezulu / ushukela (Idemo et al., 2012) kanye nokuphendula kwe-OFC kuzinkomba ezibonisa ukungeniswa kwesithombe sokudla okungenampilo kubikezela inzuzo yesikhathi esizayo (I-Yokum et al., 2012). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza ezindaweni ezivuzayo, ezibukwayo nezokunakwa (isib. I-insula, i-OFC, i-parietal kanye ne-occipital lobe) ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kokudla okuhambisana nokudla kuhlobene nokunciphisa isisindo okungaphumelelanga kanye nokukhula kwesisindo kabusha (UMdudu et al., 2012).

Yize le miphumela igqamisa iqhaza elingaba khona lokuphendula kokukhuluphala ngokukhuluphala, isisusa esisetshenziswe kulezi zifundo ngokujwayelekile isithombe sokudla ngaphandle komkhiqizo futhi ngaphandle komongo, kubeka imingcele ekuqinisekisweni kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, lokhu okutholakele kunikela ngolwazi olulinganiselwe mayelana nokuthi izikhangiso zokudla endaweni yamanje zingaba nomthelela kanjani ekudleni okuyinkinga. Ngokungafani nezithombe zokudla ezisetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, ukuthengiswa kokudla kwenzelwe ngqo ukunxenxa isifiso sokudla umkhiqizo okhangisiwe (Umkhandlu Wezinhlangano Zocwaningo Lwezamelika, i-2005). Izentengiselwano zokudla azigcini nje ngokuletha izithombe ezihehayo zokudla okungenampilo nokufinyeleleka kalula kepha ukukhangisa okuphumelelayo nakho kudala ukuzihlanganisa okuhle nemikhiqizo futhi kuziqinise njalo lapho kubukwa isikhangiso (Heath, 2001). Imikhiqizo ehambisana nezisusa eziyisisekelo zabantu (isib. Injabulo, ukuheha kanye nokufeza) ikhuthaza ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo (I-Wansink, 2003) kanye nokukhangiswa kokudla kubantu abasha kusetshenziswa izikhalazo kulezi zimfanelo (USchor noFord, 2007). Ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo owuthandayo (isib. Coca-Cola) kuhlobene nokwenza kusebenze okwandisiwe ku-hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) kanye ne-midbrain (McClure et al., 2004). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezinesisindo esihle zikhombise ukusebenza okukhulu ku-OFC, i-cortex yesikhashana kanye ne-cortex ebonakalayo ngesikhathi sokuchayelwa kwama-logo wokudla (isb. Izindunduma zikaMcDonald's jamaa ezihlobene nezithombe (Bruce et al., emaphephandabeni); ukuvezwa kwama-logo wokudla okuhlobene nama-logo okungewona okudla nakho kuhlobene nokwenza kusebenze kakhulu endaweni ye-occipital cortex, paracentral lobule, garius ye-parietal, i-lingual gyrus ne-posterior cingrate cortex. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kwezingane ezisencane kukhombisa ukwenza kusebenze okukhulu ezifundeni ezihlobene nomvuzo (okusho i-postcentral gyrus kanye ne-midbrain) kuma-logo wokudla uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe zokulawula (Bruce et al., 2012).

Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza bangaphendula ngokuqinile ezentengiselwano zokudla (eziqukethe izithombe zokudla ezinophawu) ezihlobene nezentengiso okungezona zokudla noma umdlalo wethelevishini. Lolu cwaningo lungolokuqala ukuhlola ukuxhumana kwe-neural kokuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokulawula ukushukunyiswa. Izinhloso ezinkulu zalolu cwaningo yilezi (i) ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ukuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla nokubuka ithelevishini kuhlobene namaphethini we-activation ezifundeni zobuchopho kufakwe ukunakwa okubukwayo, ukuphendula okuthile, umvuzo kanye nesisusa (isb. OFC, postcentral i-gyrus kanye ne-occipital lobe) kanye (ii) nokuhlola ukuthi ingabe impendulo ye-neural kulezi zivuseleli iyahluka ngokwezinga lesisindo (isib. ukukhuluphala vs isisindo esijwayelekile). Yize kucatshangwe amasu amaningi wokukhetha ukuvuselela okuthengiswayo kulolu cwaningo (isib. Ukumatanisa ukudla nokuthengisa okungadli kokudla ezimeni ezibonakalayo, intengo, izintandokazi zomhlanganyeli, njll.), Sigxile ekuvezweni komhlaba wangempela ngokukhetha ezentengiso ezisuselwa kudatha evela INielsen kuthelevishini nokukhangiswa kwe-12- kuya kwabaneminyaka engu-17. Ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ukuvama kokubumbana kweparadigm yethu kuzilungiselelo lapho ukuhlangana kokudla kuhlanganela khona, ikhefu lezentengiso laligxiliswa esimweni sombukiso wethelevishini. Okokugcina, senza lolu cwaningo kubabambiqhaza abasebasha, njengoba lokhu kungukuhlonishwa kwabantu kwezikhangiso zokudla (I-Federal Trade Commission, i-2012) nesikhathi sengozi sokuthuthukisa ukukhuluphala (Ogden et al., 2012).

