Amazwana: Cishe 28% (n = 359) yamadoda athola amaphuzu (noma ngaphezulu) we-HBI ophakanyisiwe ophelele womtholampilo (indic53) okhombisa ubukhona besifo esingahle sibe khona se-hypersexual.
J Behav Addict. 2016 Jun;5(2):169-78. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.036.
Kraus SW1,2,3, Martino S2,3, Potenza MN3,4.
abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukwanda, kanye nezinto ezihlobene, nentshisekelo yamadoda ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.
izindlela
Sisebenzisa inqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha ye-intanethi, sisebenzise abasebenzisi be-pornography abesilisa be-1,298 ukuqedela imibuzo ehlolisisa ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye nezenzo zocansi, ukuziphatha okubi ngokocansi, izici zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nesithakazelo samanje ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Imiphumela
Cishe i-14% yamadoda ibike intshisekelo yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kuyilapho kuphela yi-6.4% yamadoda ngaphambili eyayifuna ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa ayenamathuba aphindwe ka-9.5 okubika amazinga abalulekile ocansi ocansini uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangafuni ukwelashwa (OR = 9.52, 95% CI = 6.72-13.49). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bivariate kukhombisile ukuthi isimo sokwelashwa okufunwa ngenzalo sasihlotshaniswa nokungashadi / ukungashadi, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi ngesonto, ukuzibandakanya kakhulu ekushayeni indlwabu ngenyanga eyedlule, ngibe nobulili obuncane bomlomo ngenyanga edlule, ngibika umlando yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokuba nemizamo eminingi edlule yokuthi "unciphise" noma uyeke ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuphelele. Imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-logistic regression ukuhlaziywa ikhombise ukuthi imizamo yokunciphisa / yokuyeka kaningi ngezithombe zocansi kanye nezikolo kwi-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory - Isilawuli sangaphansi kwaba yizibikezelo ezibalulekile zesimo sokwelashwa okufunayo.
Ingxoxo neziphetho
Ukufundwa okufundwayo kungasetshenziselwa ukwazisa imikhuba yokuhlola okwamanje ehlose ukukhomba izici ezithile zokuzithiba ngokobulili, ukungabi nesifiso, kanye / noma ukuphoqeleka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kanzima kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abafuna ukwelashwa.
KEYWORDS: ukuxhumene kocansi; izithombe ezingcolile; ukuziphatha ngokocansi; amadoda afuna ukwelashwa
I-PMID: 27348557
I-DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.036
Isingeniso
Izithombe zocansi zibhekisa kokuqukethwe okubhaliwe noma okuqukethwe okuyizithombe zobulili obucacile okuhloselwe ukuvusa inkanuko yocansi kumfundi noma kumbukeli. Lapho kuhlolisiswa, ama-30% -70% wabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane babika ukusetshenziswa kokuzijabulisa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuyilapho abesifazane abambalwa bebika ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuzijabulisa (<10%) (Morgan, i-2011; URoss, uMansson, noDaneback, 2012; I-Wright, i-2013). Nakuba ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyisipho esivumelwaneni socansi kubantu abaningi (IHald neMalamuth, 2008), abanye abantu babika ukuthi kunzima ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabo. Kulabo bantu ngabanye, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile / okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala ngokufisa, kuncishiswe ukuzithiba, ukukhubazeka komphakathi noma emsebenzini, nokusebenzisa izinto ezicacile ngokocansi ukuze ubhekane nokukhathazeka noma isimo sengqondo sokucindezeleka (Kor et al., 2014; IKraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; IKraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; IKraus neRosenberg, 2014). Ukusetshenziswa okubucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvame ukubikwa yilabo abafuna ukwelashwa ngokucindezela ukuziphatha ngokobulili / ngokocansi (de Tubino Scanavino et al., 2013; UKraus, Potenza, et al., 2015; UMorgenstern et al., 2011). Isibonelo, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili (81%), ukushaya indlwabu (78%), kanye nokulala ocansini okungaziwa / okungaziwa (45%) kwakuphakathi kokuziphatha okuvamile okubikwe abantu abafuna ukwelashwa kokuxilongwa ngokocansi (Reid et al., 2012).
