I-Prefrontal eshintshiwe ne-Inferior Parietal Activity Ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-Stroop kuNobuntu abanezinkinga zokuxhunywa kwe-Hypersexual (2018)

Amazwana: Lolu cwaningo lubika ukusebenza okuphezulu kwabampofu nokusebenza okuncane kwe-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwengqondo (iStroop test). Konke lokhu kubonisa ukusebenza kwabampofu be-prefrontal cortex, okuwuphawu lokulutha, futhi kukhombisa ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa noma ukucindezela izifiso. 

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Ngaphambili. I-Psychiatry, i-25 Septemba 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00460

Ji-Woo Seok1 futhi Jin-Hun Sohn2*

  • 1UMnyango Wokuqondisa I-Psychology, i-Honam University, iGwangu, eNingizimu Korea
  • 2UMnyango Wezokwelapha, i-Brain Research Institute, iChungnam National University, iDaejeon, eNingizimu Korea

abstract

Ubufakazi bokuqoqa bubonisa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kokuziphatha okubi kocansi (PHB) nokunciphisa ukulawula okuphezulu. Ucwaningo lwemitholampilo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abane-PHB babonisa amazinga aphezulu okungafisi; Kodwa-ke, okuncane kakhulu kwaziwa mayelana nezinqubo ze-neural ezibangelwa ukulawulwa kokulawula okungafanelekile ku-PHB. Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise i-neural correlates yokulawula okuphezulu kubantu abane-PHB kanye nokulawula okunempilo esebenzisa imifanekiso esebenzayo yokuboniswa kwe-magnetic resonance (fMRI) ephathelene nomcimbi. Abantu abangamashumi amabili nantathu abane-PHB nabaphathi be-22 abanempilo babethole i-fMRI ngenkathi benza umsebenzi we-Stroop. Izilinganiso zesikhathi nempendulo yephutha zazilinganiswa njengezinkomba zokulawula zokuphatha eziphezulu. Abantu abane-PHB babonisa ukusebenza komsebenzi ongasebenzi kahle futhi kusebenze kancane ngaphansi kwe-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa okunempilo ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-Stroop. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpendulo ezisekelwe ezingeni le-oksijeni ezisezingeni kulezi zindawo zahlukunyezwa kabi nobunzima be-PHB. I-DLPFC kanye ne-inferior parietal cortex zihlotshaniswa nokulawulwa okuphezulu kokulawulwa kwengqondo nokubuka okubonwayo, ngokulandelana. Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi abantu abane-PHB banciphise ukulawula okuphezulu nokusebenza okungalungile ku-DLPFC efanele ne-cortex engaphansi, ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo se-neural ye-PHB.

Isingeniso

Ukuziphatha okuphathelene nezinkinga zocansi (PHB) kubhekisela ekuhlulekeni komuntu ukulawula ukucabanga okungalingani noma okudlulele kocansi, izikhalazo, noma ukuziphatha okubangela ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo noma ukukhubazeka kokusebenza kwansuku zonke (1-3). Abantu abane-PHB bangakwazi ukuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi noma ukuhlangabezana nokukhulelwa okungafuneki ebuhlotsheni bobulili obuyingozi (4, 5). I-PHB ivame ukuqala ekufikeni kwentsha noma esekhulile, kucatshangwa ukuthi iyinhlalakahle noma i-episodic, futhi ithinta kakhulu amadoda (4). Lesi sifo sinokuqhathaniswa kwesilinganiso se-3-6% phakathi kwabafundi bomphakathi nabakolishi e-US (6-8). E-Korea, cishe i-2% yabo bonke abafundi bekolishi bane-PHB (9).

I-neology kanye nenqubo yokuhlonza kahle ye-PHB iyaqhubeka iphikisana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-PHB ingacatshangwa njengokweqile ukuziphatha, ukucindezeleka kokulawula ukucindezeleka, noma esinye isifo sengqondo esiqhubekayo siqhubeka siyi-mpikiswano (10). Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-PHB ibhekwa kangcono njengeyodwa yalezi zinkinga, ikwabelana ngezici ezifanayo zengqondo (isib. Ukulangazelela, ukuhoxisa, nokulahleka kokulawula) nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okunzima ngokweqile, njengokungcakaza kokugembula kanye ne-inthanethi yokudlala ingozi (3, 11-14).

Ukuziphatha okuluthayo nokucindezela okubandakanya ukungahlelwa kwezokugembula kanye ne-intanethi yokudlala i-intanethi kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi kuhlobene nokulahlekelwa kokulawula. Ngokuqondile, ukulahlekelwa noma ukukhubazeka kokulawula okuphezulu kuyisici esibucayi sokuziphatha okunzima ngokweqile. Ngempela, izifundo zangaphambilini zithole ukuhlanganiswa okuphawulekayo phakathi kokubili (15, 16). Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngokugembula kwezemvelo lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abane-disorder benza kahle emsebenzini we-Stroop (16), ephakamisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwezokugembula kwezemvelo kungabangelwa ukulawulwa kokulawula okukhubazekile, okwenza kube nokukwazi ukuvimbela ulwazi olungenalo ulwazi phakathi nemisebenzi enjalo. Ngokufanayo, olunye ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi ngokuphathelene nokulawula abahlanganyeli, abantu abane-disorder yokudlala i-intanethi babonise ukulawulwa kokulawula okukhubazekile okuhlotshaniswa nokusebenziselwa kokusebenza kwangaphakathi okunciphile (15).

