Indlela ye-psychometric yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi nezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu ngokususelwa ekuqondeni kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo nge-inthanethi (2020)

Background

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwemidlalo eku-inthanethi, izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu (i-SNS) nezithombe zocansi ezikuyi-inthanethi (OP) kuyinkinga evelayo. Ngokuphikisana nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo nge-Intanethi (IGD) kufakiwe kuhlobo olusha lwe- Ibhukwana lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokukhathazeka kwengqondo (DSM-5) njengesimo sokuqhubeka nokutadisha. Ucwaningo olukhona lushintshe inqubo ye-IGD ekusebenziseni okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP ngokushintsha uhlu lwemibuzo oluqinisekisiwe lwe-IGD (I-Intanethi Yemibuzo Yezinto Zokungcebeleka Kwe-Intanethi: IGDQ) kanye nokuphenya izakhiwo ze-psychometric zezinguqulo ezilungisiwe, i-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ.

izindlela

Amasampula amabili aku-inthanethi (SNS: n = 700, 25.6 ± 8.4 iminyaka, 76.4% wesifazane; I-OP: n = 700, 32.9 ± 12.6 iminyaka, 76.7% wesilisa) uqedele i-SNSDQ / OPDQ, iBrief Symptom Inventory (BSI) kanye ne-Internet Addiction Test (sIAT) emfushane futhi wanikeza imininingwane ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-SNS / OP. Into ejwayelekile kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuthembeka, ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola nokuqinisekisa izinto kanye nokuhlangana ne-sIAT kubaliwe. Abasebenzisi abanezinkinga nabangeyona inkinga babeqhathaniswa.

Imiphumela

Ukuqina kwangaphakathi kwakungu-ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.89 (SNS) kanye no-ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.88 (OP). Isici sokuhlola sihlaziya kukhishwe into eyodwa kuwo womabili imibuzo. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuqinisekisa kuqinisekisile imiphumela. Izikolo ze-SNSDQ / OPDQ zihambelana kakhulu nezikolo ze-sIAT futhi ngokulingene nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa se-SNS / OP. Kubasebenzisi, i-3.4% (SNS) ne-7.1% (OP) zibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-cutoff yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga. Abasebenzisi abanenkinga babe nezikolo eziphakeme ze-sIAT, basebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza zokucindezeleka okude nokuhlangenwe nakho kwengqondo.

Isiphetho

Sekukonke, imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukuvumelana kwezimo ze-IGD kuyindlela ethembisayo yokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-SNS / OP okuyinkinga.

Ngo-2017, abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5 basebenzise i-Intanethi [1]. Izindlela eziningi zokuyisebenzisa, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu (i-SNS) nezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi (OP) zithandwa kakhulu. Zonke lezi zicelo zingaphansi kophenyo, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuyinkinga kubonakala kuhlobene nokuxineka kwengqondo nezinkinga zomsebenzi, ukusebenza kwezemfundo nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Ngokufakwa kwayo kwesithasiselo sohlelo lwesihlanu lwe Ibhukwana lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokukhathazeka kwengqondo (DSM-5), I-inthanethi yokudlala i-disorder (IGD) yaqashelwa njengokuphazamiseka okuvumela ukuqhubeka kophenyo [8]. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuchazeni imigomo efanelekile yaso. Izindlela eziyi-9 zincike kulokho okusetshenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugembula futhi kufanele zigcwaliswe ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule: (1) ukuzikhathaza kakhulu ngokudlala, (2) ukuhoxa lapho ungakwazi ukwenza umdlalo, (3) ukubekezelelana, (4) ukwehluleka ukumisa / ukunciphisa inani lemidlalo, (5) ukunikela eminye imisebenzi ngenhloso yokudlala, (6) ukuqhubeka nokudlala yize kunezinkinga, (7) ukukhohlisa abanye ngenani layo, (8) imidlalo yokubalekela isimo esidabukisayo kanye (9) ) ukubeka engcupheni ubudlelwane obalulekile, umsebenzi wakhe noma imfundo yakhe ngenxa yemidlalo.

Ngenkathi i-IGD ifakiwe kwi-DSM-5 njengesimo sokuqhubeka nokutadisha, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwama-SNS ne-OP kwakungekho. UPetry no-O'Brien (2013) [9] bathi kukhona ukuntuleka kobufakazi bokuqina nokungahambelani ocwaningweni oluphenya ngalezi zinkinga (SNS and OP). Noma kunjalo, kukhona impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokuba khona, ukwehlukaniswa kanye nokuxilongwa kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezicelo ezithile ze-Intanethi njenge-SNSs noma i-OP [10] futhi inani elandayo lezifundo libonisa ukuhambisana kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP [3, 5, 11, 12], hhayi okungenani ngenxa yokuhlangana kwabo namazinga akhuphukile wokuxineka kwengqondo. Lokhu kungahle kufake nezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufana nokuxineka, ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka, ukuntuleka kokunaka kanye ne-hyperactivity disorder noma i-obsessive-compive disorder [2, 11, 13,14,15].

Ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-SNS okuyinkinga nokusetshenziswa kwe-OP

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamathuluzi okuxilonga ahlukene wokuhlola ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP. Iningi lazo lisuselwa kunqubo yokuxilonga yokuluthwa kokuziphatha (i-SNS: isib. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale [16] | I-OP: isib.17]) noma i-Internet Addiction Test [18] (SNS: isib Imikhawulo eyengeziwe Yama-SNSs Scale [19] | I-OP: sIAT-sex [20]). Qaphela, ukuthi lokhu akukhona ukukhanyiselwa okuphelele kwawo wonke amathuluzi okuxilonga. Ukuthola ukubukelwa okuningiliziwe bheka u-Andreassen (2015) [2] ye-SNS ne-Wéry & Billieux (2017) [21] ye-OP. Akukho ukushoda kwamathuluzi aqinisekiswe kahle, kepha izinkinga ezilandelayo zisahleliwe: (i) imiqondo emiqondo eyehlukene yokusetshenziswa kwe-SNS nenkinga yokusetshenziswa kwe-OP nomphumela (ii) wokuthi azikho izindlela ezihlangene, ezimisiwe ezitholakalayo zokuhlola ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwalezi ezintathu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-inthanethi (Ukudlala, SNS, OP) ngendlela yokuqhathanisa.

Uhlobo olusanda kwenzeka lwemithi yokuphazamiseka okuthile kwe-Intanethi luyindlela ye-I-PACE [22]. Kususelwa kokutholakele okunamandla futhi kuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwangaphambilini kwe-theoretical kusuka kwamanye amamodeli emkhakheni wokuluthwa kokuziphatha, njenge-Syndrome Model [23] noma i-Compriers Model of Addiction [24]. Imodeli ye-I-PACE ifakazela ukuthi i-aetiology yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga iyafana kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene ze-Inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, kuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlonza umfaniswano kuzo zonke izinhlelo, ngaleyo ndlela kubekwa emgomeni wokuhlola futhi kuvumela ukuqhathaniswa kwamazinga abo okutheleleka. Njengoba i-American Psychiatric Association isivele ihlongoze imigomo efanelekile ye-IGD, izikisela yona uqobo ukuthi isebenzise lezi zindlela ekusebenzeni okuyinkinga kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi futhi kukhona nabaphenyi abaningana abavumelana nale ndlela [25,26,27]. Olunye ucwaningo selusebenzise le ndlela ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi we-psychometric ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga [26, 28, 29] Kodwa-ke, ngokwazi okuhle kakhulu kwabalobi, kukhona isifundo esisodwa kuphela esisebenzise le ndlela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS [27] futhi akukho okusetshenziselwa okuyinkinga kwe-OP.

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo lwamanje

Ngakho-ke inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola ukuthi ukuqondisisa kwe-Internet Gaming Disorder kungashintshwa kangakanani ukuze kusetshenziswe inkinga ye-SNS ne-OP. UPetry et al. (2014) [30] - ababengamalungu eqembu le-Substance Use Disorder Work elincoma ukufaka i-IGD ku-DSM-5 - lishicilele uhlu lwemibuzo (Internet Question Disorder Questionnaire: IGDQ) ukuhlola i-IGD. Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise uhlobo lwesiJalimane, oluqinisekiswe nguJeromin, Barke noRief (2016) [31] futhi sikuvumelanise ukuze kusetshenziswe inkinga ye-SNS ne-OP ngokubhala kabusha izinto (ngemininingwane bheka isigaba se “Measure”). Ukuze sihlole futhi sihlolisise ukuthi umqondo we-IGD unganikeza indawo yokuqala yokuhlola ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP, siphenye ngezimpawu ze-psychometric zezinguqulo ezimbili ezilungisiwe, i-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ.

Abahlanganyeli nenqubo

Imininingwane iqoqwe ngenhlolovo eku-inthanethi (Okthoba 2017 - Januwari 2018). Isixhumanisi esiya kuhlu lwemibuzo sithunyelwe kwizimo ezijwayelekile (isb. Reddit) nezinkundla eziqondene nohlelo lwe-Intanethi (isb amaqembu we-facebook), ama-SNS kanye nohlu lwamakheli. Ekuqaleni, abahlanganyeli bacacisile ukuthi ngabe basebenzise kakhulu i-SNS noma i-OP futhi baphinde badluliselwa kuhlu lwemibuzo oluhambisanayo (SNS / OP). Njengesikhuthazo, ababambiqhaza bangathola eyodwa yamavawusha wezipho ezinhlanu esitolo se-inthanethi (inani levawusha: € 20). Izindlela zokufaka zazi: imvume enolwazi, iminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-5. Izindlela zokukhishwa zazingasho ukuthi: asikho isipika sendabuko (isiJalimane), amaphesenti esikhathi esise-inthanethi esichithwa kusetshenziswa ama-SNS / OP ≤XNUMX%.

Isampula le-SNS

Ingqikithi yababambe iqhaza abangama-939 bagcwalisa izindlela zokufaka. Kulaba, ama-239 (25.45%) kwakumelwe afakwe ngaphandle: i-228 ngoba yayilahlekile imininingwane ye-SNSDQ, engu-7 ngoba yehlulekile ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebucayi (isib. IKlingon njengolimi lwayo lwendabuko) no-4 ngoba yayinesikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo ( Ama-2 SD ngaphansi kwesikhathi esishiwo). Ekugcineni, kwahlaziywa imininingwane evela kubahlanganyeli abangama-700 (Ithebula 1).