IZIMPAHLA NEZINDLELA

Abahlanganyeli

Abahlanganyeli babeyintsha ye-30 enempilo [kusho ubudala = 15.20, sd = 1.06, ububanzi = 14-17 ubudala; i-index mass body (BMI) = 26.92, sd = 5.43; Abesifazane be-17] baqashwe emphakathini ngezikhangiso. Ukuhlola ukuthi ukusabela kwe-neural kwezentengiso zokudla kwehluka kanjani ngokwezinga lesisindo, sabhalisa inani elilinganayo lababambe iqhaza esigabeni ngasinye sesisindo: isisindo esijwayelekile se-10 (sisho iBMI = 21.20, sd = 0.90), i-8 ngokweqile (isho iBMI = 25.53, sd = I-1.41) ne-12 obese (kusho i-BMI = 32.64, sd = 5.43). Izindlela zokukhishwa kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwamanje kwemithi yokwelapha noma izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, ukukhulelwa, ukulimala ekhanda ngokulahlekelwa ukwazi noma i-axis yamanje yengqondo yengqondo. Sekukonke, i-6.7% ibike ukuthi ingama-Hispanic, ama-63.3% amaMelika aseYurophu, ama-3.3% amaNative American kanye ne-26.7% ubuhlanga obuhlangene. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile eminyakeni yobudala [F₍_2,27₎ = 3.12, P = 0.06], noma ileveli yemfundo yabazali [F₍_2,27₎ = 0.157, P = 0.85) yabahlanganyeli abakhuluphele, abakhuluphele nabazonda. Ibhodi Yendawo Yokubuyekezwa Kwezikhungo ivume le phrojekthi. Abahlanganyeli nabazali banikeze imvume ebhaliwe ebhaliwe.

I-fMRI media paradigm

Abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuthi basebenzise ibhulakufesi / isidlo sasemini ejwayelekile, kepha ukuze benqabe ukudla noma ukuphuza (ngaphandle kwamanzi) i-5 h ngokushesha eyandulele iskena sabo emzameni wokulamba indlala. Ukugqugquzela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bangenele lezi ziqeshana, ababambiqhaza batshelwa ukuthi bazoqeda umsebenzi wokuqashelwa ukuhweba ngemuva kweskena. Ngaphambi kokuskena, ababambiqhaza balinganisa amazinga endlala esikalini esibonakalayo se-analog (angilambile nakancane kuya angikaze ngilambe kakhulu). Indlala ifakiwe njengokwehlukahlukana kokulawula kuko konke ukuhlaziya. Bonke ababambiqhaza baskenwa ntambama (kusho ukuthi isikhathi sokuqala ukuskena = 4 pm, sd = 1.5, ububanzi = 1 pm – 6 pm) (yonke imiphumela ebalulekile ihlale ibalulekile lapho isikhathi sosuku lokuthi ukuskena kwenzeke kulawulwa lapho kuhlaziywa.).

Imininingwane yatholakala kusuka eNielsen ukukala inani lemikhangiso yethelevishini ebukwa i-12- kuya kubantu abangu-17 abaneminyaka engu-2009 ngayo yonke imikhiqizo yokudla. Ngemuva kokuqeda imikhiqizo ehloselwe izingane ezincane (isib. Chuck 'E Cheese), kwaqanjwa izinhlobo zokudla ze-10 ezakhangiswa kakhulu kuleli qembu leminyaka. Izentengiso zalezi zinhlobo ze-10 zikhethwe njengezisusa zentengiso yokudla. Okokukhuthaza okungezona okokudla, idatha yaseNielsen yayisetshenziselwa ukukhomba izinhlelo zethelevishini zamasonto onke ezibonakala ngekota yokuqala ye-2009 enezithameli ezinkulu kakhulu ze-12- kuya kwabangu-17 abaneminyaka yobudala ('American Idol', 'Family Guy', 'Simpsons ',' George Lopez 'kanye' Life Secret of the American Teenager '). Ngesikhathi sikaJanuwari 2010, zonke zalezi zinhlelo, kufaka phakathi ezentengiso, zaqoshwa kabili. Izentengiso ze-10 lemikhiqizo yama-non-chikafu ejwayele ukubonakala kukhethwe ukuthi ifakwe njengesiphetho sokufunda (Ithebula 1).

Izinhlobo zokudla nezingezona zokudla ezifakiwe kumakhefu entengiso^a

Ngesikhathi sokuskena, ababambiqhaza babona ividiyo yombukiso wethelevishini 'i-Mythbusters' ehlelwe ukuthi ifake ezentengiso zokudla ze-20 kanye nezikhangiso ezingekho zokudla ze-20 (ezentengiso ezimbili ezivela kumkhiqizo ngamunye, bheka Ithebula 1). Ukukhangiswa kuboniswe ngaphezulu kwekhefu lesine (ukuthengisa kwe-10 ngekhefu, i-15 s ngokuhweba ngakunye). Le nombolo yezentengiselwano ezikhethwe njengeparadigm yakhethelwa ukuthi inikeze inani elanele lamathuba wokubamba ukusebenza kwe-oxygen oxygenation-kuncike (BOLD) phakathi kwezentengiso. I-Order yezentengiselwano yenziwa ngokungahleliwe ngaphezulu kwamakhefu amane, futhi i-oda lamakhefu amane labizwa ngokungahleliwe ngaphezulu kwabahlanganyeli. Isikhathi sekhefu ngalinye kwakuyi-2 min ne-30 s. Isikhathi sobude be-paradigm sasiyi-34 min.

Izindlela

Inkomba yomzimba womzimba

I-BMI (BMI = kg / m²) isetshenziselwe ukukhombisa ukuthandwa. Ukubala i-BMI, ukuphakama kwakulinganiswa kumamilimitha aseduze, futhi isisindo sihlolwe ku-0.1 kg eliseduze (ngemuva kokususwa kwezicatja namajazi). Ukukhuluphala kwachazwa kusetshenziswa ama-percentiles we-95th we-BMI weminyaka yobudala nobulili, ngokususelwa kwidatha emele izwe lonke ngoba le ncazelo ihambelana kakhulu ne-BMI cut-point ehambisana nengozi eyengeziwe yezinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nesisindo (Cole et al., 2000). Intsha enezikolo ze-BMI phakathi kwe-25th ne-75th percentile isebenzisa lezi zici zomlando zachazwa njengezonda, kanti nentsha enamamaki we-BMI phakathi kwe-75th ne-95th percentile yachazwa njengekhuluphele.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhombo

Intsha yacelwa ukuthi ibike ngesimo sayo samanje sokuthuthuka kwe-pubertal isebenzisa uchungechunge olujwayelekile lwemidwebo yentsha ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene zokukhula kwe-pubertal (Bonat et al., 2002).

