Ngabe Abesilisa Abathenga Ucansi Bahlukile Kwabesilisa Abangaluthengi?: Ukuhlola Izici Zempilo Yezocansi Okususelwa Kucwaningo Lwabantu Olungahleliwe eSweden (2020)

Ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kocansi kuyisihloko sengxoxo ejwayelekile kanye nodaba olufanele lwezempilo yomphakathi. Ukuya ocansini okwenziwayo ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengokuhweba (ukuthenga nokuthengisa) kocansi ukuze uzuze ngezinto ezibonakalayo, okungukuthi, ukushintshisana ngemali, izidakamizwa, ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, noma ezinye izinto zocansi (iCarael, iSlaymaker, iLyerla, neSarkar, 2006; Stoebenau, Heise, Wamoyi, & Bobrova, 2016). Lo mkhuba uchazwe ikakhulukazi njengamadoda akhokhela abantu besifazane ocansini, kepha kunakwe kakhulu abesilisa nabesifazane abakhokhela abesilisa ngocansi futhi (Berg, Molin, & Nanavati, 2020; UCarael et al., 2006). Ngenkathi izifundo zabasebenza ngocansi nabantu abathola imali noma ezinye izinhlobo zesinxephezelo ngocansi zitholakala futhi zikhombisa impilo ebuthakathaka (IHalcón & Lifson, 2004; UMiller et al., 2011; USeib, uFischer, noNajman, 2009; Ulloa, Salazar, & Monjaras, 2016; Wong, Holroyd, Mpunga, & Ling, 2006), Izifundo ezibhekana nezidingo zokuya ocansini ngokususelwa kwimininingwane yabantu ezinamandla ziyindlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha ehlinzeka ngezici zokuphila kocansi zabathengi bezocansi ihlukile eScandinavia, ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje sihlinzeka ngokutholwa kwoveli. E-UK, uWard et al. (2005) noJones et al. (2015) unikeze izilinganiso ezivela ezifundweni ezimele izwe lonke ezibonisa ukuthi u-6-11% wamadoda aseBrithani wake wakhokhela ucansi.

Ucwaningo lwango-1996 olwaluhlanganisa abesilisa abayi-1145 baseSweden abaneminyaka engu-18-74 ubudala lwathola ukuthi abangu-12.7% babaphenduli babekhokhele usizo lwezocansi. (Månsson, 1996) Izilinganiso ezivela kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga naseNyakatho Yurophu zikhombisile ukuthi cishe ama-12.9% wamadoda aseNorway (Schei & Stigum, 2010), 11-13% wamadoda aseFinland (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000) wake wakhokhela ucansi. Ukukhokha noma ukunikeza ezinye izinhlobo zesinxephezelo noma ukubuyiselwa kwemali ocansini kuyicala eSweden kusukela ngo-1999, lapho ukuthengwa kwezinsizakalo zocansi kungavumelekile. Lo mthetho uhlose ukwandisa ukulingana ngokobulili futhi uvikele abesifazane abasengozini ekuxhashazweni nasebudloveni. Isu laseSweden lokulingana ngokobulili lifaka nenhloso yokwehlisa isidingo sokuthengisa ngomzimba. Ucwaningo lwe-intanethi olude lwango-2010 phakathi kwabaseSweden, baseNorway, nabaseDanes abaneminyaka eyi-18-65 lwaphenya ngemiphumela yokwenziwa ubugebengu ekufuneni nasekuthengweni kocansi. ENorway, ukuthengwa kwezinsizakalo zocansi akukho emthethweni kusukela ngo-2009, kanti naseDenmark kusesemthethweni. Inani elibike ukuthi lithenge ucansi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule beliphansi kakhulu eSweden (6%), liphakeme eDenmark (0.29%) naseNorway (1.3%). Isiphetho sababhali ukuthi umphumela wokwenza ubugebengu ukwehla kwesidingo nokuthengwa kwezinsizakalo zocansi (Kotsadam & Jakobsson, 2014). E-US, u-16% wamadoda abike ukuthi akhokhele ucansi okungenani kanye ezimpilweni zabo, kwathi u-0.5% wabika ukuthi bakwenza okungenani kanye ngonyaka (Michael, Gagnon, Laumann, & Kolata, 1994). ERussia, kwatholakala ukuthi amadoda ayi-10-13% ayethenge ucansi okungenani kanye (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000). EHolland isibalo esilingana no-14%, eSwitzerland 19%, e-UK 7-10%, naseSpain ngama-39% (uLeridon, van Zesson, noHubert, 1998). Izinombolo ezisebangeni lama-70% zirekhodelwe iCambodia neThailand, kepha nalokhu futhi, kubukeka kuyizilinganiso ezingaqondile (iBen-Israel neLevenkron, 2005; UDella Giusta, uDi Tommaso, uShima, noStrøm, 2009). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukwanda kwamadoda aseSweden akhokhela ukuya ocansini phesheya, ngokwesibonelo, eThailand eseholidini (Manieri, Svensson, & Stafström, 2013).