Isampula ye-OP

Ingqikithi yabahlanganyeli be-1858 bahlangabezana nenqubo yokufaka. Kulaba, u-669 (36.01%) obekumele afakelwe ngaphandle: I-630 ngoba yayilahlekile imininingwane ye-OPDQ, engama-25 ngoba bahlinzeka ngolwazi olungamanga, 9 ngenxa yesikhathi sokuphendula ngokungenangqondo kanye ne-5 ngenxa yamazwana abonisa ukuthi behlulekile qonda inhlolovo. Ukukhuphula ukuqhathanisa kwezibalo ezimbili (SNS / OP), izibalo zabahlanganyeli abangama-700 zathathwa kwabangu-1189 abasele. Ekugcineni, imininingwane yababambe iqhaza abangama-700 yahlaziywa (Ithebula 1).

Izindlela

Imininingwane yenhlalo yabantu

Imininingwane ephathelene nobulili, iminyaka, imfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nesimo sobudlelwano yaqoqwa.

Imininingwane ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okujwayelekile nokuthile

Ababambiqhaza babike ukuthi singakanani (amahora) abasichitha ku-inthanethi evikini elijwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlinzeke ngemininingwane ethize maqondana nokusebenzisa kwabo i-SNS noma i-OP, njengokuthi yiziphi amasayithi we-SNS / OP abawasebenzisa kakhulu nokuthi asebenzisa isikhathi esingakanani ama-SNS noma ama-OP (amahora / isonto).

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga

Ukuthambekela kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS noma i-OP kwahlolwa ngezinhlobo zaseJalimane ze-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ. Lama phepha-mibuzo ziinguqulo eziguquliwe ze-IGDQ. IGDQ iqukethe izinto eziyisishiyagalolunye, ezibonisa izindlela ezihambisanayo ze-DSM-5 ze-IGD. Inefomethi yokuphendula eyi-dichotomous equkethe u- 'cha' (0) no 'yebo' (1). Isikolo sitholakala ngokungeza izimpendulo (ibanga lesikolo: 0-9). Isikolo esingu-≥ 5 sachazwa njengomsiki wokuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-IGD [30]. Ngokuzivumelanisa kwayo ne-SNS ne-OP, izinto zangempela zaphinde zabhalwa kabusha ngokufaka esikhundleni sonke izinkomba kwimidlalo ye-inthanethi enezethenjwa ku-SNS noma i-OP. Isibonelo, 'Ngabe uzizwa ungaphumuli, ungacasuki, unomsindo, uthukuthele, ukhathazekile noma udabukile lapho uzama ukusika noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa i-SNS noma lapho ungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-SNS?' esikhundleni sokuthi 'Ngabe uzizwa ungaphumuli, ungaphatheki kahle, unomsindo, uthukuthele, ukhathazekile noma udabukile lapho uzama ukusika phansi noma ukuyeka imidlalo noma lapho ungakwazi ukudlala?'

Isivivinyo se-inthanethi esifushane sokulutha

I-SIAT inguqulo emfushane ye-Internet Addiction Test futhi iqukethe izitatimende eziyi-12 eziveza izimpawu zokusebenzisa i-Inthanethi okuyinkinga (isib. Uvame kangakanani ukuzithola usithi "imizuzu embalwa nje" lapho uku-inthanethi? ') [18]. Ocwaningweni lwethu, sisebenzise inguqulo yaseJalimane eqinisekisiwe futhi saphinde sazikhipha kabusha izinto ezisetshenziselwa i-SNS ne-OP (isb. 'Uzama kangaki ukunciphisa isikhathi osichitha ubuka izithombe ezingcolile ze-inthanethi bese wehluleka?') [32]. Ababambiqhaza kufanele balinganise imvamisa abathola ngayo uphawu ngalunye esontweni eledlule esikalini samaphoyinti amahlanu ukusuka ku-5 ('never') kuya ku-1 ('kaningi kakhulu'). Ebujamweni eliphumelelayo (amaphuzu ayi-5-12), amaphuzu aphezulu akhombisa ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga. Ukuqina kwangaphakathi kwesikali esiguquliwe esifundweni samanje bekukuhle (SNS: ω = 60 | OP: ω = 0.88).