Izinyathelo zokukhumbula zentengiso

Ababambiqhaza bacelwe ukuba babhale ezentengiso ezinhlanu abazibone ngesikhathi behlelela uhlelo lwethelevishini abasanda kulubheka ukukala ukukhumbula okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza banikezwe uhlu lwemikhiqizo ehlukile ye-40, kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo eyayingafakwanga ohlelweni lwethelevishini, futhi babuza ukuthi basho ukuthi ngabe bayakubona yini ukuthengisa kwale mikhiqizo ukuhlola okusakhunjulwa.

Izindlela zokuthanda ukuhweba kanye nezindlela zokujwayela

Ababambiqhaza bacelwe ukuthi bahlole ukuthi bathande kangakanani imikhiqizo / izinkampani ezifakwe ezikhangisweni esikalini esinamaphoyinti amahlanu (ukungathandi ngokweqile kuya kakhulu) nokuthi babejwayele kangakanani ukukhangiswa esikalini samaphuzu amahlanuayijwayele nhlobo kuya ngijwayele kakhulu).

Ukuhlaziya kwesitatimende

ukutholwa kwedatha ye-fMRI, ukucubungula kwangaphambili kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo

Ukuskena kwenziwa nge-Nokia Allegra 3 T isithwebuli sekhanda se-MRI kuphela esetshenziswa ikhoyili ejwayelekile yezinyoni. Isikali esisebenzayo sisebenzise i-T2 * -weighted gradient single-shot ecre planar imaging imaging (isikhathi se-echo = 30 ms, isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = 2000 ms, i-flip angle = 80 °) ngokulungiswa kwendiza kwe-3.0 × 3.0 mm² (64 × 64 matrix; 192 × 192 mm² inkambu yokubuka). Ukumboza ubuchopho bonke, ama-32 ahlanganisiwe, akukho kweqa, izingcezu ze-4 mm atholakala endizeni ye-AC-PC transverse oblique, njengoba kuchazwe yisigaba se-midsagittal. Ukulungiswa kokutholwa kokuthola (i-PACE) kusetshenziselwe ukuguqula ukuma kwesilayidi nokujanyiswa, kanye nokwenza kabusha i-grid residual vol-to-volny motion in real-time ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwedatha ngenhloso yokunciphisa imiphumela ethonyeliswayo (Thesen et al., 2000). Ayikho idatha yomhlanganyeli ehlulekile ukufeza imigomo yokufaka ukunyakaza, okwakungukuthi ukunyakaza okuqhutshwa ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokulungiswa akuzange kweqe i-2 mm ngokunyakaza okuguqukayo kanye ne-2 ° ekujikelezweni kokujikeleza. Okokunyakaza okuncane, i-PACE iguqula ukuma kwesilayidi, ukujwayeza kanye nokuqondisa kabusha okushiye kwevolumu-kuya kwevolumu ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwedatha. Isikali se-Anatomical sitholwe kusetshenziswa ukulandelana kwesisindo okuphezulu kwe-T1-isisindo esilandelanayo (Magnetization Kulungiselelwe Ngokushesha Ukutholwa Okutholakele kwe-Radi; Inkambu yokubuka = 256 × 256 mm², Matrix we-256 × 256, ubukhulu = 1.0 mm, inombolo yesiga ≈ 160).

Izithombe ziphinde zavuselelwa ngesandla kulayini we-AC-PC nogebhezi kuhlutshiwe kusetshenziswa ithuluzi leBrain Extraction Tool kuLibrari yeSoftware ye-FMRIBUSmith, 2002). Idatha icutshungulwe kwangaphambili futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-SPM8 (Umnyango we-Wellcome we-Imaging Neuroscience) eMATLAB (Mathworks Inc.; Worsley et al., 1996). Izithombe ezisebenzayo zabiwe kabusha zisho izincazelo, futhi zombili lezi zithombe ezisebenza ngokomzimba nezisebenzayo zenziwa zabekelwa kumqondo obujwayelekile we-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) T1 template brain (ICBM152). Ukuhlelwa ngokwejwayelekile kuholele usayizi we-voxel we-3 mm³ ngezithombe ezisebenzayo nosayizi we-voxel we-1 mm³ izithombe eziphezulu zesinqumo se-anatomical. Izithombe ezisebenzayo zalungiswa nge-6-mm FWHM isotropic Gaussian kernel.

Siqhathanise ukusebenza kwe-BOLD ngesikhathi sokuthengisa vs ezentengiso ezingadli ukudla, ezentengiso zokudla vs umbukiso wethelevishini nokudla okungekhona ukudla vs umdlalo wethelevishini. Ngoba bekukhona ezentengiso zokudla ze-20 nokuthengisa okungezukudla kwe-20, sifake nezingxenye ze-20 ezikhethwe ngezikhathi ezithile zohlelo lwethelevishini. Imiphumela ethize yesimo ku-voxel ngayinye yalinganiselwa kusetshenziswa amamodeli wolayini ajwayelekile. Ababukeli bokuqala komcimbi ngamunye wenzalo bahlanganiswa futhi bangena kumatrix wokuqamba ukuze izimpendulo ezihlobene nomcimbi zingalingiswa ngumsebenzi wokuphendula we-canonical hemodynamic, njengoba kwethulwe ku-SPM8. Umcimbi ubuqukethe yonke ingxenye yengxenye ye-15-s yezentengiselwano nethelevishini. Kusetshenziswe isihlungi esiphakeme se-128 s ukususa umsindo omvamisa ophansi kanye nokushayela kancane esiginali.

