abstract
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kungathonya kabi ikhwalithi yobudlelwano bezothando. Noma kunjalo sazi okuncane kakhulu ukuthi ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile kuhlobene nokuqina kobuhlobo bezothando kamuva. Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile, kungaba njalo noma kaningi, bathambekele ekubikeni ngokwehlukana kothando ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Idatha ye-Longitudinal yathathwa kumaza we-2006 kanye ne-2012 ye-Portraits kazwelonke emele i-American Life Study (N = 969). Ukucwaninga kokubhalwa phansi kwe-binary logistic kuveza ukuthi abantu baseMelika ababebuka izithombe zocansi ngaso sonke isikhathi e-2006 cishe baphindwe kabili kunalabo abangakaze babuke izithombe zocansi ukuthi babike ngokuqhekeka kothando yi-2012, ngisho nangemva kokulawula ngezinto ezifanele njengesimo sobudlelwano be-2006 nokunye ukuhlobana komphakathi. Le nhlangano yayiqine kakhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane nakumaMelika angashadile kunaseMelika abashadile. Ukuhlaziya kubonise futhi ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwamaMelika lapho bebebuka njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-2006 kanye nokungahambi kahle kwabo ngokuthola ukuhlukana nge-2012. Okutholakele kuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombe zocansi ezingaphambilini zisebenzisa ukubikezela ukuzinza okuphansi ngaphakathi kobudlelwano bezothando baseMelika, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa nabangashadile. Ukulinganiselwa kwedatha kanye nemithelela yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kuyaxoxwa ngalo.
Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezithokozisayo:
Ngenkathi amathuba okuba abesifazane babhekane nesehlukaniso kuphela akhuphuke cishe ngamaphesenti we-34 ngokubuka okungcolile kwangokwezifiso (kusuka kumaphesenti angu-15.4 kuya kumaphesenti we-23.5), amathuba okuba abesilisa abasebenzisa i-porn abathola ukuhlukana kube ngaphezulu kwezikhathi ze-3.5 kunalabo abangasebenzisi i-porn (amaphesenti we-22.5 uma kuqhathaniswa Amaphesenti we-6.3).
Kuwo wonke ama-unit akhuphuka imvamisa yokubuka i-porn kwi-2006, izingqinamba zokuthola ukuhlukana nge-2012 zikhuphuke ngamaphesenti we-14.
Ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile phambilini, kungaba ngasikhathi sinye noma amadethi amaningi, akusona isibikezeli esibalulekile sokwehlukana kwabantu baseMelika ababeshade e2006. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zombili izindlela zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyizibikezeli ezibalulekile zesehlukaniso kubo bonke labo abangashadile.
Amaphesenti we-44 alinganiselwa kwabasebenzisi be-porn abangashadile [abathola] ukuhlukana kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti we-24.5 kuphela wabantu abangasebenzisi abasebenzisi, inetha lokulawula.
Phakathi kwalabo "abangakaze" babuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngo-2006, cishe amaphesenti angu-13 abhekana nokuhlukana ngo-2012, kodwa leli nani lenyuka laba ngamaphesenti angama-23 kulabo ababheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi esithile ngo-2006.
Abaphendulile kungenzeka bahlukanise ubudlelwano obuningi ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, ngayinye ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa akukho kulokhu kulinganiselwa okuguqula iqiniso lokuthi ababukeli bezithombe ezingcolile, futhi ikakhulukazi amadoda, bangabika kakhulu ngokuhlukana noma ukuthi amathuba okuthi bahlukane akhuphuke cishe ngakho konke ukwanda kokuvama kokubuka izithombe zocansi ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlangano zazinamandla ngisho nalapho zilawula izinhlobonhlobo zabantu ababengadida.
Ngoba abesilisa bathambekele ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kunabesifazane, futhi kaningi bebodwa ngezinhloso zokushaya indlwabu (IBridges & Morokoff, 2011; Maddox et al., 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013), inkolelo yokubhala izobikezela ukuthi amadoda azobheka uthinteke kakhudlwana ngemiyalezo ethunyelwa ngalowo midiya.
Enye indlela engenza ngayo ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibe nomthelela ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano ukuxhumeka kwalo ebudlelwaneni ngokuqondile, ngokusebenzisa umlingani wobudlelwano [imizwa yokungavikeleki noma ukukhashelwa, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlobene nokungathembeki noma ukucasha].
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvamisile nokwenzeka njalo kungahle kulolongele amathuba amaMelika wokuphambana ebudlelwaneni besikhathi esizayo, hhayi nje labo abakhona njengamanje. Lokhu kuzobuye futhi kuxhase umbono wokubhala.
