J Behav Addict. I-2019 Jun 1; 8 (2): 234-241. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.31.
ISklenarik S1, Potenza MN2,3,4, I-Gola M5,6, Kor A7, Kraus SW8,9, I-Astur RS1.
abstract
UMLANDO NEMIBUZO:
Abantu abayimilutha bavame ukubonisa ukuthambekela kwesenzo okuzenzakalelayo lapho baphendukela ekususeni okuhlobene nomlutha, lapho basondela khona kunokuba bagweme ukugqugquzelwa umlutha. Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukuthi ngabe indlela yokuthambekela kokuthambekela okuxakayo ikhona yini phakathi kwabesilisa abaneminyaka yobudala basekolishi ababika besebenzisa izithombe zocansi.
IZINDLELA:
Sihlole abafundi besilisa abathola iziqu ze-72 besebenzisa umsebenzi wokugwema ukusebenzisa indlela evusa inkanuko, lapho ababambiqhaza bayalelwa ukuba bacindezele noma badonse induku yokudlala ngenxa yokuma kwesithombe. Ukuze ulingise ukunyakaza kokusondela nokugwema, ukudonsa induku yokudlala yandisa isithombe nokusongela isithombe. Imvamisa nobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa iScreen sezocansi ezingcolile kanye neProblem enezinkinga zokusebenzisa ezocansi (i-PPUS).
IZIPHUMA:
Ababambiqhaza bakhombise indlela ebanzi yokuqagela izisusa ezixakile njengoba ziqhathaniswa nesisusa sokungathathi hlangothi, futhi le ndlela ihlangana kakhulu nezinyathelo zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abasebenzisa inkinga yezithombe ezingcolile abanenkinga (njengoba ihlukaniswe i-PPUS) bakhombise indlela ephindwe kabili ephindwe kabili kunaleyo abayisebenzisayo abangenankinga.
UKUKHUMANA NOKUQINISWA:
Ukuqashelwa kokucatshangelwa kwengqondo kokukhuthaza okuxakile kubantu abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhombisa ukufana phakathi kokuluthwa yizidakamizwa.
IZIHLOKO: umlutha; indlela yokukhetha; ukugwema; ukukhetha okuqondayo; izithombe zocansi
I-PMID: 31257916
I-DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.31
Isingeniso
Izifundo zezinqubo zokuqonda ezisuselwa ekuphenduleni kwesikhuthazi (isib., Izithombe zotshwala noma izidakamizwa ezihlobene nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa) zinikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezifo eziluthayo, ukukhomba izimpendulo ezingacacile kanye nokuchema okungenzeka kube nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcinweni kokuziphatha okuluthayo. (Inkambu & Cox, 2008). Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zokucabanga okucashile okucashile kanye nokuziphatha okuluthayo kutholakele kusetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwesigaba esinqunyiwe nesizobonakala besebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi ye-playstick (ICousijn, iGoudriaan, neWiers, 2011; IKrieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010; I-Wiers, i-Eberl, i-Rinck, i-Becker, ne-Lindenmeyer, ngo-2011), imisebenzi yokuvumelanisa - impendulo (i-SRC) imisebenzi (Insimu, iKiernan, i-Eastwood, nengane, i-2008; IKrieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010), nemisebenzi yokuhlola (UMechelmans et al., 2014; I-Pekal, i-Laier, i-Snagowski, i-Stark, ne-Brand, i-2018; AbakwaSchoenmaker, iWiers, uJones, uBruce, noJansen, ngo-2007). Ukuhlangana phakathi kokucabanga okubonakalayo, okungakhombisa ukuthambekela kokushukumisela okuyingxenye okwenziwe ezinhlanganweni ezifundile, nokuziphatha okuluthayo kuye kwaqashelwa kuzo zombili izinqubo zokwelapha nezingezona ezokwelashwa emaqenjini asukela kubantwana asebekhulile kanye nakwabakhulayo kuya kwabadala (UStacy noWiers, 2010).
Inqubo yokuqagela ebalulekile ebandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okuluthayo yindlela yokucabanga, noma isenzo sokuzenzakalelayo esijwayelekile sokuhambisa isikhuthazi esithile siye emzimbeni (noma ukuhambisa umzimba siye othandweni oluthile) kunokuba kude nalo (Inkambu et al., 2008). Ngokusho kwamamodeli wokuphindaphindwa wokulutha, izindlela zokulutha ziyakheka ngenxa yokungalingani phakathi kohlelo lokugqugquzela, "okungahambisi" nohlelo lokulawula oluphathekayo (UCousijn et al., 2011; UStacy noWiers, 2010; I-Wiers et al., 2007; I-Wiers, i-Rinck, i-Dictus, ne-van den Wildenberg, ngo-2009). Uhlelo lokudla luvumelanisa izinqubo zomzimba ezibandakanyeka ekunakekelweni nasezenzweni, ezingase ziholele abantu abathile ekuhloleni isisuselwa kususelwa kokubalulekile kwesisusa futhi babangele ukuthuthukiswa kokuthambekela kwesenzo okuzenzakalelayo sokusondela kumgqugquzela umlutha (UBradley, uCodispoti, uCuthbert, noLang, ngo-2001; I-Wiers et al., 2009). Ukuzibandakanya okuphindaphindekayo nokuqhubeka isikhathi eside ezindleleni zokuziphatha kumlutha kungaqinisa izimpendulo zokuthokozela, ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhulisa izimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo kanye nokulawula amandla okuphatha buthaka ukulawula ukuthambekela; isiyonke, izimilo ezihlobene nokuluthwa zingashesha, zingasebenzi, kube nzima ukuzilawula, futhi zilawulwe kakhulu ngaphandle kokuqwashisa (UStacy noWiers, 2010; UTiffany & Conklin, 2000; I-Wiers et al., 2007).