Ubuningi bobulili obucansi buvame kakhulu kubantu (I-Kafka, i-2010), nalabo abafuna ukwelashwa bangase babe yiCaucasian / ezimhlophe kunezinye izizinda ezihlukahlukene / ngokohlanga (UFarré et al., 2015; UKraus, Potenza, et al., 2015; Reid et al., 2012). Amanani wobungqingili phakathi kwabantu bonke abalinganiselwa ku-3% -5%, namadoda amadala ahlanganisa iningi (80%) labantu abathintekile (I-Kafka, i-2010). Labo abafuna ukwelashwa kobulili obufanayo kungenzeka ukuthi bahlangabezane nenqubo yokuphazamiseka kwezifo zengqondo (isib., Ukukhathazeka nokudangala, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokugembula) (> 50%) (de Tubino Scanavino et al., 2013; UKraus, Potenza, et al., 2015; URaymond, uColeman, noMiner, 2003) futhi bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni okubeka engcupheni i-HIV (isb., ucansi lwangasese olungenayo ikhondomu kanye nabalingani bezocansi abaningi ngezikhathi zonke)UColeman et al., 2010; AmaParsons, iGrov, neGolub, 2012).
Njengamanje, kunokuvumelana okuncane mayelana nencazelo nesethulo sesifo socansi (Kingston, 2015). Ukubandakanya ngokweqile / okunenkinga ekuziphatheni ngokobulili kuye kwacatshangwa njengesiyaluyalu esiphuthumayo-UGrant et al., 2014), isici se-hypersexual disorder (HD) (I-Kafka, i-2010), ukuziphatha okungcolile ngokocansi okungekho-paraphilic (UColeman, uRaymond, noMcBean, 2003), noma njengomlutha (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Imikhakha eminingi ehlongozwayo ye-HD yokufanana nalabo abasebenzisa izidakamizwa zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (ama-SUDs) (Kor et al., 2013; IKraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016). Ngokuqondile, ama-SUD (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) ne-HD (I-Kafka, i-2010) kufaka phakathi izindlela zokuxilonga ezihlola ukungasebenzi kahle (okungukuthi, imizamo engaphumelelanga yokulinganisa noma yokumisa isimilo, ubunzima bokulawula izifiso / izifiso) nokusetshenziswa okuyingozi (okusho, ukusetshenziswa / isimilo okuholela ezimweni eziyingozi, isb, ukweqisa izidakamizwa, ukuzibandakanya ocansini olungenakhondomu). Ama-HD nama-SUD afaka phakathi izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukukhubazeka komphakathi okuxhunyaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi, ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, izindlela ze-SUD zihlola ukuncika komzimba (okungukuthi, ukubekezelelana nokuhoxiswa), kanti i-HD ayifuni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-HD ifaka ngokuhlukile izindlela zokulinganisa isimo se-dysphoric state ezihambisana nokuzibandakanya ngokweqile / okuyinkinga ekuziphatheni kocansi.
Naphezu kwecala eliphumelelayo lenkambu elisekela ukuthembeka nokuqiniswa kwezinqubo ze-HD (Reid et al., 2012), i-American Psychiatric Association (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) wenqaba i-HD kusuka ku-DSM-5. Ukukhathazeka okuningi kwaphakanyiswa ngokuntuleka kocwaningo kubandakanya ukucabangela kwe-anatomical and functional, genetic molecular, pathophysiology, epidemiology, nokuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological (IPiquet-Pessôa, iFerreira, iMelca, neFontenelle, ngo-2014), kanye nokukhathazeka ukuthi i-HD ingaholela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokweqile noma kuhlinzeke ukuxilongwa okungamanga, kunikezwe ukungabi khona kokuhlukana okucacile phakathi kwamazinga ajwayelekile nobubanzi obuphathelene nezifiso zocansi nokuziphatha (I-Moser, i-2013; Wakefield, 2012; Ama-Winters, i-2010). Ukubuyekezwa kwamuva kwezincwadi ezitholakala kufana ne-clinic ne-neurobiological phakathi kwe-HD nama-SUDs; Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ayitholi idatha ekhona, ngaleyo ndlela iphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa, imizamo yokuvimbela nokwelashwa yabacwaningi kanye nodokotela (UKraus et al., 2016).