Izindlela eziyisisekelo nezizathu zokuthenga ucansi ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziyahlukahluka. Ngokwengeziwe, ezenzweni zobulili zomzimba, ucwaningo luye lwachaza ukuthi izizathu zokuthenga ucansi ziyahlukahluka emaqenjini amadoda futhi kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, imizwa, isidingo sokusondelana, ukuxhumana nabantu, nokufuna ubudlelwano (iBirch & Braun-Harvey, 2019; UMonto noMilrod, 2014; Weitzer, 2007).

Ucwaningo lwaseMelika ngamadoda aneminyaka engama-60-84 ubudala lukhombisa ukuthi iminyaka yobudala ihambisana nokuvama kokukhokhela ucansi. Labo abanemali engenayo ephezulu nabangenabo abalingani babekwazi ukubika imisebenzi engeyona eyezocansi nabahlinzeki, futhi ababambiqhaza abaningi bafuna “isipiliyoni sentombi,” lapho ukushintshana ngocansi okukhokhelwayo kuyingxenye yobudlelwano obubonisa ubudlelwano obujwayelekile obungaholi (Milrod & Monto , 2017).

Ucwaningo oluqhathanisa abathengi bezocansi nabangaluthengi ucansi luthole ukuthi abathengi bezocansi banamathuba amaningi okuthi babike ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kanye namathuba okudlwengulwa kunamadoda angakhokhi ngezocansi. Abesilisa abakhokhela ucansi bathole amaphuzu aphezulu ezinyathelweni zobulili obungezona ezomuntu kanye nobudoda obunobutha futhi babenozwela oluncane kwabesifazane abafebayo (UFarley, Golding, Matthews, Malamuth, noJarrett, 2017). Okutholakele ezifundweni ezinamandla zabathengi bezocansi kusikisela ukuthi ingemuva kanye nezimpawu zomuntu kungenzeka kuthinte ukufunwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuzibona kwakho, imibono yabesifazane, ukuthanda ezocansi, izici zezomnotho (ezemfundo, imali engenayo, umsebenzi), kanye nesimo sengqondo ngobungozi (ingozi yezempilo kanye nengozi yokubanjwa lapho ukuthengisa ngocansi kungekho emthethweni), ukungabi nentshisekelo ebudlelwaneni obuvamile , kanye nesifiso sokuhlukahluka kwezenzo zocansi noma abalingani bezocansi (UDella Giusta, Di Tommaso, & Jewell, 2017).

Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiSweden National Council for Crime Prevention ngo-2008 lwakhombisa ukuthi abathengi bezocansi baseSweden bayiqembu elixakile ngaphandle kokuthi iningi labo ngabesilisa hhayi abesifazane (BRÅ, 2008). Abathengi bavela ezizindeni ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo yomnotho kanye nayo yonke iminyaka, noma ngabe iminyaka ejwayelekile kakhulu yiminyaka engama-30-50. Cishe u-50% wabathengi babefunde kakhulu futhi beshadile. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabantu olwenziwe ngu-Priebe noSvedin (2011) kukhombise abathengi baseSweden abangahlukile kwabangewona abathengi ngokwezinga lemfundo noma isimo somshado. Kodwa-ke, umehluko owehlukile wakhonjwa phakathi kwabathengi: Inani eliphakeme lalike labhekana nesehlukaniso noma ukwahlukana, inani eliphakeme lokushintshwa kozakwethu, babevame ukuqashwa, kuyilapho-abathengisi babevame ukungasebenzi, abafundi, abathathe umhlalaphansi noma ngekhefu lokugula, inani eliphakeme belinemali ephezulu, kanti ingxenye ephakeme ibikade ihamba nomsebenzi ngonyaka odlule. Abathengi, ngezinga eliphakeme, babenolwazi lobudlova ebudlelwaneni bangaphambilini, babeke babhekana nodlame ebuntwaneni kanye nokuya ocansini okungavunyelwe. Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezidakamizwa kwakuyinsakavukela kubathengi, futhi abathengi babenezithandani eziningi futhi basebenzisa i-intanethi ukwenza ucansi ngezinga eliphakeme kunalabo abangathengi (i-Priebe & Svedin, 2011). Ucwaningo olwenziwe emaqenjini akhethiwe abesilisa abakhokhele ucansi lukhombisa ukuthi lawa madoda ayiqembu elisengozini enkulu yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi eziveza bobabili abathengisa ngocansi nabanye abalingani babo bezocansi. (Moore, 1999Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lokuthi izici zokuphila kocansi zisebenza kanjani ekufuneni ukuthenga ucansi kusazobhekwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Izinhloso