Ngempela, ukusondelana kwezindlela kuye kwafakwa ekuziphatheni okuningi okuluthayo kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola. Isibonelo, i-Field et al. (2008) usebenzise umsebenzi we-SRC - okuvela kuwo umsebenzi wokususa ukugwema (i-AAT) - ukukhombisa ukuthi abaphuza kakhulu (kodwa hhayi iziphuzo ezikhanyayo) bashesha ukuhambisa i-manikin ibheke, kunokuba kude nayo, isisusa sotshwala. Imisebenzi ye-SRC ibuye yakhomba nezindlela zokubandlulula kwababhemayo (UBradley, Field, Mogg, noDe Houwer, 2004) nabasebenzisi ejwayelekile be-cannabis (Insimu, i-Eastwood, iMogg, neBradley, ngo-2006). Ngokufanayo, uWiers et al. (2011) ithole ukuthi ngesikhathi i-AAT yotshwala, abaphuza kakhulu bebeshesha ukusondela kunokugwema izithombe zotshwala, kepha hhayi okuhlobene notshwala. Sekukonke, lezi zifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi abantu abayimilutha bavame ukuphendula kulezi zinto ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ngezimpendulo zendlela, nokuthi izintambo ezinjalo zingakhombisa ukuthambekela kwendlela kubasebenzisi abajwayelekile (Inkambu et al., 2008).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokukhetha ukucubungula kungenzeka zihlanganyele nezinye izingqondo zokuqonda, njengokukhetha ukunaka kanye nokuchema kokuhlola, ukudala uhlelo lokugqugquzela olugxile ekuluthweni olugcina izindlela zokulutha. Izincwadi ziphakamisa ukuthi ngaphezu kokukhombisa ukuthambekela kokuzenzakalela kwezindlela ezihlobene nokulutha umlutha, abantu abayimilutha kungenzeka ukuthi bababhekelele ngokukhetha (okungukuthi, bachithe isikhathi esiningi bebabheka) futhi babahlole njengabahle futhi bevusa ukwedlula ezinye izindlela ezikhona imvelo (UCousijn et al., 2011; Inkambu & Cox, 2008; UStacy noWiers, 2010). Ukuhlobana kwalokhu kucashelana kubonakaliswa ngumqondo wokukhuthaza ukuzwela, osebenza ukuthi ukucubungula amandla emiphumeleni ye-cices ehlobene nomlutha kuveza ukucabanga ngalezi zinto, isisusa esinenkinga sokubandakanya ekuziphatheni okuluthayo. (UStacy noWiers, 2010). Ngokudabukisayo, ukucubungula okukhethekile kokucatshangelwa kwezindawo ezihlobene nomlutha kuhlotshaniswe kaningi nobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nobunzima bokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, ngaphezu kwengozi engaba khona yokuphinda ubuye ngemuva kokuyeka; lo mphumela utholakele maqondana nokusebenzisa utshwala, ugwayi, insangu, opiates, ne-cocaine (Inkambu & Cox, 2008; AbakwaSchoenmaker et al., 2007). Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okubonakalayo, isisusa esinenkinga, nokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kubonakala kuxhumekile.
Idatha iphakamisa ukuthi ukulutha kokuziphatha noma okungewona okwezidakamizwa (isb., Ukugembula ukuphazamiseka) kwabelana ngezici ezingaphansi nezindlela zokulutha izidakamizwaUGrant, Brewer, noPotenza, 2007; UGrant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010). Izidakamizwa zokuziphatha zifana nokulutha kwezidakamizwa ku-phenomenology (isb., Ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa), umlando wemvelo, ukungahambi kahle kwezifo zengqondo, ukunikela ngezakhi zofuzo, ama-neurobiological correlates, imiphumela emibi (njengokucindezeleka kwengqondo nokukhubazeka ezizindeni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza), nezimpendulo ekwelashweni (UGrant et al., 2010; I-Petry, 2015; Potenza, i-2006). Imilutha yokuziphatha ngokuziphatha futhi yabelana nezinye izici zokwelashwa nezinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, kufaka phakathi ukulawulwa kokuziphatha okunciphile, isifiso sokudla, nobunzima bokunciphisa noma ukumisa ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuluthayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi (UGrant et al., 2007, 2010).
Ngakho-ke, ukucabanga kokucabanga kobuhlakani buye bafakwa kukho konke okuphathelene nokuziphatha kanye nokuluthwa kwezidakamizwa (Potenza, i-2014). Isibonelo, abantu abanokugembula kwe-pathological basebenze kabi kakhulu ngezinyathelo zokunakwa okuphezulu kakhulu nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezinye kodwa hhayi zonke izifundo, ngokutholwa okungaguquki okuhlanganisa ukuxhumanisa ukugembula nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa emisebenzini efaka iminikelo ye-cortical yangaphambili ye-ventromedial.UGrant et al., 2007; ULawrence, uLuty, uBogdan, iSahakian, noClark, ngo-2009; Potenza, i-2014, 2017). Njengoba izinqubo ze-cortical zangaphambili ze-ventromedial prewardal cortical zifakwe umfutho ekucubunguleni imiphumela evuzayo nokwenza izinqumo (ULeeman noPotenza, 2012; Potenza, i-2017), ukucabanga kokucabanga okufana nalabo ababandakanyeka kumlutha wezidakamizwa kungahle kufakwe komunye umlutha wokuziphatha.