Ubufakazi obusukayo bubonisa nokuthi ukulawulwa kokulawula okuphezulu kwenzeka ku-PHB (17, 18). Ucwaningo olulodwa lokucubungula ubuchopho lubonise ukuthi abahlanganyeli abane-PHB babenenkinga yokulawulwa ngeso lengqondo emsebenzini wokuhamba / ongenawo futhi babonisa izinga eliphakeme lokungafani okushiwo esifundeni esiphezulu esiphezulu (17). Esifundweni somshayeli, Reid et al. (18) isetshenziselwa izimpendulo zemibuzo yokuhlonza ubuhlobo obuthile phakathi kokulawula okuphezulu kanye ne-PHB, ukubuka inhlangano phakathi kokulawulwa kokulawula okunciphile kanye ne-PHB; Nokho, imiphumela ephikisanayo itholwe esifundweni esilandelayo (19) esetshenzisiwe ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological ukuhlola ukulawula okuphezulu.

Njengoba imiphumela yomsebenzi ophezulu phakathi kwabantu abane-PHB ayihambisani, imisebenzi eyengeziwe kudingeka iqhutshwe ukuze inikezele okutholakele. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yethu kwakuwukuxazulula ukungafani okushiwo ngenhla phakathi kwezifundo zangaphambilini ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zengqondo kanye nokuhlolwa kwemvelo.

I-color-word test Stroop ekuqaleni yenzelwe ukuhlola ikhono lokulawula eliphezulu futhi lisetshenziselwa ukukhomba abantu abanomonakalo wengqondo oye wabathinta ukuphazamiseka kokulawula ukuphazamiseka (20). Emsebenzini we-Stroop, abahlanganyeli bafundiswa ukubiza umbala wefonti womchungechunge lwamagama ombala, futhi isikhathi sokuphendula nesiphambeko sisetshenziselwa izinyathelo zomphumela. Njengoba ukufundwa kwezwi kuyindlela evelele kakhulu kunombala obizwa ngezimo ezingathandeki (isb., I-RED ephrintiwe ngefonti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), abahlanganyeli babonisa izikhathi ezithathiwe zokuphendula kanye namanani aphezulu wephutha kunezimo ezinzima (isb., I-RED ephrintiwe ngo-inki ebomvu). Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-neuroimaging luye lwabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-Stroop uvuselela inethiwekhi ye-neural yokusakaza yezifunda zobuchopho kuhlanganise ne-prefrontal cortex, i-parietal lobe, izindawo zezimoto, ne-lobe yesikhashana (21-23).

Ukutholakala okunamandla kakhulu ukuthi i-prefrontal cortex idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-Stroop (24). Le ndawo ibandakanyeka emisebenzini ephezulu kanye nezinye izinhlawulo eziphezulu, okuyizinto eziyinhloko ze-neural correlates yokuziphatha okunzima ngokweqile (14). Abacwaningi abaningana baye babika ukuthi abantu abanenkinga yokuziphatha ngokweqile banokuphazamiseka okwenziwe ngeso lengqondo nokusebenza ku-prefrontal cortex. Lesi sifundazwe saziwa ukuthi sithinteka kumthethonqubo wokuphanga, ngakho-ke ukuphazamiseka kule ndawo kubangela ukuziphatha okunzima ngokweqile kanye ne-akhawunti yokukhushulwa kwentando yokuzikhethela (25).

Njengoba umsebenzi we-Stroop udinga ikhono lokulawula eliphezulu kanye nabantu abano-PHB beye banciphisa ukuziphatha ngokuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi, sasizibophezela ukuthi iqembu le-PHB lizobonisa ukusebenza okubi kakhulu kwe-Stroop komsebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Ngokucacile, lokhu kungezwani kungaba mkhulu esimweni esingathandeki. Siphinde sabikezela ukuthi kuzoba khona umehluko omkhulu ekusebenziseni ubuchopho obuhlobene nokulawulwa okuphezulu, njengokwama-prefrontal cortex.

Izimpahla nezindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Lolu cwaningo luvunyiwe yiBhodi yokuBukeza izikhungo zeChungnam National University (Inombolo yokugunyaza: 201309-SB-003-01; Daejeon, S. Korea), nabo bonke abahlanganyeli banikeza imvume ebhaliwe enolwazi ngaphambi kokubhalisa. Amadoda angamashumi amabili nantathu ane-PHB (iminyaka yobudala = 26.12, SD = 4.11) namadoda aphilile e-22 (iminyaka yobudala = 26.27, SD = 3.39) abambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwe-imagination (fMRI) yamagnetic resonance. Abanye babahlanganyeli bafunda kwenye isifundo, okungukuthi, ukuhlolwa kwesifiso socansi okwenziwa ebhokisatri yethu (26). I-Roivainen (27) ibuyekeze izifundo zakamuva zakamuva futhi zathola ukuhlukana kobulili ekucubunguleni izivinini nezici zokucabangela. Ngokuqondile, abesifazane banezinzuzo ekucubunguleni ukuhlolwa kwejubane okubandakanya ama-alphabet kanye nemisebenzi eqondile yokuqamba amagama ngenkathi amadoda esheshayo ngemisebenzi yokusabela isikhathi kanye nokushaya komunwe. Njengoba sinikezwe lokhu okungafani nokuhlukana ngokobulili, sakhetha ukufaka iqembu lesilisa kuphela esifundweni sethu.

