Umbiko Wezehlakalo: Ukungaxhunyiwe Kwemidlalo Ye-Inthanethi Ehlanganiswe Nezithombe Zobulili Ezisebenzisayo Sebenzisa (2015)

Amazwana: Kulesi sifundo, ochwepheshe baveza ukuthi ukubuyiswa kwe-inthanethi yokudlala i-disorder (IGD) kushiye isiguli sisebenzisa i-intanethi ngokweqile ngemiphumela emibi. Banxusa ochwepheshe ukuthi babhekane nokusetshenziswa kocansi "njengesifo esenzeka ngokubambisana ne-IGD," hleze sibe sobubi futhi kube nzima ukuselapha.

Yale J Biol Med. I-2015 Sep 3; 88 (3): 319-324. eCollection 2015.

abstract

Isifo semidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD) akusona okwamanje isifo esibonwa ku I-Diagnostic kanye ne-Statistical Manual Yezinkinga Zengqondo-5 (DSM-5). Kodwa-ke, i-IGD iye yaphawulelwa ukuthi ifune olunye ucwaningo ukuze kufakwe esikhathini esizayo eDSM. Ngezindlela eziningi, i-IGD ifana ngokuqinile nemilutha yezidakamizwa nokugembula. Izici ezinjalo zifaka ukubekezelelana, ukuhoxa, kanye nokunganakwa komphakathi nomsebenzi okuvela ngesikhathi esitshalwe ekusetshenzisweni kwegeyimu yevidiyo nokutholwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya efanayo noma ehlobene eduze kuyabonakala futhi, okubonisa inkambo yemvelo yezinto eziluthayo nokulutha kwezokugembula. Siveza icala lendoda eneminyaka engu-22 ekhombise i-IGD nezinkinga ezihambisana nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Lo mbiko wecala uyisibonelo sokulandelana kwe-IGD. Iphepha lethu libuye libukeze izindlela ezingaba khona zokulutha kokuziphatha, kanye nesimo se-IGD njengesigaba esingahle sisetshenziselwe umlutha wokuziphatha. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuthola ukuthi i-IGD iyenzeka kanye ngokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Amagama angukhiye: Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, izithombe zocansi

Isingeniso

Sebenzisa iPathologic Sebenzisa Ukuqhathanisa

Ukuthikamezeka komphakathi nomsebenzi owenziwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwegeyimu yevidiyo kuchazwe kaningi ngokuthi "i-pathologic" [1-3]. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "umlutha wevidiyo," ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunempikiswano enkulu. Imiphumela yomphakathi neyemvelo ephakanyiswe igama elithi “umlutha” ifaka ukuxhomekeka komzimba, ukubekezelelana, kanye nokuhoxa, okungenzeka kudinga ukuvuselelwa nokwelulekwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuba khona kokuluthwa kokuziphatha okubucayi kuthandabuziwe ngoba kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukufakazela ukuthi abantu abathile “bangaba imilutha” yemisebenzi ngokwabo [4,5]. Esikhundleni salokho, kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi abantu abathile sebevele banesimo sokuzimisela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo, okungenzeka kungabonisi izimfanelo zanoma imuphi umsebenzi owodwa, kepha kunalokho kungabonakala uphawu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuyisisekelo [4,6]. Lo mbono wesekelwa izifundo ezikhombisa ukuthi umlutha womuntu ngokwedlule unokwabiwa kakhulu ngokuhlukahluka kofuzo [7].

Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi izidakamizwa ezinjenge-cocaine zaziwa izindlela zokubandakanya ukufaka i-dopaminergic neurotransuction ngemigudu eyisisekelo yomvuzo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-mesolimbic, kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi abantu abanokulutha kokuziphatha baphinde ngenqubo efanayo [8]. Kulezi zimo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi imisebenzi ethile ibangela ukushukunyiswa kwengqondo kwe-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis kanye ne-endo native dopaminergicomvuwaysways eholela kuphethini lokuhlukumezeka kanye nokuziphatha njengoba kubonwe ngokuhlukumezeka kwezidakamizwa [9]. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi enjengokugembula nevidiyo yokudlala ingahle ibe nezindawo ezilimazayo ngenxa yesimo sokusebenza. Isimo esisebenzayo sisho indlela imiphumela yezenzo zethu ezingavimba ngayo noma iqinise ukusebenza. Uma lowo muntu ezizwa evuthiwe, angaphinde azibandakanye. Ucwaningo lwe-BF Skinner luveze ukuthi lapho umvuzo usuba ungahlelekile (owaziwa ngokuthi ukuqiniswa kwezikhathi ezithile) kepha uvame ngokwenele, lokhu kuba nomthelela onamandla ekwandiseni isimilo. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza ekugembeni futhi esinye sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu emidlalweni yevidiyo. Kwabagembuli abayimilutha, kunokuncipha kokuphendula kwe-HPA, okuguqula ushintsho lomzimba oluhambisana nokuziphatha okuluthayo okuhambisana nokulawulwa phansi kwendlela ye-HPA [10].