Njengamanje, okuncane okuyaziwa ngokuthi yiziphi izici ezihlotshaniswa nesidingo somuntu siqu esaziwayo sokufuna ukwelashwa kwemikhuba yokuziphatha engaxhunywanga engathandwayo - kulokhu, ukusebenzisa ngokweqile / okunenkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kuze kube manje, isifundo esisodwa kuphela sihlolisise izici ezihambisana nesithakazelo samadoda ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kanzima kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. I-Gola, i-Lewczuk, ne-Skorko (i-2016) ithole ukuthi izimpawu ezingezinhle (isb. ukukhathazeka, ukuthinta, nokuphazamiseka kobudlelwano ngenxa yokuziphatha kwezocansi nokulawulwa okungafanele) okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bekuhlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nokufuna ukwelashwa kunenani lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Yize ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile / okunenkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuvame ukubikwa yilabo abafuna ukwelashwa, kuncane okwaziwayo ngezici zalabo bantu. Isibonelo, akwaziwa ukuthi iziphi izici (isb. Imizamo ehlulekile yokuyeka, izifiso / izifiso eziqinile, nokukhubazeka kwengqondo) ezihlotshaniswa nezifiso zokwelashwa ezifuna ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile / okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi. Ngabe kukhona izici ezithile ezingasiza ukukhomba abantu abadinga futhi abafisa ukwelashwa kokusebenzisa inkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Njengamanje, imikhuba yokuhlola kanye nokungenelela komtholampilo okwenzelwe ukuthuthukisa izinkinga ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile kanye nocansi olungalashwa, ngokuvamile, kuyashoda e-United States nakwamanye amazwe (I-Hook, i-Reid, i-Penberthy, i-Davis, ne-Jennings, ngo-2014). Ezinye izinto ezifana nokukholelwa enkolweni nokwenqaba ukuziphatha kungase kube nzima nakakhulu ukuxilongwa nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa kobucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isibonelo, ukutadisha kwakamuva kwathola ukuthi inkolo nokungafuni ukuziphatha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibikezela ukuthi "umlutha obonakalayo" kuyizithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kuyilapho ungahambisani namazinga asetshenziswa phakathi kwabesilisa abasha abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015). Ukuqonda ukuthi izici ezinjengokwenkolo / ingokomoya nokungafuni ukuziphatha kungathinta kanjani isifiso somuntu sokufuna ukwelashwa okungahle kwenzeke ukuziphatha kobulili obufanayo.
Kusetshenziswa idatha evela kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi besilisa abangu-1,298, lolu cwaningo lufuna ukuthola izici (isb. Imininingwane yabantu kanye nezici zomlando wezocansi) ezihambisana nentshisekelo yabantu abazibizayo yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Okokuqala, sihlolisise ukuthi imaphi amaphesenti wamadoda azobika intshisekelo yamanje yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Besilindele ukuthi izinga lizobe liphansi kakhulu ngoba siqashe ababambiqhaza besampula yokufuna engeyona yokwelashwa yamadoda. Okwesibili, siphenye ukwanda kobungqingili phakathi kwamasampuli ethu sisebenzisa iHypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) (Reid, Garos, & Umbazi, 2011). Sifakazele ukuthi amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa azobika amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu ku-HBI kunamadoda angathandi ukwelashwa. Okwesithathu, ngenxa yokushoda kwemininingwane etholakala ezincwadini, sihlolisise ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini umlando wabantu kanye nowezocansi ohlukile phakathi kwamadoda ayenesifiso noma engenandaba nokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokuqondile, sihlolisise ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zababambiqhaza njengomsebenzi wentshisekelo yokuzimela ekwelashweni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sifakazele ukuthi abantu abanentshisekelo yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangabika kakhulu: (a) imvamisa ephakeme masonto onke nobude bokusetshenziswa; (b) izinombolo eziphakeme zemizamo edlule yokwehlisa noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zocansi; kanye (c) nokuvama okuphezulu kokushaya indlwabu ngenyanga edlule.
izindlela
Inqubo
Idatha iqoqiwe kusuka kumadoda we-1,298 aqashwe njengengxenye yophenyo olufanayo oluphenya izakhi ze-psychometric zenkundla yemibuzo (I-Self-Effected Pornography Self-Effective Strategies Self-Efficiency Questionnaire) eyenzelwe ukulinganisa ukuzikhandla komuntu ukuziqhenya ngokuziqhenya- amasu wokuziphatha ahloswe ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (IKraus, iRosenberg, neTompsett, 2015). Imigomo yokungenisa yayiyindoda, okungenani ibe neminyaka eyi-18, futhi ibheke izithombe ezingcolile okungenani kanye ezinyangeni zangaphambilini ze-6. Sithumele incazelo emfushane yocwaningo phakathi nezinyanga zikaJuni-Julayi (2013) kumithombo yezenhlalo, ukucwaninga kwengqondo, kanye namawebhusayithi ahlobene nempilo. Iningi lesampula (88%) laqashwa ngokusebenzisa izaziso ezithunyelwe ku-Craigslist® (isb., iwebhusayithi ehlukanisiwe yokukhangisa enezingxenye ezinikele emisebenzini, kumuntu uqobo nasemathubeni okuvolontiya). Izaziso zifake incazelo emfushane yocwaningo enesixhumanisi sewebhu ngaphansi kwesigaba “Sokuzithandela Komphakathi” seCraigslist esifaka izicelo zokubamba iqhaza ezifundweni zocwaningo nasemisebenzini engacwaningi. Abangu-12% abasele abaphendulile baqhamuke ekuthumeleni incazelo emfushane yocwaningo kanye nokuxhumanisa kumasayithi amabili ocwaningo olusekelwe kwengqondo (isb. I-Psych Research ne-Psych Hanover) namanye amawebhusayithi ahlobene nempilo (isib., I-American Sexual Health Association).