Bonke ababambiqhaza babekhulume ngokufanele, izikhulumi zaseKorea zendabuko, futhi babengakaze bavele noma babonise ukulimala okukhulu kwegazi noma ukugula njengoba kuhlolwe nge-self-report questionnaire. Ngaphambi kokufakwa esifundweni, isazi sezifo zengqondo esaziwayo sasixoxisana nabo bonke abahlanganyeli ngokusebenzisa uhlelo oluhlongozwayo lwe-PHB lokuhlola olusetshenziswa ezikoleni zangaphambilini (2, 28) kanye ne-DSM-5 criteria (Supplementary Materials, Table S1). Abantu abane-PHB bahlangabezane nenqubo ehlongozwayo ye-PHB yokuhlonza futhi bekhululekile kunoma iyiphi enye i-axis I-disorder ngokusekelwe ku-DSM-5 (29). Bonke abahlanganyeli be-PHB abazange bahileleke kunoma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwesifo sabo.

Izilawuli ezingamashumi amabili nambili ezinempilo enemininingwane efana nalezi zifundo zaqashwa emphakathini ngezikhangiso kanye namaflaya.

Ukuvivinya Ngokwemilutha Yezocansi-R (SAST) (28) kanye ne-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) (30) zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubunzima be-PHB kumhlanganyeli ngamunye nokuhlonza noma yibuphi ubudlelwano phakathi kobukhali be-PHB nezimpendulo ze-neural emsebenzini wokuphazanyiswa kweStroop. Ukwethembeka kwe-SAST-R ne-HBI kubalwe phambilini njenge-Cronbach's α = 0.91 ne-0.96, ngokulandelana (28, 30). I-SAST-R iqukethe imibuzo ye-20 eyenzelwe ukuhlola ukuthambekela kobulili; amanani aphelele avela ku-0 kuya ku-20 amaphuzu, anezici eziphakeme ezibonisa ukulutha okunamandla okukhulu. I-HBI iqukethe imibuzo ye-19, namanani omkhawulo wamanani kusukela ku-19 kuya ku-95 amaphuzu. Reid et al. (30) uphakamise amaphuzu aphelele ≥53 njengenhlawulo yokuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual. Bonke abathintekayo be-PHB kulolu cwaningo bahola ngaphezulu kwe-Cutoff ye-HBI. Abantu abane-PHB babe nomphumela wesilinganiso esingu-SAST-R we-11.3 (SD = 3.3) kanye nesilinganiso se-HBI se-54.4 (SD = 7.3).

Izici zabantu abathintekayo kanye nolwazi lomsebenzi wezocansi lwezinyanga zangaphambilini ze-6 zinikezwa kuThebula 1. Iqembu le-PHB libonise iminyaka yobudala bokulala ngokobulili kanye nabalingani abaningi bezocansi, ubulili obuvamile, ukushaya indlwabu, nokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesonto uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Futhi, iqembu le-PHB likhombisa amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ku-SAST-R naku-HBI.

Ithebula 1

Ithebula 1. Izici zobuntu.

I-Task neParadigm yokuhlola

Isivivinyo se-Stroop sabizwa ngoJohn Ridley Stroop (31), obizwa ngokuthi incwadi yokuqala yesiNgisi yemiphumela ehlotshaniswa nesenzo esingahlosiwe. Isifundo samanje sasebenzisa inguqulo eguquliwe yomsebenzi we-Stroop owakhiwa nguPeterson et al. (32) ngesikhathi sokuskena kwe-fMRI. Ababambe iqhaza babephethe eyodwa yezinkinobho ezimbili, ngamunye enezinkinobho ezimbili zokuphendula, esandleni ngasinye. Sazama ukuqeda noma yimiphi imiphumela (isb., Umphumela wokunikezwa, ukusebenza kukaSimon) okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ukuqeda imiphumela, sinezwi le-24 elihlukile ngegama elilodwa elikhombisa indawo yenkinobho yombala ku-keypad. Isibonelo esisodwa ku-24 stimuli yi-Figure 1 njengoba umyalo webhokisi lombala wawuyi-Red, Yellow, Green, Blue. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ukuhlelwa kwenkinobho yemibala kwenzelwe ngokungahleliwe ngaphandle kwe-24 stimuli kusivivinyo ngasinye. Ngokuphinda lo msebenzi, sakwazi futhi ukuqoqa idatha eyengeziwe yokwandisa ukwethembeka kwemiphumela. Abahlanganyeli babenomkhankaso owodwa ngaphambi kweseshini lokuskena, futhi bonke babonisa ukuthi babe nokuqonda okucacile komsebenzi. I-Stimuli yanikezwa ngesibuko esiphezulu ngesikhathi sokuskena kwe-fMRI.

ISIGABA 1

Umfanekiso we-1. Izibonelo zezimiso ezinobungozi nezingavumelani emsebenzini we-Stroop.

Umsebenzi we-Stroop wahlukaniswa waba yizimo ezinzima futhi ezingenakuqhathaniswa. Esimweni esibucayi, igama elihle ngombala ofana nomzimba (isib. Igama elithi "RED" ngombala obomvu) likhonjisiwe esibukweni, futhi abahlanganyeli babethelwe ukuba bacindezele inkinobho yombala ohambelana ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Esikhathini esingavumelani nesimo, igama elinencazelo engenakulinganiswa nombala (isib. Igama elithi "RED" ngombala ophuzi) likhonjisiwe esikrinini, futhi abahlanganyeli bafundiswe ukuba bacindezele inkinobho yombala ehambelana nombala wegama ngenkathi inganaki incazelo yegama. I-stimulus yesikhangiso ivezwe phakathi kwesikrini sokubonisa. Izimpendulo ezine ezingenzeka (amagama ombala kumfonti omhlophe) athulwe ngenhla (enkundleni engenayo ebonakalayo) ukunciphisa izidingo zememori yenkomfa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.

Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo nesikhathi sesimo ngasinye kwaba kanje: (1) kuqala, imfundo exwayisa umhlanganyeli ekuqaleni kohlolo yenzelwe i-6; (I-2) yesibili, isikrini esimnyama esingenalutho sinikezwe isikhawu esingavamile se-400-1,000 ms njengesikhathi sokungena ngaphakathi; (I-3) yesithathu, ukuvuselelwa (ukuhlolwa kwesivivinyo noma ukuhlolwa okungekho emthethweni) kuhanjiswe ku-1,300 ms; futhi (4) ekugcineni, isikrini esingenalutho sinikezwe futhi nge-4,000 ms.

Umsebenzi we-Stroop wesifundo samanje wawuhlelwe njengengqungquthela ehambisana nomcimbi futhi ihlanganisa izimo ze-130 ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezimo ze-85 ezingathandeki ezinikezwe ngendlela ehleliwe. Lo msebenzi wawuphindwe kabili, futhi umsebenzi ngamunye wawuhlala ku-444. Izibonelo ze-Stroop stimuli kanye ne-fMRI paradigm kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.

Ukucabanga Ukuzuza

I-echo-planar imaging ye-oxygen-level dependant (EPI-BOLD) indlela yasetshenziselwa ukuthola izithombe zobuchopho. Imingcele yokuthola isithombe yile ndlela elandelayo: isikhathi sokuphindaphinda / isikhathi se-echo = 2,000 / 28 ms; inkambu yokubuka = ​​240 × 240 mm; Usayizi we-matrix = 64 × 64; ubukhulu besigaba = 5 mm, akukho gap; futhi flip angle = 80 °. Umthamo jikelele weseshini ngayinye yokuhlola kwakuyizithombe ze-222, futhi kufaka phakathi izithombe ezintathu ezizotholakala kuwo wonke ama-6. Izithombe ze-T1 ezilinganiselwe ziqoqwe njengezithombe zesakhiwo ezinemigomo yokuthola okulandelayo: isikhathi sokuphindaphinda / isikhathi se-echo = 280 / 14 ms; I-FOV = 240 × 240 mm, usayizi we-matrix = 256 × 256; ubukhulu besigaba = 4 mm; futhi flip angle = 60 °. Ibhanoyi le-imaging lalibekwe ngokufanayo nomzila wokuqala wokuthungela ukuhamba phambili.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuziphatha

Izikhathi zempendulo zempendulo kanye namaphesenti ezempendulo ezifanele zibalwa kubomunye nomunye. Ukuze kulungiswe ukusabalalisa kwedatha yesikhathi sokuphendula, sashintsha isikhathi sokuphendula sisebenzisa i-equation elandelayo: log (isikhathi se-1 / impendulo) (33). Isikhathi sempendulo yokuguqula isimo sasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kokubili kokuhluka (ANOVA) neqembu njenge-factor-subject factor (okungukuthi, abahlanganyeli abane-PHB ngokulawula ukulawula okunempilo) kanye nesimo njengento engaphakathi-izihloko (ie, congruent ukuphikisa okungahambi kahle).

Amaphesenti weempendulo ezifanele (ie, hit rates) phakathi kwemibandela eqenjini ngalinye naphakathi kwamaqembu kuleso simo ngasinye ahlaziywe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ngokusebenzisa uhlolo lwe-Wilcoxon sum sum noma ukuhlolwa kukaMan-Whitney U (p <0.05). Konke ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngeSPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Ukucubungula Ukuhlaziywa Kwemininingwane

I-Statistical Parametric Mapping version 8 (SPM 8, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK) isetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya idatha yezithombe zobuchopho. Imininingwane yokusebenza yanikezwa kabusha kuskena sokuqala seseshini ngayinye njengereferensi kusetshenziswa ukubhaliswa komzimba okuqinile okuyizilinganiso ezintathu ngenkululeko. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuskena okwabiwe kabusha kwabhalwa esithombeni somhlanganyeli ngamunye futhi kwaqondiswa kohlelo lokuxhumanisa lwe-MNI (Montreal Neurologic Institute). Ukwehlisa umsindo wendawo, idatha yenziwa bushelelezi kusetshenziswa i-8-mm isotropic Gaussian kernel.

Ngemuva kokuqedela phambili, i-matrix yokuklama yakhiwe ngesimo ngasinye kumhlanganyeli ngamunye. Uma ukwakhiwa kwe-matrix yokuklama, ama-degree wokuhamba kwekhanda / ukujikeleza ngesikhathi senxephezelo yokunyakaza kwekhanda wanezelwa njengendlela eguquguqukayo yokuguqula ukwandisa isilinganiso se-signal-to-noise. Khona-ke, ama-z-amamephu akhiqizwa ngokuvumelana nesimo sokugqugquzela (inhlanganisela futhi engavumelani) kumuntu ngamunye. Ukukhomba izindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezibonisa amaphethini ehlukene emisebenzi phakathi kwabantu abane-PHB nokulawulwa okunempilo, i-ANOVA yenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwesimo (inhlanganisela emelene nomuntu ongekho emthethweni) njengeqembu elingaphakathi nelinye iqembu (abantu abane-PHB vs. controls) ukuhlukahluka kweqembu [izinga lokutholakala kwamanga (FDR) -sungulwe, p <0.05].

Ngokwezinhlelo zangaphambilini zokuhlola nge-neuroimaging emisebenzini ye-Stroop kanye nezidakamizwa kanye nemiphumela ye-ANOVA, i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i-DLPFC) kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal ikhethiwe njengezifunda ezithakazelisayo (i-ROIs) (21-25).