Kwabacwaningi abaningi, lokhu okubalwe ngenhla kungaba yisithambeka eshelelayo, ngoba ngale ncazelo cishe yonke into ingaba “umlutha” uma kutholakala ukujabulisa noma ukuvuza. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezisebenza ngokusebenza kahle kwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) zibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka lokhu. Isibonelo, izifundo ze-fMRI zibonisa ukuthi abantu abahlangabezana nezindlela zokubonisa umlutha wokuziphatha banciphise izibonakaliso ze-BOLD ngokusebenzisa i-cortex yangaphambili futhi bakhuphula amasiginali we-BOLD ngokusebenzisa ama-nucleus accumbens, okubonisa ukunciphisa umfutho wokunciphisa kanye nokwanda kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwemizila yemivuzo, ngokulandelana [11]. Lokhu okutholakele kubuye kubonwe kubantu abahlangabezana nenqubo yokuluthwa kwezidakamizwa [12-14].

Umbono wokuthi ukuhlukumezeka kwesakhiwo esifanayo ubonwa kumongo wazo zombili izidakamizwa nokuziphatha kuphakamisa ukuthi izindlela zawo ezihambelana nalokhu zingafani [15]. Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zinqubo eziyimbangela yamangqamuzana ahlobene nomlutha, akumangazi ukuthi abantu abane-IGD bahlanganyela ngokufanayo ekuziphatheni neziguli ezilwa nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, zibonisa izingcindezi ezingokwengqondo, izinkanuko, nokuziphatha okufuna ukulutha. Ngakho-ke, akuyona into eyinqayizivele ukuthi izimilo zokuziphatha zenzeke ndawonye [16]. Ngokunikezwa amathonya ezakhi zofuzo kanye nesimo senhlalo yemvelo, umlutha wangempela wemisebenzi efana nemidlalo yevidiyo kungenzeka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imisebenzi enomvuzo ngokuqinisa okungafanele, lapho umuntu angagwema khona iqiniso elingathandeki ngokuzibandakanya kokunye. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka emkhakheni wokulutha kokuziphatha ukuze uphenye ngamandla okulutha wemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ngamanani wokuhlukumeza aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwevidiyo ye-pathologic, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, kanye ne-IGD yigama elisetshenziswa ngokushintshana, kepha okwamanje, kuhlongozwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi kungachazwa ngokufanele ngokuthi "i-pathologic" uma kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke [17].

Ukuphazamiseka Kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD)

Ngaphandle kwengxoxo mpikiswano ngama-semantics, inani lokushicilelwa elihlobene ne-IGD likhula ngokushesha [1,5,18,19]. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yenani ledatha yokubuyisa eseyatholakala emashumini eminyaka edlule we-3, ngoba imidlalo yamavidiyo iyinto entsha yesiko. Umdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo emlandweni kucatshangwa ukuthi "nguTennis Wababili," umdlalo osuselwa ku-cathode ray tube owasungulwa yisazi sesayensi yemvelo uWilliam Higinbotham e1958. Kusukela lapho, inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ne-Intanethi isheshise kakhulu ukukhiqizwa nokutholakala kwemidlalo yamavidiyo [18]. Ngokusho kwe-NPD Group, inkampani yokucwaninga yokumaketha, imidlalo yamavidiyo yathola imali eyi- $ 15.4 billion e2013 e-United States kuphela [20]. Isikhalazo esikhulayo nokuthandwa kwemidlalo yamavidiyo kungenzeka kube ngesipiliyoni sokuntywila abasivelisayo [21]. Ngokungafani "neTennis for Two" yeHiginbotham, imidlalo yanamuhla yama-video ifake ngokushesha ihluzo kanye nesisusa esibonakalayo ngokulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo kanye namakhono wabadlali abaningi, okuvumela ontanga ukuthi basebenzisane nabezindaba. Abasebenzisi bangabamba iqhaza kwezinye izinto ezingokoqobo, lapho imivuzo yezikhathi ezithile yokufeza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene izitholela inani eliyimfihlo nelingaphezulu kwesiko lokudlala [22]. Ngale ndlela, imidlalo yevidiyo igcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngendlela efanayo yemishini ye-slot egcina abadlali bebandakanyeka.

Eqinisweni, kuye kwaphawulwa ngabaphenyi abaningi ukuthi imidlalo yama-video nemishini yama-slot yabelana ngezimpawu ezifanayo, futhi uma kunekhwalithi yokulutha emidlalweni yamavidiyo ngokwayo, ingahlolisiswa ngokuqhathanisa nomlutha wokugembula [23]. Ku-1996, uDkt Kimberly Young usebenzise lolu xhumo ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenkinga ngamakhompiyutha kungahlangabezana nezindlela zokulutha [2]. Manje kunezikali eziningi ezisuselwa kumbandela wokuluthwa umlutha wokugembula ohlose ukuthola nokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompyutha ocwaningweni ngesihloko sokugembula kwe-pathologic [24]. Lezi zikalo zifaka, kepha azikhawulelwanga ku-New's Internet Addiction Questionnaire, i-Ko's Internet Addiction Scale, kanye ne-Chen Internet Addiction Scale [25]. Isikali esisebenzayo njengalesi sidlale indima enkulu ocwaningweni lwakamuva ngesihloko esithi "umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo," otholwe esidlangalaleni ngenxa yezimo ezikhulayo zokusetshenziswa kwe-pathologic okuholela kokunganakwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zempilo ezinjengokuhlala, ukuzinakekela, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu [1,18,19].