INGXENYE YESIGABA
Lolu cwaningo luye lwafuna ukubheka ukuthi ngabe izithombe ezingcolile zangaphambilini zisebenzisa yini ukuqagela amathuba amakhulu okuthola ukuhlukana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusebenzisa idatha emide evela kusampula emele izwe lonke laseMelika, okutholakele kuqinisekisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okungcolile, okuvame kakhulu futhi okuhambelana nokuvama kakhulu kokusebenzisa, kubikezela amathuba aphakeme okuthola ukuhlukana ngokuthandana phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha elandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphinde kwaboniswa ukuthi ubulili bulinganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi okungaphambilini kanye namathuba okuhlukana ukuze ubudlelwano babesilisa bubonakale buhlobene kakhulu nokuchayeka ku-porn kunobesifazane. Okokugcina, ukuhlaziya kukhombisile ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi okungaphambilini kanye nethuba lokuhlukana ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi kudluliselwe ikakhulu kubantu abangashadile e2006. Ngenkathi labo abebeshade e-2006 nabo bekubonakala sengathi kungenzeka bathola ukuhlukana uma bengabasebenzisi be-porn (bona i-Figure 3), le nhlangano ayitholanga ukubaluleka kwezibalo.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngemiphumela yalolu cwaningo, ukulinganiselwa kwedatha okuningana kufanele kuvunywe ukuze kusethwe indlela yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo. Okokuqala futhi okusobala kakhulu, imininingwane ayikwazi ukubona kahle ukuthi kungani ophendulile ahlangabezana nokuhlukana phakathi kuka-2006 no-2012. Abaphenduli babuzwa kuphela ukuthi ngabe babuqedile yini ubudlelwano obuzinzile, ngakho-ke kwabaningi kungenzeka ukuthi abuhlangene nezithombe zocansi. Umkhawulo ohambisanayo ngukuthi abaphenduli bebengaphula ubudlelwane obuningi ngalesi sikhathi, ngamunye ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke akukho nokukodwa kwalokhu kukhawulelwa okuguqula iqiniso lokuthi ababukeli bezithombe zocansi, futhi ikakhulukazi amadoda, maningi amathuba okuthi babike ukuthi bahlangabezana nokuhlukana noma ukuthi amathuba okuhlukana akhuphuke cishe ngakho konke ukwanda kokuvama kokubukwa kocansi phambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlangano zazinamandla noma ngabe zilawula izinhlobonhlobo zabaphambanisi. Noma kunjalo, izifundo ezizayo ngalesi sihloko zizovumela abaphenduli ukuthi bachaze ngomlando wabo wobudlelwano nezinto ezinomthelela ekuqedweni kobudlelwano babo. Umkhawulo wesithathu ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kulinganiswa kuphela ku-2006 ngakho-ke isifundo asikwazi ukubona ukuthi abaphendulile bagcina imvamisa ethile yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzisa igagasi elilandelayo. Impela, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zivame ukwehla nokugeleza okuhambisana nezinkathi ezahlukene zempilo nemicimbi (UPaul, 2005). Umkhawulo ohambisanayo ukuthi idatha ayikhombisi ukuthi hlobo luni lwezithombe zocansi umphenduli azibukayo noma ngabe babelubuka ngempela yini nomlingani wabo ngo-2006. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luthole ukuthi lezi zinto, ikakhulukazi ukuthi ngabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibukwa nomlingani wakho, ulinganise ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobudlelwano bothando (iBridges & Morokoff, 2011; Maddox et al., 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Willoughby et al., 2016). Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo-ke, ngokufanele zisebenzisa idatha ye-dyadic, nazo kufanele zibheke lezi zinto. Izingxoxo ezifanelekayo zingasiza futhi ekuqambeni izindlela ezithile ezisebenza kulobu budlelwano.
Lokhu kungagcini lapho, ucwaningo lwamanje lube nomthelela emibhalweni yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi futhi lwenze ubudlelwane bezothando ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, okutholakele kuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zangaphambili zisebenzisa kakhulu ukuqagela kokungazetheki okuhlobene, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa. Ukubamba isimo sobudlelwano njalo, kanye nezinye izixhumanisi ezifanele, ababukeli bezithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho cishe babephindwe kabili uma behlangabezana nokwehlukana kothando eminyakeni eyisithupha kulandela ucwaningo lokuqala, kanye nezikhathi ze-3.5 cishe uma bengamadoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu budlelwano budlulela hhayi kuphela ekubeni khona kwezithombe zocansi empilweni yomuntu, kepha ukuthi babuka kaningi kangakanani ezocansi. Kalula nje, lapho umuntu ebuka kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-2006, maningi amathuba okuthi ahlangane ngokwehlukana kwezothando yi-2012.
