Isimo esithintekayo sokuzikhukhumeza nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Neural ezifundweni ezinezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi (2016)

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IZIMPENDULO: Kulolu cwaningo, njengakwezinye, igama elithi "Ukuthinteka Kwezocansi Okucindezelayo" (CSB) mhlawumbe lisho ukuthi la madoda ayeyimilutha yezocansi. Ngisho lokhu ngoba izifundo ze-CSB zilinganiselwe cishe amahora angama-20 wokusetshenziswa kocansi ngeviki. Izilawuli zilinganiselwe imizuzu engama-29 ngesonto. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-3 yezihloko ze-20 CSB zahlushwa "yi-orgasmic-erection disorder," kanti azikho kulezi zifundo ezilawulayo ezibike izinkinga zocansi.

Okutholwa Okuyinhloko: Ama-correlates e-neural of conditioning advocacy kanye ne-neural connectivity aguquliwe eqenjini le-CSB.

Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ushintsho lokuqala - ukuvuselelwa kokuqina kwe-amygdala - kungahle kukhombise isimo esisetshenzisiwe ("izintambo" ezinkulu kunkomba zangaphambili ezingathathi hlangothi ezibikezela izithombe ezingcolile). Ushintsho lwesibili - lwehlise ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum ne-prefrontal cortex - kungaba uphawu lokungakwazi ukulawula imizwa. Abaphenyi bathi, “Lezi [zinguquko] zihambisana nezinye izifundo eziphenyisisa ama-neural correlates ezinkinga zokulutha umlutha kanye nokulahlekelwa ukulawula ukucindezeleka. ” Okutholakele kokuvuselelwa okukhulu kwe-amygdalar kuzinkomba (ukuzwela) futhi wehlisa uxhumano phakathi kwesikhungo somvuzo kanye ne-prefrontal cortex (ubuzenzisi) yizinguquko ezimbili zobuchopho obubonakalayo ekudakiseni izidakamizwa.

Tim Klucken, PhDizincwadi, Sina Wehrum-Osinsky, i-Dipl-Psych, J an Schweckendiek, PhD, Onno Kruse, MSc, Rudolf Stark, PhD

I-DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013

abstract

Isingeniso

Kuye kwaba nesithakazelo esikhulayo ekuqondeni kangcono i-etiology yokuziphatha ngokucindezela ngokocansi (CSB). Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukugqugquzela isimo sokuncintisana kungase kube indlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwe-CSB, kodwa akukho sitatimende kuze kube manje uphenye lezi zinqubo.

Aim

Ukuhlola umehluko weqembu emisebenzini ye-neural ehlobene nokusimama kokuncintisana nokuxhuma kuzihloko nge-CSB neqembu elilawulayo elinempilo.

izindlela

Amaqembu amabili (izihloko ze-20 ne-CSB nezilawuli ze-20) zivezwe ku-paradigm yesimo esithintekayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesithombe se-resonance sokumangalisayo, lapho ukuvuselela okungahambisani nhlobo (CS +) okubikezela khona ukucubungula ngokocansi nokubukwa kwesibindi (CS-) akuzange kwenzeke.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zomphumela

Izimpendulo zezinga legazi le-oksijeni kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-psychophysiologic.

Imiphumela

Njengomphumela oyinhloko, sithole ukwandiswa komsebenzi we-amygdala ngenkathi kusetshenziselwa ukucindezeleka kwesimo se-CS + vs CS- futhi kunciphise ukubambisana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum ne-prefrontal cortex ku-CSB neqembu lokulawula.

Isiphetho

Okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi ama-neural correlates wesimo sokukhushulwa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-neural kushintshwe kuziguli ezine-CSB. Ukwandiswa kwe-amygdala ukusebenza kungahle kubonise izinqubo zokulungiswa kwezimo ezihlelekile ezigulini ezine-CSB. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphawula kokunciphisa kwehla kunokuhunyushwa njengomaka wokuphumelela komthetho wokulawulwa kwemizwelo yokucindezeleka kuleli qembu.