Amamephu ngamanye akhiwa ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza ngaphakathi komuntu ngamunye obambe iqhaza kwezentengiso zokudla, ezentengiso ezingadli ukudla kanye nombukiso wethelevishini. Imiphumela esetshenziswayo kuzo zonke izifundo yabe ihlolwa kusetshenziswa izithombe ezihlukile kusampula eyodwa t-Izivivinyo (kufanisa imodeli yemiphumela engahleliwe). Sibe sesakha amaqembu amathathu ngokususelwa kwisisindo sesisindo (obese, okhuluphele nokwehlisa) futhi saqhuba i-3 esezingeni lesibili (iqembu: okhuluphele, ngokweqile futhi elinamahlwili) × 2 (uhlobo lokuvuselela amandla: ezentengiso zokudla, ezentengiselwano ezingekho ukudla kanye nomdlalo wethelevishini) okungahleliwe- imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokwehluka. Njengoba lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa i-paradigm yenoveli (okungukuthi, ukuthengiswa okugxiliwe kumongo wombukiso wethelevishini), ukucubungula kobuchopho bonke kwenziwa kulo lonke usuku ukuze kuvumeleke ukukhonjwa kweziqongo ezifundeni zobuchopho ngaphandle kwezifunda zemivuzo ekhethekile ingadlala impendulo yokukhangisa. Imikhawulo yezinga le-Cluster elungiswe ukuqhathaniswa okuningi yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Monte Carlo simuction (i-10 000 iterations) yokusatshalaliswa komsindo okungahleliwe kumaskki wobuchopho bonke (i-3 × 3 × 3 mm) isebenzisa amamojula we-3dClustSim ne-3dFWHMx e-AFNI (Ifomula et al., 1995; I-Cox, i-1996). Kusebenzisa ukubushelelezi obukhulu, iMonte Carlo sekulingisa ihlanganisa umkhawulo ngamunye we-voxel kanye nobukhulu beqembu elilinganiselwe ukulinganisa ukuthi kungenzeka kweqiniso kungamanga. Umkhawulo wabangela P <0.001 neqoqo (k) ≥ 19, elingana P <0.05 ilungisiwe ngokuqhathanisa okuningi ebuchosheni bonke. Konke ukuqhathanisa kwenziwa ezinhlangothini zombili (isb.Izikhangiso zokudla> ezentengiselwano okungezona ukudla nezentengiso ezingezona ukudla> ezentengiso zokudla) futhi kubikwa kuphela iziqongo ezibalulekile. Osayizi bomphumela (r) zithathwe ku Z-amagama (Z/ √N).

IZIPHUMA

Imiphumela yokuziphatha

Sekukonke, ababambiqhaza bakhumbula ukudla okuningi (kusho = 2.69, sd = 0.92) kunezikhangiso ezingezona zokudla [kusho = 2.0, sd = 0.88; t(29) = 2.25, P = 0.03] futhi yabona ukuthengiswa okwengeziwe kokudla (kusho = 1.78, sd = 0.32) ngaphezu kwezentengiso okungezona zokudla [kusho = 1.60, sd = 0.33; t(29) = 3.13, P = 0.004]. Ababambiqhaza babike ukuthanda ukuthanda kwezentengiso zokudla (kusho = 3.52, sd = 0.49) kunezikhangiso ezingekho ukudla [kusho = 3.24, sd = 0.36; t(29) = 2.29, P = 0.03] futhi kubikwe ukuthi ujwayelene kakhulu nokudla (kusho = 4.08, sd = 0.75) ngaphezu kwezentengiso okungezona zokudla [kusho = 3.72, sd = 0.99; t(29) = 3.13, P = 0.004]. Ukulinganiselwa kwendlala kuphakamisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza bebephakathi ngokwesilinganiso endaweni yendlala engathathi hlangothi (kusho ukuthi indlala = 0.63, sd = 3.69) ngaphambi kweseshini yabo yokuthwebula.

Akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu abakhuluphele, abakhuluphele nabazondayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-pubertal [F₍_2,27₎ = 1.44, P = 0.26), izilinganiso zendlala [F_(2,27) = 1.58, P = 0.22], isikhumbuzi esisizayo sezentengiso zokudla [F_(2,27) = 0.07, P = 0.94], inkumbulo yosizo yezentengiso ezingekho ukudla [F_(2,27) = 0.06, P = 0.95], ukukhumbula okusengqondweni kokuthengiswa kokudla [F_(2,27) = 0.08, P = 0.92], ukukhumbula okungaphezulu kwengqondo kokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla [F_(2,27) = 0.17, P = 0.85], ukuthanda izilinganiso zezentengiso okungezona zokudla [F_(2,27) = 0.40, P = 0.67], ukujwayelana kwezentengiso zokudla [F_(2,27) = 0.29, P = 0.75] kanye nokujwayela kwezentengiso okungekhona ukudla [F_(2,27) = 0.29, P = 0.76] (Ithebula 2). Kodwa-ke, kube nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu ekuthandeni izilinganiso zezentengiso zokudla [F_(2,27) = 4.57, P = 0.03]. Thumela i-hoc izivivinyo zikhombise ukuthi ababambiqhaza abakhuluphele (kusho = 3.26, sd = 0.43) babike ukukalwa okuphansi kwezentengiso zokudla kunabahlanganyeli abakhuluphele ngokweqile (kusho = 3.83, sd = 0.33).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Pubertal, indlala kanye nezilinganiso zokuhweba zababambiqhaza abakhuluphele, abakhuluphe ngokweqile nabazondayo

Izimpendulo eziphambili ze-neural kwezentengiso zokudla uma ziqhathaniswa nezentengiso ezingezona zokudla