Ngokuzithandela asizange sinikeze umklomelo oyedwa noma ngaphezulu njengesikhuthazo ngoba sifuna ukunciphisa amathuba okungabikho abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abazohlanganyela kulolu cwaningo ngethemba lokuwina umklomelo. Ngakho-ke, njengesikhuthazo, sazisa amadoda ukuthi i-$ 2.00 izoxhaswa ku-American Cancer Society kuwo wonke uphenyo oluqediwe, olunomnikelo omkhulu we-$ 150. Ngemuva kokuvuma, amadoda agcwalise uchungechunge lwemibuzo eyayihlelwe yinkinga yokunciphisa imiphumela yokuhleleka. Ithuluzi lokuhlola le-intanethi lihlehlisiwe ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izikhalazo zomhlanganyeli ngamunye ngaphandle kwemibuzo yemibuzo yabantu, eyafika ekugcineni.
Abahlanganyeli
Iminyaka yobudala obambe iqhaza yayiyiminyaka engama-34.4SD = 13.1). Cishe abesilisa abangama-81% babevela e-United States, abangu-8% babevela eCanada, bese kuthi abangu-11% babevela kwamanye amazwe akhuluma isiNgisi (isib., I-United Kingdom ne-Australia). Cishe i-80% yamadoda ibike ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okungenani kanye ngesonto noma ngaphezulu.
Izindlela
Imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu
Leli phepha lemibuzo lihlolisise abantu abathintekayo (isib. Ubudala, isimo somshado, nolwazi lwezinga eliphezulu lemfundo).
Imibuzo yobulili
Sasebenzisa uhlu lwemibuzo olwenziwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini ukukala umlando wabathintekayo wabathintekayo (isib. Inani labalingani bocansi, imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu kanye nomlando wesifo socansi)IKraus neRosenberg, 2016; UKraus, uRosenberg, et al., 2015; IRosenberg neKraus, 2014).
Umlando wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile
Sisebenzise uhlu lwemibuzo esetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini ukuze sihlole izici zomlando zobulili ezingcolile zobulili (isib., Imvamisa yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isikhathi esichitha ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngeviki, imizamo eminingi "yokusika" usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokuyeka imizamo yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) (IKraus neRosenberg, 2016; UKraus, uRosenberg, et al., 2015; IRosenberg neKraus, 2014).
Isisombululo sokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual (HBI)
I-HBI yi-inventory yezinto ze-19 esilinganisa izici zobungqingili-okungukuthi, ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni ngokobulili ekuphenduleni ukucindezeleka noma isimo sengqondo sokucindezeleka, imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokulawula ukucabangela ucansi, ukugqugquzela, nokuziphatha, nokuziphatha kobulili okuholela ekukhubazeni ekusebenzeni (Reid et al., 2011). Abaphenduli balinganisa ukuthi kukangaki behlangabezana nokuziphatha ngakunye kocansi (1 = never; 5 = kaningi). Izilinganiso ebangeni le-HBI kusuka ku-19 kuye ku-95 ngamaphuzu angama-53 (noma ngaphezulu) aphakamisa ukuba khona kwesifo "se-hypersexual". Ingqikithi ye-HBI nokuxhaswa kwayo bekuthembeke kakhulu ngaphakathi (inani = α = 0.95; ukubhekana α = 0.91; imiphumela α = 0.86; ukulawula α = 0.93).