Kuze kube manje, izinhlelo ezisemqoka zesibizo esichaza ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo [okungukuthi, uhlelo lwesihlanu lwe- Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo ne-11th edition ye-International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11)] chaza kuphela ukulutha okungezona izidakamizwa okuhlobene nokugembula nokugembula (I-Petry, 2015; Potenza, i-2018). Ukusetshenziswa okunenkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziphoqayo kuhlongoziwe ukuthi kubhekwe njengezinto zokuziphatha futhi zabelane ngezici ze-neurobiological ne-neurocognitive ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa (IGola & Draps, 2018; UKowalewska et al., 2018; I-Stark, i-Klucken, i-Potenza, i-Brand, ne-Strahler, i-2018), yize ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kokuziphatha kobulili okuphoqelekile kuhlongozwayo njengengozi yokulawula umfutho e-ICD-11 (UKraus et al., 2018). Njengamanje, ucwaningo oluthe xaxa luyadingeka ukubheka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi noma okuyinkinga kungabonisa ukufana okuphathelene nomtholampilo noma umehluko kwezinye izindlela zokuziphatha. Ukusetshenziswa kwemiklamo yokulinga kungasiza ukukhanyisela izici zemitholampilo noma ukuthambekela kokuziphatha okuhambisana nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi njalo.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuthola ukuthi ngabe indlela ethathayo yokuthatheka okukhona phakathi kwabesilisa abaneminyaka yobudala yasekolishi abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuthi le mibono ingathinta kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyindlela evamile kubantu abadala asekolishi. UGiordano noCashwell (2017) bika ukuthi i-43.1% yabafundi basekolishi babuka izithombe zocansi okungenani kanye ngesonto; ngaphezulu kwe-10% yalaba bafundi ihlangabezana nezindlela zokulutha kwe-cybersex. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvame kakhulu kubantu abancane uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala nakwabesilisa kakhulu kunabesifazane (UBrown, uDurtschi, uCarroll, noWilloughby, 2017). Imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga ifaka phakathi izindlela eziyingozi zokuziphatha ngocansi (isb. Ucansi olungenamakhondomu), imiphumela emibi yobudlelwano, ukudangala, nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi nokuphila (IBraithwaite, iCoulson, iKeddington, neFincham, 2015; ISchiebener, iLaier, neBrand, 2015; I-Wright, iTokunaga, neKraus, ngo-2016). Uma kucatshangelwa ukufinyeleleka, ukutholakala, kanye nokutholakala kwezithombe zocansi (ICooper, iDelmonico, neBurg, 2000) nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi izinqubo ezivumayo noma ukusebenza okuphezulu zingaqhakanjiswa ngokuphelele kwintsha noma abadala abadala (Chambers, Taylor, & Potenza, 2003), inani labasekolishi lingaba sengozini ephezulu yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Kubonakala sengathi izindlela zokusebenzisa ingqondo ziyasebenza ekusebenziseni okuyinselele kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Impela, ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi abantu abaziphatha ngendlela yokuziphatha okucindezelayo bakhombisa ubandlululo olubhekisisa (UMechelmans et al., 2014) kanye nokuthambekela kokusondela ekugwemeni okuvusa inkanuko; noma kunjalo, okutholakele kulokhu kokugcina kuxubekile. Isibonelo, iSnagowski neBrand (2015) iguqule i-AAT ngezithombe eziqukethe ezocansi futhi yabona ukuthi abantu abazibike ngokwedlule izimpawu zomlutha we-cybersex babevame ukusondela noma bagweme ukugqugquzela ezocansi, kodwa hhayi ezombusazwe. Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa i-curvilinear kunokuba kube nobudlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kwezimpawu zokusebenzisa kabi inkanuko yezithombe zocansi kanye nokuthambekela kokugwema, ukuthi izimpawu ezinkulu zihambisana nendlela ethile or ukuthambekela kokugwema, kanye ne-Symbolology esezingeni akulona (I-Snagowski & Brand, 2015). Ngokuphambene nalokho, uStark et al. (2017) kutholwe kuphela ubudlelwano obuhle obuphathekayo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kobuchopho kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga nenkinga yokugwema ku-AAT eguqulwe nezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ocwaningweni oluhle, abantu abanenkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile baphendule ngokushesha ezinkombeni ezibikezela izithombe ezinamaphutha kunalezo ezibikezela izinzuzo zezimali, futhi lokhu kuthambekela kokuphendula ngokushesha kwakuhlobene nokuqashwa okuqinile kokuqina kwendawo kanye nobunzima bezimpawu zomtholampilo zemilutha yezocansi kanye ubuhlakani (UGola et al., 2017). Ukuthambekela kokuluthwa yi-cybersex kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nobunzima bokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwengqondo ngesimo sokusebenzelana okuningi okubandakanya izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi.USchiebener et al., 2015). Le mininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi ukulawulwa okungahambi kahle kungahle kuhlobane nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengakulokho okuluthayo nasezintweni eziluthayo zokuziphatha. Uma sihlanganiswe ndawonye, kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kwengqondo kokukhuthaza okungahle kutholakale maqondana nokusebenzisa inkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulukhuni bokusebenzisa, kanye nokulangazelela (UMechelmans et al., 2014; I-Snagowski & Brand, 2015; UStark et al., 2017).