Ukuqanjwa kwezimpawu zesikhashana

Uhlobo lwaseJalimane lwe-Brief Syndromeom Inventory (BSI) lwalusetshenziselwa ukuthola izimpawu ezifanele zomtholampilo zabahlanganyeli [33, 34]. I-BSI inezitatimende ezingama-53 eziveza izimpawu zokuxineka kwengqondo (isb. 'Ezinsukwini eziyi-7 ezidlule, ubekhathazeke kangakanani ngokuzwa uxinekile noma uklanyelwe?'). Izinto ziphendulwa kusikali samaphoyinti angu-5 okusuka ku-0 ('cha nhlobo') kuya ku-4 ('kakhulu'). Isamba sisonke siphakathi kuka-0 no-212, nezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibonisa izinga eliphakeme lokuxineka. Ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kumasampula akhona bekukuhle kakhulu, nge-ω = 0.96 (SNS) no-ω = 0.96 (OP).

ukuhlaziywa kolwazi

Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa ngeSpSS 24 (IBM SPSS Statistics), i-SPSS Amos, i-R version 3.5.1 [35] kanye ne-FAQOR yokuhlaziya okwenzelwe ukuhlola (i-EFA) [36]. Ngokuhlaziywa kwento ejwayelekile kuhlu ngalunye lwemibuzo, i-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ, ubunzima bezinto nokuhlobana kwento-inani kubalwa. Njengesilinganiso sokwethenjwa, i-omega eyanele noma i-omega ye-ordine (uma kwenzeka imininingwane ye-binominal) yabalwa. Lawa ma-coefficients anconywe njengenye indlela enembile kakhudlwana ku-alpha yeCronbach, ikakhulukazi uma ukucabanga kokufana kwe-tau kuphulwa [37,38,39,40]. Mayelana nokusebenza kweqiniso, siphenye izakhi zezinto ngokwenza ama-EFA kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-factor factor (CFA). Kulawa, isampula ngalinye (i-SNS ne-OP) lahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezithile zaba amasampula amabili (i-SNS1, SNS2 ne-OP1, OP2; isampula ngayinye: n = 350). Amasampula we-SNS1 ne-OP1 asetshenziselwe ama-EFA kanye ne-SNS2 ne-OP2 kuma-CFAs. Zonke ezinye izibalo zisuselwa kumasampula esewonke. Ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe izixhumi ezingaphansi ziyehluka yini kokuguquguqukayo kokhiye (ubudala, isilinganiso se-SNSDQ / OPDQ), kwenziwa izivivinyo ezizimele ze-t. Ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwedatha ye-EFA, kwahlolwa iKaiser – Meyer – Olkin test (KMO) kanye nokuhlolwa kukaBartlett okuyindilinga. Ngenxa yefomethi yokuphendula ebabazekayo ye-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ, ama-EFA alandela uJeromin et al. (2016) [31] futhi wasebenzisa ukuxhumeka kwe-tetrachoric njengokufaka kanye nezikwele ezingenasisekelo njengendlela yokulinganisa [41]. Inani lezinto ezizokhishwa linqunywe kusetshenziswa uVelicer's MAP test [42].

Kwenziwa i-CFA ku-SNS2 ne-OP2 ukuze kuvivinywe isisombululo senkinga. Amapharamitha wemodeli alinganiselwa kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa okunamandla okuphezulu. Ngenxa yokwephulwa kokujwayelekile kokucatshangwa ukuthi iBollen-Stine Bootstrapping isetshenzisiwe [43]. Ukuhlola ukulingana kwemodeli, inkomba yokuqhathanisa ukulinganisa (i-CFI), iphutha lesikwele sokusondela (i-RMSEA) ne-standardised okusho kwesikwele (SRMR) kwabalwa. Ngokusho kukaHu and Bentler (1999) [44], imibandela yokusika yokulingana kwemodeli eyamukelekayo yi-CFI ye-> 0.95, i-RMSEA phakathi kuka-0.06 no-0.08 kanye ne-SRMR ye- <0.08.

Ubudlelwano be-Bivariate phakathi kwezikolo ze-SNSDQ ne-OPDG nesikhathi esichithwe kusetshenziswa i-Intanethi ngokuvamile, isikhathi esisetshenzisiwe sisebenzisa isicelo esithandwayo (i-SNS / OP) kanye nezikolo ze-SIAT zahlolwa ngokufakwa kwePearson.

Ukunikeza inkomba yokuqala yokufaneleka kokuxilonga, siqhathanise abasebenzisi abanenkinga nabasebenzisi abangenankinga. Ngokufana ne-IGDQ, abasebenzisi abanamaphuzu we-≥ 5 amaphuzu bahlukaniswe njengabasebenzisi abayinkinga futhi bonke abanye abasebenzisi banjengeyona inkinga [30, 31]. Ukuhlolwa okuzimele kwe-t (esimeni sokuhluka okungalingani: Ukuhlolwa kukaWelch) kwabalwa ukuqhathanisa amaqembu maqondana nobudala, isikhathi esichithwe kusetshenziswa i-Intanethi, isikhathi esichithwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwabo abaluthandayo kanye nezikolo ze-SIAT ne-BSI. Ngenxa yobukhulu beqembu elingalingani, iHedges ' g kubikwa njengesilinganiso sobukhulu bomphumela [45]. Umphumela we g = 0.20 ithathwa njengencane, g = 0.50 njengokuphakathi naphakathi g = 0.80 kukhulu [45].