Amazwi Key: U-Amygdala, Isimo, Emotion, Positive, Umvuzo, Ukuvusa ngocansi

Isingeniso

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo ze-intanethi kanye nokusakaza (isib., Nge-Smartphones) uye wanikeza izindlela ezintsha, ezisheshayo, nezingaziwa ukuze kufinyelele izinto ezicacile zobulili (SEM). Ukuvezwa kwe-SEM kuhambisane nezimpendulo ezithile ezizimele, ezizimele, zokuziphatha nezimpendulo.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Ukuhlaziya eBrithani ku-2013 kubonise ukuthi cishe i-10% yethrafikhi ye-Inthanethi ibe kumasayithi omdala adlulisele umgwaqo kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi omphakathi.8 Inhlolovo ye-intanethi ehlola ukuphenya isisusa sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ihlonze izici ezine-ubuhlobo, ukuphathwa kwemizwelo, ukusetshenziselwa ukujwayele, nokucabanga.9 Nakuba iningi labasebenzisi abesilisa abangenalo izinkinga nge-SEM yabo yokusetshenziswa, amadoda athile achaza ukuziphatha kwabo njengendlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi (CSB) ebonakala ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukulahleka kokulawula, nokuhluleka ukunciphisa noma ukuyeka ukuziphatha okunenkinga, okuholela ekubambeni okukhulu imiphumela yezomnotho, emzimbeni, noma engokomzwelo kumuntu noma kwabanye. Nakuba la madoda avame ukuchaza ngokuthi "ubulili noma abaphuzi bezocansi," kukhona imibono ephikisanayo mayelana nemvelo nokucabangela kwe-CSB. Abanye abaphenyi bahumushe lokhu kuziphatha njengesifo sokulawula ukucindezela,10 ukulawulwa kwemizwelo yesimo sengqondo, ukuphazamiseka okukhulu-kokucindezela,11 noma ukuziphatha komlutha wokuziphatha,12 kanti abanye baye bagwema izinhlangano ze-etiologic ngokusebenzisa leli gama ukungaxilwanga kwe-hypersexual disorder.13 Abanye abaphenyi baye baphikisana nesidingo sokuthola ukuhlolwa okuhlukile ngokujwayelekile.14, 15 Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-neurobiological ukuphenya nge-neural correlates ye-CSB kubalulekile ukuze uthole ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukugqugquzela isimo sokuncintisana kungase kube indlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokunye ukugula kwengqondo.16, 17 Emibhalweni yesimo esibucayi, isimo sokungathathi hlangothi (CS +) sibhanjiswe ngesisusa esithintekayo (UCS), kanti isisusa sesibili sokungathathi hlangothi (CS-) sibikezela ukungabikho kwe-UCS. Ngemuva kokulingwa okumbalwa, i-CS + yenza izimpendulo ezimisiwe (i-CRs) njengezimpendulo zokuziphatha zesikhumba ezinyukile (ama-SCRs), izinguquko ezilinganisweni zokukhetha, nokushintsha umsebenzi we-neural.16, 18, 19 Ngokuphathelene nama-neural correlates of conditioning appetitive, inethiwekhi iye yabonakala ukuthi ihlanganisa ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), i-insula, i-cingulate cortex yangaphakathi (ACC), kanye ne-occipital cortex.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Ngakho-ke, i-striral striatum ibandakanyeka esimweni sokukhathazeka ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile ekulindeni, ukucubungula umvuzo nokufunda.25, 26 Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-ventral striatum, indima ye-amygdala yokusimama kokuncintisana ayicacisi kahle. Nakuba eziningi zezilwane nezifundo zabantu ziye zafakazela ngokuphindaphindiwe i-amygdala njengesifunda esiyisisekelo sokwesaba isimo,27 ukubandakanyeka kwayo ekumweni kwesimo sokucindezela kuye kwaphenywa kuphela. Muva nje, izifundo zezilwane nezomuntu ziye zabonisa ukuthi i-amygdala ihilelekile ekuqhutshweni kwezinto ezithintekayo, isimo sokukhathazeka, nokucubungula kwe-CSB besebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene nezinklamo.28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Isibonelo, uGottfried et al29 ithole ukwandiswa kokuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala ku-CS + vs i-CS- ngesikhathi sokupholisa komuntu usebenzisa iphunga elimnandi njenge-UCS. Ukwenza kusebenze kwe-OFC, i-insula, i-ACC, kanye ne-occipital cortex kuvame ukutolikwa njengezinqubo zokuhlola kanye / noma zokujula kokujula kwesisusa.16

Kuze kube manje, izifundo ezimbili kuphela ezisebenza ngamagnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) eziphenye ama-neural correlates we-CSB futhi zathola ukusebenza okwandisiwe ku-amygdala ne-ventral striatum kanye nokuguqulwa kokuxhumeka kwe-neural ezifundweni ezine-CSB ngenkathi kwethulwa izindlela ezihlobene (zocansi).35, 36 Lezi zinhlaka zihambisana nolunye uphenyo oluphenya ama-neural correlates wezinkinga zokulutha umlutha kanye nokushoda kokulawula umfutho.37, 38 Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwe-meta-analytical kubonise ukuhlangana okuphawulekayo phakathi kokusebenza kwe-amygdala namandla okulangazelela.37 Esinye isifundo esasisetshenziselwa ukucubungula ukuxilongwa kwezinto ezitholakalayo kutholakale ukwandisa ubuciko obumhlophe bezingqalasizinda ezingxenyeni ze-prefrontal ezifundweni ze-CSB kanye nokulingana okungalungile phakathi kwe-CSB nokuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo ku-lobe yangaphambili.39

Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwezinqubo zokugulisa izifo, ukukhubazeka ekuvimbeleni ukuziphatha okuphambene nokubaluleka kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozweni kwezifo eziningi zempilo kanye nokuziphatha okungasebenzi.40, 41 Lezi zinkinga ezinokuvimbela zingachaza ukulahlekelwa kokulawulwa kwezihloko nge-CSB uma kubhekene nezinkulumo ezihlobene. Ngokuphathelene nama-neural correlates wokuziphatha okungaqondakali kanye nomthethonqubo wayo, i-ventral striatum ne-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) ibonakala ibalulekile abaphikisanayo: i-ventral striatum ithathwa njengokufanelekile ekuqaliseni ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo, kanti ukuhlukunyezwa kwayo kuqhutshwa yi-vmPFC ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuxhumana.42 Isibonelo, imiphumela yangaphambilini ixhumane ne-ventral ne-prefrontal ukuxhuma ekusebenziseni ukungahambi kahle nokuziphatha okungaqondakali.42, 43

Kodwa-ke, akukho cwaningo oluze kube manje luye lwahlola ama-neural correlates ezinqubo zokufunda ezidambisayo noma ukulahlekelwa kokulawulwa kwezihloko nge-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okunempilo. Ngokusekelwe ezincwadini okukhulunywe ngazo ekuqaleni, inhloso yokuqala yesifundo samanje kwakuwukuhlola izimpendulo ze-hemodynamic zezimo eziphazamisayo kulezi zihloko uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo elifananisiwe. Sithinta ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo ku-amygdala ne-ventral striatum ezifundweni ze-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Inhloso yesibili kwakuwukuhlola ukungafani kokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Ukubona i-neural substrate ye-conditioned appetitive conditioning kanye nokuxhumeka kulezi zihloko ngeke kube nomphumela wokuqonda ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwalokhu kuziphatha kodwa futhi namasu okulashwa, ngokuvamile okugxila ekuguqulweni kokuziphatha ngokuhlangenwe nakho okushintshiwe (isib. Ukuziphatha okunengqondo ukwelapha).44

izindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Amadoda angamashumi amabili ane-CSB kanye nezilawuli ezifanayo ezi-20 aqashwe ngokuzithumela ngemuva kokukhangisa nokudluliselwa komtholampilo wasendaweni wabangalashelwa ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo (Ithebula 1). Bonke ababambiqhaza babenombono ojwayelekile noma olungiswe kokujwayelekile futhi basayina imvume enolwazi. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngokuhambisana neSimemezelo saseHelsinki. Bonke ababambiqhaza bathola izingxoxo zomtholampilo ezihlelekile zokuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-Axis I kanye / noma kwe-Axis II. Ababambiqhaza ababekwa njenge-CSB kwakudingeka bagcwalise yonke imigomo yocansi olushintshwe nge-CSB13:

I-1. Okungenani izinyanga ze-6, ukucabanga okuphindaphindiwe nokucindezela okukhulu kocansi, ukugqugquzela, nokuziphatha ngokocansi kumele kuhlotshaniswe okungenani okulandelayo kwezingu-5 ezilandelayo:

a. Isikhathi esiningi kakhulu esidliwa yizifiso zocansi kanye nokuncenga nangokuhlela nokuhlanganyela ekuziphatheni ngokocansi

b. Ukuphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiwe kulezi zithombe zocansi, izikhalo, nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni isimo se-dysphoric mood states

c. Ukuphinda uhlanganyele ekucabangeni ngokobulili, izikhalo, nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni izenzakalo zokucindezeleka zokuphila

d. Imizamo ephindaphindiwe kodwa engaphumelelanga yokulawula noma ukunciphisa kakhulu lezi zithombe zocansi, izikhalo, nokuziphatha

e. Ukuphindaphindiwe ekuziphatheni ngokocansi ngenkathi kunganaki ingozi yokulimala ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo kwabanye kanye nabanye

I-2. Ukucindezeleka komuntu siqu noma ukukhubazeka emphakathini, emsebenzini noma kwezinye izindawo ezibalulekile zokusebenza ezihlotshaniswa nokuvama nokuqina kwalezi zithombe zocansi, izikhalazo nokuziphatha

I-3. Lezi zithombe zocansi, iziphakamiso, nokuziphatha akuzona ngenxa yemiphumela ye-physiologic ngqo yezinto ezingavamile, izimo zezokwelapha, noma iziqephu zomuntu

I-4. Ubudala okungenani iminyaka engu-18

Ithebula 1 Izilinganiso zeDemographic kanye nePsychometric yamaCSB namaqembu wokulawula*

Iqembu le-CSB

Iqembu lokulawula

Izibalo

Ubudala34.2 (8.6)34.9 (9.7)t = 0.23, P = .825
BDI-II12.3 (9.1)7.8 (9.9)t = 1.52, P = .136
Isikhathi esichitha ukubukela isikhathi SEM, iminithi / wk1,187 (806)29 (26)t = 5.53, P <.001

I-Axis I-disorder

 Isiqephu se-MD41
 Ukuphazamiseka okuphindaphindiwe kwe-MD4
 I-Social phobia1
 Inkinga yokulungiswa1
 I-phobia ethile11
 Isiyaluyalu se-Orgasmic-erection3
 Isifo seSomatoform1

I-Axis II disorder

 Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu beNarcissistic1

Imithi yokwelapha

 I-Amitriptyline1

I-BDI = I-Beck Depression Inventory II; I-CSB = ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi; MD = ukucindezeleka okukhulu; I-SEM = izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi.

*Idatha inikezwa njengencazelo (SD).

Inkambiso yokufaka isimo

Inqubo yokulungisa isimo yenziwa ngenkathi kwenziwa i-fMRI (bheka ngezansi ukuthola imininingwane). Kwasetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlukanisa isimo enezivivinyo ezingama-42 (21 nge-CS). Izikwele ezimbili ezinemibala (eyodwa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eyodwa ephuzi) zasebenza njenge-CS futhi zazilinganiswa njenge-CS + ne-CS- kuzo zonke izifundo. I-CS + yalandelwa yi-1 yezithombe ezingama-21 ezingcolile (i-100% yokuqinisa). Zonke izithombe ziveze imibhangqwana (njalo owesilisa oyedwa nowesifazane oyedwa) ekhombisa izigcawu zocansi ezicacile (isb., Ukwenza ucansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene) futhi zethulwe ngombala ngesisombululo samaphikseli angama-800 × 600. Izikhuthazi zacatshangelwa esikrinini ekugcineni kwesithwebuli (inkambu ebonakalayo = 18 °) kusetshenziswa iprojektha yeLCD. Izithombe zazibukwa ngesibuko esifakwe kwikhoyili yekhanda. Isikhathi se-CS kwakuyimizuzwana engu-8. Izithombe ezivusa inkanuko (i-UCS) zivele ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-CS + (100% yokuqinisa) imizuzwana engu-2.5 elandelwa yisikhawu sokuhlolwa kwamasekhondi ayi-12 kuye kwayi-14.5.

Zonke izilingo zinikezwe ngokuhleleka okungahleliwe: I-CS efanayo ayizange ifakwe ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili. I-CS emibili yanikezwa ngokulinganayo ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezingxenye zokuqala nezesibili zokuthola. Izivivinyo ezimbili zokuqala (isilingo esisodwa se-CS +, isilingo esisodwa se-CS) asikhishwe ekuhlaziyeni ngoba ukufunda kwakungakaze kwenzeke, okuholela ekuhlolweni kwe-20 ku-CS ngayinye.45

Izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe

Ngaphambi kocwaningo futhi ngemuva nje kwenqubo yokulungisa isimo, ababambiqhaza balinganise i-valence, ukuvuka, nokuvuka kocansi kwe-CS +, CS-, ne-UCS esikalini se-9-point Likert kanye nokulindela kwabo i-UCS esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti ayi-10. Okwezilinganiso ze-CS, ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kokuhluka (ANOVA) ku-2 (uhlobo lwe-CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (isikhathi: ngaphambi vs ngemuva kokutholwa) × 2 (iqembu: CSB vs control group) kulandelwe ukwakheka ngokuhlolwa kweposi ku-SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) ngesilinganiso ngasinye. Kwenziwe izivivinyo ezifanelekile zeposi hoc ukuhlaziya imiphumela ebalulekile ngokuqhubekayo. Ezithombeni ezithinta inkanuko, kwenziwa amasampula ama-t ama-test amabili ukuze kuhlaziywe umehluko weqembu.