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukukala izindlela zokugwema nokugwema kwabafundi basekolishi labesilisa abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile besebenzisa i-AAT eguqulwe ngethonya elibi; isici sokusondeza esihambisana nokwelulwa kwengalo nokushintshwa kwesteshini ye-AAT kungenzeka silinganise indlela enengqondo nokuthambekela kokugwema (UCousijn et al., 2011; I-Wiers et al., 2009). Ngokwesimo sokutholwa kwangaphambilini, sathola ukuthi abafundi besekolishi labesilisa ababike ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazobonisa indlela yokucabanga ngezinto ezingathandeki nezingathathi hlangothi nokuthi izindlela zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho zizohlobene nezinga le ndlela.
izindlela
Abafundi abesilisa abangamatshumi ayisikhombisa nambili abathola iziqu ezivela e-University of Connecticut (iminyaka yobudala = iminyaka ye-19.5, SD = 2.4) abazibiza njengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi baqashwa echibini lababambe iqhaza eMnyangweni wePsychology. Ukuzikhethela ngokocansi kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa umbuzo osuka esikalini seKinsey (UKinsey, uPomeroy, noMartin, 1948/1988). Abahlanganyeli bathola isikweletu sokubandakanyeka kwabo. Lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yi-Institutional Review Board e-University of Connecticut.
Ababambiqhaza babehleli phambi kwekhompyutha futhi bacelwa ukuthi bagcwalise amaphepha emibuzo ngaphambi kokwenza i-AAT esebenza ngekhompyutha. Amaphepha emibuzo ahlole imvamisa nobunzima bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nezimo zengqondo zocansi. Izikali zifaka phakathi i-inkinga enezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (i-PPUS) kanye ne-Brief Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (BPS), zombili eziqeda ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo ezihlobene nazo. I-PPUS (Kor et al., 2014) iyisikali sento ye-12 ebuza abantu ngamunye ukuthi bahlole izitatimende ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi ngonyaka owedlule esikalini se-6-point Likert esukela ku- "akukaze kube yiqiniso"Ukuze"cishe njalo kuyiqiniso. ”Lesi silinganiso sifaka phakathi izitatimende ezinjengokuthi," Angiphumelelanga emizamweni yami yokwehlisa noma yokulawula imvamisa yokusebenzisa kwami izithombe zobulili ezingcolile "futhi" ngichitha isikhathi esiningi ngicabanga ngezithombe zocansi "(Kor et al., 2014). Ngokufanayo, i-BPS icela abantu ukuthi baphendule ezimweni ezinhlanu maqondana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni ezedlule ze-6 esikalini se-3-point Likert esikalini kusuka ku- "ungalokothi"Ukuze"ngokujwayelekile, ”Futhi liqukethe izinto ezinjengokuthi,"Uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinto eziveza ucansi yize uzizwa unecala ngakho"(UKraus et al., 2017). I-BPS yisilinganiso sokuhlola esikala kuphela isici esisodwa sokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi okuyinkinga - ukulawulwa noma ukusweleka kwaso ngokuziphatha - futhi singasiza ekuchazeni abantu abasengozini yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma njengenyathelo lokumela. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-PPUS yisilinganiso esilinganayo esivivinya izici ezine zokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi inganikeza isithombe esibanzi senkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Kor et al., 2014).
Sisebenzise inguqulo eguquliwe ye-AAT esetshenziswe yiWiers et al. (2011), lapho ababambiqhaza bayalwa khona ukuthi bacindezele noma badonse induku yokuphendula izimpendulo ezithombeni ezisuselwa kuzici ezingabalulekile kokuqukethwe kwesithombe (isb., noma ngabe isithombe siqondiswe phezulu noma siqonde ngqo). Ikhompyutha ngayinye yayihlonyelwe induku yokudlala evamile namahedfoni futhi yonke isoftware yayibhalwa ngokwezifiso ngumbhali iRSA. Izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombisile ukuthi indlela yokugwema induku yokudlala iyindlela evumelekile yokwenza izindlela ezizwakalayo zokuziphatha-zokugwema kususelwa ku-valence yezimpawu zokubonisa (IKrieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Wiers et al. (2009) phakamisa ukuthi lapho umehluko othembekile osendleleni yokuhamba nokugwema utholakala ngokuphendula izici zezithombe ezingafanele (njengoba kuqhathaniswa nezici ezifanele), izimpendulo kungenzeka zibe ezenzakalelayo ngakho-ke zilawulwa ngaphandle kokwazi.
Umsebenzi we-AAT kulolu cwaningo uqukethe izithombe ze-50 ezixakile zabesifazane, imibhangqwana engashadile, imibhangqwana yabesifazane nezithombe ze-50 ezingathathi hlangothi zezinto ezijwayelekile zasendlini, njengesibani noma iwashi. Kukhethwe izisusa ezivusa inkambo lapho kwenziwa izifundo eziningi ezibika ukuthi i-erotica ekhombisa abesifazane noma imibhangqwana (owesilisa / owesifazana nowesifazane / owesifazana) kulinganiswa ngokulingene njengokuvusa umdlandla futhi kuvuse isimo sokuqina sokuthakazelela okunamandla, okufakazelwa ukuphendula ngokomzimba (UBernat, uPatrick, uBenning, noTellegen, 2006; UBradley et al., 2001). Ingxenye yezithombe bekungamaphikiseli we-600 × 800 futhi wethulwe ngokuqondile (ukubukwa kwesithombe), kanti enye ingxenye bekungamaphikseli we-800 × 600 futhi wethulwe ngokulingene (ukubukwa kwendawo).