I-DSM-5 yavuma okokuqala i-IGD ku-2013 [26]. Kodwa-ke, yahlanganiswa nesithasiselo futhi ayibhalwanga ngokusemthethweni njengokuxilonga ngoba ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka maqondana nephethini yayo ye-comorbidity, inkambo, umphumela, kanye nokwelashwa [17]. Noma kunjalo, izifundo zamanje zibonisa ukuthi izinkinga eziningi zihambisana nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwegeyimu yevidiyo njengokukhuluphala, udlame, ukukhathazeka, ukusebenza kwesikole okuphansi, i-phobia yomphakathi, kanye nokudangala [27,28]. Ngokwengeziwe, izici ezithile zobungozi zokuba ngumdlali we-pathologic gamer zikhonjwe, kufaka phakathi amandla aphansi okuqala wokuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokugxila okukhulu [18]. Intsha ivame ukulingana nale phrofayili, futhi ngeshwa, ucwaningo kuma-neurocircuitry okuthuthukayo libonisa ukuthi intsha ikhuphule ingozi yokuba umlutha [29]. Ngoba amageyimu wevidiyo avame ukuthengiswa ukukhanga kulokhu kubalwa kwabantu, ukuthandwa kwabo kabanzi akusimangazi [30]. Ukungenelela okususelwa ocwaningweni lwesikhathi esizayo kulo mkhakha kungabaluleka, noma kungathinta kakhulu imboni yomdlalo wamavidiyo.

Amacala anjengalawo avezwe kulo mbiko abonisa ngokucacile iphethini lokuziphatha okufana ncamashi nalokho okubonwa kulokho okuphathelene nezidakamizwa nokuluthwa kwengqondo njengokuchazwa kwe-DSM-5. Ukubonakaliswa okunjalo kufaka ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa, kanye nokukhubazeka komphakathi nomsebenzi. Ezinye izinhlelo ze-Intanethi zivusa ngendlela efanayo; okuwukuthi, umgomo wokuqinisa ukuqinisa okwesikhashana ngezenzo ezithathwe ngenkathi uku-inthanethi kungaholela ezinkingeni zokusebenzisa, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa neminye imivuzo (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvusa inkanuko yezocansi noma yothando). Esimweni esivezwe lapha, izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi zibuye zisetshenziswe yilomuntu futhi zaba nomthelela emaphethini akhe okulutha. Kunemidlalo eminingi yamavidiyo anezindikimba zocansi, njengeGreat Theft Auto and God of War, lapho abadlali basebenzelana khona nabacansi ngezifebe nabalingiswa besifazane. Ngakho-ke, imidlalo yevidiyo enezindikimba zocansi kanye nezithombe zocansi ingabukwa njengemidiya ehlobene kakhulu [31]. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo lwamacala ukuqalisa kwengxoxo eshukumisa ingqondo mayelana nendlela odokotela nabaphenyi abasondela ngayo esihlokweni se-IGD nabaphathi bayo.

Case Incazelo

Isizukulwane sokuqala esineminyaka engu-22 isizukulwane sokuqala saseSouth Korea esinomlando wengqondo wokudangala okukhulu ngezimpawu ezikhathazekile ezethulwe emtholampilo wezempilo yengqondo ngokubuyisela emuva ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwevidiyo ephoqiwe bekuphazamise kancane kancane ubudlelwane bakhe nobuntu kanye nesisusa sokusebenza. Waqala ukudlala imidlalo ye-video eneminyaka engu-6 ngokwesimo sokukhulisa izingane ngokomzimba nangamazwi. Ekuqaleni wayedlala ihora phakathi nezinsuku kuze kube ngamahora we-5 ngezimpelasonto, enemikhawulo eqinile yesikhathi ebekwe ngabazali bakhe. Kwakuwukuphela kwendodana ekhaya, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi athole imali eyunivesithi eyunivesithi ngokuthola amamaki aphezulu ezikoleni zonke zamabanga aphakeme. Ngenxa yalezi zimo, ukuxhumana kwakhe nozakwabo kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi isikhathi asichitha ngaphandle kwekhaya wadangala kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuthandana nowesifazane oyedwa ngasese isikhathi esifushane futhi egijima eqenjini lezwe, wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe esiningi endlini futhi eqhubeka nokusebenzisa imidlalo yevidiyo, izithombe zocansi, ne-anime ukuzijabulisa nokukhululwa kwezocansi.