Intshisekelo yamanje ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi
Sihlolisise isithakazelo samanje samadoda ekutholeni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi ngokuwacela ukuba abonise "yebo" noma "cha" kumbuzo olandelayo: "Ungathanda yini ukuthola usizo lochwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kwakho kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, KANYE akakaze kwenziwe ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene izizathu (isb., ukuhlazeka, ukuhlazeka, futhi ungaqiniseki ukuthi uzoya kuphi). "
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile
Sihlole umlando wabathintekayo wokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi ngokuwacela ukuba abonise "yebo" noma "cha" kumbuzo olandelayo: "Wake wafuna usizo lobuchwepheshe ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ngochwepheshe sibhekwa umeluleki, isazi, isazi sengqondo sengqondo kanye nomqondo wezifo zengqondo)? "Kubantu abathile ababonisa" yebo "kulo mbuzo, babuzwa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwabo kwakuwusizo kangakanani (" Uma kunjalo, ukuphathwa kokwelashwa okuwusizo kuwusizo kanjani? ") iphuzu lesikhulumi ("akusikho konke okuwusizo," "okusizayo okuncane," "okuwusizo kakhulu," "okuwusizo kakhulu," futhi "okuwusizo kakhulu").
Ukuhlaziya kwesitatimende
Sisebenzise i-SPSS-22 (IBM Corp. Ikhishwe i-2012. IBM SPSS Izibalo ze-Windows, i-Version 23.0) yezibalo ezichazayo, uMann-Whitney U ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-Pearson chi-square, nokuhlaziywa kokuhlelwa kokubambisana kokubili. Ukucabanga kwethu okuyinhloko kuhilela ukuqhathanisa phakathi kokwelashwa-amadoda anesithakazelo nesingenwa ukwelashwa. Ukuvivinya ngamaceleni amabili kanye jikelele α Izinga le-0.05 yazo zonke izicabango eziyinhloko zaziqashwe.
Ethics
Zonke izinqubo kulolu cwaningo zenziwa ngokuvumelana neSimemezelo se-Helsinki. IBhodi yokuBuyekeza i-Institutional of Bowling Green State University yavuma ukutadisha. Bonke abahlanganyeli baziswa mayelana nobubanzi besifundo nabo bonke abanikezwe imvume egciniwe enolwazi.
Imiphumela
U-Sexualistic kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa izici kubantu abathandwe yizintshisekelo ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile
Kubantu abangu-1,298 abahloliwe, i-14.3% (n = 186) ubike intshisekelo yamanje yokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Amadoda ambalwa (6.4%, n = 83) babike ukuthi bake bafuna ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, futhi ngokwesilinganiso, labo ababethole ukwelashwa bakukala njengokusiza okuncane kuphela (M = 2.7, SD = 1.2). Kwabesilisa abangama-83 ababekade befuna ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ama-48.2% (n = 40) bakhombisile ukuthi njengamanje banesifiso sokufuna ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.
Sisebenzisa isampula sonke, sithole ukuthi ama-mean scores for frequency yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyi-5.1 (SD = 1.8, skewness = -0.46, kurtosis = -0.34) no-1.9 (SD = 1.4, skewness = 0.86, kurtosis = 0.34) ngesikhathi esichithwa isonto ngalinye kubuka izithombe zocansi. Amanani 1 futhi 2 ukubonisa amaphesenti okusetshenziswa kwamadoda ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesikhathi esichitha isonto ngalinye ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yesithakazelo samadoda ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Umfanekiso we-1. Amaphesenti wamadoda anesithakazelo sokuthola ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuphindaphindiwe kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile
Umfanekiso we-2. Amaphesenti amadoda anesithakazelo sokwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile isikhathi esithile esichitha ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile
Umfanekiso we-3. Amaphesenti wamadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nge-HBI emtholampilo cutoff score (≥53)
Izibalo ze-HBI nazo zibalwa. Izikolo zazingezansi: inani le-HBI (M = 43.2, SD = 17.9, skewness = 0.74, kurtosis = -0.13), ukubhekana (M = 17.6, SD = 7.4, skewness = 0.41, kurtosis = -0.61), imiphumela (M = 7.8, SD = 4.0, skewness = 1.2, kurtosis = 0.74), nokulawula (M = 17.8, SD = 8.7, ukuthambekela = -0.46, kurtosis = -0.24). Cishe ama-28% (n = 359) yamadoda athola amaphuzu (noma ngenhla) i-HBI ephelele yomtholampilo (≥53) ekhombisa ubukhona be-HD engenzeka. NjengoMdwebo 3 kubonisa ukuthi isithakazelo samadoda ekufuneni ukwelashwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sasihlotshaniswa kahle nomhlangano noma sidlula isiqephu se-HBI esiphezulu se-cutoff score [χ2 (1) = 203.27, p <0.001, Cramer's V = 0.40, NOMA = 9.52, 95% CI = 6.72-13.49].
