Ukuhlola izimpendulo ze-neural ezibhekiswe ezihlosweni zomuntu eziphikisanayo nezinhloso ukukhomba izinqubo zokuphikisana ngokocansi ezihamba ngaphezu kwesifaniso (2019)

UJeroen Vaes, uGiulia Cristoforetti, uDaniela Ruzzante, uCarlotta Cogoni noVeronica Mazza

Imibiko yeSayensi ivolumu 9, Inombolo ye-Article: 6699 (2019)

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42928-x

abstract

Ukunqunywa - ukwehlisa umuntu entweni ethile - kumelela indlela enamandla futhi elimazayo esingabona ngayo futhi siphathe abanye. Abesifazane bavame ukuba yizisulu zezinqubo zokucacisa ezenzeka njalo lapho umuntu wesifazane ancishiswa emzimbeni wakhe noma ezithweni ezithile zomzimba. Okusalokhu kungacaci ukuthi umuntu wesifazane uba yinto lapho enqunyelwe. Kusetshenziswa i-paradigm ye-oddball ezimweni ezintathu zokuhlola, imisebenzi ye-neural yababambiqhaza ilinganiswa ngenkathi ihlaziya kaningi ukwethula isisusa sabantu besilisa nabesifazane bese beveza izinto ezinjengodrobha obujwayelekile. Izinto ezinjengodoli onqabile kulindeleke ukuthi zibangele impendulo ezihlobene nomcimbi ezihlobene nesehlakalo (P300) lapho zibonwa zingahlukile kokuphindaphindwayo, isikhuthazo somuntu (okungukuthi, umphumela ongathandeki). Ku-Testion 1, umphumela we-oddball wawuncane kakhulu kwabesifazane abanokulinganiswa ngokuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abanokulinganiswa. Imiphumela ye-Experiment 2 iqinisekisile ukuthi lo mphumela ubekelwe ukuboniswa kwabesifazane okungakhethi. Ku-Experiment 3, akunakunikezwa izinkomba zokuhlukaniswa kwento yabantu, kepha abesifazane abanezinhloso ezinhle babebonwa ngokufana kakhulu nezinto zangempela. Kuhlanganiswe, le miphumela ingeyokuqala ukukhombisa ukuthi umbono wabesifazane, uma unqunyelwe, ushintsha okushiwo ngaphesheya kwesingathekiso.

Isingeniso

Ukuxhumana kwethu phakathi kwabantu kuvame ukunqunywa ngokuzimisela kwethu ukwazi imicabango yabanye, izimo zengqondo, izifiso kanye nezinhloso zabo. Ukuxhumana kwethu nezinto, esikhundleni salokho, kuqondiswa ikakhulu usizo nokubonakala kwazo. Lezi zindlela ezijwayelekile zokuxhumana zivame ukuhlukaniseka ngokucacile njengoba izifunda zobuchopho ezihlukile zisekela ukugcotshwa kobunzima bomuntu vs.1. Noma kunjalo, kunezimo lapho ukwahlukana kwento yomuntu kuvame ukuphela. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho abantu behlukanisa abanye abantu. Ukugwetshwa kwenzeka noma nini lapho umuntu eba yinto ethile. Esimweni sokuzibona ngokocansi, lo muntu uvame ukuba ngowesifazane omzimba wakhe noma izitho zakhe zomzimba zibonwe njengezinto nje, zihlukaniswe nobuntu bakhe nobuntu bakhe, kubhekwe sengathi bayakwazi ukummelela2,3. Ngakho-ke, kufana nezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukubukeka kwazo noma usizo lwazo, uma zilinganiswa, abesifazane bahlolwe ngokukhethekile ngokukhangeleka kwabo nangevelu yezinsimbi. Okusalokhu kungacaci ukuthi abesifazane abazimisele ngokwabo bafana yini ngempela ngezinto noma ngabe ireferensi le yinto nje.

Ukuzibona ngokocansi kuvamile emiphakathini yanamuhla yaseNtshonalanga futhi kuhlasela ikakhulukazi abesifazane abasebasha. Esifundweni sakamuva sase-Australia4, abesifazane abasebasha babikwa ukuthi bebenomcimbi obonisa ukungathandeki (isib. ukubuka okungafuneki komzimba, ukubanjwa kwamakhanda, izinkulumo zocansi, ukugoqa, nezenzo zocansi) zonke ezinye izinsuku futhi kufakazela ukuzwela abanye ubulili, ngabezindaba nakwezokuxhumana nabanye. kanye ngosuku. Ukumelwa kwabesifazane kwabezindaba kuvame ukungacabangi futhi kunxeshezelwe ngezithombe ezinika amandla kakhudlwana emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga5,6. Ukuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo okuqondile nokungaqondile kunemiphumela ethinta kabi ukubukwa kwabesifazane4,7,8 futhi ekuhambeni kwesikhathi ingaba yingozi enhlalakahleni yabo9,10,11,12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubona umuntu wesifazane ngamagama anengqondo kukhulisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi13,14,15. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola ukuqonda okungcono kwezinqubo ezilandelanisa ukucansi ngokobulili kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukugxila okuhlukile kowesifazane esikhundleni somzimba wesilisa ocwaningweni oluqondile kuye kwashukunyiswa yimibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye neyamasiko. Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umzimba wowesifazane udonsela ukunakwa okuthe xaxa uma uqhathaniswa nomzimba wesilisa ngoba ngokuvamile unesiqu sezimpawu ezinikeza imininingwane ephathelene nokuzala kowesifazane nokubaluleka kokuzala16,17. Izimvo zezenhlalo-namasiko, esikhundleni salokho, zigcizelele umthelela wezindima ezenziwa ngabantu abathandekayo18 futhi isikhundla sezinzalamizi njengezimbangela ezigcina ukuhlolwa kwabesifazane ikakhulukazi kususelwa ekubonakaleni kwabo2,19. Yomibili le mibono ichaza ngokunamandla ukuthi kungani abesifazane beba izisulu zokuthi bangazihluphi ngokubanciphisela ukubukeka komzimba noma izingxenye zomzimba ezithile. Ngenxa yalokhu, umzimba wesifazane ubhekwa kakhulu ngokubukeka kwawo kanye nokusebenziseka kwawo, kufana nento ethile.

Ushintsho olusuka kothile luye kokuthile luye lwaphenywa ocwaningweni lokuziswa kobuntu kanye ne-anthropomorphism; kukhonjisiwe ukuthi amalunga eqembu eliphume waba ngabantu futhi (izinto ezinengiso) aphakamisa amaphethini obuchopho afanayo20,21, ngenkathi izinto ze-anthropomorphised zenza izimpendulo ezifanayo ze-neural ngokuqhathaniswa nokukhuthaza komuntu22,23,24,25. Esimweni sokuzibona ngokocansi kuye kwenziwa imizamo efanayo yocwaningo kodwa ayikho eye yasivumela ukuthi sikulinganise ngokweqiniso ukufana phakathi kwabesifazane abanezinto ezinhle kanye nezinto zangempela.