Ukuzikhandla Kwesikhumba Ukulinganisa

I-SCRs isampuliwe ngokusebenzisa ama-electrode Ag-AgCl agcwele isotonic (NaCl 0.05 mol / L) i-electrolyte medium efakwa esandleni esingakwesokunxele esingakwesokunxele. I-SCR yachazwa njengesiphetho esisodwa se-phasic emva kokuqala kokuvuselela. Ngakho-ke, umehluko omkhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwesilinganiso esincane kanye nesilandelayo ngaphakathi kwe-1 kuya kumasekhondi angu-4 ngemuva kokuqala kwe-CS echazwe njengempendulo yokuqala yesikhashana (i-FIR), ukuthi ngaphakathi kwe-4 kuya kwe-8 imizuzwana njengempendulo yesibili yesikhashana (SIR), futhi lokho ngaphakathi I-9 kumasekhondi angu-12 njengempendulo yesithathu yesikhashana (TIR). Izimpendulo ngaphakathi kwamafasitela wokuhlaziywa zakhishwa kusetshenziswa i-Ledalab 3.4.4.46 Lezi zimpendulo ziyi-log (μS + 1) eguqulwe ukuze ilungele ukwephula ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile kwemininingwane. Izifundo ezinhlanu (ezintathu ezine-CSB nezilawuli ezimbili) azikhombisanga ama-SCR (azikho izimpendulo ezikhuphukile ku-UCS) futhi azifakwanga ekuhlaziyweni. Ama-SCRs ashiwo ahlaziywa yi-ANOVA ku-2 (CS type: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (group: CSB vs control group) design followed by post hoc tests using SPSS 22.

Ukufaniswa kwe-Magnetic Resonance

Umsebenzi we-Hemodynamic

Izithombe ezisebenzayo neze-anatomic zatholwa nge-1.5-Tesla umzimba wonke we-tomograph (i-Nokia Symphony ene-quantum gradient system; i-Siemens AG, i-Erlangen, i-Germany) enekhoyili yekhanda elijwayelekile. Ukutholwa kwesakhiwo kwakhiwa izithombe ze-sagittal ezinesisindo se-160 T1 (i-magnetization elungiselelwe ukutholwa kwe-gradient echo esheshayo; ubukhulu besigaxa se-1-mm; isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = imizuzwana engu-1.9; isikhathi se-echo = 4.16 ms; inkambu yokubuka = ​​250 × 250 mm). Ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungisa isimo, kutholwe izithombe ezingama-420 kusetshenziswa ukulandelana kwe-T2 * -weighted gradient echo-planar imaging sequence ngezingcezu ezingama-25 ezihlanganisa bonke ubuchopho (slice thickness = 5 mm; gap = 1 mm; eyehla ngocezu lwe-slice; isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = 2.5 seconds; isikhathi se-echo = 55 ms; i-flip angle = 90 °; inkambu yokubuka = ​​192 × 192 mm; usayizi we-matrix = 64 × 64). Amavolumu amabili okuqala alahlwa ngenxa yesimo esingaphelele sokwenza uzibuthe. Imininingwane yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK; 2008) yenziwa eMATLAB 7.5 (Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA, USA). Ngaphambi kwakho konke ukuhlaziywa, idatha yacutshungulwa ngaphambili, ebandakanya ukulungiswa kabusha, ukuvulwa (b-spline interpolation), ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sesilayidi, ukubhaliswa ngokubambisana kwemininingwane yokusebenza esithombeni somhlanganyeli ngamunye, kanye nokujwayela endaweni ejwayelekile yobuchopho beMontreal Neurological Institute. Ukwenza bushelelezi kwendawo kwenziwe ngesihlungi se-Gaussian esinobukhulu obuthathu obunobubanzi obugcwele obuyisigamu esiphezulu se-9 mm ukuvumela ukutholwa kwezibalo okulungisiwe.

Esikhathini sokuqala, okungafani okulandelayo kwahlaziywa kuzo zonke izihloko: CS +, CS-, UCS, non-UCS (echazwe njengewindi lesikhathi ngemuva kwe-CS- isethulo esifana nefasitela lesikhathi se-UCS isethulo ngemuva kwe-CS +47, 48, 49). Umsebenzi wenduku wakhethwa ku-regressor ngayinye. I-regressor ngayinye yayizimele kokunye, ayifakwanga ukwahluka okwabiwe (i-cosine angle <0.20), futhi yahlanganiswa nomsebenzi wokuphendula we-hemodynamic. Amapharamitha wokunyakaza ayisithupha wokuguqulwa komzimba okuqinile okutholwe yinkqubo yokuhlenga kabusha athulwe njengama-covariate kwimodeli. Uchungechunge lwesikhathi esuselwe ku-voxel luhlungwe ngesihlungi esiphakeme (isikhathi esiqhubekayo = amasekhondi ayi-128). Ukuqhathaniswa kwezintshisekelo (CS + vs CS-; CS- vs CS +; UCS vs non-UCS; non-UCS vs UCS) kuchazwe kusihloko ngasinye ngokuhlukile.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lesibili, ukuhlola okukodwa kokubili kanye nokubili kwesampula kwenziwa ukuphenya umphumela omkhulu womsebenzi (CS + vs CS-; UCS vs non-UCS) kanye nokwahlukana phakathi kwamaqembu. Ukulungiswa kwesitatimende sokuhlaziywa kwesifundazwe (interest-interest-interest) (ROI) kwenziwa ngezingqinamba kakhulu P = .05 (akulungisiwe), k = 5, nombundu wokubaluleka (P = .05; kulungiswe iphutha lomndeni, k = 5), kanye nokuhlaziywa okuphelele kobuchopho kwenziwa ngomkhawulo ku- P = .001 no k> ama-voxels ayi-10. Konke ukuhlaziywa kwahlanganiswa ne-SPM8.