Nakuba ama-skewness nezikolo ze-kurtosis bekungesizathu esithile (± 1.5) sezinguquko eziqhubekayo (ezibalwe ngenhla), sanquma ukuqhuba uhlolo lwe-Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) ukuze sinqume ukuthi ngabe sine-distribution evamile yesampula. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-K-S yayibalulekile (konke ps <0.001), okukhombisa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kokwabiwa okujwayelekile akuhlangabezwanga inani eliphelele le-HBI, izinkokhelo ze-HBI, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nesikhathi esichithwa isonto ngalinye kubukwa izithombe zocansi. Ngakho-ke, sisebenzise izivivinyo ezingezona ezezimiso (uMann-Whitney U ukuhlola) ngokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo, futhi kusetshenziswe ukuhlolwa kwe-Pearson chi-square ngenxa yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangafuni ukwelashwa, amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa kungenzeka ukuthi angashadi futhi abe nobulili obuncane bomlomo (izinsuku ezingama-30 ezedlule), imizamo eminingi "yokunciphisa" ngezithombe zocansi, nokuyeka okuningi ukuzama izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Babenamathuba amaningi okuthi phambilini bafune ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, bazibandakanya nokushaya indlwabu bebodwa (izinsuku zokugcina ezingama-30), futhi babenezibalo eziphakeme kunani eliphelele le-HBI kanye nezinkokhelo ezintathu. Asikutholanga umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa nokwelashwa-angathandeki ezingeni lemfundo, isimo sokuphila, ukuthambekela ngokocansi, umsebenzi wamuva we-dyadic ocansini (ukushaya indlwabu esithweni sowesifazane sangasese, esendunu, noma kokunye), umlando wezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, kanye nenani lokuya ocansini impilo yonke ophathina (bheka iThebula 1 ukuze uthole imininingwane ephelele).
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Ithebula 1. Izibalo zomlando wezocansi kanye nezomlando eziphathelene nomuntu siqu nesithakazelo sokufuna ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile
| Inentshisekelo yokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yebo (n = 186) | Cha (n = 1,111) | |||
| Izici zokufunda | % / M (SD) | % / M (SD) | χ2 / Z | p-Vala |
| Ubudala | 32.8 (11.6) | 34.6 (13.3) | 1.37 | 0.17 |
| isimo somshado | ||||
| Ongashadile, ongathandani naye njengamanje | 37.1 | 29.3 | 9.27 | |
| Abanye bayathandana kodwa hhayi kuphela | 21.0 | 16.7 | ||
| Ushadile / uhlanganyele | 41.9 | 54.0 | ||
| Izinga lemfundo | ||||
| Isikole esiphakeme | 22.2 | 15.9 | 4.72 | 0.19 |
| Amanye amakolishi | 28.6 | 32.5 | ||
| Isiqu sokuhlangana | 13.0 | 12.7 | ||
| Iziqu zeBachelor noma ngaphezulu | 36.2 | 38.8 | ||
| Isimo sokuphila | ||||
| Alone | 21.6 | 21.5 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
| Nabantu ohlala nabo | 17.3 | 17.6 | ||
| Nabalingani / amalungu omndeni | 61.1 | 60.8 | ||
| Isimo socansi | ||||
| Heterosexual | 70.3 | 71.8 | 0.25 | 0.88 |
| Gay | 11.6 | 11.7 | ||
| ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane | 18.0 | 16.5 | ||
| Izwe azalelwe kulo | ||||
| USA | 78.0 | 81.7 | 1.76 | 0.41 |
| Canada | 10.8 | 8.1 | ||
| Amanye amazwe akhuluma isiNgisi | 11.3 | 10.3 | ||
| Ukuqashwa kwewebhusayithi | ||||
| Craigslist® | 91.9 | 87.4 | 3.10 | 0.08 |