Ngokwesilinganiso abahlanganyeli bakhombise ukwenziwa okukhulu kwe-patier yangaphandle ye-cerebellar lobe (yehlayo) (r kwesobunxele> 0.9 futhi r kwesokudla> 0.9; Umfanekiso we-1A), i-occipital gyrus ephakathi nendawo (MOG; r kwesobunxele> 0.9 futhi r kwesokudla = 0.87), i-grensi engakwesokudla engaphambili (r > 0.9), i-gyrus yesikhashana engaphansi (ITG; r > 0.9), i-lobe parietal lobe (i-IPL; r kwesobunxele = 0.88 kanye r kwesokudla = 0.75), i-postcentral gyrus (r = 0.78), i-precuneus efanele (r = 0.74) kanye ne-pbeetal lobe ephakeme kwesokudla (i-SPL; r = 0.69) (Ithebula 3). Izindawo zokuphendula okukhulu kwe-neural kwezentengiso ezingezona zokudla nombukiso wethelevishini zifakiwe Ithebula Lokwengeza S1.

I-Fig. 1

Abahlanganyeli (N = 30) kubonise ukusebenza okukhulu ku (A) amazwe amabili a-posterior cerebellar lobe (MNI: −33, −64, −20, Z = 5.95, k = 811) ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso okungezona ukudla nokusebenzisa okuthe xaxa ku (B) ngakwesokudla ...

Ukuqhathanisa okumaphakathiN = 30) umehluko ohlukile ekuphenduleni kobuchopho kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli nokudla vs umbukiso wethelevishini

Izimpendulo eziyinhloko ze-neural kwezentengiso zokudla uma ziqhathaniswa nombukiso wethelevishini

Abahlanganyeli babonise ukusebenza okuningana ku-cuneus yesobunxele (r > 0.9), i-posterior cerebellar lobe yomabili (r kwesobunxele> 0.9 futhi r kwesokudla> 0.9), kwesokudla sangaphakathi se-cerebellar lobe (culmen) (r > 0.9), gyrus yolimi lwesokudla (r > 0.9), i-MOG yamazwe amabili (r kwesokudla> 0.9 kanye r kwesobunxele = 0.74), i-gingus gingus engakwesokunxeler = 0.85), i-cortex eyi-ventromedial engaphambili yangaphambili (vmPFC; r = 0.72; Umfanekiso we-1B), ushiye i-cortex ye-anterior (ACC; r = 0.71) kanye ne-right ventromedialPFC / medical OFC (vmPFC / medial OFC; r = 0.68).

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezimpendulo eziphambili ze-neural kanye nezilinganiso zokuzibika zezentengiso

Ngoba ababambiqhaza bakhumbula ukuthengiswa okuningi kokudla ngaphezu kwezentengiso okungezona ezokudla, babike ukujwayelana okukhulu ngokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli futhi ezibikiwe futhi zithande ukuthandwa kakhulu kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli ngokudla, sahlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwalezi zinto eziguqukayo nezimpendulo eziphambili ze-neural. Sikhiphe ukulinganisa kokusebenza okuyinhloko kweparitha ngalinye ngalinye futhi sabala ama-coefficients we-Pearson ku-SPSS (SPSS yeWindows, inguqulo 19.0, IBM-SPSS, eChicago, IL, e-USA). Ukwenza kusebenze kwengevu yangemuva yangemuva yangemuva kwesokunxele ngemuva kokuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla kwahlanganiswa kahle nezilinganiso zokujwayelana zezentengiso zokudla (r = 0.46, P = 0.03). Ukwenza kusebenze ku-cortex ye-midcingrate ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso okungezona zokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa kokudla kuhlangene ngokungafanele nokulinganisa kokuthanda kwezentengiso okungekhona ukudla (r = -0.49, P = 0.02). Kwakungekho ukuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kwezimpendulo eziphambili ze-neural nezinyathelo zokukhumbula.

Umehluko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli ngokudla phakathi kwabantu abakhuluphele, abakhuluphele nabazonda kakhulu

Abantu abakhuluphele bakhombise ukusebenza okukhulu ku-gyrus yesikhashana yesikhashana (MTG; r = 0.77) nokwenza kusebenze okuncane ku-cuneus kwesobunxele (r = −0.74; Umfanekiso we-2A) nesokunxele sokugcinar = 0.70) ngokuqhathaniswa nabantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile (Ithebula 4). Abantu abakhuluphele bakhombise ukusebenza okukhulu ku-cuneus yesobunxele (r = 0.73) kanye ne-postbear yangaphandler = 0.73) ngokuqhathaniswa nabantu abangazithembi (Ithebula 4).

I-Fig. 2

Abahlanganyeli abakhulu ngokweqile babonise ukusebenza okukhulu ku (A) ku-cuneus kwesobunxele (MNI: −12, −91, 13, Z = 4.06, k = 47) ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli ngokudla uma kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza abanamafutha. Ababambe iqhaza be-Obese bakhombise okuncane ...

Ukwahluka kweqembu ekusebenzeni kobuchopho ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli nokudla vs umdlalo wethelevishini phakathi kokukhuluphala (n = 12), ngokweqile (n = 8) futhi unciphile (n = 10) abantu ngamunye

Umehluko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla vs umdlalo wethelevishini phakathi kwabantu abakhuluphele, abakhuluphele nabazondayo

Abantu abakhuluphele bakhombise ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-MTG (r = 0.74) kuqhathaniswa nabantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile nokusebenza okuncane kwi-vmPFC (r = 0.73), ACC (r = 0.60; Umfanekiso we-2B) ne-precuneus (r = 0.70) ngokuqhathaniswa nabantu abangazithembi.