Nakuba kungekho ukuhlukana kweqembu kumazinga we-UCS nokulinganisa kwe-BDI, senze ukuhlaziya okuqhubekayo kufaka phakathi izilinganiso ze-UCS nama-BDI njengama-covariates ukuze kulandelwe imiphumela engase ibe yinkimbinkimbi yokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-UCS nokunciphisa. Imiphumela yahlala ishicilelwe (akukho ukuhlukana okwehlukile kweqembu; ukuhlukana kweqembu okwabikwa kwaqhubeka kubalulekile). Ama-Anatomic masks wokuhlaziya i-ROI ye-amygdala (2,370 mm3), i-insula (i-10,908 mm3), i-cortix ye-occipital (i-39,366 mm3), ne-OFC (10,773 mm3) zithathwe kusukela ku I-Harvard-Oxford Cortical and Subcortical Structural Atlases (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases) (25% kungenzeka) enikezwa iHarvard Center ye-Morphometric Analysis kanye nesisindo se-ventral striatum (3,510 mm3) kusuka ku-database ye-Human Brain Project Repository ngokususelwa ku-database ye-BrainMap. I-atlas yaseHarvard-Oxford iyi-atlas enokwenzeka ngokususelwa ezithombeni ezinesisindo se-T1 zezifundo ezinempilo ezingama-37 (N = 16 abesifazane). Isifihla-buso se-vmPFC (11,124 mm3) wadalwa nge-MARINA50 futhi isetshenziselwa izifundo eziningi zangaphambilini.51, 52, 53, 54

I-Psychophysiologic Interaction Analysis

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Psychophysiologic (PPI),55 okuyinto ehlola ukuguqulwa kwesimo sokuxhumana phakathi kwesifunda sembewu kanye nezinye izindawo zobuchopho ngomsebenzi wokuhlola, okubizwa okuthiwa yi-CS + vs CS-), kwaqhutshwa. Izifunda zezitshalo, i-ventral striatum ne-amygdala, zachazwa ngokuhlaziywa okuhlukene ngokusekelwe kuma-ROI asetshenzisiwe (bheka ngenhla). Esinyathelweni sokuqala, sathola i-eigenvariate yokuqala esifundeni ngasinye sembewu njengoba isetshenziswe ku-SPM8. Khona-ke, igama lokuxhumana ladalwa ngokuphindaphinda i-eigenvariate ngokuguquguquka kwengqondo (CS + vs CS-) kwaleso sifundo ngasinye futhi siyigqugquzela ngomsebenzi wokuphendula we-haemodynamic. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lokuqala kuqhutshwe ngendaba ngayinye kuhlanganise nesikhathi sokusebenzisana njenge-interest interest (PPI regressor) kanye ne-eigenvariate kanye nomsebenzi wokuphatha njengengcindezi yokucindezeleka.55 Ezingeni lesibili, sihlaziye umehluko weqembu ekuxhumekeni (i-PPI regressor) phakathi kweqembu le-CSB neqembu elilawulayo lisebenzisa izampula ezimbili zokuhlolwa nge-vmPFC njenge-ROI. Ukulungiswa kwezibalo kwakufana nokuhlaziywa kwangaphambilini kwe-fMRI.

Imiphumela

Izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe

I-ANOVA ibonise imiphumela ebalulekile kakhulu ye-CS uhlobo lwe-valence (F1, I-38 = 5.68; P <0.05), ukuvusa inkanuko (F1, I-38 = 7.56; P <.01), ukuvusa ucansi (F1, I-38 = 18.24; P <.001), nezilinganiso zokulindelwa kwe-UCS (F1, I-38 = 116.94; P <.001). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela ebalulekile yokuxhumana ye-CS × itholakale ngesikhathi se-valence (F1, I-38 = 9.60; P <.01), ukuvusa inkanuko (F1, I-38 = 27.04; P <.001), ukuvusa ucansi (F1, I-38 = 39.23; P <.001), nezilinganiso zokulindelwa kwe-UCS (F1, I-38 = 112.4; P <.001). Ukuhlolwa kwe-Post hoc kuqinisekisile isimo esiyimpumelelo (umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-CS + ne-CS-) emaqenjini amabili, okukhombisa ukuthi i-CS + ibalwe njengokuhle kakhulu, ukuvusa kakhulu, nokuvusa ucansi kakhulu kune-CS- ngemuva (P <.01 yakho konke ukuqhathanisa), kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kwesigaba sokutholwa, okukhombisa isimo esiyimpumelelo kula maqembu womabili (Umdwebo 1). Ukuhlaziywa okunye kubonise ukuthi la mahluko asekelwe ezikoleni ze-CS + ezengeziwe futhi zahlehla izikolo ezingu-CS ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (P <.05 kukho konke ukuqhathanisa). Akukho mehluko weqembu otholakele maqondana ne-valence (P = .92) nokuvusa (P = .32) izilinganiso ze-UCS (isenzo sobulili esibukwayo).

Isithombe esincane se-Figure 1. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umdwebo 1

Umphumela oyinhloko we-stimulus (CS + vs CS-) ezilinganisweni ezizimele ngokwahlukana kwamaqembu amabili. Amabha wephutha amelela amaphutha ajwayelekile wencazelo. CS- = isisusa esinemibandela -; CS + = isisusa esinemibandela +; I-CSB = indlela yokuziphatha ngocansi ephoqelelayo.