Ukuze ukhiphe izinguquko zesignali zamaphesenti kusuka ku-ROI, uhlelo lwe-MarsBaR 0.42 (http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/marsbar) lisetshenziswe ebhokisini lamathuluzi le-SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/ext). I-ROIs yachazwa ngamagcekeni okugxila kwi-voxel ye-peak ehambisana nendawo ye-5 mm yazo zonke izindawo ezisebenziwe kwimiphumela yokuxhumana (i-FDR-iqondisiwe, p <0.05). Ukuqhathanisa la manani phakathi kwamaqembu nokulandelela t-ukuthi, ishintsho lesignali sephesenti sakhishwe kwisifundo ngasinye, futhi i-ANOVA emibili yenziwa nge-SPSS version 20. Ukuze kuhlolwe ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-PHB ukuqina nokuphendulela kwe-neural ekuphazamiseni kwe-Stroop, ukuhlaziywa kokulungiswa kwenziwa phakathi kwezinguquko zamaphesenti wamaphesenti avela kuma-ROI ngesikhathi sesimo esingenasisindo kanye nezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe (isib., Izikolo ze-SAST-R ne-HBI).

Imiphumela

Imiphumela Yokuziphatha

Indlela e-ANOVA emibili yembula umphumela omkhulu ophawulekayo wesimo [F(1, 43) = 171.43, p <0.001, Cohen's f = I-3.99], ebonisa ukuthi impendulo ngokuvamile yayihamba kancane esimweni esingathandeki uma kuqhathaniswa nalokhu esimweni esibucayi. Kubekho umphumela obalulekile wokusebenzisana phakathi kwesimo neqembu [F(1, 43) = 0.34] noma umphumela oyinhloko weqembu [F(1, 43) = 1.98, Umfanekiso 2].

ISIGABA 2

Umfanekiso we-2. Imiphumela yokuziphatha. (A) Isikhathi sokuphendula esiphakathi kum ms. (B) Ukunemba okushiwo impendulo njengephesenti. Iphutha lemishayo ibonisa iphutha elijwayelekile lesilinganiso.

Ukuhlolwa okungeyona i-parametric yokuhlolwa kwe-Wilcoxon kubonise ukungafani okuphawulekayo phakathi kwezimo ezinobungozi nezingavumelani kuzo zombili i-PHB (Z = -6.39, p <0.05) nokulawula (Z = 5.71, p <0.05), okukhombisa ukuthi bekuvame ukwenzeka okuphezulu kwezimpendulo zamaphutha esimweni esingalungile. Siphinde sakhomba umehluko ophawuleka ngokunemba kokusebenza phakathi kwamaqembu ngesimo esingavumelekile (Z = -2.12, p <0.05), ekhombisa ukuthi izilawuli ezinempilo zenze kangcono kuneqembu le-PHB; kodwa-ke, bekungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kweqembu ekuphenduleni ngokunemba kwesimo sokuhlangana (Z = -1.48, Umfanekiso 2). Le datha ibonisa ukuthi bobabili amaqembu aphendule ngokunembile izimo ezinzima, kuyilapho abathintekayo be-PHB bebengase baphendule ngokungalungile ezimweni ezidinga imiphumela engafaneleki engafanelekiyo.

Imiphumela yokucabanga

Imiphumela Eyinhloko Yesimo

Umphumela oyinhloko wemibandela (i-congruent vs. i-incongruent) ibonwe ku-putamen eqondile, i-gyrus yangaphakathi ephakathi, kanye ne-gyrus engezansi engezansi (p <0.05, ukulungiswa kwe-FDR; Ithebula 3). Lezi zifunda zenze ukuvuselelwa okukhulu ngaphansi kokungavumelani kunaphansi kwezimo ezinobuningi. Kodwa-ke, azikho izifunda zobuchopho ezasungulwa kakhulu yi-congruent kunesimo esingathandeki.

Imiphumela Eyinhloko Yeqembu

Umphumela oyinhloko weqembu (iqembu le-PHB vs. izilawuli; p <0.05, ukulungiswa kwe-FDR; Ithebula 2) kuhlonzwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamaparietal angaphansi komhlaba, i-gyrus engaphakathi ephakathi, kanye ne-gyrus engezansi ephansi. Iqembu lokulawula libonise ukukhushulwa okwenyuka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamaparietal angaphansi komhlaba kanye ne-middle gyri yangaphakathi nephansi engaphansi kweqembu le-PHB (p <0.05, ukulungiswa kwe-FDR; Ithebula 3). Azikho izifunda zobuchopho ezenziwe kusebenze kakhulu eqenjini le-PHB kunokulawulwa.

Ithebula 2

Ithebula 2. Amanani ama-hit hit kanye nezimpendulo zokuphendula emibandela yokuhlolwa kwe-Stroop.

Ithebula 3

Ithebula 3. Imiphumela yokucabanga: imiphumela emqoka yesimo neqembu (p <0.05, kulungiswe i-FDR).

Isimo × Imiphumela Yokuxhumana Yeqembu

Isimo esibalulekile × ukusebenzisana kweqembu (p <0.05, ukulungiswa kwe-FDR; Ithebula 4, Umfanekiso 3) zikhonjiswe ku-DLPFC efanele kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal.

Ithebula 4

Ithebula 4. Ukulinganisa imiphumela: imiphumela yokuxhumana yezinketho × iqembu (p <0.05, kulungiswe i-FDR).