UKUKHULUMA

Kulolu cwaningo, intsha ivame ukukhombisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ezifundeni ezifakwe ekusebenzeni kokubonakalayo (isib. I-MOG), ukunakwa (isib. Ama-parietal lobes), ukucubungula kokuqondisisa (isib. I-ITG kanye ne-posterior cerebellar lobe), ukunyakaza (isib. gyrus) kanye nomvuzo (ie i-OFC ne-ACC) ngesikhathi sokuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla nombukiso wethelevishini. Le ndlela yemiphumela ihambisana nokukhunjulwa okukhulu kwababambe iqhaza kwezentengiso zokudla uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla.

Ukubukwa kwezentengiso zokudla vs ezentengiso ezingadli nokudla kanye nombukiso wethelevishini kwakuhlobene nokwenza kusebenze kakhulu kwi-occipital gyrus. Lokhu kuthola kudlulisa ubufakazi bangaphambilini obukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza ku-occipital gyrus kukhulu ngesikhathi kuvezwa kwezithombe zokudla ezihlobene nezithombe ezingezona zokudla (I-Schur et al., 2009). Frank et al. (2010) futhi ngithole ukuthi i-occipital gyrus ikhombisa ukusebenza okukhulu kunezifunda ezihlobene nemivuzo (isb. ye-OFC ne-insula) ngokuphendula izithombe eziphezulu zekhalori (ngokuqhathaniswa nezithombe okungezona zokudla ezazifaniswa nezimpawu zomzimba). Ngokufanayo, i-occipital gyrus futhi yayiyindawo esebenza kakhulu yobuchopho ngesikhathi sokuchazwa kwama-logo wokudla (okuhlobene nokulawula izithombe) ezinganeni (Bruce et al., I-2012a). I-lingual gyrus kanye ne-precuneus nazo bezisebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokunye okushukumisayo, futhi lezi zifunda (ngaphezu kwe-occipital lobe) kucatshangelwa ukuthi zihlobene nokuhlonza usayizi wezimpawu zokudla (I-Tang et al., 2012). I-lingual gyrus kutholakale ukuthi isebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla okuhlobene nama-logo okungewona okudla (Bruce et al., I-2012a). Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza kulolu cwaningo kungenzeka ukuthi bathole ukuthengiswa kokudla okulula kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bahanjelwe ngokubukeka kakhulu ezentengiselwano zokudla ezihlobene nolunye uhlangothi lweparadigm. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukubukwa kwethelevishini okuhlobene nokudla nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla kwakuhlobene nokusebenziseka okukhulu ezifundeni ze-neural ezihlobene nokuqhutshwa kolimi nolimi (isib. I-gritus yesikhashana ne-gyrus ephakathi yangaphambili) (Binder et al., 1997; Buchsbaum et al., 2001), okungakhombisa isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe sezingxoxo ezenzeka ezingxenyeni zethelevishini.

I-IPL ne-SPL, ahlobene nokulamula izinqubo zokunaka (I-Pessoa et al., 2002), babekhuthele kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla. Ukwenza kusebenze okukhulu kwi-SPL kuhlobene nokuqondiswa kokuqala kokukhonjwa kokudla (I-Yokum et al., 2012), kanye nokugeleza kwegazi kwenhliziyo okukhulu kwe-parietal lobe ngesikhathi sokuchayeka ezithombeni zokudla kuhlobene nemizwa yendlala kwabesifazane abakhuluphele (Karhunen et al., 1997). I-ITG futhi ibisebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla futhi ixhumeke kunqubo ehlukahlukene yokuqonda, kufaka phakathi inkumbulo ye-semantic, ulimi, ukubona okubukwayo nokuhlanganiswa kwemizwa (Ojemann et al., 2001; I-Noppeney ne-Intengo, i-2002; Intengo, i-2002). Kokubili i-parietal lobe ne-gritus yesikhashana kutholakale ukuthi isebenza kakhulu ezinganeni ezinempilo ngenkathi kuvezwa ilogo yokudla (Bruce et al., I-2012a). I-cerebellar lobe nayo ibisebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla kanye nomdlalo wethelevishini, okuhambisana nokucwaninga kwangaphambilini okuthole ukwenziwa kwe-cerebellar enkulu ekuphenduleni isisusa sokudla (Killgore et al., 2003). Ngenkathi i-lobe yangaphandle ye-cerebellar ihlotshaniswa nezimpendulo zemoto, i-postbe yangaphandle ye-cerebellar ixhumene nezinqubo zokuqonda nokunaka (Stoodley et al., 2012) nokwenza kusebenze kulesi sifunda kungakhombisa isimo se-hyper-Attedive state (u-anderson et al., 2005). Ngakho-ke, lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ababambiqhaza babambe iqhaza kakhulu kwezentengiso zokudla (okuhlobene nezentengiso okungezona ezokudla) futhi ukucubungula okukhulu kokuqonda okuhlobene nalezi zentengiso kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzekile. Lokhu kuyahambisana nokukhunjulwa okukhulu kwabahlanganyeli kokudla kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kokuvuselelwa kokudla okungemuva kokudla okuyi-cerebe kanye nokujwayelana kokuthengisa.