Buka isithombe esikhulu | Landa isilayidi se-PowerPoint

Izimpendulo Zokuziphatha Ngesikhumba

I-ANOVA ikhombise umphumela omkhulu we-CS uhlobo ku-FIR (F1, I-33 = 4.58; P <.05) ne-TIR (F1, I-33 = 9.70; P <.01) nomkhuba ku-SIR (F1, I-33 = 3.47; P = .072) kubonisa ama-SCR akhule ku-CS + naku-UCS, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CS-. Ayikho imiphumela emqoka yeqembu okwenzeka ku-FIR (P = .610), i-SIR (P = .698), noma i-TIR (P = .698). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho imiphumela ye-CS yohlobo x yokuxhumana kweqembu etholakele ku-FIR (P = .271) ne-TIR (P = .260) ngemuva kokulungiswa kokuqhathaniswa okuningi (i-FIR, i-SIR, ne-TIR).

Ukuhlola kwe-fMRI

Impumelelo Eyinhloko Yomsebenzi (CS + vs CS-)

Lapho uhlaziya umphumela oyinhloko wesimo (CS + vs CS-), imiphumela ephelele yobuchopho ikhombise izimpendulo ezikhuphukile ku-CS + ngakwesobunxele (x / y / z = -30 / -94 / -21; maximum z [zmax] = 5.16; kulungisiwe P [Pi-corr] <.001) nangakwesokudla (x / y / z = 27 / -88 / -1; zmax = 4.17; Pi-corr <.001) ama-cortices we-occipital. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROI kubonise ukukhushulwa okukhulayo ku-CS + uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CS- ku-ventral striatum ne-occipital cortex nezindlela ezise-insula nase-OFC (Ithebula 2), ekhombisa isimo sokuphumelela kwempendulo ye-hemodynamic kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.

Ithebula 2Localization and Statistics of Peak Voxels for Main Effect of Stimulus and Group Differences for the CS + vs CS- (region-of-interest analysis)*

Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu

Ukwakheka

side

k

x

y

z

Ubukhulu b

Iqondiswe P Inani

Umthelela omkhulu wokuvuselelaI-Ventral striatumL19-15-1-22.80.045
I-Occipital cortexL241-24-88-84.28<.001
I-Occipital cortexR23024-88-54.00.002
OFCR491241-22.70.081
I-InsulaL134-3617173.05.073
CSB vs iqembu lokulawulaU-AmygdalaR3915-10-143.29.012
Lawula ngeqembu le-CSB††

I-CSB = ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi; k = usayizi weqoqo; L = i-hemisphere engakwesokunxele; I-OFC = i-orbitofrontal cortex; R = i-hemisphere yangakwesokudla.

*Umbundu wawunjalo P <.05 (ilungiswe ngephutha lomndeni; ukulungiswa kwevolumu encane ngokuya nge-SPM8). Zonke izixhumanisi zinikezwa esikhaleni seMontreal Neurological Institute.

†Ayikho ukusebenza okuphawulekayo.

Ukungafani kweqembu (CS + vs CS-)

Ngokuphathelene nokuhlukana kweqembu, ukuhlolwa kokubili kwesampula akubonisi ukuhlukana kokuhlaziywa kobuchopho obuphelele kodwa kubonise ukuphakama kwempendulo ye-hemodynamic eqenjini le-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula ku-amygdala elungile (Pi-corr = .012) ye-CS + vs CS- (Ithebula 2 futhi Figure 2A), kanti iqembu lokulawula alizange libonise ukusebenza okukhulu ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu le-CSB (Pi-corr > .05 kukho konke ukuqhathanisa).

Isithombe esincane se-Figure 2. Ivula isithombe esikhulu

Umdwebo 2

Iphaneli A ibonisa izimpendulo ezengeziwe ze-hemodynamic ngezihloko ezinokuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko zokulawula ngokungafani CS + vs CS-. Iphaneli B ibonisa ukunciphisa izinqubo zokuxhumeka kwe-hemodynamic phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kanye ne-prefrontal cortex ezindabeni ezinezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko zokulawula. Ibha yombala ibonisa amanani we-t kuloluhluko.

Buka isithombe esikhulu | Landa isilayidi se-PowerPoint

UCS vs non-UCS

Ngokuphathelene ne-UCS vs okungewona u-UCS, ukungafani kweqembu kwahlolwa ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezimbili-isampuli. Akukho ukungafani phakathi kwamaqembu okwenzeka kulolu phaphamtjhana, okubonisa ukuthi umehluko kuma-CRs awasekelwe ekuhlukeni kokuphendula okungekho emthethweni.

Ukusebenzisana kwe-Psychophysiologic

Ngaphezu kwemiphumela yesimo sokuthakazelisa, sisebenzise iPPI ukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum, amygdala, ne-vmPFC. I-PPI ithola ukwakheka kobuchopho okuhambisana ne-ROI yembewu ngendlela ethembele emsebenzini. I-ventral striatum ne-amygdala zazisetshenziswa njengezifunda zembewu ngoba lezi zindawo zihlotshaniswa nomthethonqubo womzwelo nokulawulwa kokungafuneki. Imiphumela ephelele yobuchopho ikhombise ukwehla kokuhlangana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum njengesifunda sembewu kanye ne-prefrontal yangakwesobunxele (x / y / z = -24 / 47/28; z = 4.33; Pukungafihli <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.13; Pukungafihli <.0001), i-lateral yangakwesokudla, ne-prefrontal (x / y / z = 57 / -28 / 40; z = 4.33; Pukungafihli <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.18; Pukungafihli <.0001) kumaqembu e-CSB vs control. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROI kwe-vmPFC kukhombise ukwehla kokuxhuma phakathi kwe-ventral striatum ne-vmPFC ezifundweni ezine-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli (x / y / z = 15/41 / -17; z = 3.62; Pi-corr <.05; Ithebula 3 futhi Figure 2B). Awukho umehluko weqembu ku-amygdala-prefrontal coupling atholakala.