Lingakapheli isonto lokuya ekolishi, waba matasa nesiko lemidlalo ye-Intanethi wadlala imidlalo yama-video e-10 kuma-inthanethi nsuku zonke ngenkathi egcina amamaki amancane ukuze akwazi ukwenza izifundo zakhe. Uchithe iminyaka elandelayo ye-2½ ehoxa ezifundweni angakwazanga ukuziqedela ngenxa yomkhuba wakhe wokudlala. Ngonyaka wakhe wesibili ekolishi, wathuthela efulethini nabanye ozakwabo bezokudlala futhi wayedlala amahora we-14 nsuku zonke emidlalweni yamavidiyo aku-intanethi, njengabadubuli bomuntu wokuqala nemidlalo yokudlala indima. Isiguli sabelana: “Ngiqale ukuzijwayeza amakhono ami wokudlala e-Counter-Strike ngisho nalapho izandla zami zibuhlungu, futhi angisafuni ukudlala ngokuzijabulisa. Yilapho ngiqala khona ukwehluleka emakilasini futhi ngaqala ukuhoxa esikoleni maphakathi nekota ukugwema ukwehla ukubhaliswa. ”Udale imibhalo engamanga ukuze athole uxhaso lwezezimali kubazali bakhe, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engu-3 waxoshwa eyunivesithi. Umndeni wakhe waqaphela ngezenzo zakhe futhi wayeka ukumsiza, ngakho-ke wangena egumbini elincane efulethini elinemali ephansi lapho echitha khona imali ayidlalayo edlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ekhokha irenti, futhi ethenga ukudla kwaseChinese nokudla kwe-pizza. Ngalesi sikhathi, isiguli besidlala ngokuyinhloko umdlalo wokudlala indima online kwi-World of Warcraft 16 kuya emahoreni we-17 nsuku zonke. Isiguli sabelana nathi: “Akungabazeki ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukungabaza kakhulu komlutha wami wezemidlalo oke kwaba khona futhi futhi kwaba isikhathi esimnyama kunazo zonke empilweni yami. Ngikhumbula ukwesaba okukhona njalo nesisindo esicindezelayo kimi ngalezo zinsuku, ukuthi uma ngingaqhamuka ngidonsa amehlo ngalezo zinsuku [ze-16] zansuku zonke kuya emahoreni e-17, imicabango yami ingaphendukela ngqo empilweni eyonakalisiwe engangizenzele yona , ukwedelela kontanga yami, imali yami eyehlayo namagundane. Indlu yakudala eyinhle yayigcinwe kahle kangangokuba yagcwala amagundane. Ngiyakhumbula ukuthi babevame ukukhuphuka izintambo zami zokuqapha ngenkathi ngidlala kwesinye isikhathi, futhi ngangijwayela ukuvala umsindo wokugobhoza nokuduma kuzungeze emigqonyeni kadoti wami njengoba ngangiphuthukela ukulala ebusuku. Ngivale amehlo ami futhi ngizame ngokulangazelela ukungacabangi ngeqiniso lami lamanje. ”Le ndlela yokuphila yayingasimi kahle ngokwezimali, futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho wethula khona umtholampilo wezengqondo, ecindezelekile ngombono wokuzibulala futhi eveza isifiso sakhe ehlise ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwevidiyo ukuze akwazi ukuthola umsebenzi.

Ngesikhathi sakhe, wenqabile ukuzama ukuqeda futhi waqeda ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwevidiyo yamavidiyo, kanti nomqondo wokwenza lokhu uvuse ukukhathazeka okukhulu kanye nokungazweli. Esikhundleni salokho, wakhetha ukuyeka kancane kancane ukuzibandakanya kwakhe nemidlalo yevidiyo ngokwehla inani lamahora wokudlala nsuku zonke. Inhloso yakhe yokwelashwa kwakuwukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-video game ukuze athole umsebenzi, kepha ngenxa yeminyaka yokuhlukaniswa nabanye ngenkathi edlala, ukukhathazeka kwakhe emphakathini kwaba kubi kakhulu kunaphambilini kokudlala. Esebenzisa inqubo ehlongozwe nguyena weZizwe, uvumelana nenqubo ye-IGD ngokuphendula yebo kuyo yonke imibuzo ye-11 [1]. Ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo (i-CBT) ne-psychotherapy iminyaka eyi-2, wagcina ekwazile ukuvuma umlutha wakhe wegeyimu yevidiyo, wayeka ukudlala imidlalo, futhi walawula ukudangala kwakhe ngaphandle kwemithi. Ukwazile ukwenza uhlelo lokudla ejwayelekile nokulala. Ubuyele eyunivesithi, lapho impilo yakhe yezenhlalo kanye nokwenza kahle kwezemfundo kwamenelisa. Ngemuva kokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi kokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo nokubona ukuthi kuphazamisa kanjani ikhono lakhe lokwenza izifundo, wamelana nezifiso zakhe zokudlala ngokugcina ikhompyutha yakhe ekhaya labazali bakhe.

Naphezu kokuthola ubungane obusha, akazange athandane futhi. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zaba ngumthombo wakhe oyisisusa wokukhuthaza ubungqingili. Yize ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuzange kumphazamise emsebenzini wakhe noma kweminye imisebenzi yokuphila kwansuku zonke, ukuntula kwakhe ukuzibandakanya nomuntu athandana naye kwakumncane futhi kuyindathane yokuhlukumezeka kuye. Ngenxa yobuntu benkinga, wayezimisele kakhulu ukuyidingida ngokwelashwa, okwaba yisithiyo esingalindelekile ekuphathweni kwecala lakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ingxoxo

I-American Psychiatric Association imigomo eyisishiyagalolunye ehlongozwayo ye-IGD ibisuselwa ekucwaningweni kwasekuqaleni, okufanisa ukusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo nokuluthwa umlutha [1,32]. Lezi zindlela zifaka lokhu okulandelayo:

  • ukusebenza ngaphambi kwemidlalo yevidiyo;
  • ukubekezelela kuboniswa ngamanani akhulayo wesikhathi esitshalwe ekusetshenzisweni kwegeyimu yevidiyo;
  • ukuphunyula kwezimo ezingezinhle ngokusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo;
  • ukulahleka kobudlelwano / amathuba ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo;
  • ukunciphisa ukubamba iqhaza kweminye imisebenzi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo;
  • inkohliso ukuze uqhubeke nokusetshenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo;
  • Ukusetshenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo okuqhubekayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi;
  • ubunzima bokwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo;
  • ukuhoxa (kubonakaliswe njengokungenakuzithwala futhi kungaphatheki kahle) ekuyekeni ukusetshenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo.