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukulinganisa ukwanda nokukhomba izinto ezihambisana nokukhokha noma ukunikeza ezinye izinhlobo zesinxephezelo socansi phakathi kwesampula elakhiwe ngokungahleliwe labantu baseSweden.

Abahlanganyeli kanye nenqubo

Esifundweni samanje, sisebenzise idatha evela ku-SRHR2017 (ezempilo yezocansi nokuzala kanye namalungelo), inhlolovo yabantu engahleliwe okubandakanya abesifazane nabesilisa abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16 nengama-84 eSweden. Inhloso ephelele yephrojekthi eyinhloko yocwaningo, eyenziwa yi-Public Health Agency yaseSweden, kwakuwukuhlola izinto ezahlukahlukene kwezempilo yezocansi nokuzala kanye namalungelo.

Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwa yiStatistics Sweden, i-ejensi kahulumeni, ngesikhathi sekwindla ka-2017. Isampula elakhiwe ngokungahleliwe labantu ababalelwa ku-50,000 16 abaneminyaka yobudala eyi-84-1968 ubudala bamenywa ukuthi babambe iqhaza ocwaningweni ngokuphendula nge-inthanethi noma ngephepha-ipensela ngeposi. Isampula labahlanganyeli lalisuselwa kulwazi oluvela kwirejista yabantu baseSweden. Le rejista yasungulwa ngo-7,906,368 futhi ifaka imininingwane efana nosuku lokuzalwa, ubudala, ubulili, izinsuku zokufuduka, izinsuku zokufuduka, nendawo yokuhlala. Uhlaka lwesampula lwalunabantu abangu-50,016 232 49,784. Isampula elula engahleliwe yabantu abangama-66 idwetshiwe. Ngenxa yokweqisa ngokweqile, abantu abangu-118 abakhishiwe, ngakho-ke ama-XNUMX asala futhi athola uhlu lwemibuzo. Imibuzo yocwaningo yenziwa yi-Public Health Agency yaseSweden kulandela ukubuyekezwa kochwepheshe okwenziwe yiStatistics Sweden. Ucwaningo lokugcina lubandakanya imibuzo engama-XNUMX (eyi-XNUMX kubandakanya imibuzo yokulandelela).

Ama-questionnaires ephepha athunyelwe ngeposi kanti nabaphendulayo baphinde bathola incwadi yemininingwane ngalolu cwaningo nenhloso yalo. Abaphenduli baphinde baziswa ukuthi uhlu lwemibuzo luzokwengezwa ngemininingwane yerejista nokuthi ukubamba iqhaza bekuzithandela. Sekukonke, kwathunyelwa izikhumbuzo ezintathu. Bebonke, abantu abayi-15,186 baphendulile, okwenza kwaba nezinga lokuphendula elingu-30.5%. Abangaphenduli kungenzeka ukuthi bazalwe ngaphandle kweSweden, babe nezinga eliphansi lemfundo, babe ngamadoda, futhi babe ngabancane. Ukungaphenduli okuyingxenye kuye kwahluka phakathi kuka-0 no-14% wemibuzo ehlukile. Eminye imibuzo yabaphenduli abangama-639 ayifakwanga ngenxa yezimpendulo eziphikisanayo, ngakho-ke isampula lalinabantu abangu-14,537. Imiphumela yalinganiswa ngesisekelo sobulili, iqembu lobudala, indawo yokuhlala, izwe lokuzalwa, nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lemfundo. Ngenxa yesisindo, singafinyelela eziphethweni mayelana nabo bonke abantu baseSweden, esikhundleni sabantu abakha isampula.