Ithebula 3 Ukwenza kwasendaweni kanye nezibalo zama-Peak Voxels we-Psychophysiologic Interaction (isifunda sembewu: i-ventral striatum) Yokwahluka Kweqembu (ukuhlaziywa kwesifunda-kwenzalo)*

Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu

Ukubambisana

side

k

x

y

z

Ubukhulu b

Iqondiswe P Inani

CSB vs iqembu lokulawula††
Lawula ngeqembu le-CSBvmPFCR1371541-173.62.029

I-CSB = ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi; k = usayizi weqoqo; R = i-hemisphere yangakwesokudla; vmPFC = i-ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

*Umbundu wawunjalo P <.05 (ilungiswe ngephutha lomndeni; ukulungiswa kwevolumu encane ngokuya nge-SPM8). Zonke izixhumanisi zinikezwa esikhaleni seMontreal Neurological Institute.

†Ayikho ukusebenza okuphawulekayo.

Ingxoxo

Imibono yangaphambili idlulisele ukuthi isimo sengqondo esithintekayo siyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kokuziphatha okuhambisana nokukhathazeka okuphathelene nokugula kwengqondo.16 Ngakho-ke, inhloso yocwaningo lwamanje kwakuwukuphenya ama-neural correlates esimweni sokukhathazeka ezifundweni ze-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula futhi kunqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini umehluko ekuxhumaneni kwe-ventral striatum ne-amygdala ne-vmPFC. Ngokuphathelene nomphumela oyinhloko wesimo sokukhushulwa, sithole ama-SCR engeziwe, izilinganiso ezithintekayo, nezimpendulo zezinga le-oxygen-dependent in the striral striatum, OFC, cortex cortex, kanye ne-insula ku-CS + vs CS-, ebonisa isimo sokuphumelela esiphumelelayo sonke kuzo zonke izifundo .

Ngokuphathelene nokuhlukana kweqembu, izihloko ze-CSB zibonise ukuphakama kwe-hemodynamic ye-CS + vs CS- ku-amygdala kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli. Lokhu okutholayo kuvumelana nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta yakamuva okubonise ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala kuvame ukukhulelwa kuziguli ezinezinkinga zokulutha umlutha uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli37 kanye nezinye izifo zengqondo, okuxoxwa ngazo ngokwezimo ze-CSB. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuhlaziywa kwemeta nakho kunikeze ubufakazi bokuthi i-amygdala ingadlala indima ebalulekile ekufuneni iziguli.37 Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amygdala iwuphawu olubalulekile lokuqiniswa kwesignali yokufunda.16 Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka kwe-amygdala reactivity kungahle kuhunyushwe njenge-correlate yenqubo yokuthola inqubo elula, eyenza ukuthi izinto ezingazange zithathwe hlangothi zibe yizici eziqinile (CS +) ukuze zivusa kalula indlela yokuziphatha ezindabeni ze-CSB. Ngokuvumelana nalombono, ukwanda kwe-amygdala reactivity kuye kwabikwa ukuthi kuyisici esilondolozayo kwezifo eziningi ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ezihlobene nezidakamizwa nezingezona izidakamizwa.56 Ngakho-ke, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi ukusebenza okwenyuka kwe-amygdala phakathi nesimo sokukhathazeka kungase kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcinweni kwe-CSB.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yamanje ivumela ukucatshangelwa ngemisebenzi ehlukene ye-amygdala ngokwesaba nasesimweni sokukhathazeka. Sicabanga ukuthi indima ehlukile ye-amygdala ngokwesimo sokwesaba kanye nesimo sokukhathazeka kungenzeka ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo kuma-CRs ahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuphakama kwe-startle ubukhulu benye ye-CRs evumelekile kakhulu ngesikhathi sesimo sokwesaba futhi kuxoxwa ngokuyinhloko yi-amygdala. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala kuyisimo esiqinile ekutholeni ukwesaba futhi izilonda ze-amygdala ziholele ekutheni zingasebenzi kahle kwe-startle amplitude esimweni sokwesaba.57 Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-startle amplitudes iyancipha phakathi nesimo sokukhathazeka, futhi amanye amazinga okuphendula njengezimpendulo zangasese (okungekho ngokuyinhloko ethonywe yi-amygdala) kubonakala sengathi ayimpawu ezifanele kakhulu zesimo socansi.58 Ngaphezu kwalokho, amygdala nuclei ehlukene cishe ahilelekile ekwesabeni nasekukhuleni isimo futhi ngaleyo ndlela angakwazi ukusebenzela izinhlelo ezihlukene zokucindezela nokwesaba isimo.16

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole ukunciphisa kokunciphisa phakathi kwe-ventral striatum ne-vmPFC kwizihloko nge-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kanye nezindawo ze-prefrontal kuye kwabikwa kumongo we-emotional downregulation, ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa, nokulawulwa kokungahambi kahle komzimba futhi kubonwe ekugembula okuvelele.43, 59, 60, 61 Ucwaningo oluthile luye lwaphakamisa ukuthi izinqubo zokuxhuma ezingasebenzi zingase zihlanganise ukukhubazeka kokuvinjelwa nokulawulwa kwezimoto.41, 43 Ngakho-ke, ukuncipha kokunciphisa kungabonisa izindlela zokulawula ezingasebenzi, ezihambisana kahle nemiphumela yangaphambilini ebonisa ukuguqulwa okuguqulelwe kuziguli ezinokukhubazeka ekulawuleni ukuvimbela.62