Ukuhlangana kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuqina kobuhlobo kungadabula ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene. Ukulandela ukufundwa komphakathi kanye nemibono yokubhala phansi, kungenzeka ukuthi imikhuba yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile isebenzisa ubujamo babasebenzisi be-porn ngokwabo, ibenze babeke phansi isithunzi somuntu oyedwa nokuthembeka noma babe nokulindela okungenangqondo ngesithombe somzimba noma ukuxhumana ngokocansi okungathonya kabi ukuzibophezela kwabo ebudlelwaneni (IGagnon & Simon, 1973, 2016. ; Sun et al., 2010; Weinberg, et al., 2013; Wright, 2013; Wright et al. 2014; Wright et al., 1988; UZillmann noBryant, 2011). Lokhu kuzosiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile nokwehlukana kunamandla emadodeni. Ngoba abesilisa bathambekele ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kunabesifazane, futhi kaningi bebodwa ngezinhloso zokushaya indlwabu (IBridges & Morokoff, 2011; Maddox et al., 2013; Poulsen et al., XNUMX), inkolelo yokubhala izobikezela ukuthi amadoda azobheka uthinteke kakhudlwana ngemiyalezo edluliswa ngalowo midiya.
Enye indlela lapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingahle zithonye ukuzinza kobudlelwano ukuxhumana kwayo nobudlelwano ngqo, ngomlingani wobudlelwano. Ucwaningo luye lwathola kaningi ukuthi abashadile noma abathandana nabo bangasabela kabi kumlingani wabo ngokujwayele ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi uma bengenazo (IBergner & Bridges, 2002; Amabhuloho, uBergner, noHesson-McInnis, 2003; UDaneback, et al., 2009 ; UGrov, et al., 2011; Schneider, 2000; UStewart noSzymanksi, 2012; UZitzman noButler, 2009). Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kozakwethu kungaba nomthelela emizweni yokungazethembi noma ukukhashelwa, ikakhulukazi uma kuxhunywe ekungathembekini noma ekucasheni. Ngenkathi imibhangqwana eminingi yobungqingili ibuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ndawonye futhi ithola ukuthi ithuthukisa ubuhlobo (Maddox et al., 2011; Willoughby et al., 2016), amadoda asasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zodwa ebuhlotsheni obunjalo kaningi kunabesifazane futhi lokhu kungasungula amandla lapho abalingani besifazane bezizwa bengafaneleki futhi bengavikelekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho, bengazibophezeli kangako ebudlelwaneni noma benentukuthelo, lapho bezizwa benomthelela emathubeni amakhulu wokwehlukana. Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungenzeka kuxhumeke ekungazinzini kobudlelwano ngazo zombili lezi zindlela, emazingeni ahlukene nakubantu abahlukile ngokuya ngezimo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungaqhubeka nokuhlola le misebenzi ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo ezisezingeni elifanele nabo bobabili abalingani bezothando.
Okwesibili okusho ukuthi, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyanda e-United States, futhi ikakhulukazi kubantu baseMelika abasebasha (intengo et al., 2016), ukungazethembi okuhlobene nakho kungakhula, kungaba ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ngokwayo kunomthelela ekuphazamiseni okuhlobene noma kubantu baseMelika abasebenzisa izithombe zocansi kungenzeka zithambekele ekuhlukaniseni okuhlobene. Mhlawumbe bobabili Noma ngabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ngandlela thile ukungalungi kobudlelwano, kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi izithombe zocansi zangaphambilini zisebenzisa ukubikezela ukwahlukana okulandelayo kwalabo ababekade single (akakaze ashade) ku2006. Ngenkathi abanye balaba bantu baseMelika kungenzeka ukuthi babesebudlelwaneni bezothando obuphathekayo, kungenzeka ukuthi abaningi abatholakalanga ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvamisile nokwenzeka njalo kungahle kube nomthelela wamathuba okuba abantu baseMelika bahlukane Ngokuzayo ubudlelwano, hhayi nje labo abaphakathi kwabo njengamanje. Lokhu kuzobuye futhi kuxhase umbono wokubhala. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole ukuthi ukwanda kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzisebenzisa isikhathi esingakanani okuhlobene nezimo ezinkulu zesehlukaniso nesehlukaniso, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanani aphansi emishado ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunganciphisa ukuthambekela kwezindlela zobudlelwano bendabuko kanye / noma ukungancedi ukushada.
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