I-SRHR2017 iphinde yathuthukiswa ngokuxhunyaniswa neDatabase Likazwelonke Lokudidiyelwa Kwe-Longitudinal ye-Health Insurance kanye ne-Labour Market Study (LISA) Kusuka ku-LISA, imininingwane ngezocansi, iminyaka, izwe lokuzalwa, indawo yokuhlala, isimo sabokufika, izinga lemfundo eliphakeme kakhulu nemali etholakele kwabaphendulile. Ukuxhumanisa kungenzeka ngenxa yenombolo eyingqayizivele yomuntu siqu ebhekiswe kubo bonke abahlali baseSweden.

Izindlela

Ukuhluka kwemiphumela sekukhokhiwe noma kunikezwe olunye uhlobo lwesinxephezelo ngocansi kwakususelwa embuzweni othi "Wake wakhokha noma wanikeza esinye isinxephezelo ngocansi"? Ezinye izindlela zokuphendula zifaka phakathi "yebo, kanye," "yebo, izikhathi eziningana," "yebo, unyaka odlule," "yebo, ngaphezu konyaka odlule," nokuthi "cha." Umbuzo walandelwa ngumbhalo ochazayo "Ezinye izinhlobo zesinxephezelo zingabandakanya izingubo, izipho, utshwala, izidakamizwa noma indawo yokulala, kodwa nokuthola noma ukuqhubekisela phambili ukugcina noma ukugcina umsebenzi." Izindlela zokuphendula zahlukaniswa futhi zonke ezinye izindlela zika “yebo” zahlukaniswa zaba “yebo” kanye no “cha” zaba “cha”. Abaphenduli bangahlola amabhokisi amaningi.

Ukuhluka okulandelayo kwesimo senhlalo yabantu kufakiwe ekuhlaziyweni: ubulili, iqembu lobudala (16-29, 30-44, 45-64, 65-84), izinga lemfundo eliphakeme kakhulu (≤ iminyaka eyi-9, iminyaka eyi-10-12 kanye> neminyaka eyi-12 ), Izinga lemali engenayo (amaqembu ama-5: iqembu labahola kancane (0-20) limele ama-20% abantu abanemali ephansi, neqembu eliphakeme kakhulu (80-100) elimele abantu abangama-20% abahola kakhulu).

Okuguqukayo Kokuphila Ngocansi

Umbuzo owodwa mayelana nokwaneliseka kwezocansi nokungagculiseki ngokocansi ubuziwe, "Ucabangani ngempilo yakho yezocansi ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule?" Kunikezwe izindlela ezimbili zokuphendula: (1) Ngiyaneliseka kakhulu; (2) Anganelisekile kakhulu. Njengoba abaphendulile babekwazi ukuwabheka womabili la mabhokisi, abantu abangu-3604 abenza kanjalo, bahlukaniswa baba ngenye indlela yesithathu echazwa ngokuthi “bobabili banelisekile futhi abanelisekile.”

Umbuzo "Ucabangani ngempilo yakho yezocansi ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule?" ubuzwe ukuthi anikeze ezinye izindlela zokuphendula Ukuguquguquka okusha okubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuba nobulili obuncane kunalokho ongathanda ukukwenza" kudalwe ngokuphendula u- "yebo" okungenani kokuphindwe kabili kwezindlela ezine zokuphendula.

Kubuzwe umbuzo ngezenzo zocansi online: "Wake wahlanganyela kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinto ezilandelayo ku-inthanethi, ngocingo noma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza?" Ezinye izindlela zokuphendula zifaka phakathi: “ngafuna umlingani wezocansi” futhi “ngathola umlingani ocansini naye” (Yebo / Cha). Ukuguquguquka okusha kudalwe "njengoba ubufuna noma uthole umlingani wezocansi ku-inthanethi" ngokususelwa empendweni ka "yebo" kunoma iyiphi yalezi zindlela ezimbili zokuphendula.