Sibone ukuhlukanisa okuphawulekayo phakathi kwe-CS + kanye ne-CS- ekulinganisweni okuzithobayo naku-SCR kula maqembu amabili, okubonisa isimo sokuphumelela, kodwa akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu kulezi zinhlelo ezimbili zokuphendula. Lokhu okutholayo kuvumelana nezinye izifundo ezibika izilinganiso ezizithobayo njengezimpawu ezinokwethenjelwa zemiphumela yokumiswa (okungukuthi, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-CS + no-CS-), kodwa hhayi ukuthola ukuhlukana kweqembu esimweni. Isibonelo, akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu okwakutholakala ngezilinganiso ezizithobayo nakwi-SCR ngenkathi kuqiniswa22, 23, 24 noma aversive48, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65 isimo sengqondo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene, kanti ukuhlukana kweqembu kwakubhekwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokuphendula ezifana ne-startle noma i-blood oxygen-dependent response.22, 23, 24, 63 Ngokuphawulekayo, izilinganiso ezizenzekelayo azibonakali nje ukuthi ziyimikhakha enganele yokwehlukana kweqembu kodwa futhi kubonakala sengathi ayinakuqhathaniswa nobuningi obubanzi bezinye izindlela zokuhlola, ezifana nokuqothulwa noma ukuphelelwa yisikhathi.66, 67 Sibheke iphethini elifanayo lemiphumela kuma-SCRs, ngokuhlukanisa okukhulu phakathi kwe-CS + ne-CS- kodwa akukho miphumela encike eqenjini. Lezi zithole zisekela umqondo wokuthi izilinganiso ezizithobayo kanye ne-SCR zingase zibhekwe njengezilinganiso ezizinzile zokubeka isimo, kanti ezinye izilinganiso zibonakala zingcono ekuboniseni umehluko. Enye incazelo ingaba ukuthi izilinganiso ezizithobayo kanye nama-SCR athola amanye amygdala-azimele (isib., Cortical noma ACC) izindawo zobuchopho ngokuphambene nezinhlelo zokuphendula ezifana nesimo sokuqala se-startle, esilandelwa ngokuyinhloko yizimpendulo ze-amygdala.68 Isibonelo, kuboniswe ukuthi ama-SCR afakwe, kodwa hhayi izimpendulo zokuqala, ezibonakalayo kuziguli ezinezilonda zamamggali.69 Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise izindlela ezisemqoka ezingabangela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zokuphendula ngokuningiliziwe futhi kufanele zibandakanye ukuphakama kwe-startle njengesilinganiso esibalulekile sokuhlola umehluko weqembu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuqhathanisa ama-neural correlates yezihloko nge-CSB neqembu lokulawula elibonisa amazinga aphezulu okuqothulwa kwe-SEM kodwa akukho ukuziphatha okungekho okusebenzayo. Le ndlela ingasiza ekutholeni ukuqonda kangcono imiphumela ejwayelekile yokukhula kwamazinga we-SEM ekubunjweni kwezinqubo ze-neural ze-SEM.

Ukulinganiselwa

Ezinye izilinganiso kufanele zicatshangelwe. Asizange sithole ukungezwani emgqeni we-ventral phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Enye incazelo yalokhu kungase kube ukuthi imiphumela ye-plailing ingavimbela ukungalingani kweqembu okungenzeka. Ucwaningo oluthile luye lwabika ukuthi izici zobulili zingashukumisa ukudluliswa kwe-dopaminergic ngaphezu kweminye imithi evuselelayo.1, 58, 70 Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-vmPFC ayiyona indawo echazwe kahle futhi ingaqukatha iziqephu ezingezansi ezihilelekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yomzwelo. Isibonelo, iqoqo le-vmPFC yokuqalisa kwezinye izifundo libuyele kakhulu futhi lize lenzeke kumphumela wethu.43 Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala okwamanje kungabonisa izinqubo ezimbalwa ngoba i-vmPFC ihilelekile emisebenzini eminingi efana nokuqapha noma ukucubungula umvuzo.

Isiphetho kanye nemiphumela

Ngokuvamile, ukugcizelela okwenziwe ukwanda komsebenzi we-amygdala kanye nokunciphisa okwenziwe nge-ventral-PFC yokuxhuma kuvumelana nokucatshangelwa mayelana ne-etiology nokuphathwa kwe-CSB. Izihloko ze-CSB zibonakala zijwayele ukuhlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacebo angathathi hlangothi kanye nesimo sezemvelo esingafanelekile. Ngakho-ke, lezi zihloko cishe zingase zihlangane nezici ezenza ukuziphatha okusondelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kuholela ku-CSB noma kungumphumela we-CSB kumele uphendulwe ngokucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zokulawulwa kwezimo ezikhubazekile, ezibonakaliswa ekunciphiseni kwe-ventral-prefrontal ye-ventral, zingaphinde zisekele ukugcinwa kokuziphatha okunenkinga. Ngokuphathelene nemiphumela yomtholampilo, sithole ukungezwani okukhulu kwezinqubo zokufunda nokunciphisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum ne-vmPFC. Izinqubo zokufunda ezithintekayo ezihambisana nesimiso somqondo ongasebenzi ngeke zenze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu mbono, ukutholakala kwamuva kuveze ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ventral-PFC eguquguqukayo kungakhuphula kakhulu amathuba okuphindaphinda.71 Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okugxile kumthethonqubo womzwelo nakho kungasebenza ku-CSB. Ubufakazi obusekela lo mbono buveze ukuthi ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo, okususelwa kulezi zindlela zokulawulwa kwemizwelo yokufunda, kuyindlela yokwelapha esebenzayo yezifo eziningi.72 Lokhu okutholakele kunomthelela ekuqondeni kangcono izindlela ezisemqoka ze-CSB futhi kuphakamisa izinkinga ezingase zibe khona ekwelapheni kwayo.

Isitatimende sokubhala

Isigaba 1

  • (A)

Ukuklama nokuklama

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Rudolf Stark
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Ukutholwa kwedatha

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek
  • (C)

Ukuhlaziywa nokuchazwa kwedatha

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Isigaba 2

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Ukuhlelwa kwe-Article

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark
  • (B)

Ukuyibuyekeza Ngokuqukethwe Kwengqondo

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Isigaba 3

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Ukuvunyelwa kokugcina kwesiGungu esiqediwe

  • UTim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Okubhekwayo

Okubhekwayo

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Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo: Abalobi babika akukho mpikiswano ezithakazelisayo.

Imali: Lolu cwaningo lwaxhaswa yi-German Research Foundation (STA 475 / 11-1)