Ngokusho kwe-DSM-5, iziguli ezine-IGD kufanele zibonise ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ngokomtholampilo ezinhlolweni ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu ngenhla yenyanga ye-12. Ukuphazamiseka okubalulekile emtholampilo kunqunywa ngokuboniswa kokungasebenzi kahle kwempilo yansuku zonke okuholela ezinkingeni ezinzima zomphakathi, zomzwelo, noma eziphathelene nomsebenzi. Isiguli esichazwe kulolu cwaningo lwamacala sahlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela zokuxilongwa ngaphansi kwale ncazelo ehlongozwayo ye-IGD. Ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwemidlalo yevidiyo kwaqala njengokuphunyuka ekucindezelweni kokulindelwe yimindeni futhi kwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (kusuka kumahora we-1 kuya emahoreni we-2 wokudlala nsuku zonke ngaphambi kwekholiji futhi anda aze afinyelela kuma-16 kuya emahoreni we-17 wokudlala nsuku zonke ngaphambi kokufuna ukwelashwa). Ukugxila kwakhe emidlalweni yama-video kuholele ekusebenzeni kabi kwezemfundo nokucindezelwa kwezezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzama kwakhe ukufihla ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwemidlalo kanye nemiphumela yako ekugcineni kwaphumela ekulahlekelweni kobudlelwano bomndeni, kodwa usaqhubeka nokusebenzisa. Wayeka isikole ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka nemidlalo, kwathi lapho ekugcineni efuna usizo ngoba engakwazi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezemidlalo eyedwa, wahlangabezana nezinkinga nokukhathazeka ngokungahambisani nezinhlelo zokuhoxa. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi isiguli sinomlando wangaphambilini wokukhathazeka, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi lingakanani izinga lokukhathazeka elihambisana ne-IGD. Lezi zimpawu zamvimbela ukuthi ayeke ngokuphelele, futhi esikhundleni salokho wafuna ukuyeka kancane kancane. Kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi kunenani elilinganiselwe lamahora ngosuku ngalunye, elihlanganiswe nemvelo yokudlala ngokwayo, futhi mhlawumbe inani elilinganiselwe lamahora lingabonakala lifaka ophahleni ekuziphatheni kwemidlalo. Lokhu kukhawulelwa kwesikhathi kungavimba abantu abathile ekwandiseni ukusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo ngendlela efanayo iziguli ezingabamba ngayo imali enkulu noma zithathe imithamo emikhulu yento.

Leli cala libonisa ubunzima bezimpawu zengqondo ezithuthukisa ukuziphatha kwegeyimu ye-pathologic. Isiguli kulo mbiko wamacala siqale ukudlala imidlalo yamavidiyo sisemncane, okuyisikhathi esisengcupheni yokuthuthuka komphakathi kanye nomlutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokunikezwa imvelo yokuntywila kwemidlalo yesimanje, isiguli kungenzeka ukuthi saqiniswa yimidlalo yevidiyo yokuphunyuka enikezwe isakhiwo sayo esiqinile sabazali, ngaphezu kokugculiseka kwabadlali abazizwa lapho bethuthuka amazinga noma imisebenzi ephelele. Ubumnandi kanye nenjabulo ehambisana nemidlalo yevidiyo kufaka hlangana ukuqina komzimba nokukhuthaza i-axa ye-HPA, okuholela ekunyukeni kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi, nethoni enozwela [9]. Ukuvuka kumageyimu wevidiyo kungabonakala ebuchosheni bemilutha yevidiyo yomdlalo kusetshenziswa iskena se-fMRI [33,34]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imidlalo yevidiyo, eyakhela phezu kwemigomo yokusebenzisana kwezenhlalo, ukucwiliswa okukhulu, kanye nokufezeka okubonakala kungapheli, kuthunyelwe ukuba kuvuse ngokomzwelo nangokomzimba [21]. Isibonelo, umculo owakhelwe ngaphakathi unezela esimweni sokuntywila somdlalo wevidiyo, ovusa impendulo yokuxineka kwe-HPA nokukhululwa kwe-cortisol [35]. Ukudlala umdlalo iTetris® ngokuncintisana nabanye abadlali babantu kuholela emazingeni aphezulu e-testosterone lapho amazinga e-cortisol ephansi emadodeni [36]. Esigulini sethu, wakhombisa ukuheha isiko lemidlalo ye-Intanethi nokudlala nabanye, futhi mhlawumbe umdlandla ohambisana nokudlala nabanye abantu waba nomthelela ekuluzweni kwakhe emidlalweni yevidiyo ye-Intanethi. Ngenkathi i-IGD ibonakala ithinta inani elikhulu labesilisa, lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yohlobo nemvelo yemidlalo etholakalayo [37]. Esimweni esikhona njengamanje, wawungekho umlando owaziwayo womndeni wokulutha, noma lokhu kufanele kubuyekezwe kunikezwe ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okunomthelela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhathazeka komphakathi kanye nokusebenza gazi kwesiguli kungenzeka kube nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwesiguli kwevidiyo yokudlala nokukhula kwe-IGD.