ISIGABA 3

Umfanekiso we-3. Amaphethini wokuqalisa ubunikazi ku-correx ye-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (A) kanye ne-correx engaphansi kwe-parietal (B). Amagrafu abonisa ukuguqulwa kwesignali okhiqiwe phakathi kwamavoxels kusuka esifundeni ngasinye, ukubonisa isimo × ukusebenzisana kweqembu (p <0.05, kulungiswe i-FDR). I-FDR, isilinganiso sokutholwa okungamanga; I-PHB, inkinga yokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual; R. DLPFC, i-cororsx yangaphambili ye-dorsolateral right; R. IPC, i-parietal cortex ephansi kwesokudla.

Ekulandeleni t-Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izinguquko zesignali ze-BOLD ezikhishwe kwi-ROI ngayinye, abahlanganyeli abane-PHB babonise ukusebenza okuncane kakhulu ku-DLPFC kwesokudla esimweni esingathandeki [t(43) = 4.46, p <0.01, Cohen's d = 1.33] ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa okunempilo, kanti ayikho inhlobo eqondile yeqembu etholakala esimweni esihle kakhulu [t(43) = 0.48, p > 0.05, uCohen's d = 0.14; Umfanekiso 3a]. Inqubo efanayo yokusebenza kobuchopho ibonwe ku-cortex ephansi ephansi: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli, abantu abane-PHB babonisa ukusebenza okunciphile ekusebenzeni kwe-cortex engaphansi kwesokudla ngesikhathi sezimangalo [t(43) = 4.28, p <0.01, Cohen's d = 1.28], kodwa akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu eliphawulekayo okwakubonakala ngesikhathi sezinkinga [t(43) = 0.60, p > 0.05, uCohen's d = 0.18; Umfanekiso 3b].

I-Correlation ihlaziya

Ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi ye-ROIs ekulawuleni ukucubungula, senze ukuhlaziywa kokuqondanisa phakathi kwedatha yokuziphatha (isib. Isikhathi sokuphendula nokuphendula okuqondile) kanye nezinguquko ze-BOLD ze-ROI ngayinye (okungukuthi, i-DLPFC efanele kanye ne-correx engaphansi kwe-parietal). Kunokubambisana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwabo (Izinto Ezixhasayo, Umdwebo S1).

Ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokulinganisa (okungukuthi, izilinganiso ze-SAST-R ne-HBI) nezinguquko ze-BOLD ze-ROI ngayinye (okungukuthi, i-DLPFC elungile kanye ne-right infari parietal cortex) ibalwa kubo bonke abahlanganyeli abane-PHB. Ukungalingani okungalungile kwakuboniswa phakathi kwamanani okulinganiswa okulinganiselwe nezinguquko ze-BOLD ku-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal (SAST-R: r = -0.64, n = 23, p <0.01; I-HBI: r = -0.48, n = 23, p <0.01) nakwesokudla i-DLPFC (SAST-R: r = -0.51, n = 23, p <0.01; I-HBI: r = -0.61, n = 23, p <0.01; Umdwebo 4).

ISIGABA 4

Umfanekiso we-4. Imiphumela yokulungiswa ihlaziya phakathi kokulinganisa okulinganiselwe kwamanani kanye nezinguquko ze-BOLD kwi-ROI ngesikhathi se-Stroop engavumelani. (A) Ukungalingani okungalungile phakathi kokushintsha kwesignali yamaphesenti ku score R. DLPFC neHBI (kwesobunxele) kanye nesilinganiso se-SAST-R (kwesokudla). (B) Ukungalingani okungalungile phakathi kokushintsha kwesignali yamaphesenti kumaphuzu we-R. IPC kanye ne-HBI (kwesobunxele), kanye nesilinganiso se-SAST-R (kwesokudla). BOLD, i-blood oxygen-dependent level; I-HBI, Inqubo Yokuziphatha Ye-Hypersexual; R. DLPFC, i-cortex efanele ye-dorsolateral prefrontal; I-R. IPC, i-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal; I-ROI, isifunda sesithakazelo; I-SAST-R, Ukuvivinya ngokocansi Ukuhlolwa kokulingana-R.

Ingxoxo

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukucacisa izindlela ze-neural ezibangelwa ukukhubazeka ekulawuleni okuphezulu phakathi kwabantu abane-PHB. Njengabantu abathandwayo, abantu abane-PHB babonise ukulawulwa kokulawula okunciphile okuhlotshaniswa nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-DLPFC kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal engaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-Stroop okungavumelani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehlisa izinguquko zesignali ze-BOLD ku-DLPFC kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-Stroop kuhlotshaniswa nezikolo eziphakeme ze-SAST-R ne-HBI kubantu abane-PHB. Siphinde sichaze nezinye izindawo zobuchopho ngaphandle kwesifunda sezithakazelo (DLPFC) ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-Stroop. I-putamen elungile e-basal ganglia kanye naphakathi nangaphansi kwe-gyri yangaphambili yayisetshenziswe kakhulu ngesikhathi sesimo esingavumelani nokuqhathaniswa nesimo esibucayi, esivumelana nezifundo zangaphambilini ze-Stroop effect (32, 34). Ukuhlukana kweqembu ku-cortex engaphansi kwephansi kanye ne-gyri yangaphakathi nephansi engaphansi komsebenzi we-Stroop kuhambisana nemiphumela evela ezigulini ezinezinye izimo zokulutha (35).