| Enye indawo | 8.1 | 12.6 | ||
| Ukutheleleka ngokocansi | ||||
| Yebo | 11.3 | 15.2 | 1.95 | 0.18 |
| Cha | 88.7 | 84.8 | ||
| Abalingani bobulili bobulili besikhathi sokuphila | ||||
| 10 noma abalingani abangaphansi | 58.1 | 53.3 | 3.75 | 0.15 |
| Abalingani be-11-20 | 18.3 | 24.6 | ||
| Abalingani be-30 + | 23.7 | 21.9 | ||
| Ukulala ngokomzimba (ngenyanga edlule) | ||||
| Yebo | 48.1 | 55.2 | 3.21 | 0.08 |
| Cha | 51.9 | 44.8 | ||
| Ukulala ocansini (ngenyanga edlule) | ||||
| Yebo | 25.3 | 20.8 | 1.89 | 0.17 |
| Cha | 74.7 | 79.2 | ||
| I-oral oral (ngenyanga edlule) | ||||
| Yebo | 54.6 | 63.5 | 5.29 | |
| Cha | 45.5 | 36.5 | ||
| Ukushaya indlwabu (ngenyanga edlule) | ||||
| Yebo | 46.7 | 54.0 | 3.35 | 0.08 |
| Cha | 53.3 | 46.0 | ||
| Inyanga edlule ukushaya indlwabu | ||||
| Izikhathi ze-10 noma ngaphansi | 31.0 | 36.8 | ||
| Izikhathi ze-11-20 | 25.5 | 30.3 | 7.88 | |
| Izikhathi ezingu-21 + | 43.5 | 32.9 | ||
| Ukuziphatha kobulili obuyingozi | ||||
| Amaphuzu aphelele we-HBIa | 62.4 (17.8) | 40.0 (15.8) | 14.16 | |
| I-HBI yokubhekana ne-subscaleb | 22.7 (7.5) | 16.8 (7.1) | 9.50 | |
| Imiphumela ye-HBI i-subscalec | 11.6 (4.5) | 7.1 (3.5) | 12.43 | |
| Ukulawulwa kwe-HBI ku-subscaled | 28.1 (8.4) | 16.1 (7.5) | 15.23 | |
| Ngaso sonke isikhathi wayefuna ukwelashwa kwezocansi | ||||
| Yebo | 21.5 | 3.9 | 82.83 | |
| Cha | 78.5 | 96.1 | ||
| Ukuvama kwezithombe ezingcolile zamasonto onke kusetshenziswa | 5.5 (1.9) | 5.1 (1.8) | 3.68 | |
| Isikhathi sesikhathi esichitha ukubukela izithombe ezingcolile ngeviki | 2.4 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.3) | 4.95 | |
| Yeka imizamo yezinsizi ze-porn | ||||
| Imizamo ye-0 ("akekho") | 12.9 | 65.5 | 216.04 | |
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 40.9 | 23.4 | ||
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 46.2 | 11.2 | ||
| Yeka imizamo ye-porn | ||||
| Imizamo ye-0 ("akekho") | 25.3 | 75.0 | 251.05 | |
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 34.4 | 19.2 | ||
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 40.3 | 5.8 | ||
Note. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pearson chi-square kwasetshenziselwa ukuguquguquka kwama-dichotomous. Mann-Whitney U ukuhlolwa (Z amaphuzu) asetshenziselwa ukushintshashintsha okuqhubekayo. Amanani e-Bold amelela ngokuphawulekayo ku- p <0.05.
aIbanga elingenalutho, i-19-95.
bIbanga elingenalutho, i-7-35.
cIbanga elingenalutho, i-4-20.
dIbanga elingenalutho, i-8-40.
Ngokulandelayo, senze ukuhlaziywa kokuhlaziya okubanjwe ngokubambisana ukuze sithole izimo eziguquguqukayo ezihlobene nesithakazelo-sokufuna ukwelashwa isimo. Ukuze unciphise imiphumela yephutha lohlobo lweTeyi, singene kumodeli kuphela eguquguqukayo p <0.001. Imodeli ibibalulekile ngokwezibalo, χ2 = 394.0, p <0.001, ne- df = 10, futhi ngachaza ama-46.7% (amaNagelkerke's R2) kokuhluka okuphelele. Ukuhlukaniswa kwaba ngu-43.5% kulabo abanentshisekelo yokwelapha; 96.6% kulabo abangathandeki ekwelapheni; futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwaba ngu-89.0%. NjengeThebula 2 ibonisa ukucacisa okuphawulekayo kwesimo sokuthakazelisa-sokufuna ukwelashwa kufakwe i-1-to-3 kanye ne-4 + "ukusika" imizamo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuzama ukuyeka ukubuka izithombe ze-4 + nokuziqhenya kokulawula kwe-HBI.