Ekugcineni, kwabuzwa umbuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi: "Ingabe uzibuka ngamabomu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile?" Ezinye izindlela zokuphendula zifakiwe: “Nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke,” “izikhathi ezingama-3-5 ngeviki,” “1-2 izikhathi ngeviki,” “2 noma kathathu ngenyanga,” “Kanye ngenyanga noma ngaphansi kaningi,” “Angikaze bukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ”futhi“ Angikaze ngibuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngamabomu, kodwa abanye endaweni engizungezile bayazibuka ”. Izimpendulo ziphendulwe "ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuvamile" kufaka phakathi izimpendulo "nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke" kanye "izikhathi ezi-3-3 ngeviki," futhi hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvamile kufaka phakathi ezinye izindlela zokuphendula.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Njengoba inani labesifazane ababika ukuthi bathenga ucansi lalilincane (0.4%), lezi zihlaziyo ezilandelayo zikhawulelwe kwabesilisa. Imininingwane yabantu engemuva ivezwa njengokulingana ngeminyaka, izinga lemfundo kanye nezinga lemali engenayo kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokwakhiwa nezisindo zesampula. Okwesibili, imininingwane yabantu engemuva enamanani abesilisa abakhokhele ucansi ivezwa yiminyaka, izinga lemfundo, nezinga lemali engenayo, kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokwakhiwa nezisindo zesampula. Ukuhlaziywa okungafuneki kukhombisa iphesenti lamadoda abika ukuthi akhokhele ucansi lapho umehluko kuzo zonke izigaba kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwesikwele (p <.05). Sisebenzise ukubuyela emuva kwezinto eziningi ukuhlola "ubungozi" bokukhokhela ucansi ngamamodeli amathathu alandelanayo. Imodeli yokuqala ikhombisa ukulinganiselwa okungekho emthethweni, kumodeli yesibili ebesiyilawula ngokweminyaka, izinga lemfundo nezinga lemali engenayo. Kumamodeli alandelayo ngokungeziwe ku-Model 2, sengeze ukulungiswa kokuhluka okulandelayo ngokwehlukana, ku-Model 3 ukwaneliseka ngempilo yomuntu wobulili, ku-Model 4 ngokufuna noma ukuthola umlingani wezocansi online, kwi-Model 5 yokuba nobulili obuncane kunalokho obekungenziwa ngithande, futhi ekugcineni kwi-Model 6 yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi. Konke ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngeStata, inguqulo 15 (StataCorp).

KuThebula 1, imininingwane yabantu engemuva ivezwa njengamaphesenti angenesisindo nesisindo. Bangu-9.5% (95% CI: 8.58-10.32) abesilisa ababike ukuthi bake bakhokha noma banikeza esinye isinxephezelo ngocansi. Amadoda asebekhulile abekhuphule amanani abantu abake bakhokhela ucansi. Abesilisa abanezinga eliphansi kakhulu lemali engenayo (i-percentile 1-20) uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lemali engenayo (i-percentile 81-100) nabo bakhombise ubungozi obandayo bokukhokhela ucansi; kodwa-ke, akukho nhlangano ebalulekile etholakele maqondana namanye amazinga emali engenayo. Abantu abaneminyaka eyi-9 noma ngaphansi kwemfundo bakhombise ukuncipha kwamathuba okukhokhela ucansi ngenkathi abantu abaneminyaka eyi-10-12 yemfundo bekhombisa ukwanda kwamathuba uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12 yemfundo. Kodwa-ke, akukho buhlobo obubalulekile ngezibalo ezingeni lezemfundo obuye basala ngemuva kokulungiswa kweminyaka nobudala bemali engenayo.

KuThebula 2, kwethulwe imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwethu kobudlelwano phakathi kwezici zempilo yezocansi futhi oke wakhokhela ucansi. Abesilisa ababike ukuthi abanelisekile (NOMA: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.34-2.22) babenamathuba amaningi okuthi bake bakhokhele ucansi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa ababenelisekile ngempilo yabo yezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa abake bafuna noma bahlangana nabalingani bezocansi online, babenamathuba aphindwe kahlanu okuba bakhokhele ucansi (NOMA: 5.07; 95% CI: 3.97-6.46), uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa ababengazange. Amadoda abike ukuthi baye ocansini oluncane kunalokho abebengathanda ukukuthola cishe cishe amathuba aphindwe kathathu okukhokhela ucansi (NOMA: 2.78; 95% CI: 2.12-3.66). Ngokufanayo, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abavamile babenamathuba aphindwe kathathu okukhokhela ucansi kunamanye amadoda (NOMA: 3.02; 95% CI: 2.28-3.98). Zonke izinto ezihluka-hlukene nezocansi zihlale zibalulekile ngokwezibalo ngemuva kokulungiswa kweminyaka, imali engenayo kanye nokutholwa kwezemfundo.

Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise imininingwane eyingqayizivele evela kwinhlolovo yabantu engahleliwe e-SRHR2017, exhunyaniswe namarejista okuphatha abanzi nasezingeni eliphakeme eSweden, ukukhomba inani lamadoda ake akhokha noma anikezwa ezinye izinhlobo zesinxephezelo ngocansi eSweden . Imiphumela yethu iqinisekisa ukuthi inani lamadoda abika abake bakhokhela ucansi ocwaningweni lwethu (9.5%) lilinganiswa nezifundo ezedlule kanye namanye amazwe aseNordic kanye nasentshonalanga yeYurophu (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000; UJones et al., 2015; I-Schei ne-Stigum, 2010). Iqembu lobudala elinenani eliphakeme kakhulu labesilisa abakhokhele ucansi kwakungamadoda angaphezu kweminyaka yobudala engama-45 (11%), kuthi abesilisa abaneminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-44 (10%) babike inani elifanayo. Inani eliphansi kakhulu labikwa phakathi kwabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-16-29 ubudala. Akukacaci noma lokhu kungenxa yombuzo, osinikeza ukwanda kwempilo yonke okwenyuka ngokwemvelo ngokukhula, noma ukuthi ukuthengwa kocansi kwaba semthethweni eSweden ngo-1999.

Imiphumela yethu maqondana nemfundo nemali engenayo yabathengi nayo iqinisekisa izifundo zangaphambilini (i-BRÅ, 2008; UPreebe noSvedin, 2011), ukuthi abathengi bavela ezizindeni ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo yomnotho kanye nezinga lemfundo akuhlotshaniswa nokukhokhelwa kocansi. Kodwa-ke, ukuba neholo eliphansi kakhulu kubonakala kuhlotshaniswa nokukhokhela ucansi, okungahle kukhombise ukuba sengcupheni nokuswela. Lokhu kuphikisana nokutholwe nguPriebe noSvedin (2011) noMilrod noMonto (2017) ukuthi inani eliphakeme labathengi lalinemali ephezulu. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yokwehluka kwezimpawu zomhlanganyeli kusukela uPriebe noSvedin (2011) ibisuselwa kuphaneli eliku-inthanethi eSweden imvamisa lithambekele ekubambeni inani elikhulu labesilisa, nabantu abafunde kangcono futhi abahola kakhulu kunabantu bebonke (uBosnjak et al., 2013).

Ngokwazi kwethu, alukho ucwaningo olususelwa kwinhlolovo yabantu engahleliwe eye yahlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokwaneliseka kwempilo yezocansi nokuthengwa kocansi, kepha kubonakala kunengqondo ukuthatha ukungeneliseki okufunwa yimishini, kufaka phakathi ukuya ocansini okuncane kunalokho umuntu ebengathanda ukukwenza. Kokutholakele kwethu, sibona ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kokufuna noma ukuhlangana nabalingani bezocansi online nokuthengwa kocansi. Imiphumela yethu iqinisekisa ukutholwa kwangaphambilini kokuthi abathengi basebenzisa i-intanethi kanye / noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomsebenzi wezocansi ngezinga eliphakeme kunalabo abangathengi (Monto & Milrod, 2014; UPreebe noSvedin, 2011).

Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ubudlelwane obuqinile bezibalo phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi futhi oke wakhokhela ucansi. Ucwaningo lwaseSweden luye lwabonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abavamile banamazinga aphezulu okubeka engcupheni njengokusebenzisa utshwala nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nengozi ephezulu yezocansi ethatha njengokuqala kocansi nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuthengisa ucansi, uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abangavamile (Mattebo, UTydén, uHäggström-Nordin, uNilsson, noLarsson, 2013; USvedin, Akerman, & Priebe, 2010).