Ngemuva kokunikeza imvume ebhaliwe ebhaliwe, ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi bagcwalise imibuzo ephethwe ngeQualtrics, insizakalo yocwaningo eku-inthanethi. Ukulandela lokhu, ababambiqhaza bayalelwe ukuthi bangayiqedela kanjani i-AAT. Ababambiqhaza babehleli phambi kwekhompyutha futhi bayalwa ukuba badonse induku yokuphendula izimpendulo ezithombeni eziqonde thwi (portrait - 600 × 800 pixels) nokuphokophela induku yokudlala ngokuphendula izithombe ezibheke phezulu (i-landscape - 800 × 600 pixels) . Ukudonsa i-joystick kwenza isithombe sande ngosayizi, kwaveza ukuzwa kwendlela; ukusunduza induku yokudlala kwenze isithombe sancipha ngosayizi, ukulingisa ukunyakaza kokugwema. Usayizi wokuqala wesithombe ubuyi-3 in. × 4 in. Yezithombe eziqondile kanye no-4 ku. × 3 in. Ezithombeni eziqondile. Ukusondela kuholele ekutheni isithombe sikhule ngokuqhubekayo ngosayizi size sigcwalise isikrini futhi sanyamalala esikhawu esingu-1-s. Ukugwema kuholele ekutheni isithombe sinciphise ngokuqhubekayo size sinyamalale esikhawu esingu-1-s. Ingxenye yazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto ezakhayo yethulwe njengezithombe zokwakheka komhlaba kanti enye ingxenye yethulwe njengezithombe zobude. Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha nangokunemba kakhulu kulo lonke uchungechunge lwe-2 lokuhlolwa kwe-100. Isikhathi sokuphendula sabalwa njengenombolo yama-milliseconds kusukela lapho isithombe sethulwa esikrinini kuya lapho kuqalwa khona ukunyakaza kwezinduku. Uchungechunge lokuqala lwaqala ngezilingo zokuzijwayeza ezingama-20 kusetshenziswa onxande abanemibala, kwalandelwa izikhuthazi ezingama-50 zezocansi nezingathathi hlangothi ezethulwe ngokulandelana kwe-pseudorandom. Uchungechunge lwesibili lwenzeka ngemuva kwekhefu lama-50-s futhi lwaqala ngezilingo ezi-60 zomkhuba ezilandelwa yizilingo zokuhlolwa eziyi-2. Izimpendulo ezingalungile zikhonjiswe ngomsindo we-buzzer kumahedfoni. Ibhulokhi ngalinye lezilingo lithathe cishe amaminithi ama-100 ukuqeda. Ngemuva kokuphothula i-AAT, ababambiqhaza bakhulunyelwa phansi futhi baxoshwa.
Imininingwane yokubandlulula kwengqondo ibalwe ngendlela efanayo neyatholwa yi-Wiers et al. (2011) kuma-AAT, izimpendulo ezazingalungile / ziphuthelwe nezikhathi zokuphendula zinde kunezintathu SDngaphezu kwencazelo kulahliwe kususelwa ekusebenzeni komhlanganyeli ngamunye. Izikolo ezilandelwayo ezingekho emthethweni zithathwa njengezisusa izikhathi zokuphendula eziphakathi:
[(i-erotic push - ukudonsa okuxakile) - (ukungathathi hlangothi - ukungathathi hlangothi)]. |
Ngakho-ke, ivelu enhle ikhombisa ukukhetha okucatshangwayo kokukhuthaza okuxakile. Ukugxekwa okungenzeka kokushiyeka komsebenzi wentokozo yokugwema ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokuzwela kubathengisi (IKrieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010); ngenxa yalokho, izikhathi zokuphendula eziphakathi zazisetshenziswa ngoba azizweli kakhulu kubadayisi kunezindlela (URinck noBecker, 2007; I-Wiers et al., 2009).
Ngemuva kokuhlinzeka ngemvume ebhaliwe ebhaliwe, lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yi-Institutional Review Board e-University of Connecticut.
Imiphumela
Ababambiqhaza abangamashumi ayisikhombisa nambili baqede ukuhlolwa. Ababambiqhaza abayisishiyagalombili bakhishelwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokukhombisa ukuthanda ezocansi okwakungeyona inkanuko yobulili obuhlukile (okungukuthi, babenamaphuzu aphezulu kuno-1) esikalini seKinsey (UKinsey et al., 1948/1988), kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza abayisithupha abakhishiwe ngenxa yedatha engaphelele noma eyeqisayo (okungukuthi, enkulu kuneyesithathu SDngaphezu kwencazelo). Lokhu kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwedatha okuphelele kwe-58.
Isampula eyodwa t-Ukuhlolwa kukhombisile ukuthi bekukhona ukukhetha okubalulekile kwe-81.81 ms (SD = 93.07) yezithombe ezithandekayo, t(57) = 6.69, p <.001, uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi (Umdwebo 1). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekubhekeni kokuhlobana phakathi kokuhlolwa nokusingathwa kwezimpawu zokutholwa, sithole ukuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kwe-BPS kanye nezikolo ezikhetha ukusondelana, r = .26, p <.05, ekhombisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwesibalo se-BPS, kunamandla kunqubo yokubheka (Umfanekiso 2). Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-PPUS nezimpawu zokusondela kwendlela bekungabalulekile, r = .19, ns. Kube khona ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezikolo ze-BPS ne-PPUS, r = .77, p <.001.