Sebenza ekwehlukanisweni komuntu26,27,28,29 ukhombise ubudlelwane, izifaniso, noma izimfanelo ezenziwa ngabantu uma bebhekene nabesilisa nabesifazane abakhonjiswe ukubhukuda- noma isembatho sangaphansi (okusho, ukungakhethi) noma okugqoke ngokuphelele (okusho, okungakhethi). Abesifazane ababehlosiwe babechazwa njengabangaphansi abanekhono, abanengqondo futhi benobungani noma babehlobene kalula nemigomo yezilwane (isib. Imvelo, ukudonsa) uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abagqoke kakhulu nabesifazane abagqoke ngokuphelele. Ngenkathi le miphumela isinikeza umbono wobudlelwano bama-semantic abantu abenziwa lapho bebhekene nabesifazane abanezinhloso ezinhle, abasivumeli ukuthi sitshele ukuthi laba besifazane empeleni bafana kakhulu nezinto ezisezingeni lokuqonda.

Ngomqondo ofanayo, imiphumela ye-neuroimaging30 Uveze ukuthi abesilisa abanobudlova obunobudlova kwabesifazane bakhombisa ukwehla kokusebenza kwalezo zindawo zobuchopho ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokubonisa ingqondo lapho bebuka abesifazane abazimisele ngokuqhathaniswa neminye imigomo yenhlalo. Olunye ucwaningo luveze ukuthi imigomo yabesifazane engacacisiwe iyacaciswa kusetshenziswa izinqubo zokuqonda ezisetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile ekusebenzeni kwethu nezinto. Ngenkathi izinto zivame ukuqashelwa kusetshenziswa ukucubungula kokuhlaziya, ukuqashelwa kwabantu futhi ikakhulukazi ubuso bomuntu butholakala ngokusebenza kokuhlelwa. Ngokubona ukuthi inqubo yakamuva isho ukuthi ukuqashelwa okuphumelelayo kuncike embonweni wobudlelwano phakathi kwezingxenye zokuphakanyiswa, ukuqashelwa kwabantu kuvame ukungavinjelwa lapho umzimba noma ubuso babo buphazanyisiwe, ngenkathi ukuqashelwa kwezinto kuhlala kungathinteki (isib.31,32). Kusetshenziswa umphumela wokuphambuka kumqondo wokuzibona ngokocansi, uBernard et al.33 uthole ukuthi ngokungafani neminye imigomo yabantu, awukho umehluko owenzekile ekubonakalweni kwemizimba yabesifazane ebekiwe lapho bekhonjiswa beqondile noma baphundlekile. Ngamanye amagama, izidumbu zabesifazane ezingenakuqhathaniswa zahlukaniswa futhi zaqashelwa njengokuphindaphinda kwezitho zomzimba, inqubo eyenziwa ngokuvamisile ebonakalayo ekubonakalweni kwezinto. Ibonisa lezo zindawo zobuchopho ezithile30 noma inqubo yokuqonda33 bayabandakanyeka ngokufanayo lapho kufakazelwa izinto zombili kanye nabesifazane abazimisele, kepha akuqinisekisi ukuthi empeleni bayinto efanayo noma bafana. Kokunye ngoba ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile izinto zikhombisile ukudala imiphumela yokuguqulwa31,34,35 okusho ukuthi akukho ukugqagqana okuphelele phakathi kohlobo lwenqubo (analytical vs. setural) kanye nelitshe (intwana vs yomuntu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhloso ezihluke kakhulu, njengokudla okwehla esiphundu nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, ziyaziwa ukuthi zisebenza ezifundeni ezifanayo zobuchopho (ie. Uhlelo lomvuzo36).

Ukulinganisa ukufana kwangempela phakathi kwabesifazane abanezinhloso ezinhle nezinto zangempela, umuntu kufanele (i-1) enze ukuqhathanisa okuqondile nezinto futhi (i-2) isebenzise inqubo ehlola ngqo ukufana kokubonakalayo phakathi kwento nokuthonya komuntu, esikhundleni sokumane kulinganise isitayela sokufaka esifanayo . Imizamo yokuhlola iphuzu lokuqala yenziwe muva nje. Ukugxila ku-N170, amandla ahlobene nomcimbi ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nokulungiswa kwesimo, ucwaningo lutholile ukuthi izidumbu zabantu kuphela ezingakhethi (okusho, abagqoke ngokuphelele) zicubungulwe ngendlela engafani nokuthi zifane (azigqokwa kahle) imizimba yabantu nezinto (okusho, izicathulo) lapho izingcingo zaziklwebulwa37 noma i-inverted38. Ngokunjalo, kolunye ucwaningo umphumela wokuguqula wabonwa kubantu besifazane abangaqondile, kepha hhayi kwabesifazane abanezinhloso nezinto ezifana nezindlu34. Ngenkathi lezi zifundo zikwazile ukuvivinya isitayela esifanayo sokucubungula samukelwa lapho bekubona izithombe zabesifazane abanezinhloso nezinto zangempela, awukho umzamo owenziweyo wokuhlola ukufana ngokubona kwabesifazane abanezinhloso nezinto zangempela. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini aluzange lusivumele ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi izinqubo zokucacisa izinto zingaphezu kwesingathekiso esisikisela ukuthi abesifazane abanokulinganiswa ngokweqiniso baba njengabalingisi. Izifundo zamanje ziletha i-paradigm yenoveli efanisa ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi ye-neural yababambiqhaza lapho ibhekene nezithombe (zamadoda nabesifazane abangaqondile) nezinto ezitholakalayo futhi zisivumela ukukala ukufana kwangempela phakathi kokukhuthazeka komuntu nokuthile.

Ucwaningo Lwamanje

Ukuhlola i-hypothesis ukuthi abesifazane abanezinhloso ezinhle baziwa ngokufana kakhulu nezinto uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezihlosiwe ngabantu, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezintathu. Kuzo zonke izivivinyo, kwamukelwa i-oddball paradigm eyaziwayo (isib39,40), lapho ukulandelana kwesikhuthazo esiphindaphindwayo kuphazanyiswa kaningi ngesisusa esiphambukayo, okungukuthi, i-oddball. Amandla ahlobene nomcimbi (i-ERP) aqoshwa esesimweni esisebenzayo futhi impendulo ebhekise ekungaqondakali nakwisisusa esiphindaphindwayo yahlaziywa. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa le paradigm kukhombisile ukuthi i-P300 - into ehlobene nomcimbi eyenzeka cishe nge-250-600 ms emva kokuqalisa kwesikhuthazo - idonswa yisikhuthazo esingesihle futhi ukukhuphuka kwayo kukhuphuka kuze kufike lapho ukuvuselelwa kwe-oddball kutholakala njengokuhlukile kokuphindaphindwayo isikhuthazo41,42. Ku-Experiment 1, izinto eziphindaphindwayo bezingaqondiswa (okusho, okufakwe kancane) okuhloswe kwabesilisa noma abesifazane, ngenkathi amatshe angadalulwanga (okusho ukuthi, ogqoke ngokuphelele) okuhloswe kwabesifazane nabesilisa kuvezwe kaninginingi ku-Experiment 2. Kuzo zombili izivivinyo, okuhlosiwe okungekona okwenziwa izinto kwakuqhathaniswa ngokubonakalayo (ie., Ama-avatar anjenge-unodoli) enzelwe ngqo izinhloso zalezi zifundo. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis yethu, i-P300 kufanele ibe mincane kakhulu lapho i-avatar yowesifazane efana nonodoli ivela phakathi kweqoqo lezithombe zabesifazane ezingenakuqhathaniswa kuqhathaniswa nokuvela lapho i-avatar yeduna enjengodoli isethunyelwa ngokungafanele phakathi kochungechunge lwezithombe zowesilisa ezingafani. Ngokuphambene nalokho, besingalindele ukuthi umehluko ofanayo uzokwenzeka ku-Experiment 2, inqobo nje uma zonke izisulu zibonisa imigomo engahloswanga. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo isivumele ukuthi sikhombise ukuthi akubona abesifazane ngokujwayelekile, kepha abesifazane abazimisele kuphela abonwa bafana kakhulu nezinto. Ekugcineni, ku-Experiment 3, kwethulwa kuphela imigomo enqunyelwe, kepha ngokungafani nokuhlola kwangaphambilini, umsebenzi wokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba awuhlangene nokwahlukaniswa kwento yabantu. Ukususa konke ukubhekisisa okwenziwe ngabantu noma izinto kusivumele ukuthi siqinise kabusha umbono wokuthi into yowesifazane akuyona nje isifaniso nje kepha idlulisa ukufana kwangempela kwezinto zangempela.