Isifunda saseSomatosensory, motor kanye nokuphathelene nomvuzo sasebenza kakhulu ngenkathi yezentengiso zokudla okuhlobene nezinye izinkolelo. I-postcentral gyrus ibalulekile embonweni wokunambitha, futhi ukubonakaliswa kokudla okuhambisana nokudla kuhlobene nokwenza kusebenze kulesi sifunda (Killgore et al., 2003; Frank et al., 2010). Ukusebenza okungeziwe kwizifunda ezihlobene nemoto (ie anterior cerebellum, gyrus precentral) (Stoodley et al., 2012) ngokuphendula izinhlobo zokudla ezifuywayo zalowo odla umunyu kuhunyushwe njengokubonisa ukuhlela ukuthola ukudla kudla (I-Geliebter et al., 2006). I-ACC yisifunda esihambisana nokwenza izinqumo ezihlobene nomvuzo, ugqozi nokunakwa (Bush et al., 2002; I-Tang et al., 2012; UTotah et al., 2013). Ukwenza kusebenze okukhulu kule ndawo kuhlobene nokuphakeme (vs isisusa sokudla okukhalori (Bruce et al., 2010) nempendulo ekhulayo ku-ACC yezithombe zokudla ezinekhalori ephezulu (isihlobo sokulawula izithombe) ibikezela ubunzima obukhulu bokulahlekelwa isisindo (UMdudu et al., 2012). Ukwenza kusebenze i-medC ye-medC kucatshangelwe ukubonisa ubukhulu besifiso (IKawabata neZeki, 2008) nokuhlola okwenziwe ngomvuzo (I-Berridge et al., 2010). Ukusebenza okwandisiwe ku-OFC medial kuhlobene nezilinganiso eziphakeme zobumnandi bokudla (I-Kringelbach, 2005) nendlala ephakeme (I-Siep et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2010), kanye nokuvezwa kwe-logo yokudla ezinganeni (Bruce et al., I-2012a). I-vmPFC nayo icatshangelwe ukuthi ikhokhisa inani (Umvundla et al., 2009), izinkombandlela ezihlobene nomvuzo (Miller et al., 2007) futhi isebenza ngaphezulu ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kokudla (okuhlobene nokukhuthaza ongathathi hlangothi) (Killgore et al., 2003). Ngakho-ke, kulolu cwaningo, ukuthengiswa kokudla okuhlobene nokunye okushukumisayo kungenzeka kubangele ukwanda kwenjabulo engaphansi futhi kwaqinisa ugqozi lokufuna imikhiqizo efakiwe.

Ngokuphikisana nomqondo wethu ophansi, ababambiqhaza abanomdlandla bakhombise ukwenziwa okuncane ngesikhathi sezentengiso zokudla okuhlobene nezentengiso okungezona zokudla ezifundeni ze-neural ezifakwe ekusebenzeni kokubonakalayo (ie i-cuneus) (Meyer et al., 2007) nokunakwa (ie.Stoodley et al., 2012). U-Obese ohlobene nababambiqhaza besisindo esijwayelekile futhi ubonise ukusebenza okuncane ezifundeni ezihlobene nomvuzo (ie i-vmPFC kanye ne-ACC) (Umvundla et al., 2009; I-Tang et al., 2012) nokutholwa kokuqina kwemisipha (ie. precuneus) (I-Tang et al., 2012). Yize ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza abakhuluphele bavame ukuphendula ezindabeni zokudla (I-Rothemund et al., 2007; Stoeckel et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2010; Stice et al., 2010), ucwaningo lwakamuva oluhlola impendulo ye-neural kuma-logo wokudla (okuhlobene nama-logo wokudla okungekho kokudla) ezinganeni zithole ukuthi isisindo esinempilo ngokuqhathaniswa nezingane ezikhuluphele ziveze ukwenziwa okukhulu ezifundeni eziningi (isib. i-frontal gyrus, i-precuneus, i-parietal lobe ne-insula) (Bruce et al., I-2012b). Ngakho-ke, izinto zokudla ezinomkhiqizo zingahluka ngohlobo lwamakhethini wokudla asetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini ngendlela eshintsha iphethini yokuphendula kwe-neural kwabahlanganyeli abanomdlandla nabanamafutha. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini futhi luthole ukuthi ukukhuluphala kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza besisindo esijwayelekile kubonise ukusebenza okukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zobuchopho ukuphendula izinkomba zokudla, kodwa ngaphambi kokudla kuphela (I-Dimitropoulos et al., 2012). Ngemuva kokudla, abahlanganyeli abakhuluphele babonise ukusebenza okukhulu ezindaweni ezingaphambi kwesisekelo ne-corticolimbic ezihlobene nababambiqhaza bomzimba abajwayelekile. I-hypo-activation yalabo ababambe iqhaza esimweni sangaphambi kokudla kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwamasu wokulawula ukunciphisa isifiso sokudla ngesikhathi sokuvezwa kwecue. U-Obese ohlobene nentsha eyeqile ngokweqile kulolu cwaningo ubonise ukusebenza okuningana kwe-MTG ngesikhathi sezentengiso zokudla okuhlobene nababambe iqhaza ngokweqile. I-MTG ihlobene nokuqaliswa kokulawulwa kwezimilo ezisetshenziselwa izinqumo ezifuna amandla ezenziwa ngobudlova (Whitney et al., 2011). Ngamanye amagama, ukulawulwa kwe-semantic kuhlotshaniswa nokugxila ekuphenduleni kwelitshe elilodwa (isib. Ukugwema umkhiqizo okhangisiwe), lapho izindlela zokuphendula eziningi zitholakala (isib. Ukuya kumkhiqizo okhangisiwe). Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ababambiqhaza abakhuluphele babesebenzisa amasu okulawula ukunciphisa impendulo yabo ngezikhathi zokuthengisa.

Ngokuthabisisayo, ababambiqhaza abakhuluphele ngokweqile bakhombise ukwanda kokusebenza ezifundeni ezihambisana nokunakwa / ukuqondisisa (ie.Stoodley et al., 2012) nokulungiswa kokubuka (ie. cuneus) (Meyer et al., 2007) okuhlobene nababambiqhaza abakhuluphele nabancane. Le ndlela yemiphumela iphakamisa ubudlelwane obungeyona ulayini phakathi kwesisindo somzimba nokuphendula kwe-neural ezikhangisweni zokudla. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nomqondo obeka engcupheni ukukhuluphala (okusho ukuthi ukukhuluphala ngokweqile) kungahle kuhlobane nokuphendula okuphezulu komvuzo ohlobene nokudla, kepha ukuthuthukiswa kokukhuluphala kungaholela ekunciphiseni kokusebenza komjikelezo womvuzo (U-Stice no-Burger, 2012). Ngokuhambisana nale ncazelo, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kwababambe iqhaza ngokweqile kubike ukunciphisa ukuthanda kwezentengiso kokudla.