I-SNS, OP nokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi

SNS

Ababambiqhaza basebenzise i-Intanethi ngokwesilinganiso ngo-20.9 ± 14.8 h / isonto nama-SNS ama-9.4 ± 10 h / isonto (44% yesikhathi sonke esiku-inthanethi), ne-Facebook njenge-SNS ethandwa kakhulu (n = 355; 50.7%), kulandele i-Instagram (n = 196; 28%) kanye ne-YouTube (n = 74; 10.6%). Izilinganiso ze-SNSDQ ne-sIAT zazingamaphuzu we-1.2 ± 1.5 kanye ne-23.6 ± 7.3 amaphuzu. Sekukonke, ababambiqhaza be-24 (3.4%) babenamaphuzu we-SNSDQ wamaphuzu ayi-and5 futhi ngaleyo ndlela babeka ngaphezu kokunqunyelwa ukusetshenziswa okunenkinga (bona I-Fig. 1 ngemininingwane). I-BSI isamba senani eliphelele kubo bonke abahlanganyeli lalingu-9.8 ± 16.7.

Amaphesenti wababambiqhaza afeza amanani ahlukahlukene we-IGDQ eguquliwe (SNS ne-OP)

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

OP

Ababambiqhaza basebenzise i-Intanethi ngokwesilinganiso esingu-21.9 ± 15.6 h / isonto futhi baphuza i-OP ye-3.9 ± 6.1 h / isonto (18.9% yesikhathi sonke esiku-inthanethi). Uhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwe-OP kwakungamavidiyo (n = 351; 50.1%), kulandele izithombe (n = 275; 39.3%) nama-webcams (n = 71; 10.1%). Izinga le-OPDG ne-sIAT laliyi-1.5 ± 1.7 ne-22.3 ± 7.9. Bangu-50 ababambiqhaza (7.1%) abazuze amaphuzu e-OPDQ ngaphezulu kokunqunywa kwamaphoyinti ayi- (5 (bona i-Fig. 1 ngemininingwane). Amaphuzu we-BSI asho kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza ayengu-25.6 ± 27.6.

Ukuhlaziywa kwento nokuvumelana okungaphakathi

Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwento ivezwa Ethebula 2 futhi 3.

SNS

Ngenguqulo ye-SNS, into engu-7 yayinokuvumela okuphansi kakhulu (inani lezimpendulo zokuvuma (na) = 21), ngenkathi into engu-6 yayinokuphakeme kakhulu (NA = 247). Lokhu kuhumusha kube nzima entweni p_i = 0.03 (into 7) kanye p_i = 0.35 (into 6), ngobunzima obunzima kuzo zonke izinto ze- p_i = 0.13. Into elungisiwe- inani lokuhlangana lisuselwe ku- r_itc = 0.28 (into 3) kuye ku- r_itc = 0.39 (izinto 4, 5 no-6), ezinencazelo ye- r_itc = 0.36. Ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kwakungu- ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.89, futhi isikali besingeke sizuze ekususeni noma iyiphi into.

OP

Engqulweni ye-OP yemibuzo, into engu-9 (Ivo = 24) yayinezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuvumela, kanti into engu-7 yayinokuphakeme kakhulu (i-na = 286). Ubunzima bezinto ezishiwoyo babungu p_i = .17, into engu-9 iyiyona ehamba phambili (p_i = 0.03) nento 7 (p_i = 0.41) okunzima kakhulu. Into elungisiwe – ingqikithi yokuhlangana ibanga phakathi r_itc = 0.29 (into 7) kanye r_itc = 0.47 (into 5), ngento elungisiwe esho – ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwe- r_itc = 0.38. Ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kwakungu- ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.88. Ukususa izinto bekungeke kwandise ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi.

Isakhiwo sezinto

Ama-subsamples (SNS1 vs SNS2; OP1 vs. OP2) awazange ahlukane maqondana nobudala, ubulili, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SNS / OP, i-sIAT, i-SNSDQ / OPDQ ne-BSI izikolo (bona isithasiselo).

SNS

Ukuhlolwa kukaBartlett kwe-sphericity (Χ² = 407.4, df = 36, p <0.001) kanye nenqubo ye-KMO (0.74) ikhombise ukuthi imininingwane ilungele i-EFA. Ukuhlolwa kwe-MAP kaVelicer kuncome ukukhishwa kwento eyodwa. Lesi sici sichaze ama-52.74% wokuhluka okuphelele. Ukulayishwa kwesici bekuphakathi kuka-0.54 (into 3) no-0.78 (into 9) (Ithebula 2). I-CFA ene-SNS2 esetshenziswayo yabalwa ukuvivinya ikhambi le-one-factor. Ama-indices afanelekile kwakungu-CFI = 0.81, RMSEA = 0.092 [CI = 0.075-0.111] kanye ne-SRMR = 0.064 (kumdwebo wendlela, bona i-Fig. 2).

Umdwebo wendlela yokuhlaziya okuqinisekisayo kokusekelwa nge-SNS2 esetshenziswayo (n = 350). Wonke ama-coefficients endlela ahlelwe ngokulinganayo futhi abalulekile ngokwezibalo (p <0.001)

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

OP

Ukuhlolwa kukaBartlett kwe-sphericity (Χ² = 455.7, df = 36, p <0.001) kanye nenqubo ye-KMO (0.80) ikhombise ukuthi idatha ilungele i-EFA, kanti ukuhlolwa kwe-MAP kuphakamisa isisombululo sento eyodwa. Isici esikhishiwe sichaze ama-53.30% wokuhluka okuphelele. Izinto 3 no-7 zinokulayishwa kwezinto eziphansi kakhulu (0.52), kuyilapho into engu-9 ibinokuphakama okuphezulu (0.93) (Ithebula 3). Isixazululo sesici esisodwa sihlolwe nge-CFA (isampula: OP2). Ama-indices afanelekayo ayimodeli kwakuyi-CFI = 0.87, RMSEA = 0.080 [CI = 0.062-0.099] ne-SRMR = 0.057 (kumdwebo wendlela, bona i-Fig. 3).