Indalo Ye-Stimulus kanye ne-Pre-Test

Kukhethwe ingqikithi yezithombe ze82 kumawebhusayithi akwi-inthanethi. Silandele ukucabanga okufanayo njengakw ocwaningweni olwedlule (isib27,28) ukusekela ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane ababonakala bebhukuda- noma izingubo zangaphansi badonsela ukunaka kakhulu emizimbeni yabo ngakho-ke kungenzeka bahlakaniphe kakhudlwana. Izithombe zazifanekisela abesifazane be-21 kanye nabesilisa be-20 ababonakala bebhukuda- noma begqokwa ku-Experiment 1 ne-3, kanti lawo makhamera afanayo abegqoke ngokuphelele ku-Experiment 2 (bona isibonelo esivuswayo ku-Figure 1, 2 futhi 3). Wonke amamodeli akhonjiswa kusukela emadolweni aze abuka ngqo kwikhamera. Amamodeli anokucaciswa okucacile kobulili bomzimba noma ukubukeka kobuso obukhulu kakhulu ayegwemeka. Zonke izithombe zaguqulwa zaba yi-greyscale ukuze zilinganise ukukhanya kwazo ngangokunokwenzeka. Esithombeni ngasinye, kutholwe i-avatar efana ne-doll edala i-morph phakathi kobuso bangempela bemodeli (i-30%) nobuso obunodoli (i-70%) bese kufakwa umbala osuswini esikhunjeni esibonakalayo somzimba wemodeli ngayinye (bona isibonelo stimuli in Izibalo 1, 2 futhi 3). Izisusa zazo zahlolwa ngaphambilini ngemibuzo eseku-inthanethi lapho abahlanganyeli be-22 (abesifazane be12) bahlukanise isithombe ngasinye njengento noma umuntu. Zombili izithombe zabantu nama-avatar anjengodoli aqashelwa kahle njengomuntu noma into ngokulandelana (Izimpendulo ze-98% ezilungile kuzo zombili izimo). Ngokusemqoka, ukunemba kokuqashelwa kwezithombe akuzange kuguquke njengokusebenza kwendlela abebegqoke ngayo, ubulili bamaphutha, noma ubulili bababambiqhaza. Kulelo phepha lemibuzo, nezithombe zabantu kuphela, sicele ababambiqhaza ukuthi bakhombise esikalini se-7-point Likert ngezinga elingakanani isithombe esiveze owesilisa noma owesifazane ongeneme. Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini27,28,30, okubhekiswe kwabesilisa nakowesifazane kuhlolwe ukuthi ngeke kukhonjwe ngezinga elikhulu lapho belethwa ngezingubo zokubhukuda noma zangaphansi (M = 3.05, SD = 0.37) uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi lapho babegqoke ngokuphelele (M = 2.25, SD = 0.26), F(1, 20) = 13.27, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.40. Okubalulekile, lo mphumela awulinganiswanga ngabo bobabili abahlosiwe noma ubulili babahlanganyeli (bona Ukusekela Ulwazi oluku-inthanethi ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokugcwele).

Umfanekiso we-1

Imiphumela ye-Stimuli ne-electrophysiological ye-Experiment 1. Iphaneli yesobunxele: isibonelo sesikhuthazo esibonisa owesilisa ongakhethi muntu, owesilisa ongakhethi bomuntu kanye nama-avatar abo abo. Isikhuthazi esithile esikhonjiswe kulesi sibalo asizange sisetshenziswe kuhlolo lwamanje, kepha siyafana nokwangempela. Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-copyright asikwazi ukushicilela isikhuthazo sokuqala sokuhlola. Isisusa sokuvivinya singatholakala ngesicelo sokuxhumana nomlobi ohambelana naye. Iphaneli ephakathi nendawo: ukusatshalaliswa kwemisipha yomsebenzi we-ERP kuwindi lesikhathi le-P300. Iphaneli kwesokudla: Ama-waveforms amakhulu ajwayelekile okuhlosiwe okulinganiselwa kowesilisa nowesifazane kanye nama-avatar abo. Umbuthano wangakwesokudla: Imininingwane yokuqhathanisa phakathi kwamanani amaphakathi nesilinganiso esihle phakathi kwawo wonke amatshe wenkokhelo yewindows time P300.

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

Umfanekiso we-2

Imiphumela ye-Stimuli ne-electrophysiological ye-Experiment 2. Iphaneli yangakwesobunxele: isibonelo sesikhuthazo esibonisa umuntu wesilisa ongakhethi, untokazi ongakhethi muntu kanye nama-avatare abo afanayo nonodoli. Isikhuthazi esithile esikhonjiswe kulesi sibalo asizange sisetshenziswe kuhlolo lwamanje, kepha siyafana nokwangempela. Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-copyright asikwazi ukushicilela isikhuthazo sokuqala sokuhlola. Isisusa sokuvivinya singatholakala ngesicelo sokuxhumana nomlobi ohambelana naye. Iphaneli ephakathi nendawo: ukusatshalaliswa kwemisipha yomsebenzi we-ERP kuwindi lesikhathi le-P300. Iphaneli yangakwesokudla: Amawashi aphakeme aphezulu weethagethi ezingadalulwanga zabesilisa nabesifazane kanye nama-avatar abo afanele. Umbuthano wangakwesokudla: Imininingwane yokuqhathanisa phakathi kwamanani amaphakathi nesilinganiso esihle phakathi kwawo wonke amatshe wenkokhelo yewindows time P300.

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

Umfanekiso we-3

Imiphumela ye-Stimuli ne-electrophysiological ye-Experiment 3. Iphaneli yesobunxele: isibonelo sesikhuthazo esibonisa owesilisa ongakhethi muntu, owesilisa ongakhethi bomuntu kanye nama-avatar abo abo. Imigqa ye-ophuzi eluhlaza okotshani noma eluhlaza yayisetshenziswa ngakwesokunene noma ngakwesobunxele kwesivuseleli ngasinye. Isikhuthazi esithile esikhonjiswe kulesi sibalo asizange sisetshenziswe kuhlolo lwamanje, kepha siyafana nokwangempela. Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-copyright asikwazi ukushicilela isikhuthazo sokuqala sokuhlola. Isisusa sokuvivinya singatholakala ngesicelo sokuxhumana nomlobi ohambelana naye. Iphaneli ephakathi nendawo: ukusatshalaliswa kwemisipha yomsebenzi we-ERP kuwindi lesikhathi le-P300. Iphaneli kwesokudla: Ama-waveforms amakhulu ajwayelekile okuhlosiwe okulinganiselwa kowesilisa nowesifazane kanye nama-avatar abo. Umbuthano wangakwesokudla: Imininingwane yokuqhathanisa phakathi kwamanani amaphakathi nesilinganiso esihle phakathi kwawo wonke amatshe wenkokhelo yewindows time P300.