Umfanekiso we-1. Kwakungekho ndlela yokuqagela kwesisusa sokungathathi hlangothi, kodwa okubalulekile (p <.001) sondela ekuthandeni okushukumisayo. Izindlela zokuthambekela kwendlela zibalwe ngokususa izikhathi zokuphendula eziphakathi: (RTPhusha - RTDonsa)
Umfanekiso we-2. Kube nokuhlangana okukhulu okuhle phakathi kwezikolo ku-BPS nokusondela kokukhetha (r = .26, p <.05), okukhombisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwesibalo se-BPS, kunamandla kakhulu ekukhetheni indlela
Ukuhlola ukwenzelela kokuqonda kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokusebenzisa inkinga yezithombe zocansi, amaphuzu aphelele angama-28 noma ngaphezulu ku-PPUS asetshenziswa njengomkhawulo wokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi njengoba kuphakanyiswe ngumbhali u-AK. Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza abane kusampula sethu bahlukaniswa njengabasebenzisi abanenkinga yezithombe zocansi ngokususelwa kule nqubo. Senze ukuhlaziywa kwendlela eyodwa kokuhlukahluka (i-ANOVA) ukuthola ukuthi izibalo zokuchema kwengqondo zihluke kakhulu phakathi kwala maqembu womabili. Abantu abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bakhombise amaphuzu aqine ngokwedlulele endlela yokukhetha [186.57 ms (SD = 135.96), n = 4] uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangenawo inkinga yezithombe zocansi [74.04 ms (SD = 85.91), n = 54], F(1, 56) = 5.91, p <.05 (Ithebula 1). Ngenxa umehluko osayizi beqembu, kunokuthile ukukhathazeka ngokuhlukahluka phakathi kwamaqembu. Ngakho-ke, siqhube isivivinyo sikaLevene sokubonisa ukuhlukahluka kokunye futhi sathola ukuthi akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu, yingakho siphakamisa ukuthi i-ANOVA iyasebenza kuleli cala (Isibalo sikaLevene = 1.79, df1 = 1, df2 = 56, p = .19).
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Ithebula 1. Isilinganiso se-BPS ne-PPUS izikolo ne-RTs yezimo ezine zabasebenzisi benkinga yezithombe ezingcolile kusampula (N = 4), ichazwe njengabantu abatholile ama-28 noma ngaphezulu ku-PPUS
| Ubudala (iminyaka) | Isikolo se-BPS | PPUS amaphuzu | Indlela engathathi hlangothi i-RT (ms) | Gwema ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-RT (ms) | Indlela ye-erotic RT (ms) | Vikela i-RT (ms) | I-Erotic ndlela bias (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.5 (1.3) | 10.25 (2.2) | 29.75 (0.9) | 968 (263.3) | 985 (304) | 1,106 (366.7) | 1,310 (494.9) | I-187 (136) * |
Inothi. I-BPS: Isikrini sezocansi esingefushane; I-PPUS: Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa Isikali; RT: isikhathi sokuphendula.
*p <.05.
Ingxoxo
Imiphumela isekela umbono wokuthi abafundi besilisa basekolishi abasebenzisa abesilisa nabesifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bashesha ukusondela kunokugwema isikhuthazo ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-AAT. Kwakukhona ukukhetha okuphawulekayo kwe-81.81 ms ye-stimuli ye-erotic; okungukuthi, ababambiqhaza bashesha ukuthuthela ezithombeni ezivusa inkanuko uma kuqhathaniswa nokusuka kude nezithombe ezivusa inkanuko. Ababambiqhaza basheshe badonsa induku yokuthokozisa kunokuyicindezela bephendula imikhuba evusa inkanuko, kepha lokhu kukhetha okufanayo kwakungekho maqondana nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi. Ukucwasana kwendlela efanayo kuye kwabikwa ezifundweni kusetshenziswa ama-AAT aguquliwe, njengalawo kaStark et al. (2017) usebenzisa i-erotic-AAT ne-Wiers et al. (2011) ukusebenzisa i-AAT yotshwala. Lokhu okutholakele kubuye kuhambisane nemisebenzi eminingana ye-SRC ephakamisa ukuthi abantu abayimilutha babonisa ukuthambekela kwesenzo sokusondela kunokugwema ukugqugquzela umlutha (UBradley et al., 2004; Inkambu et al., 2006, 2008).
Sekukonke, okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi indlela yokuvuselela umlutha ingaba impendulo esheshayo noma elungiselelwe ukwedlula ukugwema, okungachazwa ngokudluliswa kokunye okubandlulula kokuziphatha ekuziphatheni okuluthayo. Njengoba kushiwo yincwadi (UCousijn et al., 2011; Inkambu & Cox, 2008; UStacy noWiers, 2010), Abantu ababonisa ukuthambekela kokuzenzakalela kwezindlela ezihlobene nokulutha futhi bathambekele ekuzibukeni isikhathi eside (empeleni, ngokwesilinganiso, ababambiqhaza babheka izithombe ezivusa inkanuko ngaphezulu kwe-100 ms isikhathi eside kunezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuzixosha; Ithebula 2) nokuzihlola njengezinhle futhi zivuse ukwedlula ezinye izinkomba, njengezikhuthazi ezingathathi hlangothi. Ngokunjalo, okutholwe kubikwe ngabakwaMechelmans et al. (2014) khombisa ukuthi abantu abanokuziphatha okucindezelayo kocansi bakhombisa ukungacabangeli kokuthatheka okuvusa inkanuko. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole izindima zombili, ngokwahlukana nangokuhlangene, zokusondela, ezinokunaka, kanye nezokuhlola kokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyinkinga. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi le ndlela evumela ukuthi kube nesikhuthazo esingasho lutho ayiyona neze ingozi yokulutha; Kusobala ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile banesimo esihle esivamile ngesikhuthazo esixakile noma bamane bakhetha ukungathandisi ukungathathi hlangothi. Ngempela, izisusa ezixakile ziba nobuhixi obungokomzwelo obukhulu kunezinto ezijwayelekile zasendlini, njengesibani noma ideski. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisusa esikhohlisayo sidala isimo esingokomzwelo esinamandla (UBradley et al., 2001), okuphakamisa ukuthi abantu abathile bangahle bathambekele ekushukumiseni ama-erotic noma ngabe kungaba yiphi ingozi.