Umdwebo wendlela yokuhlaziya okuqinisekisayo kokusisekelo nge-OP2 esetshenziswayo (n = 350). Wonke ama-coefficients endlela ahlelwe ngokulinganayo futhi abalulekile ngokwezibalo (p <0.001)

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

Ukuhlangana nge-SNS / OP / ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nezikolo ze-sIAT

SNS

Izikolo ze-SNSDQ zihlobaniswe nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-SNS (r = 0.32, k 0.01), isikhathi sokusebenzisa i-Intanethi masonto onke (r = 0.16, k 0.01) nezikolo ze-sIAT (r = 0.73, k 0.01).

OP

Izikolo ze-OPDQ zihlobaniswe nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-OP (r = 0.22, p <0.01) futhi buthakathaka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngeviki (r = 0.08, p <0.05). Ukulungiswa okuphezulu kutholakale ngezikolo ze-sIAT (r = 0.72, p <0.01).

Ukuqhathanisa kwabantu abane-SNS / OP abayinkinga nezinkinga zokusetshenziswa

SNS

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi abangenazinkinga, abasebenzisi be-SNS abayinkinga basebenzise i-SNS kakhulu futhi babe nezikolo eziphakeme ze-SIAT. Kubonakala sengathi banokuhlushwa okwengeziwe kwengqondo, kepha, yize bekungakanani ubukhulu bomehluko, lokhu bekungumkhuba nje (p = 0.13). Ngemininingwane bheka iThebula 4.

OP

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi abangenazinkinga, ababambiqhaza abakhonjwe njengabasebenzisi abayinkinga be-OP bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa kwi-Intanethi ngokubanzi nangesikhathi esiningi besebenzisa i-OP, babenezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-SIAT futhi babhekana nosizi ngokwengqondo (Ithebula 4).

Ocwaningweni lwamanje, siguqule inguqulo yaseJalimane ye-IGDQ ukusetshenziswa kwamaSNS ne-OP futhi sahlola izakhiwo ze-psychometric zezinguqulo ezilungisiwe ukuze kuphenywe ukuthi zingakanani izindlela ze-IGD ezilungele ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP.

Ukuhlaziywa kwento

Ukuvunyelwa okuphakathi kwezinto bekuphansi kuzo zombili izinhlu zemibuzo, okulindelekile futhi kufiselekayo ngoba uhlu lokuhlola luhlola izindlela zokusebenzisa okuyinkinga kusampula okungeyona eyomtholampilo. Okwe-SNS, into evunyelwe kakhulu, into engu-6, ikhathaza ukubekezela. Lokhu kubonakala kunengqondo, ngoba i-SNS ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlehlisa isikhathi [46, 47]. Into 7 (ukukhohlisa / ukumboza) ithole ukuvumelana okuphansi kakhulu, okubonakala kunengqondo futhi ukuthi abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-SNS nsuku zonke nangendlela eyamukelekayo emphakathini, okwenza ukuqamba amanga ngakho kungadingeki [12]. Kwi-OP, into engu-7 (ekhohlisa / ukumboza) ibinokuvumela okuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba ukwamukelwa kwezenhlalo kwe-OP kuphansi kakhulu noma ngabe kusetshenziswa ngokungazenzisiyo futhi abantu abaningi bangazizwa benamahloni ngakho [48]. Ukuvumela okuphansi kakhulu bekuyinto 9, ebonakala inengqondo, ngoba isho imiphumela ebuhlungu (ubungozi / ukulahleka kobudlelwano / amathuba). Izinto ezilungisiwe-izixhumanisi eziphelele zaziphakathi kuzo zombili imibuzo futhi ngaphezulu komkhawulo we r_itc = 0.30 [43]. Okuwukuphela kokwahlukahluka bekuyinto 3 ye-SNS nento 7 ye-OP. Into 3 isho ukubekezelelana, umbandela ojwayelekile wokuhlukumezeka kwezidakamizwa kepha ubonakala unzima ukuwusebenzisa kumongo weSNSs [49]. Into elungisiwe ephansi-ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwento 7 (OP) kubonakala kunengqondo, ngoba, njengoba kuxoxiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP ngokujwayelekile kungahle kuhlotshaniswe namahloni, ngakho-ke ukukhohlisa abanye ngokusetshenziswa komuntu akuhlukani kahle phakathi kwabasebenzisi abayinkinga nabangavikelekile.