Abantu basebenzela ukuthi bafuna ukuba ngubani, futhi abantu kumele baqaphele ukuthi benzani nokuthi bahlela kanjani ubuchopho babo. Lapho ingane encane isebenzisa isikhathi esiningi kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi noma kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungaba nezinkinga ezinkulu ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile [37-43]. Siphakamisa isifaniso sokucacisa ukuthi uhlelo lwezinzwa lwengane lungakhula kanjani lapho luvezwa isikhathi esiningi sokuzibandakanya kwe-Intanethi noma kweminye imisebenzi ye-Intanethi. Bheka isandla sakho sobunxele. Isithupha sizomelela izindawo ezi-cortical ezihambisana nayo yonke imihlomulo yokudlala ama-video kanye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe: amakhono okusheshe ahlaziye, ukusebenzisana okuthuthukisiwe kwesandla, futhi mhlawumbe nokuqonda okuthuthukile. Umunwe we-index uzomelela izindawo ze-cortical ezihambisana namakhono wokuxhumana. Umunwe ophakathi nendawo uzofanela ukuziphatha okuhambisana nokuhlangana komndeni nomndeni nabangane. Umunwe wendandatho uzobonisa amandla okuqaphela imizwa yakho womuntu kanye nabanye (uzwela). Okokugcina, umunwe omncane uzomelela izindawo ze-cortical ezihambisana nokuzithiba. Ngenkathi le misebenzi ephezulu isuselwa kokuphilayo, ayivezwa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuzijwayeza kanye nempendulo efanele. Lapho ingane isebenzisa isilinganiso se-7h 38m phambi kwesikrini esidijithali sokuzijabulisa [44], leyo ngane yedlula umthamo wansuku zonke onconyiwe wesikhathi sesikrini sesikrini [45]. Ukugoqa iminwe entendeni yesandla sakho kufanekisela lesi simo. Njengoba ubuchopho bukhula, umkhiqizo wokuphetha kungenzeka ungumdala osemusha oyikho konke ukucabanga kwabo: onamakhono okuhlaziya okusheshayo nokukhombisa okusheshayo, kepha hhayi njengoba kuthuthukisiwe emakhono wokuxhumana, ukuba nobudlelwano obuncane nabantu, ukubonisa ukuzwela okuncane, futhi kubonisa okuncane ukuzithiba. Ngakho-ke, i-IGD ezinganeni ezincane ingahle ibangele izinkinga ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengabantu abadala. Ukucwaninga okwengeziwe okuthola ukwanda kokuchayeka ngokweqile emidlalweni yamavidiyo nezithombe zocansi ezinganeni kuyavunyelwa.

iziphetho

Noma isiguli sagcina ukunqobile ekulweni nemidlalo yaso, wayesazabalaza ukuzibandakanya ebudlelwaneni bezothando obunenjongo futhi esikhundleni salokho wasebenzisa izithombe zocansi njengendawo yokuthengisa ezocansi. Lokhu kuyathakazelisa ikakhulukazi, ngoba enye yezindlela ezisohlwini lokuphazamiseka kakhulu kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa “ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifanayo.” Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabhekwa njengokusetshenziswa kwemidiya efanayo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokutholwa kokuhlangana kwe-IGD nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba mnandi. Futhi, kungakuthokozisa ukunquma i-potency yedijithali yezindlela ezahlukahlukene zemidiya yedijithali, izithombe zocansi, nemidlalo yevidiyo ukuthola amandla abo okuvusa ukusebenza kwe-HPA, ukukhishwa kwengqondo dopamine, ne-neuroendocrine arousal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukusho ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwesiguli kwaba ngumphumela weminyaka yokuhlukaniswa komphakathi nokusetshenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo noma uma ukuhlangana kwakhe kwemidlalo yevidiyo kuqala njengokugwema izimo zenhlalo. Noma iyiphi indlela, ngokombono wokuphatha, kubalulekile ukukhomba ama-comorbidities angaba khona we-IGD, kufaka phakathi ukukhathazeka ngenhlalo, ukudana, kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Iziguli mancane amathuba okuthi zisetshenziswe ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngenxa yesimo esithambile nesomuntu uqobo, futhi uma kungenakuxazululwa nokukhathazeka okukhona ngokwenzeka emphakathini, le ndaba ingahle ibe nzima futhi ibe nzima ukuyelapha. Okokugcina, abezempilo yezengqondo emakholiji nasemanyuvesi kufanele bazi ngezimpawu nezimpawu ze-IGD ukuze kutholakale abafundi abahlushwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga kwemidlalo yamavidiyo.

Izifinyezo

I-IGDI-inthanethi yokudlala i-disorder
I-DSM-5I-Diagnostic kanye ne-Statistical Manual of Mental Disriers-5
HPAhypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
fMRIimaging resonance imagination esebenzayo
I-CBTukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo
 

Amanothi wabalobi

Akukho kusekelwa kwezezimali okusetshenziselwe lolu cwaningo. Akubanga khona uphenyo noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-label ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Imibono evezwe kule ndatshana yilena yababhali futhi ayikhombisi inqubomgomo noma isikhundla esisemthethweni soMnyango Wezempi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, noma uHulumeni wase-United States.