Mayelana nokusebenza komsebenzi, abantu abane-PHB bakhombise amazinga aphutha aphezulu kunokulawulwa okunempilo esimweni esingalungile. Umsebenzi we-Stroop udinga ukuvinjelwa kokuqonda kwezimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo (isb., Ukufunda amagama); Ngokuqondile, isenzo esiqondisiwe esimweni esingavumelekile singenziwa kuphela ngokufanele uma isisusa esingavumelekile (incazelo yegama) sivinjelwe ngokomqondo. Izikhathi zokuphendula ezimfushane nokunemba kwempendulo okwandayo kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhombisa ukuguquguquka okungcono kokuqonda nokuvimbela (36). Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kabi kubantu abane-PHB kungachazwa njengokulawulwa kokulawula okungaziphathi kahle. Lokhu kuhlobana kuyahambisana nokufundwa kwezifundo zangaphambilini mayelana nokulutha kokuziphatha (15, 16).

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalolu cwaningo, sichaza ukuthi izici zokuziphatha ze-PHB zingase zibe ngenxa yokunciphisa umsebenzi ku-DLPFC efanele kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal. I-Goldstein noVolkow (25) kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusebenza komsebenzi okuphuthumayo kanye namazinga aphutha amaphutha phakathi nezimo zomsebenzi ezingavumelekile zeStroop ziwuphawu lokungasebenzi kwe-PFC. Izifundo zokuhlola umsebenzi we-Stroop ngokulutha (okungukuthi, ukuthembela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo nokulutha ukuziphatha) kuye kwabika umsebenzi wehlisiwe ku-PFC, kuhlanganise ne-DLPFC, ngezimo ezingahambisani nokuqhathaniswa nezimo ezinzima (15, 26, 37, 38). Ukufundwa kwesifundo samanje kuhambisana nale mibiko yangaphambilini futhi kuqhubeka ngokucacile ngemiphumela yabo ngokubonisa ukungahambisani okungalungile phakathi kokusebenza kwale ndawo yobuchopho nokuqina kwe-PHB.

I-DLPFC ihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi ephezulu yokulawulwa kwengqondo yokulawula okunjengokuqapha nokuphathwa kolwazi kwimemori yokusebenza (39). Milham et al. (40) ihlongoze imisebenzi emibili ye-DLPFC ngesikhathi sokusebenza komsebenzi we-Stroop: (1) ikhetha ukukhethwa kwemisebenzi ehambisana nokusebenza komemori, kanye no (2) umsebenzi wokumisa ohlelweni lokucubungula ngemuva (isib. ukukhulisa umsebenzi we-neural ngaphakathi kokusebenza okuhambisana nomsebenzi uhlelo). Indima yangaphambili ibhekisela enkambweni yokubandlulula, ukukhetha, nokuphatha imisebenzi efanele (isib., Imidwebo) kunokuba ulwazi olungabalulekile (ie, semantic) lwazi. Indima yokugcina ichaza inqubo yokuvuselela izifunda zobuchopho ohlelweni lokucubungula umsebenzi ukuze lunikeze futhi lugcine izinsiza zokuqapha ukwaziswa okuqondene nomsebenzi. I-DLPFC isondelene kakhulu ne-posterior processing processing area (isib. I-lobe ye-parietal ne-primary cortex ebonakalayo) futhi kucatshangwa ukukhulisa umsebenzi we-neural ngalezi zixhumanisi eziqondile ze-neuronal (41-44). Ucwaningo lwe-Brain imaging lwembula ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-DLPFC kuhambisane nokusebenza kwe-lobe ye-parietal ngezimo ze-Stroop ezingenangqondo (21, 22, 45). Lezi zindatshana zisekelwa imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje, olukhomba ukusebenzisana kwe-DLPFC kanye ne-parietal lobe eqenjini lokulawula phakathi kwezimo ezingathandeki. I-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal ihlotshaniswa nokubonwa okubukwayo (46) futhi kusiza ukugcina ukulawulwa kokukhetha okukhethiwe ngokuvumela umuntu ukuba angazinaki izinto ezingenzi lutho. Kwesinye isifundo sokusebenza komsebenzi wokukhumbula inkumbulo, amazinga okwandisa okungahambisani nomphumela wokukhiqiza akhiqiza ukuvuselela okukhulu kwe-cortex yangemva kwe-parietal (47). Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa umsebenzi ku-DLPFC kanye ne-cortex engaphansi kakhulu kubantu abane-PHB kungase kubonise ukulahlekelwa amandla okubandlulula ulwazi olufanele futhi banganaki imininingwane engafanele. Lezi ziphutha ekulawuleni okuphezulu zingenza kube nzima kubantu abane-PHB ukuvimbela izifiso zobulili noma ukuziphatha.