Ukuthembeka

I-SNSDQ ne-OPDG bakhombise ukuqina okuhle kwangaphakathi (SNS: ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.89; I-OP: ω_ukugcotshwa = 0.88). Imiphumela ifana namanye ama-questionnaires alinganisa i-SNS enenkinga (isb. IBergen Social Media Scale: α = 0.88) noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP (isb.SIAT-sex: α = 0.88) [16, 20].

Ukusebenza

Ekuhambeni kwama-EFA, kukhishwe into eyodwa ku-SNS kanye nenguqulo ye-OP yemibuzo. Lokhu kuhambelana nomphumela we-IGDQ yasekuqaleni [31]. Into 3 yayinesici esiphansi kakhulu sokulayisha kuzo zombili izinhlobo, mhlawumbe ngoba inqubo yokubekezelela ayihambelani kahle nomongo we-SNS ne-OP. Ekugcineni, inqubomgomo yokubekezelela ivela kumlutha osuselwa kuzidakamizwa. Kulowo mongo, ukuqonda kwawo kuchazwe ngokucace kakhulu kunokuphathelene nenkinga yokusebenzisa i-OP, i-SNS noma, empeleni, imidlalo yokudlala online, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukhulunywa ngakho ngokuphikisayoPro: [30, 50] | ngokumelene: [51, 52]). Kuhlobo lwe-OP, into engu-7 (ekhohlisa / ukumboza) nayo ibilayishe into ephansi kunezinye izinto. Lokhu kukhombisa impikiswano engenhla mayelana nokuthi kungani le nto ingasebenziseki kangako umahluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi abanenkinga nabangeyona inkinga (37.4% yabangeyona inkinga futhi abangama-86% yabasebenzisi abayinkinga bayivumela). Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kokumboza okuthile akuhlotshaniswa ngokucacile nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwenkinga okulinganiswa yi-OPDG kodwa mhlawumbe nezimo zengqondo zenhlalo maqondana ne-OP bebonke.

Sekukonke, imiphumela yama-CFAs iphakamise ukuthi izixazululo zento eyodwa kuzo zombili izinhlu zemibuzo zinokungabaza futhi azimeleli kahle. Ngenkathi i-SRMR ilungile kuzo zombili izinhlobo, i-CFI ne-RMSEA zazingaphansi futhi ngokulandelana zazingaphezulu kokunqunyelwa. Njengakwi-EFA, Item 6 ye-SNS ne-Item 7 ye-OP yayinokulayisha okuphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlangana kwabo nesilinganiso esifanelekile kuphansi futhi, ngokufanelekile, ukuthi ukuhlangana kwabo nenkinga yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kuphansi. Yize lokhu kungadingi inkinga, kubalulekile ukuthi izifundo ezilandelayo zibheke ukuthi lezi zinto kufanele zibuyekezwe yini, zibe nesisindo ngendlela ehlukile noma zisuswe.

Womabili la maphepha emibuzo axhumene kakhulu nezinguqulo ezihambisanayo ze-sIAT, okubonisa ukusebenza kwe-converter okuhle. Uhlobo lwe-SNS lubonise ukuhlangana okuncane kuya kokuphakathi nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwe-inthanethi nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-SNS (ngeviki). Uhlobo lwe-OP lubonise nokuhlangana okuncane nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-OP (ngeviki). Ubungako bokuxhumeka kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga nesikhathi esichithwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza kuhlu lalabo ababikwa ngokuqhubekayo [53,54,55].

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-SNSDQ ne-OPDQ ukuthi iyi-diagnostic, siqale siqhathanise amazinga okuqhamuka nalawo atholakala kwezinye izifundo. Kwama-SNS, u-3.4% wababambe iqhaza weqe umkhawulo, futhi maqondana ne-OP, u-7.1% wahlangabezana nenqubo yokusebenzisa inkinga. Yize ukuqhathanisa amazinga okubhebhetheka kunzima ngenxa yobuningi bemishini yokuhlonza ehlukahlukene, amanani atholakala lapha afaniswa namanye ezincwadini ezikhona. Ocwaningweni lwabo lwesampuli emele izwe lonke yentsha yaseHungary, uBányai et al. (2017) [3] ithole isilinganiso sokwanda kwe-4.5% yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP, Giordano and Cashwell (2017) [55] kubikwe inani lokunyuka kwe-10.3% kusampula yabafundi basekolishi laseMelika noRoss nozakwabo (2012) [15] ithole isilinganiso esingu-7.6% kusampula yabantu abadala baseSweden.