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Ithebula 2. Isilinganiso se-BPS ne-PPUS izikolo ne-RTs yezimo ezine kuso sonke isampula (N = 58)
| Ubudala (iminyaka) | Isikolo se-BPS | PPUS amaphuzu | Indlela engathathi hlangothi i-RT (ms) | Gwema ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-RT (ms) | Indlela ye-erotic RT (ms) | Vikela i-RT (ms) | I-Erotic ndlela bias (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.5 (2.4) | 7.59 (1.9) | 17.98 (5.5) | 865 (168.6) | 855 (157.1) | 915 (216.6) | 987 (261.6) | I-82 (93.1) * |
Note. I-BPS: Isikrini sezocansi esingefushane; I-PPUS: Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa Isikali; RT: isikhathi sokuphendula.
*p <.001.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani eliphelele ku-BPS lahlobaniswa kahle nezimpawu zendlela yokusondela, okukhombisa ukuthi lapho ububi bezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile buba namandla, iba namandla okuqina amasu okuthola imicabango evusa inkanuko. Le nhlangano iphinde yasekelwa ngemiphumela ephakamisa ukuthi abantu abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile, njengoba ihlukaniswe yi-PPUS, bakhombise indlela eqinile ye-200% yokuqagela izisusa ezixakile uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangasebenzisi inkinga yezithombe zocansi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okutholakele kokugcina kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela ngokunikezwa inani elincane elihlangabezana nezindlela zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile. Lokhu okutholakele kuhlangana nalabo abasezifundweni zemilutha ekhombisa ukuthi indlela yokuthambekela okuhlobene nomlutha iyinto ejwayelekile etholakala kubantu abanemilutha (UBradley et al., 2004; UCousijn, et al., 2011; Inkambu et al., 2006; IKrieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010; I-Wiers et al., 2011). Ngokuhambisana nokucwaninga okukhombisa ukuthi ukucubungula okukhethekile kokucatshangelwa kwezinhlobo ezihlobene nomlutha kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima bokuziphatha okuluthayo (Inkambu & Cox, 2008; AbakwaSchoenmaker et al., 2007), sithole ukuthi izikolo ezilandelana nokubandlulula bezihambisana kahle nezikolo eziku-BPS, ezingasetshenziswa njengesilinganiso esibonisa ubunzima benkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yethu ihlukile kulokho okubonisa ubudlelwane be-curvilinear phakathi kwezimpawu zokulutha kwe-cybersex kanye nokuthambekela kokuthambekela kwizampula zabafundi nabangewona abafundi baseJalimane (I-Snagowski & Brand, 2015). Kuyafana nokutholwe nguStark et al. (2017), abantu abanezinkinga ezinkulu zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile kulolu cwaningo babonise kuphela ukukhetha okunezifiso zesikhutha, hhayi ukugwema ukubandlulula. Enye incazelo engenzeka yalokhu umehluko ukuthi uSnagowski noBrand (2015) usebenzise umyalo ohambisana nomsebenzi (okusho, hambisa induku yokudlala ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwesithombe), kanti lolu cwaningo nalolo locwaningo olwenziwe nguStark et al. (2017) usebenzise imiyalo engasebenzi (okusho ukuthi, hamba ngokuya ngomumo wesithombe noma umbala wozimele bezithombe). Imiyalo efanele umsebenzi ingaphoqa ababambiqhaza ukuthi bacubungule izisusa ngokujula, okungaholela ekuziphatheni kokugwema phakathi kwabasebenzisi abazizwa benecala noma besaba imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokuziphatha kwabo (UStark et al., 2017). Ngenkathi imiyalo engenandaba nomsebenzi ingahle ingavumeli ileveli efanayo yokucubungula, i-Wiers et al. (2009) kubikwe ukuthi ukunyakaza kwendlela okutholakale ukuphendula izici zezithombe ezingenasici kungenzeka kube okuzenzakalelayo nokungazi. Sekukonke, uma kunikezwe umehluko obonakalayo kuzo zonke izifundo ezenziwa emikhakheni eyahlukene, amasampula ahlukene (umfundi umfundi / ongeyena umfundi), nezindlela eziqondile, ucwaningo oluthe xaxa luyadingeka ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha nokugwema kubantu abaningi, kusetshenziswa izinguqulo ezahlukahlukene ze-AAT . Noma kunjalo, i-4 yezifundo ze-58 (i-6.89%) yahlangana nomkhawulo wamaphoyinti we-28 isebenzisa i-PPUS, futhi lokhu kutholwa kuhambisana nezifundo ezedlule ezibike cishe i-10% yokuxhaphaka kwe-cybersex kwabafundi besekolishi labesilisa (UGiordano noCashwell, 2017).
Kuthathwa ndawonye, imiphumela iphakamisa ukufana phakathi kwemithi kanye nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha (UGrant et al., 2010). Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi) kwaxhunyaniswe nezinyathelo ezisheshayo ezenzakazisayo ezingaphezu kwezindlela ezingahambisani nalokho, indlela yokuqhathanisa inqubo efana neyokuboniswa kwezidakamizwa zokusebenzisa utshwala (Inkambu et al., 2008; I-Wiers et al., 2011), ukusebenzisa i-cannabis (UCousijn et al., 2011; Inkambu et al., 2006), nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa ugwayi (UBradley et al., 2004). Ukuqhekeka phakathi kwezici zokucabangela kanye nezinqubo ze-neurobiological ezihilelekile kokubili izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa ezingcolile ezisebenzayo kubonakala sengathi zihambisana nezifundo zangaphambili (UKowalewska et al., 2018; UStark et al., 2018). Yize kunjalo, izifundo ezengeziwe zihlelwe ngemininingwane yokucabanga kocansi, ikakhulukazi kwamanye amaqembu asebenzisa ezocansi (kuwo womabili la mtholampilo nabangewona umtholampilo kubandakanya nabesifazane, abantu abangathandani nabobulili obuhlukile, kanye namaqembu weminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kwekolishi elineminyaka yobudala). izixhumanisi ze-neurobiological and clinical.