Isithombe sosayizi ogcwele

Zama i-1

Ku-Experiment 1, i-paradigm engaqondakali yayiqukethe okuhlosiwe kwabesifazane nabesilisa; Ama-avatar anjenge-unodoli abonisa ukukhuthaza okungajwayelekile okuvelile phakathi kokutholwa okuvame ukwenziwa ngabantu. Ababambiqhaza kwakumele bakhombise, ngokunemba futhi ngokushesha okukhulu, ukuthi ngabe ilitshe ngalinye laliveza isithombe somuntu noma into efana ne-avatar ngomshini wokhiye.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela Yokuziphatha

Ukunemba. Ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye yezimpendulo ezifanele kubonise ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kokuhlukanisa kangcono abesilisa kunethagethi yabesifazane (F(1, 17) = 9.939, p <0.01, η2p = 0.369) futhi waphikisa umuntu kunama-avatar afana nodoli (F(1, 17) = 62.438, p <0.001, η2p = 0.786). Njengoba bekulindelekile, ubulili obuhlosiwe nobuntu buhlangene kakhulu, (F(1, 17) = 7.774, p <0.05, η2p = 0.314). Ababambiqhaza babenembe kakhudlwana ekuboneni owesilisa onodoli (M = 84.77, SD = 9.351) uma kuqhathaniswa nama-avatar wesifazane afana nodoli (M = 79.22, SD = 9.890) (t (17) = -3.104, p <0.01), ngenkathi awukho umehluko ophawulekayo ovele phakathi kwezinhloso zabesilisa eziphikisiwe neziphikisiwe (t (17) = -1.045, p = 0.311) (bona I-Fig. SI1 ku-Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqashelwa okufanele kwabahlanganyeli kukhubazeke kakhulu lapho i-avatar yowesifazane efana nonodoli ivela phakathi kweqoqo lezithombe zabesifazane ezingenakuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa ne-avatar yowesilisa efana nonodoli eyabonakala phakathi kweqoqo lezithombe zabesilisa ezingakhethi.

Isikhathi sokuphendula. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokunikeza izimpendulo ezinembile sathonywa kakhulu ubulili obuqondiwe (F(1, 17) = 23.796, p <0.001, η2p = 0.583) nobuntu (F(1, 17) = 11.248, p <0.01, η2p = 0.398), kepha ayithonyelwanga ukusebenzisana phakathi kwazo zombili izinto eziguqukayo. Sekukonke, izimpendulo bezishesha ekuhlukanisweni kwabesilisa (M = 0.694 s, SD = 0.14) kunezinjongo zabesifazane (M = 0.789 s, SD = 0.20) nakubantu abaphikisayo (M = 0.771 s, SD = 0.17) kunokuba ama-avatar afana nodoli (M = 0.772 s, SD = 0.17) (bona i-Fig. SI2 ku-Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi). Kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi izimpendulo zabahlanganyeli bezilimalekele ekufezeni ubuqili kunokushukumisela kaningi, kodwa ukuthi, ngokungafani nokunemba kwezimpendulo zabo, ngokuvamile bezephuza ekuphenduleni ngowesifazane (womuntu no-avatar) uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhuthaza abesilisa. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luveze ukuthi izithombe zabesifazane zidonsela ukunakwa okuningi futhi zibukwa isikhathi eside uma ziqhathaniswa nezithombe zamadoda43. Lokhu kungahle kwehlise abahlanganyeli ekuphendukeni kwabo ngokubhekisele kwabesifazane kunokuba kukhuthazwe owesilisa. Lo mphumela, noma kunjalo, udinga ukuhunyushwa ngokunakekelwa njengoba singawuphindaphindeli lo mphumela kuzivivinyo ezilandelayo.

Imiphumela ye-Electrophysiological

Ukuphakama kwamandla ahlobene nomcimbi (P300) kuthonywe kakhulu ubulili obuhlosiwe nobuntu kuzo zontathu izifunda ezithandekayo (amasayithi we-parietal, i-occipital kanye nendawo ephakathi). Njengoba bekulindelekile, ukwethulwa kwe-avatar yabesifazane efana nonodoli phakathi kwezithombe zabantu besifazane ezingenasici kwaholela ekuphambukeni okuhle kwe-P300 eyayincane kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nokwethulwa kwe-avatar yeduna efana neyamadoda phakathi kwezithombe zowesilisa. Akukho mehluko omkhulu obonakele phakathi kwezithombe ezibonisa ilitshe lowesilisa nelingenhloso (bheka isithombe 1). Kuzo zonke izifunda, ukuxhumana phakathi kobulili obuhlosiwe kanye nobuntu kwavela kakhulu (F(1, 17) = 21.786, p <0.001, η2p = 0.562; F(1, 17) = 17.791, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.511; F(1, 17) = 16.573, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.494, yezindawo ze-occipital, parietal kanye nendawo emaphakathi ngokulandelana; bona Ukusekela Ulwazi oluku-inthanethi ukuthola ukuhlaziywa okugcwele).

Imiphumela isekela i-hypothesis yokuthi i-P300 incane kakhulu lapho i-avatar yowesifazane efana nonodoli ivela phakathi kweqoqo lezithombe zesifazane ezingenakuqhathaniswa kuqhathaniswa nokuvela lapho i-avatar yeduna enjenge-unodoli yethulwa ngendlela engafaniyo phakathi kochungechunge lwezithombe zowesilisa ezingafani. I-amplitude ye-P300 ku-pardigm ye-oddball incike ezicini ezimbili: imvamisa yesikhuthazo se-oddball nezinga le-infrequent stimuli ngokwehluka ngalo kwejwayelekile. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi into yokuqala igcinwe ihlala njalo ezithombeni zabesilisa nabesifazane, le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi izinhloso zabantu besifazane ezihlotshisiwe zandiswe ngokufana ngezinto zangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nabalingani besilisa. Kuyaqhubeka, kepha-ke, ukuthi lokhu kwehluka kukhombisa umphumela wobulili ojwayelekile ohlobene nokhuthazo lowesifazane olungaqondile. Ukungafaki lokhu kungenzeka, senze ucwaningo lwesibili ngezithombe zezingubo zowesilisa nabesifazane ezigqoke ngokuphelele, ezingenasisekelo.

Zama i-2

Inqubo ye-Experiment 2 yayifana naleyo esetshenzisiwe kulingo lokuqala. Lapha, okuyisisekelo okuvezwe okungabunjiwe (okumbathiswe ngokuphelele) okuhloswe kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokuhambisana nama-avatar abo.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela Yokuziphatha

Ukunemba. Ukunemba kwabahlanganyeli kuthonywa kuphela ubuntu obuqondiwe (F(1, 17) = 35.679, p <0.001, η2p = 0.677) kukhombisa ukuthi abantu abangahlosiwe (M = 95.58, SD = 9.95) zahlukaniswa ngokunembe kakhudlwana kunama-avatar afana nodoli (M = 83.19, SD = 9.63). Njengoba bekulindelekile futhi ngokungafani ne-Experiment 1, akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kobulili nobuntu bezinhloso okuvele ekuhlaziyweni (bona I-Fig. SI3 ku-Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi).