Okubhekwayo

  1. Abezizwe D. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-video yomdlalo wePathological phakathi kweminyaka yobusha i-8 kuya ku-18: isifundo sikazwelonke. I-Psychol Sci. I-2009; 20 (5): 594-602. [I-PubMed]
  2. KS omncane. Ucwaningo nokuphikisana okuphathelene nokulutha kwe-intanethi. ICyberpsychol Behav. I-1999; 2 (5): 381-383. [I-PubMed]
  3. KS omncane. I-Psychology yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha: XL. Ukusetshenziswa okuluthayo kwe-Intanethi: icala elephula isitayela. I-Psychol Rep. 1996; 79 (3 Pt 1): 899-902. [I-PubMed]
  4. I-Wood RTA. Izinkinga ngomqondo we-Video Game "Addiction": Ezinye Izibonelo Zesifundo Sezifundo. Int J Ment Health Adict. I-2007; 6 (2): 169-178.
  5. UCarbonell X, u-Guardiola E, uBeranuy M, uBelles A. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-bibliometric yezincwadi zesayensi ezikwi-Intanethi, imidlalo yevidiyo kanye nokuluthwa umakhalekhukhwini. J Med Libr Assoc. I-2009; 97 (2): 102-107. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  6. UKrivanek J. Imikhuba. ILondon: U-Allen no-Unwin; I-1988.
  7. Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. gen and umlutha. Clin Pharmacol Ther. I-2009; 85 (4): 359-361. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  8. I-Hyman SE, i-Malenka RC, i-Nestler EJ. Izinqubo ze-Neural zokulutha: inendima yokufunda nokuhlobana okuhlobene nomvuzo. U-Annu Rev Neurosci. 2006; 29: 565-598. [I-PubMed]
  9. I-Chaput JP, Visby T, Nyby S, Klingenberg L, Gregeren NT, Tremblay A. et al. Ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo kukhulisa ukungena kokudla kwabasesezingeni lokungena ebusheni: isifundo se-crossover esingashintshiwe. NginguJ Clin Nutr. I-2011; 93 (6): 1196-1203. [I-PubMed]
  10. I-Paris JJ, uFranco C, iSodano R, uFrye CA, i-Wulfert E. Ukugembula kwemigudu yokugembula kuhlangene nokusabela okukhanyayo kwe-cortisol phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Physiol Behav. I-2010; 99 (2): 230-233. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  11. I-Dong G, i-Devito EE, i-Du X, i-Cui Z. Ukulawulwa kokuvinjwa kokuvinjwa 'kwi-inthanethi yokulutha umlutha': isifundo sokucabanga se-magnetic resonance functional. I-Psychiatry Res. I-2012; 203 (2-3): 153-158. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  12. ISinha R, iLacadie C, iSkudlarski P, iFulbright RK, iRounsaville BJ, iKosten TR. et al. Umsebenzi we-Neural ohambisana nokulangazelela kwe-cocaine okucindezelwe: ucwaningo olusebenzayo lokufunda ngezibaba. I-Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 183 (2): 171-180. [I-PubMed]
  13. McClure CM, Berns GS, Montague PR. Amaphutha wokuqagela okwesikhashana emsebenzini wokufunda nje owenza kusebenze ukuthinteka komuntu. Neuron. I-2003; 38 (2): 339-349. [I-PubMed]
  14. Schmidt A, Borgwardt S, Gerber H, Wiesbeck GA, Schmid O, Riecher-Rossler A. et al. Imiphumela Emibi ye-Heroin ku-Negative Emotional Processing: Ukuhlobana Kwe-Amygdala Umsebenzi kanye Nezimpendulo Ezihlobene Nengcindezi. I-Biol Psychiatry. I-2014; 76 (4): 289-296. [I-PubMed]
  15. UGrant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Isingeniso sokulutha kokuziphatha. U-J J Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kotshwala. I-2010; 36 (5): 233-241. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  16. I-Pettinati HM, iKampman KM, uLynch KG, uSuh JJ, uDackis CA, u-Oslin DW. et al. Ukwehluka kobulili ne-high-umthamo i-naltrexone ezigulini ezinobungozi bokuhlangana kwe-cocaine notshwala. J Subst Abuse Abuse. I-2008; 34 (4): 378-390. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  17. UKuss DJ. Umlutha wemidlalo ye-Intanethi: ukubuka kwamanje. I-Psychol Res Behav Manag. I-2013; 6: 125-137. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  18. Abezizwe GA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D. et al. Ukusetshenziswa kwevidiyo ye-pathological phakathi kwentsha: isifundo seminyaka emibili. Izingane. I-2011; 127 (2): e319-e329. [I-PubMed]
  19. I-Choo H, i-abeZizwe ye-DA, i-Sim T, uLi D, i-Khoo A, uLiau AK. Igeyimu yokudlala ye-patathological phakathi kwentsha yaseSingapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. I-2010; 39 (11): 822-829. [I-PubMed]
  20. Ucwaningo Lukhombisa i- $ 15.39 Bilion Spent on Video Game okuqukethwe e-US e-2013, I-1 Amaphesenti Akhuphuka Ngaphezu Kwe-2012. Iqembu le-NPD [Internet] Itholakala kusuka ku: http://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/research-shows-15.39-billion-dollars-spent-on-video-game-content-in-the-us-in-2013-a-1-percent-increase-over-2012/ .
  21. Yee N. Ukugqugquzelwa kokudlala emidlalweni eku-inthanethi. ICyberpsychol Behav. I-2006; 9 (6): 772-775. [I-PubMed]
  22. UDoan AP, uBrooke S. Hook on Games: The Lure and Cost of Video Game and Internet Addiction. EMaryland: I-FEP International; I-2012.
  23. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmaker TM, van de Eijnden RJ, van de Mheen D. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi okuphoqelekile: indima yemidlalo yoku-inthanethi kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi. J Adolesc Ezempilo. I-2010; 47 (1): 51-57. [I-PubMed]