Ukulinganiselwa kwesifundo samanje kufana nalokhu. Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo luhlola kuphela isimo samanje sengqondo sabantu abane-PHB; Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yethu ayibhekisi isimo se-causal sobudlelwane phakathi kokulahlekelwa kokulawula okuphezulu kanye ne-PHB. Okwesibili, sasebenzisa izilinganiso ze-SAST ne-HBI ukuze sihlolisise ubuhlobo bobulili obucashile. Balinganisa ukwakheka okuhlobene nezici zengqondo ezifana nesisusa socansi kanye nehlazo lobulili, kanye nalabo abahlobene nezici zokuziphatha ngokocansi kufaka phakathi imvamisa. Ucwaningo lwamuva mayelana nobulili nokulutha kocansi kuyaphakamisa ukuthi izici zengqondo zibaluleke kakhulu kunezici zokuziphatha zobulili zokuthuthukisa ukuziphatha okuluthayo (48-50). Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nemiphumela ehlukene phakathi kwezici ezingokwengqondo nokuziphatha kokulawula kokulawula ubulili nokulutha kocansi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi isici ngasinye sithinta kanjani ukulawula okuphezulu futhi sibone okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubulili nokulutha kocansi. Esifundweni esizayo, sihlela ukuhlola izinhlangano eziphakathi kwesinye isici nokulawula okuphezulu ngokuqeda imiphumela ephazamisayo yezinye izici. Okwesithathu, lolu cwaningo lucwaninga kuphela abathintekayo besilisa abathandana nabesifazane base-Asia. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lufanele lubandakanye abahlanganyeli besilisa abahlukene, izilinganiso zocansi, kanye nezizinda zobuzwe ukuze banikeze ulwazi oluthe xaxa olwenziwe ku-PHB. Nakuba abantu abane-PHB kulolu cwaningo bahlangabezana ne-criteria ehlongozwayo ye-PHB esetshenziselwa izifundo zangaphambilini (2, 28), ayikho indlela yokuhlola yokuhlola ye-PHB. Ngakho-ke, incazelo yesifo sokuhlola ye-PHB iyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kwezinguquko ze-PHB. Okokugcina, kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukubona ukuthi lokho okutholakele kufana neqembu le-PHB elinemicabango (isib. Izifungo) kuphela ngokumelene nabantu abathile abahlanganyela empeleni ekuziphatheni okunenkinga. Noma kunjalo, usayizi wesampula kulolu cwaningo wawuncane kakhulu, futhi abahlanganyeli bethu babe nezinga eliphakeme lokucabanga ngezocansi futhi futhi bahlale behlanganyela ekuziphatheni okunenkinga. Ngaleso sizathu, kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili. Sithemba ukufaka lokhu kuqhathaniswa kweqembu ngezifundo ezizayo ngokuqasha izifundo eziningi.

Naphezu kokulinganiselwa okushiwo ngenhla, isifundo samanje siyasiza ekuqondeni izici kanye nezinqubo ezifanele ze-neural ze-PHB. Ngokufingqa, abantu abane-PHB babonisa ukusebenza komsebenzi ongasebenzi futhi banciphisa ukusebenza ku-PFC ngesikhathi umsebenzi wokuphazanyiswa kwe-Stroop kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okujwayelekile. Izinto esizifunayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ukulawulwa kweziphathimandla ezingasebenzi kahle futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukungasebenzi komuntu okuthintekayo kuyinkinga kubantu abano-PHB, okufana nokuthola kwezinye izimo zokuziphatha ngokweqile ezinenkinga.

Isitatimende Sokuziphatha

Bonke abahlanganyeli banikeze imvume yabo ebhaliwe enolwazi ngemuva kokukwaziswa ngokugcwele mayelana nemininingwane yokuhlolwa. I-Chungnam National University Institutional Review Board (i-IRB) ivumile izinqubo zokuhlola nokuvuma (inombolo yokugunyazwa: 01309-SB-003-01; Daejeon, South Korea). Bonke abahlanganyeli bathole isinxephezelo sezimali (i-50 US dollars) ngokuhlanganyela kwabo.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

I-J-WS inegalelo ekukhulelweni nasekwakheni ukuhlolwa, noma ekutholeni idatha, noma ekuhlaziyweni, nokuchazwa kwedatha, futhi i-J-HS inikela kakhulu ekuchazeni idatha futhi yalungisa lesi sihloko noma siyibuyekeze ngokujulile ngokubaluleka kokuqukethwe kwengqondo.

Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzalo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

Ukuvuma

Lo msebenzi wawusekelwa yiMnyango Wezemfundo weRiphabhliki yaseKorea kanye neNational Research Foundation yaseKorea (NRF-2018S1A5A8029877).

Izinto ezengeziwe

I-Supplementary Material yalesi sihloko ingatholakala ku-intanethi ku: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00460/full#supplementary-material

Izifinyezo

I-DLPFC, i-corors i-preforsal ye-dorsolateral; I-EPI_BOLD, i-echo-planar imaging ye-oxygen-level depend-dependent; I-HBI, Inqubo Yokuziphatha Ye-Hypersexual; I-PHB, ukuziphatha okubucayi kwe-hypersexual; I-SAST: Ukuvivinya kocansi ukuhlolwa kwesilingo.

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Amagama angukhiye: ukuziphatha okunenkinga yokuxhumene nocansi, ukulawula okuphezulu, umsebenzi we-Stroop, ukucubungula kwe-magnetic resonance, i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, i-cortex engaphansi kwe-parietal

Isikhombo: Seok JW no-Sohn JH (2018) Okubhaliwe Okuphambene Ne-Inferior Parietal Activity Ngomsebenzi We-Stroop Kuye Nabanye abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ezingenangqondo. Ngaphambili. I-Psychiatry 9: 460. i-doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00460

Itholiwe: 31 March 2018; Kuvunyelwe: 04 September 2018;
Ishicilelwe: 25 September 2018.

Kuhlelwe ngu:

U-Young-Chul Jung, University of Yonsei, eNingizimu Korea

Review yenziwe ngu:

Kesong Hu, I-DePauw University, e-United States
Alessio Simonetti, I-Baylor College of Medicine, e-United States

I-Copyright © 2018 Seok no-Sohn. Lokhu kuyisihloko sokufinyelela okuvulekile esasakazwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye- Ilayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukhiqizwa kwamanye amaforamu kuvumelekile, uma ngabe abalobi bokuqala kanye nabanikazi be-copyright bebhaliwe nokuthi ukushicilelwa kokuqala kulo magazini kubhalwe, ngokuhambisana nomkhuba wokufunda wemfundo. Akukho ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukhiqizwa okuvunyelwe okungavumelani nale migomo.

* Ukuxhumana: Jin-Hun Sohn, [i-imeyili ivikelwe]