Isikhathi sokuphendula. Kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu ngesikhathi esisetshenziswe ekuhlukaniseni isisusa esihlukile (bheka i-Fig. SI4 ku-Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi).

Imiphumela ye-Electrophysiological

Amawindi wesikhathi esifanayo akhethwe ekuhlolweni kokuqala amukelwa ukukhipha i-amplitude enesimo esifundeni ngasinye sentshisekelo. Imiphumela iveze ukungaxhumani phakathi kobulili nobuntu benkomba esifundeni ngasinye sentshisekelo (konke Fs <1). Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umphumela we-oddball uvele kwi-ROI ngayinye nama-avatar angavamile onodoli afaka igagasi elihle ngokwengeziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhloso zabantu ezingaphikiswa njalo (ps <0.001). Njengoba bekulindelwe, lo mphumela awuzange ufaneleke ngokobulili balokho obekuhlosiwe, yize ubukhulu be-P300 bebukhulu bukhulu kakhulu kwabesifazane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhloso zabesilisa (ps <0.05; bheka Umfanekiso 2; bheka Ukusekela Imininingwane eku-inthanethi yokuhlaziywa okugcwele).

Imiphumela Yesilingo 2 ikhombise umphumela ongajwayelekile futhi onamandla we-oddball kuzo zombili izithombe zowesilisa nowesifazane ezeseka ukubikezela kwethu ukuthi i-P300 ayihlukile kakhulu lapho kuvela i-avatar efana ne-avatar yabesifazane phakathi kweqoqo lezithombe zesifazane ezingenasisekelo uma kuqhathaniswa nokweduna. I-avatar enjenge-unodoli yethulwe phakathi kochungechunge lwezithombe zesilisa ezingenakucaciswa. Ngamanye amagama, lapho izithombe zabesifazane zigqoke ngokuphelele futhi zingadonseli ukugxila emizimbeni yabo azinakucaciswa futhi zibonakale zihlukile entweni yangempela njengabalingani bazo besilisa.

Ukuqhathanisa ngokuqondile okwenziwe ngokungafani nokuboniswa okungabekelwe imigomo yemigomo eyenzelwe abesilisa nabesifazane, kuhlolisiswe ukungezwa okwenziwe ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yazo zombili izivivinyo ngqo. Lokhu kucubungula kuholele ekubonisaneni okukhulu phakathi kobuntu obuqondiwe, ubulili obuqondiwe kanye nezinga labo lokucaciswa (F(1, 34) = 9.125, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.21; F(1, 34) = 11.252, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.249; F(1, 34) = 11.526, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.253, yezindawo ze-occipital, parietal kanye nendawo emaphakathi ngokulandelana) okukhombisa ukuthi kuphela izinhloso zabesifazane eziphikisiwe ezichazwe ngokufana kakhulu nezinto zangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izinhloso zabantu. Ngakho-ke, hhayi abesifazane ngokujwayelekile, kepha kuphela abesifazane abaphikisayo ababonakala befana kakhulu nezinto.

Zama i-3

Ku-Testion 1 ne-2 umsebenzi wokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba wawuhlala uhlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwento yabantu. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuhlolwa kwesithathu bekudingekile ukukhombisa ukuthi abesifazane abanokulinganiswa bokwakheka kufana kakhulu nezinto, noma ngabe ubukhulu bomuntu bento bungasebenzi. Ukususa noma iyiphi inkomba ye-semantic kusivumele ukuthi sikhombise ukuthi "into yowesifazane" akuyona nje isifaniso kodwa ukuthi ibonwa ifana kakhulu nento efanelekile. Ku-experiment 3, ababambiqhaza bayalelwe ukuba bahlukanise izithombe ngesisekelo sohlobo lwe-contour enemibala oluvele ngakwesokunene noma ngakwesobunxele lwamatshe (bheka umfanekiso 3). Ukuhluka kombala kweqiwe nobulili belitshe okuholele emabhulokini amane okuvuselela. Ebhlokeni ngalinye, uma umbala we-contour line ojwayelekile wawuluhlaza, okwembala kwakuyiphuzi noma okuphambene nalokho. Isikhuthazo seTestiment 1 sashintshwa sengeza umugqa we-contour futhi, ngaphandle kwezilingo ezithile zokubanjwa (bheka isigaba seMoods ngemininingwane) ama-avatars anjengodoli ahlala ahlanganiswa nombala ongafanele ngenkathi isikhuthazo somuntu sibhangqa ngombala ovamile. Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuthi akekho noyedwa wabahlanganyeli owabona ukuthi ama-avatar anjenge-unodoli avele phakathi kwesikhuthazo somuntu okusho ukuthi imiphumela ebunjiwe yenzeka ngaphandle kokuqwashisa kwabahlanganyeli.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela yokuziphatha

Kokubili imininingwane yesikhathi nokunemba nokusabela ayizange ithonywe ubuntu noma ubulili bamatshe (bheka amaGigs SI5 futhi SI6 ku-Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi).

Imiphumela ye-Electrophysiological

Amplitude ye-P300 yathonywa yibo bobabili obuhlosiwe bobuntu kanye nobuntu, kuphela endaweni yendawo yezokwelapha nasefasiteleni lesikhathi esizayo. Njengoba bekulindelekile, ukwethulwa kwe-avatar yabesifazane efana nonodoli phakathi kwezithombe zabantu besifazane ezingenasici kwaholela ekuphambukeni okuhle kwe-P300 eyayincane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokwethulwa kwe-avatar yedoda efana nowesilisa phakathi kwezithombe zowesilisa ezilinganiselwe (F(1, 19) = 10.25, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.35). Lo mphumela uqinisekisile ukuthi abalingiswa besilisa abafana nonodoli baphakamise ukusebenza okuhle uma kuqhathaniswa nabalingiswa besifazane abafana nodoli, t(19) = 3.56, p = 0.002, d = 1.63, ngenkathi kungekho mehluko omkhulu obonakalayo phakathi kwezinhloso zabantu nezabesifazane eziphikisiwe, t(19) = 0.080, p = 0.94, d = 0.04. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphikiswa, okukhuthazayo komuntu wesilisa, i-avatar yesilisa efana nodoli idale ushintsho oluhle olubonakalayo, t(19) = -3.63, p = 0.002, d = -1.67, ngenkathi kungekho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezithombe zabesifazane eziphikisiwe nama-avatar abo afana nodoli. t(19) = -0.380, p = 0.708, d = -0.17 (bona Umfanekiso 3; bheka Ukusekela Imininingwane eku-inthanethi yokuhlaziywa okugcwele).