  24. Winkler A, Dorsing B, Rief W, Shen Y, Glombiewski JA. Ukwelashwa kokulutha kwe-inthanethi: ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta. I-Clin Psychol Rev. 2013; 33 (2): 317-329. [I-PubMed]
  25. I-Frangos CC, i-Sotiropoulos I. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-Inthanethi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseGreek: ukubuyiswa kwempahla okulandelwayo okunezici zezingozi zezinkolelo ezingezinhle ezingokwengqondo, amasayithi ezocansi, kanye nemidlalo ye-inthanethi. ICyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. I-2011; 14 (1-2): 51-58. [I-PubMed]
  26. Ukuphazamiseka Kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi. DSM-5 [Internet] Itholakala kusuka ku: http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Internet Gaming Disorder Fact Sheet.pdf .
  27. UMelchior M, Chollet A, Fombonne E, uSurkan PJ, uDray-Spira R. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nemidlalo yevidiyo maqondana nokukhulu ngokweqile kubantu abadala abasebasha. I-Am J Health Promot. I-2014; 28 (5): 321-324. [I-PubMed]
  28. UMessias E, uCastro J, uSaini A, Usman M, uPeeples D. Usizi, ukuzibulala, nokuhlangana kwabo nemidlalo yevidiyo kanye nokusebenzisa ngokweqile i-intanethi phakathi kwentsha: imiphumela evela kwinhlolovo yokuziphatha kwengozi kwentsha i-2007 ne-2009. Ukuzibulala Okusongela Ukuphila Behav. I-2011; 41 (3): 307-315. [I-PubMed]
  29. IChambers RA. I-Adiction Psychiatrist njenge-Dual Diagnosis Doctor: Isazi Sesidingo Esikhulu Futhi Sidingwa Kakhulu. J Dual Diagn. I-2013; 9 (3) [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]
  30. Izindlela zokukhangisa zezingane zikaKnorr C. Sneaky. I-Common Sense Media [I-Intanethi] 2014. Kuyatholakala kusuka: https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/sneaky-ways-advertisers-target-kids .
  31. UMercer D, uParkinson D. Imidlalo yemidlalo yevidiyo kanye nodlame lwezocansi: ucabanga kabusha ubuhlengikazi be-forensic ngonyaka wedijithali. J Abahlengikazi Abasebenza Phambili. I-2014; 10 (1): 27-35. [I-PubMed]
  32. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlela zokuxilonga zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kwi-DSM-5 phakathi kwabadala abasebasha eTaiwan. J Psychiatr Res. I-2014; 53: 103-110. [I-PubMed]
  33. ILanga Y, i-Ying H, i-Seetohul RM, i-Xuemei W, i-Ya Z, i-Qian L. et al. Ucwaningo lwe-Brain fMRI lokufisa olubangelwa yizithombe ze-cue eziluthwini lomdlalo we-inthanethi (intsha yentsha) iBehav Brain Res. I-2012; 233 (2): 563-576. [I-PubMed]
  34. Ko CH, Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS. Izixhumanisi zobuchopho zokufiswa kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi ngaphansi kokuchayeka kwe-cue ngezihloko ezinomlutha wemidlalo ye-Intanethi nasezifundweni ezikhishiwe. Umlutha weBiol. I-2013; 18 (3): 559-569. [I-PubMed]
  35. U-Hebert S, uBeland R, uDionne-Fournelle O, uCrete M, uLupien SJ. Impendulo yokuxineka kwengqondo kokudlala umdlalo wevidiyo: umnikelo womculo owakhelwe ngaphakathi. Isayensi Yezempilo. I-2005; 76 (20): 2371-2380. [I-PubMed]
  36. IZilioli S, Watson NV. Ubukhulu obufihlekile bomphumela wokuncintisana: i-basal cortisol ne-basal testosterone ngokuhlangana babikezela ushintsho ku-testosterone yesalvary ngemuva kokuphumelela kwezenhlalo emadodeni. I-Psychoneuroendocrinology. I-2012; 37 (11): 1855-1865. [I-PubMed]
  37. UZimbardo P. Ukudalwa Kwama Guys: Kungani Abafana Bekulwa Futhi Yini Esingayenza Ngabo. I-Seattle: I-Amazon Digital Services; I-2012.
  38. I-Rowan CA. Ingane Virtual: Iqiniso elesabekayo mayelana nokuthi yini ubuchwepheshe benzani ezinganeni. INorth Charleston: Yakha iSpace; I-2010.
  39. I-Healy J. Ingane Yakho Ekhulayo Ingqondo: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezingqondo Nokufunda Ukusuka Ekuzalweni Kuya Ekuthangeni, Uhlelo Lwesithathu. ENew York: IHarmony; I-2004.
  40. Ukhululiwe R. Wired Child: Debunking Popular Technology Izinganekwane. INorth Charleston: Yakha iSpace; I-2015.
  41. UBrown S. Dlala: Ukuthi Kubumba Kanjani Ubuchopho, Ukuvula Ukucabanga, Futhi Kuqinisa Umphefumlo. ENew York: I-Avery; I-2010.
  42. I-Sax L. Abafana be-Adrift: Izici Ezinhlanu Ezishayela Ubhubhane Olukhulayo Lwabafana Abangaguquki kanye Nezinsizwa Ezingaphansi Kwezinsizwa. UJackson, TN: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo; I-2009.
  43. UWilson G. Ubuchopho bakho ku-Porn: Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ne-Intanethi neSayensi Eqhamukayo Yokulutha. UMargate, eKent: I-Commonwealth Publishing; I-2009.
  44. IGeneral M2: Imidiya kumaLives we8- kuya ku-18-Year-Olds. IHenry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [Internet] 2010. Kuyatholakala kusuka: http://kff.org/other/event/generation-m2-media-in-the-lives-of/ .
  45. I-Przybylski AK. Imidlalo Ye-elekthronikhi Nokulungiswa Kwezengqondo. Izingane. I-2014; 134 (3): 716-722. [I-PubMed]