Ukulinganiselwa nezinkomba zesikhathi esizayo
Ukulinganiselwa kufanele kuqashelwe. Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo luhlolisise idatha evela kubahlanganyeli besilisa abesilisa nabesifazane kuphela ababheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlolisise ukubandlulula okungahle kwenzeke kubantu besilisa bakwezinye izindlela zokuya ocansini (isb. Ezinye izinto ezingaba nomthelela ekubandlululeni kwengqondo (njengokuqala kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuvamile noma inani lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nesonto elijwayelekile nangaphambi kocwaningo) akuqoqwanga futhi kufanele kuhlolwe ezifundweni ezizayo. Izifundo ezingeziwe kufanele futhi zihlolisise ukubhekisisa okungenzeka kube khona ngaphandle kokubukwa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Eqenjini labantu abangazibukeli izithombe ezingcolile).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuza imibuzo maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka kube nomthelela ekuphenduleni phakathi nomsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano eziphakathi kwamanani esikalini ukuhlolwa noma ukuhlolwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga ziphakamisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuchema kwendlela nezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa izinkinga, kunciphisa lokhu kukhathazeka futhi kusikisela ukuthi ukubandlulula kwengqondo kufanele kuhlolwe ngokuqhubekayo ezifundweni ezizayo. Njengalokhu, ukuhlaziywa kwethu kwendlela yokukhetha ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga kudinga isampula elikhudlwana labantu abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo oluhlola indlela yokuchema ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile olunenkinga lungakhanyisa kangcono izindima zokwehlukanisa kwengqondo enkambweni yalo (isb., Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nokubuyiselwa). Izifundo ezingeziwe zingaphinde ziphenye izindlela zokwelashwa ezisuselwa ekubandlululeni kwengqondo, uma kunikezwa imininingwane esekela ukusebenza kwazo ekuluthweni yizidakamizwa (UGu et al., 2015; I-Wiers et al., 2011). Isibonelo, iziguli ezinenkinga yokusebenzisa kabi utshwala zaqeqeshwa ngokuphelele noma zaqeqeshwa ngokuqondile ukugwema ukugqugquzela utshwala kunokuba ziyisondele zisebenzisa i-paradigm. Lokhu kuxhaphaza ukuthambekela kwesenzo sokusondela kotshwala kuholele ekuvinjelweni okusha kokuphuza utshwala futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kotshwala; ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokwelashwa ongcono wabonwa ngonyaka we-1 ngemuva kwesikhathi (I-Wiers et al., 2011). Ngokungahle, izinhlelo zokubuyisa ingqondo zokuqonda zingaba nemiphumela ebalulekile emtholampilo yokwelapha ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga, futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuhlolwe ngqo ezifundweni ezizayo.
U-RSA noDkt MNP bahlela ukwakhiwa kocwaningo. I-RSA yahlela umsebenzi. U-MG waxoxa futhi wanikela ngezithombe ezihambelana nesisusa sobuhlakani. I-SWK ne-AK yathuthukisa futhi yanikela ngemininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezithombe zocansi okusetshenziswa ocwaningweni. Abakwa-SS bathole ukuxhaswa futhi baqoqwa ngemininingwane. Ama-SS ngokuhlangana ne-RSA akhiqize okusalungiswa kokuqala kombhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali banikeze ngokufaka, bafunda, futhi babuyekeza umbhalo wesandla ngaphambi kokuhambisa.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Ababhali abanazo izingxabano ezithintekayo maqondana nokuqukethwe yilo mbhalo wesandla. UDkt MNP uthole ukwesekwa ngokwezezimali noma isinxephezelo ngokulandelayo: uthintane futhi waxwayisa abakwaRiverMend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, kanye neJazz Pharmaceuticals; Uthole ukwesekwa okungakhawulelwe kocwaningo kuMohegan Sun Casino futhi anikeze usizo (kuYale) oluvela esikhungweni sikazwelonke Sokuphatheka Kwemidlalo nePfizer; ubambe iqhaza ocwaningweni, ekubhaleni ngeposi, noma ngokuxhumana ngocingo okuhlobene nokuluthwa izidakamizwa, ukuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kokuthinteka, noma ezinye izihloko zezempilo; uthintane nezinhlaka zezomthetho nezokugembula ezindabeni ezihlobene nokuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kokuthinteka kanye nemilutha kubandakanya nokuphathelene nezidakamizwa ze-dopaminergic; uhlinzekele ukunakekelwa kwemitholampilo eMnyangweni Wezinsizakalo Zokugembula Wezinsizakalo Nokulutheka; wenze ukubuyekezwa kwemali yesibonelelo yamaZiko Kazwelonke Wezempilo nezinye izinhlaka; uhlele amaphephabhuku kanye nezigaba zamaphephabhuku; unikeze izinkulumo zezifundo emjikelezweni omuhle, imicimbi ye-CME nakwezinye izindawo zokwelapha noma zesayensi; futhi ukhiqize izincwadi noma izahluko zencwadi zabashicileli bemibhalo yezempilo yengqondo.
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