Ingxoxo

Ngabe “u-mama” uba “yi” kangakanani uma eqondiswa? Ingabe ukucabanga kwabesifazane njengezinto kuyinto nje yokufanekisa noma ingabe ukunqunyelwa kwabesifazane kuveza ukufana kwangempela ngezinto zangempela? Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ucwaningo olukhona manje luhlola ngokuqondile amaphethini wababambiqhaza be-neural lapho begcizelela abesifazane abanezinhloso ezinhle nezinto zangempela eziqhathanisiwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane abanokulinganiswa babonwa ngokufana kakhulu nezinto zangempela. Isilingo i-1 sikhombisile lo mphumela siqhathanisa abesifazane abanezinhloso ezihlosiwe zabesilisa, kuyilapho imiphumela yeTestion 2 iqinisekisile ukuthi lo mphumela umiselwe ukuboniswa kwabesifazane okungafanele. Izisulu zomuntu ezingashayi eceleni zabesifazane nezowesilisa zazihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo futhi ngokucacile zingafani nezinto ezinjenge-unodoli. Le miphumela iboniswa ngokufanayo ekuphenduleni kokuzibandakanya kwabahlanganyeli okukhombisa ukuthi izinto zesifazane ezinjenge-nonodoli zazingaqashelwa kahle lapho zivela phakathi kwezithombe zabesifazane ezingenakuqhathaniswa ngokuqhathaniswa nodoli onjengowesifazane nonodoli ongathi shu. izinto ezivele phakathi kwabalingani babo abangabantu. Imiphumela Yesivivinyo 3 isivumele ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi noma kungatholakali ireferensi yokuhlukaniswa kwento yabantu, abesifazane abazimisele ngokusobala baziwa njengabafana kakhulu nezinto. Empeleni, kulokhu kwamuva akukho mphumela we-oddball owabhekwa usho ukuthi abantu abazange banciphise izinto zodoli abesilisa nabesifazane njengaleyo ndlela nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kubalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi lo mphumela utholakala kuphela esifundeni esingasemva nangokwesikhashana sesikhathi esifushane sokuvuselela amandla kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini. Kuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi izidingo zokuvuselela kanye nomsebenzi zishintsha i-latency ye-P30041 nomsebenzi we-Experiment 3 ukhombise ukuthi unzima kancane (MUkunemba = 82%) uma kuqhathaniswa nokwangaphambili (MUkunemba = 89.6% no-89.3% weSivivinyo 1 no-2 ngokulandelana). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ye-P300 iyazwela ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ukunqamula imithetho yemisebenzi yamanje esuselwa kumbala kusuka ku-hypothesis ngokungenakuphepheka kunciphise amandla womphumela wokusebenzisana ne-ROI eyodwa. Kuyavunywa, okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi kungani lo mphumela kufanele ubekwe ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-occipital.

Ezifundweni zethu sisebenzise isisusa esingahlotshaniswa nokuhlukahluka kwamapharamitha wezinzwa (njengefomu, ukukhanyisela noma umehluko). Ucwaningo lwedlule (isib44) ikhombisile ukuthi ukwahluka okunjalo kunomthelela oqondile kuzimpendulo zokuqala ze-ERP (ie, ngaphakathi kwe-200 ms post -vusus ukuqala, njenge-P1 ne-N1). Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yamanje ayikhombisanga umehluko phakathi kwesikhuthazo samanje kuwindi lesikhathi sokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinqubo ezisezingeni eliphansi azange zidlale indima enkulu ekutholakaleni kwethu. Lo mphumela uhambisana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwethu kwangaphambi kokuqala lapho onodoli abanjengevoli esetshenziswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo babegwetshwa njengabalingana into eyodwa, kungakhathalekile ubulili babo noma indlela ababegqoke ngayo, futhi igcinwe ngokubonakalayo okufanayo ngangokunokwenzeka kwimvelaphi yabo yobuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthola ukusebenzisana okulindelwe kuphela ngefasitela lesikhathi esizayo kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi izinqubo ezisezingeni eliphakeme zidlale indima enkulu ezifundweni zethu. Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi iphethini yemiphumela yayinamandla alinganayo kubahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane bephakamisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli bobabili abashadikazi babone ngokungafanele abesifazane besifazane abafane nezinto zangempela kunamadoda anezici ezifanayo. Kuhlanganiswe yonke le mininingwane kusekela umbono wokuthi lapho owesimame ehlukaniswa, ngenxa yokumbulwa kwakhe kokugqoka noma isimo esibonakalayo45, izobonwa ifana nento yangempela.

Le miphumela inemiphumela ebalulekile. Okokuqala, ukubona abesifazane njengezinto kungavumela ukwelashwa okuvame ukubonwa ekusebenzisaneni kwethu nezinto, njengobunikazi nokwephula umthetho46. Okwesibili, ukutholwa kokuthi ama-avatar asebesifazane abanjengedoli ahlukaniswe ngokusobala kwabesifazane bangempela kungahle kusho ukuthi ukuya ocansini kwabesifazane kwabezindaba kwabezindaba noma kwevidiyo6 ingahle ibe nemiphumela enamandla empilweni yangempela uma iqhathaniswa nezethulo ze-hyper-masculine. Ngenkathi kungekho cwaningo oluvivinye lo mbono ngqo, kwahlinzekwa ubufakazi obungaqondile obukhombisa ukuthi abesilisa ababedalulwa abalingiswa be-video game abalingiswa, uma beqhathaniswa nabesilisa nabesifazane abangochwepheshe, bakhuphula ukubekezelela kwabo isimo sangempela sokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi47 futhi bakhulise amathuba abo okuhlukumeza ngokocansi ilitshe labesifazane lapho bedlala umdlalo wevidiyo obonisa ubulili48. Okwesithathu, ubuhlakani obukhona njengamanje bungamukelwa ukukala izinqubo zokulinganisa kanye nobuntu kwezinye izinto futhi (ie, ukuzikhethela kwezokwelapha noma ubuhlanga-noma ubuzwe obususelwa kuzwelonke). Ngokusebenzisa okuwukuphela kwezimpawu zokuhlangana, ukuzihlanganisa noma ukufanekisa, kuhlala kunzima ukusho ukuthi okuhlosiwe noma okuhlotshwe ngabantu kunguquko engatheni kunokuba kumane kuthiwe stereotyp njengento ehlakaniphile noma engaphendukanga kancane49. Ukwamukela i-paradigm yamanje enquma ngokuqondile ukuthi izinhlangano ezingabantu nezezabantu zibonakaliswa ngokuhlukile kungahlinzeka ngobufakazi bezinqubo zokuqanjwa komuntu ngaphezu kwesingathekiso.

izindlela

Zama i-1

Abahlanganyeli

Usayizi wesampula wawunqunywa ngesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwamandla. Osayizi womphumela (ηp2 kusuka ku-0.504 kuya ku-0.709) okubikwa ukuthi bekusetshenzwe ngaphambilini kusetshenziswa40 I-oddball paradigm enethonya lesifanekiseli ekwakhiweni okufanayo kwabahlanganyeli, belilikhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, bekubonakala kunengqondo ukulindela uhhafu wesayizi womphumela ababike ngawo izifundo ezikhona. Ukuhlaziywa kwamandla (PANGA50) siphakamise ukuthi isampula labahlanganyeli be-16 linganele ukuthola umphumela wokusebenzisana ngamandla we-0.825. Ngakho-ke, sinqume ukuqoqa cishe abahlanganyeli be-20-25 esifundweni ngasinye. Ku-Testion 1, amavolontiya aphelele angamashumi amabili nantathu abambe iqhaza kulolo cwaningo. Bonke ababambiqhaza babenombono ojwayelekile noma balungiswe embonweni ojwayelekile futhi babike akukho mlando wokulimazeka kwemizwa. Ababambiqhaza kuphela ababekhombisa ukuthi bathandana nobungqingili abagcinwe kusampula, okuholele ekutheni kubandakanywe ababambiqhaza abathathu. Abanye ababambiqhaza ababili ababandakanywa kulolu cwaningo ngenxa yesilinganiso esibuhlungu kakhulu somsindo wokudonswa komsindo okubangelwa inani eleqile lezinto ze-EEG (lidlula i-25%). Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwa kwidatha yabahlanganyeli be-18 (i-8 yowesifazane; Mage = 20.66, SD = 1.29). Izindlela zazo zonke izifundo zenziwa ngokulandela umthetho olandelwayo wokuhlola (2016-004) owavunywa yi- "Comitato Etico per la sperimentazione con l'essere umano". Imvume enolwazi itholwe kubo bonke ababambiqhaza ekuqaleni kwesivivinyo.