Kubalulekile ukucubungula ukulinganiselwa kwalolu cwaningo. Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo lwenzelwe ukuthola ukuvezwa kwezentengiso kokudla kuzilungiselelo zomhlaba wangempela. Lo mgomo usiholele ekushumeni ikhefu lokuhweba esimweni sokubukwa kwethelevishini nokukhetha ukuvuselelwa kwezentengiso kususelwa kwimvamisa yokuthi intsha ivulelwe lezi zinhlobo zezentengiso. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zezentengiso kungenzeka ziyehluka ngezindlela ezinengqondo (isb. Ubukhulu bokusabela nokuphendula okungokomzwelo). Njengoba lezi zinto eziguqukayo zingahluka ngezindlela ezithile ngendlela ekhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthengisa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomkhiqizo, sikhetha ukungahambisani ukuthengisa ngalezi zimpawu. Ukukhunjulwa okukhulu kwezentengiso zokudla okuhlobene nokuthengisa okungekhona kokudla kusikisela ukuthi ukukhangiswa kokudla kungenzeka kube yimpumelelo kulolu cwaningo. Kuzobaluleka ocwaningweni lwesikhathi esizayo ukubona ukuthi izimfanelo ezahlukahlukene ngohlobo lwezohwebo zingathinta kanjani impendulo ye-neural, inkumbulo nokudla kokudla. Okwesibili, usayizi wesampula walolu cwaningo uluncane, ngakho-ke kungenzeka kube namandla alinganiselwe wokuthola eminye imiphumela phakathi kwamakilasi enesisindo, njengokwehlukana ngakunye kwembelezi noma ku-striatum. Lokhu kungenzeka kunikezwe uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwesishukumiso esisetshenziswe kule paradigm (isib. Ezentengiselwano). Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo luyisigaba esinqunyelwe, esinganikezi ulwazi mayelana nesikhathi sesikhathi sezinkinga ezihlobene nokudla kanye nephethini yokuqalwa kwe-neural ehambisana nokuthengisa kokudla. Kungabaluleka ikakhulukazi ukwenza izifundo ezinde ngalesi sihloko, njengoba isihlobo esingathembekile sabahlanganyeli abanothembayo kulolu cwaningo sikhombise ukwenziwa okukhulu kwe-ACC, cuneus ne-cerebellum. Impendulo enkulu ye-neural kulezi zindawo ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kwezithombe zokudla ezinamakhalori aphezulu (isihlobo sokulawula izithombe) ifakwa kubunzima bokulahlekelwa isisindo / ukulungiswa (UMdudu et al., 2012). Ngakho-ke, ukusabela okungatheni kwezentengiselwano zokudla kungahle kubikezele ukukhuluphala kwesisindo, ikakhulukazi kwintsha eyejwayelekile.

IMIBUZO

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, lolu cwaningo lunamandla amaningi nemiphumela. Lesi isifundo sokuqala, olwazini lwethu, ukuhlola ukuthi ubuchopho busabela kanjani kwezentengiso zokudla. Okuhlobene nokucwaninga okwedlule ezithombeni zokudla, izisusa kulolu cwaningo zenzelwe ukuvusa isifiso futhi ziveliswa ngokugqamile izinhlobo zomkhiqizo ezidumile (isib. McDonalds) ezingathonya nempendulo ye-neural (Bruce et al., I-2012a). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo lwenzelwe ukukhulisa imvelo ekhombisa ukuthi intsha ivame kangakanani ukutholakala ekukhangiseni (isib. Ezentengiselwano ezikhethiwe ngokususelwa ekuvezweni kweqembu nasekubukeni ngesikhathi sekhefu lokuhweba lwethelevishini). Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngokuqonda okuthile ukuthi imvelo yokukhangiswa kokudla ingabamba kanjani iqhaza kulolu bhubhane lokukhuluphala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi noma ngabe kunesisindo esingakanani, ababambiqhaza bakhumbula ukuthengiswa kokudla ngaphezu kokuthengisa okungekhona ukudla. Lokhu kuyahambisana nokwenza kusebenze okukhulu kuzizinda eziningi (isib. Ukunakwa, ukuqonda kanye nomvuzo) ekuphenduleni kwezentengiso zokudla ezihlobene nezinye izinkolelo. Futhi, okuhlobene nesihlobo sentsha yokukhuluphala kubonise impendulo enkulu yemvelo ekuthengisweni kokudla ezifundeni ezihlobene nobunzima obukhulu bokunciphisa umzimba / ukulungiswa. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nentsha engakhombisi izimpawu zokugula (isib. Isisindo esijwayelekile) ingaba nomthelela ezentengiso ngendlela engabumba ukuthambekela kokudla esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu okutholakele kungazisa izimpikiswano zenqubomgomo zamanje mayelana nokukhangiswa kokudla kubantwana.

IDATSI ELISEKELAYO

Idatha eyengeziwe ziyatholakala ku ISCAN inthanethi.

Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo

Akukho okushiwo.

Izinto ezengeziwe

Idatha eyengeziwe

Chofoza lapha ukuze ubuke.

Ukuvuma

Umsebenzi ochazwe kumbhalo wesandla awushicilelwe phambilini futhi awukabhekelelwa ukuthi ushicilelwe kwenye indawo. Ukulethwa kuvunyelwe yibo bonke ababhali. Lolu cwaningo lwalwesekwa yiRudd Foundation, iNational Institute of Health enikeza iDK080760 neRobert Wood Johnson Foundation.

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