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi akukho ukuxilongwa okungenziwa kusetshenziswa lezi zinsimbi. Okokuqala, i-DSM-5 noma i-ICD-11 ayiqukethe ukuxilongwa kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP noma i-SNS. Okwesibili, noma ngabe bekwenzile, kuzodingeka ingxoxo yezokwelapha ngongoti ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubukhona bokucindezeleka okubalulekile emtholampilo kanye nokukhubazeka okusebenzayo kanye nokungabikho kwanoma yiziphi izindlela zokukhishwa zecala ngalinye, okuyizidingo zokuxilongwa kwengqondo. Isahlulelo somtholampilo esizimele esinjalo asiqoqwanga ocwaningweni lwamanje, ngakho-ke asikwazi ukunquma ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwe-cutoff bangakuvumela yini ukuxilongwa. Kodwa-ke, singababheka njengabafanele ukwelashwa. Ukuqhubeka nokuphenya ubuqiniso bokuxilonga, siqhathanise abasebenzisi ngenhla nangaphansi kwe-cutoff sathola umehluko ophawulekile. Abasebenzisi abanezinkinga basebenzise isikhathi esiningi ku-inthanethi ngeviki (nge-OP kuphela) futhi basebenzise uhlelo abaluthandayo isikhathi eside. Yize isikhathi esandisiwe sokusetshenziswa singesona umbandela owanele wokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa okunenkinga, ucwaningo oluningi luthole - noma-ke buthaka - ukuhlangana phakathi kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga [53,54,55]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzisi abanenkinga babenezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-SIAT futhi babonakala behlangabezana nezinga eliphakeme lokuxineka kwengqondo (nge-OP kuphela). Sekukonke, le miphumela - ikakhulukazi umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwenqwaba yezimpawu ze-BSI esimweni sabasebenzisi abayinkinga be-OP - ingathathwa njengezinkomba zokuqala zokuqinisekisa kweqiniso lezinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi iphakamise ukuthi inqubo ye-IGD ingahle ilungele ukukhomba abantu abathile abanayo ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS noma i-OP [56].

Ukulinganiselwa

Ucwaningo kufanele lubhekwe ngokubheka ukulinganiselwa kwalo. Umkhawulo owodwa ukuthi abahlanganyeli abadala kuphela abahlolwa, yize ama-SNS ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa kaningi yintsha (3]. Okunye okukhawulelwe ukuthi akubona bonke ababambiqhaza abaphendule yonke imibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga (SNS, OP ne-IGD). Lokhu bekungavumela ukuthi kube nophenyo olunemininingwane eminingi lokugcwala phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezicelo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqoqwe idatha yokuzazisa ebiyelwe, ethambekele emiphumeleni emibi, njengokufiswa komphakathi noma indlela ejwayelekile yokuhluka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafakanga isahlulelo somtholampilo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi inhloso yezinhlu zokuzibika zokuzibika ukukhomba abasebenzisi abanenkinga, ezinye izifundo kufanele ziphenye ukuthi ziyasebenza yini namasampula abantu abagwetshwa ngabadokotela ukuze bakhombise ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga ngomqondo ofanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi azikho izindlela zokuxilongwa, noma inani lezinto noma yikuphi ukunqunywa okuvunyelwene. Asizimisele ukuphakamisa noma yiziphi izimpikiswano ukuthi ngabe lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zizoqinisekisa isimo "sokuphazamiseka". Sihlose ukukhuthaza ucwaningo ekuboneni ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SNS ne-OP ngokunikela ngethuluzi elivamile elingasiza ekuhlolweni kokuqhathanisa futhi siphakamise ukusebenzisa leli thuluzi njengesiqalo esivamile sokuphenya okunjalo, ukuchibiyela kwabo njengoba ucwaningo oluthe xaxa lubonisa lokhu .

Njengoba amanye amapharamitha we-psychometric wamaphepha emibuzo ahloliwe engenelisi, kubonakala sengathi inqubo ye-IGD ngeke idluliselwe ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwe-SNS / OP. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela yethu iyonke ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuyindawo yokuqala esethembisayo futhi sisekela amandla okusebenzisa izindlela eziguquliwe ze-IGD njengohlaka lokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-SNS / OP okuyinkinga. Lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla ocwaningweni oluphathelene nokulinganisa izici zezinkinga ze-SNS nokusetshenziswa kwe-OP futhi kungaba isinyathelo sokuqala ekubhekeni okulingene futhi kufake isandla ekuphenyweni kwalezi zinhlaka ezivelayo. Ucwaningo lwekusasa kufanele luqhubeke nokuphenya usizo lwezinqubo ze-DSM-5 ze-IGD kumongo wokusetshenziswa kwe-SNS / OP.

Imininingwane esetshenzisiwe kanye / noma ehlaziywe ngesikhathi sesifundo samanje iyatholakala kumbhali ohambelana ngesicelo esifanele.

I-BSI:

Okumfishane kwezimpawu zezimpawu

I-CFA:

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Factor yokuqinisekisa

I-CFI:

Index Yokuqhathanisa

IC:

Isikhashana sokuqiniseka

I-DSM-5:

Ibhukwana lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokukhathazeka kwengqondo

I-EFA:

Ukuhlaziya i-Factor Analys

I-IGD:

Isifo semidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD)

I-KMO:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

I-NAA:

Inani lezimpendulo zokuvuma

I-OP:

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi

I-OPDQ:

Uhlu lwemibuzo lwezinkinga zocansi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi

I-RMSEA:

Umsuka usho iphutha lesikwele lokusondela

I-SIAT:

Ukuhlolwa Kokuluthwa kwe-inthanethi okufushane

I-SNS:

Izindawo Zokuxhumana Zomphakathi

I-SNSDQ:

Uhlu Lwezinkinga Zokuphazamiseka Kwezinkundla Zokuxhumana

I-SRMR:

Izimpande ezimile zisho izinsalela zesikwele