Iinsetjenziswa

Ukuhlolwa kwenzeke ngazodwa etafuleni elinciphisa umsindo, elikhanyiswe kancane nelivikelwe ngogesi. Ababambiqhaza babehleli ebangeni elingu-80 cm kusuka kusiqaphi sombala esingu-23.6 inch (1920 × 1080, 120 Hz) esibekwe phambi kwalowo obambe iqhaza. Ama-Stimuli akhiqizwa yi-MATLAB Psychotoolbox.

I-Stimuli nenqubo

Kwakunezinto ezivusa amadlingozi ze-82, i-42 ezimele izintokazi (i-21 eyakhelwe umuntu wesifazane kanye ne-21 efana nezinkomba zodoli ezinjenge-avatar yabesifazane) kanye nabesilisa be-40 (i-20 eyenzelwe amadoda amadala kanye ne-21 efana nemigwaqo ye-avatar yeduna efana neyamaduna; bona umfanekiso 1). Ubukhulu bezithombe zonke babuyi-5.35 ° × 7.64 °. Isisusa sethulwe i-2.67 ° ngaphansi kwesikhungo sokuqapha nangemuva elifanayo lempunga enkabeni yesikrini. Isiphambano sokulungiswa sasitholakala kwi-1.91 ° ngaphezulu maphakathi kwesikrini.

Sisebenzise i-paradigm engahambisani nebandakanya ubukhona besikhuthazo esingejwayelekile (i-avatar enjenge-unodoli) ngokulandelana kwezifiso (njalo zokuhlunga zabantu)41. Abahlanganyeli kwakudingeka benze umsebenzi wokuhlukanisa, lapho kwakudingeka bakhombise ngokunemba futhi ngokushesha okukhulu ukuthi isithombe ngasinye siveza i-avatar efana ne-chidapter noma ihloso lomuntu, ngomshini wokucindezela. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwehlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi amane ngokuhleleka okungahleliwe phakathi kwezihloko: amabhlogo amabili aqukethe okuhlosiwe okwenziwe ngabantu kanye nonodoli, kuyilapho amabhulokhi amabili asele equkethe imigomo yabesilisa neyonodoli efana neyabantu. Ibhulokhi ngayinye ifaka isikhutha se-250 (i-80% imvamisa ye-stimuli kanye ne-20% evamile). Ngale ndlela, ukwethulwa kokulandelana kwezimpikiswano eziphindaphindwayo zezinjongo zabantu ezingakhethiwe kuphazanyiswe ngokungazelelwe yisisusa esikhohlisayo esimele imigomo efana ne-avatar enodoli, ngesithiyo sokuthi okungenani izinkolelo ezimbili ezivame ukwethulwa zingavezwa ngaphambi kokwenza okuphambili. Isivivinyo ngasinye siqale nge-1500 ms expression fixation cross (+) 1.91 ° ngenhla enkabeni kwesikrini. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukukhuthaza kuhlale esikrinini kuze kube yilapho abahlanganyeli bethatha isinqumo sabo.

Zama i-2

Abahlanganyeli

Amavolontiya aphilile angamashumi amabili nambili abambe iqhaza kwi-Experiment 2. Bonke ababambiqhaza babenombono ojwayelekile noma balungiswe embonweni ojwayelekile futhi babike akukho mlando wokulimazeka kwemizwa. Imininingwane evela kumhlanganyeli oyedwa, obekhombisa ukungaphili kabili, isusiwe ekuhlaziyeni okwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza ababili ababandakanywa ngoba isignali yabo ye-EEG yayingcoliswe ngobuciko obuningi (okwedlula i-25%). Njengomphumela, ababambiqhaza be-18 (abesifazane be-8, Mage = 22.97, SD = 2.24) zigcinelwe ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo.

I-Stimuli nenqubo

Imishini yokusebenza yayifana naleyo esetshenziswa ku-Experiment 1. I-82 stimuli manje isimele izisulu ezingezona ezinqunyelwe zabesilisa nabesifazane (okusho ukuthi abantu abagqoke ngokuphelele) nama-avatar abo abesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo. Esimweni esingavunyelwe sokukhuthazeka isikhumba esincane sasibonakala, ngaleyo ndlela senze umsebenzi ube nzima ngokwengeziwe maqondana ne-Experiment 1. Ngalesi sizathu, umsebenzi wenziwa waba nzima ngokufana ku-Experiment 1 ekhulisa usayizi wokunyusa (8.02 ° × 11.46 ° ukusuka esikhungweni sokuvuselela). Isikhungo sazo zonke izithombe satholakala i-4 ° ngaphansi komgwaqo wesikrini, ngenkathi isiphambano sangaphambi kokuvela sivele i-2.29 ° ngaphezulu maphakathi nomqaphi. Inqubo leyo yayifana naleyo esayisebenzisa ku-Experiment 1.

Zama i-3

Abahlanganyeli

Abahlanganyeli abangamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye babhaliswa noma ngabe babelwe izifundo noma bakhokhelwa i-10 € ngokuzibandakanya kwabo. Bonke ababambiqhaza babenombono ojwayelekile noma olungisiwe futhi akukho mlando wesifo se-neurological. Idatha evela kubabambiqhaza be-9 ilahliwe ekuhlaziyeni okwengeziwe (abahlanganyeli be-5 bakhonjwe njengabangewona awobulili obuhlukile, ababambiqhaza be-3 benza amaphutha angaphezu kwe-25%, futhi umhlanganyeli we-1 wayevele esejwayele izithombe ezihlosiwe zokuhlola). Isampula yokugcina yayiqukethe abahlanganyeli be-20 (i-10 yowesilisa; Mage = 21.2, SD = 2.08).