Kukonke, ukunganeliseki ngempilo yezocansi nokungabi nocansi oluningi ngendlela umuntu abengathanda ngayo, kanye nokwenza ucansi online nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokukhokhela ucansi phakathi kwamadoda aseSweden. Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi laba bantu bahlukile kwabesilisa abangakhokhelanga ucansi ngokwezici zokuphila kobulili. Futhi kusinikeza inkomba yokuthi zingahluka ngokuya ngezinye izinto ezihlobene nempilo yezocansi nokuthatha ukuzibeka engcupheni yezocansi kepha kusalokhu kungacaci ukuthi kanjani. Isidingo sokusondelana nobukhulu bezenhlalo nakho kungadlala indima (IBirch neBraun-Harvey, 2019; UMonto noMilrod, 2014). Lokhu kwazi kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izifo nasekuthuthukiseni impilo yezocansi. Ukuqondwa kokuthi ngubani okhokhela ucansi nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukunciphisa izidingo zezinsizakalo zocansi futhi kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ekusetshenzisweni komthetho kepha futhi nasekungeneleleni kwezempilo yomphakathi kanye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ebhekiswe kubo bobabili abantu abakhokhelayo nabantu abathola imali noma esinye isinxephezelo ngocansi .

Amandla alolu cwaningo afaka ukusetshenziswa kwedatha eyingqayizivele ye-SRHR2017, enothiswe ngemininingwane esezingeni eliphezulu yokubhalisa ezweni lonke. Ocwaningweni lwangaphambili, imininingwane ngezici zempilo yocansi njengokugculiseka, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nabalingani abaku-inthanethi iyashoda ngenkathi esifundweni sethu imiphumela ifaka isandla ekuqondeni izindlela ezishayela ukufunwa kocansi. Okunye ukulinganiselwa kokutadisha kudinga ukucatshangelwa ekwenzeni imiphumela ibe maphakathi nomqondo. Okokuqala, ngenkathi i-SRHR2017 iyisampula esekwe kubantu, izinga lokuphendula lalingama-31% (okungukuthi, ababambiqhaza abayi-14,500). Ukungaphenduli kungenzeka kube nokwenzelela emiphumeleni yethu, ngoba abantu abaningi bayenqaba ukudalula imininingwane ngezihloko ezibucayi ezinjengezenzo zocansi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso semiphumela yethu kungenzeka singabikwa kakhulu. Umphumela waba ukuthi "Wake wakhokha noma wanikeza esinye isinxephezelo ngocansi?" Bangu-9.5% abesilisa ababike ukuthi bake bakhokhela ucansi, okuyi-2.8% yabo (kwabangu-9.5%) ababike ukuthi balukhokhela ucansi ngonyaka odlule. Kodwa-ke, ngeshwa lo mbuzo wakhiwa ngendlela engacacile, lapho zonke izinketho zahlanganiswa khona embuzweni ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ukwehluka phakathi kwempendulo engaphenduliwe nempendulo ekhethiwe ethi "cha". Kuphela yi-0.26% yabo bonke abesilisa ababike ukuthi bathenga ucansi ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule, yingakho sikhethe ukungasebenzisi lesi silinganiso ekuhlaziyweni kwethu. Akucaci ukuthi lokhu kungafaka kangakanani izinga lokuthengwa kwe-inthanethi ngoba umbuzo awuchazanga ukuxhumeka ku-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Okwesibili, ukuguquguquka kokwaneliseka kwempilo yezocansi kubhekiswe onyakeni owedlule, ngenkathi konke okunye okuguqukayo kukala ukusabalala kwesikhathi sokuphila. Lokhu kungumkhawulo obuyisela emuva amathuba ethu okuthola ukuhlangana kokuthengwa kocansi kwakamuva. Okwesithathu, esifundweni sethu, asinalo ulwazi ngesimo sobudlelwano, obekungasisiza ukuthi siqhubeke nokuqonda imiphumela.

iziphetho

Isifundo sethu sinikeza ukuqonda kwanoveli ohlangothini lokufunwa kokuthengwa kocansi kubantu baseSweden. Abesilisa baseSweden abakhokhele ucansi bavela ezizindeni ezahlukahlukene kwezomnotho, kepha ngezinga eliphakeme abanelisekile ngempilo yabo yezocansi, babika ukuthi banobulili obuncane kunalokho abebengathanda ukukwenza, babe nolwazi lokuya ocansini online futhi kaningi kakhulu abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi uma beqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangakhokhelanga ucansi. Le mininingwane idinga ukuthi ibhekwe ekusekeleni nasekuvimbeleni imisebenzi yezempilo yezocansi ekhulayo kanye nokuqeda ukufunwa kwezinsizakalo zocansi.