I-Stimuli nenqubo

Izithombe ezifanayo nalezo eziku-Experiment 1 zashintshwa zengeza i-yellow (227-40-30 RGB) noma eluhlaza (112-235-44 RGB) ngakwesokudla noma ngakwesobunxele somzimba oqondiwe. Ubukhulu be-contour babuyi-0,3 mm, futhi ukukhanya kwemibala yomibili kulinganiswe. Umbala wangemuva wesithombe ngasinye wawucishe ufane nowesikrini, ngale ndlela izithombe zavela ngaphandle kohlaka. Lapha, ukuvuselelwa okuvame futhi okungajwayelekile kwahlukaniswa ngesisekelo sombala we-contour yezithombe futhi kwahlukaniswa ngokusebenzisa umshini wokucindezela okhiye. Ezimweni eziningi, umbala ongemuva kwawo ubhangqiwe nama-avatar ashubile, kuyilapho umbala owenziwa njalo wawusetshenziselwa okuhloswe ngabantu. Kwakhiwe amabhlokhi wokuhlola amane ahlukile ngokobulili kwelitshe nombala ojwayelekile (ophuzi noma oluhlaza okotshani). Ibhulawu ngalinye laline-250 stimuli ejwayelekile (inkomba ejwayelekile ye-80% kanye ne-20% infrequent target) nezilingo zokubanjwa kwe-25. Izilingo zokubamba zenzelwe ukugwema umphumela wokufunda kanye nokwenzeka kokuhlukanisa izisusa usebenzisa umbandela wokuhlukanisa ngezigaba. Kulezi zivivinyo, umbala ovela njalo wafaniswa nama-avatar anjenge-unodoli (esivivinyweni se-20), kuyilapho umbala ongemuhle ngamatshe womuntu (ezivivinyweni ze-5). Izilingo zokubamba zazingafakwa kulo lonke ucwaningo.

Ukutholwa kwe-EEG

Kuzo zonke izivivinyo, i-EEG yaqoshwa kusuka kusikali enama-electrodes e-25 kanye ne-electrode endlebe kwesokunxele, ngesithenjwa se-earlobe kwesokudla (isihlungi se-bandpass: 0.01-200 Hz; A / D isilinganiso: 1000 Hz). Ukufakwa kwe-Electrode kugcinwe ngaphansi kwe-5 KΩ.

Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kwenziwa nge-EEGLAB51 kanye nebhokisi lamathuluzi le-ERPLAB52. Imininingwane eluhlaza yayihlungiswe ngokokuhlunga nge-bandpass ye-0.1-40 Hz. Imininingwane ye-EEG iphinde yakhonjiswa kabusha ngaphandle kwe-inthanethi kumaphakathi wama-elekthronikhi endlebe angakwesokunxele nakwesobunxele. I-electrooculogram enezingqimba (HEOG) yaqoshwa kusuka kuma-electrod amabili amabili abekwe ku-canthi yangaphandle yamehlo womabili. Isiginali ihlukaniswe kuma-epochs ama-900ms-mrefu aqala i-100 ms ngaphambi kokuqala kwecala. Ukulungiswa kwesisekelo kusetshenziswe kusetshenziswa umsebenzi onamandla ngesikhathi sokunciphiswa kwangaphambi kokugqugquzela kwe-100. Izilingo ezinokunyakaza kwamehlo okuvundlile (HEOG okwedlula ± 30 µV) noma ezinye izinto zobuciko bokunyakaza (noma yisiphi isiteshi esidlula ± 70 µV) senqatshiwe. Inani elilinganiswayo lezilingo ezigciniwe zomhlanganyeli ngamunye kwaba yi-85%. Izilinganiso ze-ERP zezimpendulo ezifanele zabalwa ngesimo ngasinye. Ama-ERPs ahlolwe ngokwezibalo ngemuva kokuba imininingwane ihlolwe kuzo zonke iziteshi ezifundeni ezintathu ezihlukile zentshisekelo (i-ROI): maphakathi (electrodes Cz, C3, C4); i-parietal (electrodes Pz, P3, P4) kanye ne-occipital (electrodes Oz, O1 ne-O2).

ukuhlaziywa kolwazi

Lonke ucwaningo lwenziwa kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS. Izimpendulo zokuziphatha zahlolwa kumuntu ngamunye obambe iqhaza ngokubala kwezikhathi zokusolwa kwezivivinyo ezilungile namaphesenti ashiwo izimpendulo ezilungile. I-ANOVA yezindlela ezimbili ngaphakathi kwababambiqhaza yokuhlola umthelela wobulili obuqondiwe (owesilisa vs owesimame) nobuntu (i-avatars yabantu efana nodoli) yenziwa ngokuhlukile ngezikhathi zokuphendula nokunemba. Ngokubheka ukuthi ubulili bababambiqhaza abuzange bakhombise noma yimiphi imiphumela eyinhloko noma yokuxhumana nezinye izinto ezihlukile zentshisekelo, ukuguquguquka kukhishwe ngaphandle kohlaziyo. Ngakho-ke, yonke imiphumela ebikiwe ibambe iqhaza labesilisa kanye nabesifazane.

Ukulinganisa isikhathi sezikhathi ze-P3 ze-ROI ngayinye sisebenzise indlela eqhutshwa idatha. Okokuqala, siqhube ama-2 amaningi (Target sex: male vs. femity) x 2 (Ubuntu: ama-avatar anjengabantu) kuma-ANOVA abambe iqhaza kuma-20 ms isikhathi amafasitela aqala kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvuselela futhi sikhethe amawindi wesikhathi lapho ukusebenzelana kuhlangana khona phakathi kokuqondiswa kobulili obuqondile nobuntu kuhlale kubalulekile kuwo wonke amawindi we-5 alandelana (ie, 100 ms) (bona53 ngokusetshenziswa kwendlela efanayo). Ngokwesisekelo sale miphumela, ama-ANOVA amakhulu enziwa ngokwahlukana kwe-ROI ngayinye kulawa mawindi esikhathi esilandelayo: maphakathi no-400-580 ms, i-parietal 360-600 ms nesifunda se-occipital 360-600 ms. Yonke idatha eluhlaza yenziwe itholakale endaweni yomphakathi (https://osf.io/ejhmf/?view_only=734f9ae8f6884802b13cf461a535f60d).

Imininingwane engeziwe

Inothi lomshicileli: I-Springer Nature ihlala ingathathi hlangothi ngokuphathelene nezimangalo zeziphathimandla kumamephu ashicilelwe kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nazo.

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Landa izinkomba

Ulwazi lomlobi

Ukubambisana

  1. UMnyango Wezifundo Zengqondo Nezengqondo, Inyuvesi yaseTrento, iTrento, e-Italy
    • UJeroben Vaes
    • , UDaniela Ruzzante
    •  & UCarlotta Cogoni
  2. Isikhungo Sengqondo Yezengqondo / Ubuchopho, Inyuvesi yaseTrento, iTrento, e-Italy
    • UGiulia Cristoforetti
    •  NoVeronica Mazza
  3. UMnyango Wezivivinyo Zengqondo, Inyuvesi yaseGhent, Ghent, Belgium
    • UGiulia Cristoforetti

Iminikelo

UJV no-VM bakhulelwa futhi baklama lolu cwaningo. I-GC ne-DR baqoqa futhi bahlaziya idatha ye-Testiments 1 ne-2. I-DR ne-CC baqoqa futhi bahlaziya idatha ye-Experiment 3. UJV, GC, DR kanye ne-CC babhale iphepha. Bonke ababhali babuyekeze futhi bagunyaza uhlobo lokugcina lwephepha.

Izithakazelo Eziqhudelanayo

Abalobi basho ukuthi akukho okuncintisanayo.

Umbhali ofanayo

Ukuxhumana kuya UJeroben Vaes.

Imininingwane eyengeziwe

  1. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ye-inthanethi