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Ithebula 2. Izibikezelo zesitatimende ezithakazelisayo ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile
| Izici zokufunda | B | SE B | Ilungiselelwe OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuvama kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa | 0.04 | 0.07 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) |
| Isikhathi sesikhathi ngesonto ngalinye ukubukela izithombe ezingcolile | 0.12 | 0.08 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) |
| Ngaso sonke isikhathi wayefuna ukwelashwa kwezocansi | 0.43 | 0.30 | 1.54 (0.86, 2.77) |
| Imizamo yokusika | |||
| Imizamo ye-0 | 1.61 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 1.43 | 0.36 | 4.98 (2.76, 8.99)* |
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 4.18 (2.05, 8.55)* | ||
| Yeka imizamo | |||
| Imizamo ye-0 | 0.48 | 0.27 | 1.00 |
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 1.17 | 0.35 | 1.61 (0.95, 2.73) |
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 3.23 (1.63, 6.38)* | ||
| I-HBI yokubhekana ne-subscale | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) |
| Imiphumela ye-HBI i-subscale | 0.01 | 0.04 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| Ukulawulwa kwe-HBI ku-subscale | 0.13 | 0.02 | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18)* |
Note. Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kufakazela amathuba okuba abantu bathandeke ekufuneni usizo lobuchwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kocansi. Isifinyezo sesibonelo: χ2 = 394.0, p <0.001 nge df = 10. zikaNagelkerke R2 = 46.7%. Ukuhlukaniswa: ama-43.5% alabo abafuna usizo lochwepheshe; I-96.6% labo abangafuni usizo lochwepheshe; futhi inani lalingu-89.0%. Amanani agqamile amele izibalo ezibalulekile ku- p <0.05.
*p <0.01.
Ukuze kuhlolwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ngobungqingili nesimo sokufuna ukwelashwa, amadoda ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane: (a) amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa anobungqingili (n = 132); (b) abesilisa abangathandi ukwelashwa abanobungqingili (n = 227); (c) amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa ngaphandle kocansi (n = 54); futhi okokugcina, (d) abesilisa abangathandi ukwelashwa ngaphandle kocansi (n = 884). Ngomzamo wokukhomba izici ezihlukanisayo zomtholampilo kulawa maqembu amane, senze ucwaningo lokuhlola ngokuhlukahluka komlando wezocansi. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 3, sithole ukuthi ukwelashwa-amadoda anesifiso sobulili obucabangela ukuziphatha kabi ngokocansi aphindaphindiwe futhi abika imizamo eyedlule yokunciphisa noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu.
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Ithebula 3. Khetha izici zobulili-zomlando ezihlotshaniswa nesithakazelo somuntu siqu ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesimo sokuxhaswa ngokocansi
| Izici zokufunda | Ukuxhaswa kwe-Tx-nesithakazelo (n = 132) | I-hypersexual engathandeki yocansi (n = 227) | I-Tx-inentshisekelo engeyona inxushunxushu (n = 54) | I-Tx-engathandeki engezona ngokobulili (n = 884) | χ2/F | p-Vala |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % / M (SD) | % / M (SD) | % / M (SD) | % / M (SD) | |||
| Abalingani bobulili | 10.93 | 0.09 | ||||
| 10 noma abalingani abangaphansi | 53.8 | 48.0 | 68.5 | 54.6 | ||
| Abalingani be-11-20 | 20.5 | 26.0 | 13.0 | 24.5 | ||
| Abalingani be-30 + | 25.8 | 26.0 | 18.5 | 20.8 | ||
| Ukushaya indlwabu ngenyanga | 15.89 | |||||
| Izikhathi ze-10 noma ngaphansi | 28.2 | 32.4 | 37.1 | 38.0 | ||
| Izikhathi ze-11-20 | 26.0 | 27.5 | 24.5 | 31.0 | ||
| Izikhathi ezingu-21 + | 45.8 | 40.1 | 37.7 | 31.1 | ||
| Ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kocansi | 5.7 (1.8)a | 5.6 (1.7)a | 4.9 (2.0)b | 4.9 (1.7)b | 14.12 | |
| Isikhathi sesikhathi ebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile | 2.4 (1.2)d | 2.2 (1.2)d, c | 1.9 (1.2)c, e | 1.7 (1.2)e | 20.64 | |
| Yeka imizamo yokubuyisela emuva | 299.8 | |||||
| Imizamo ye-0 ("akekho") | 10.6 | 47.6 | 18.5 | 70.0 | ||
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 32.6 | 31.3 | 61.1 | 21.4 | ||
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 56.8 | 21.1 | 20.4 | 8.6 | ||
| Yeka imizamo | 323.1 | |||||
| Imizamo ye-0 ("akekho") | 22.0 | 56.8 | 33.3 | 79.6 | ||
| Imizamo yangaphambilini ye-1-to-3 | 30.3 | 29.1 | 44.4 | 16.6 | ||
| Imizamo ye-4 + edlule | 47.7 | 14.1 | 22.2 | 3.7 |
Note. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pearson chi-square kwasetshenziselwa ukuguquguquka kwama-dichotomous. Indlela eyodwa-ANOVA yayisetshenziselwa ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kweposi (okungenani umehluko ophawulekayo) okwenziwe ukuze kuchaze ukuthi izindlela zahluke kakhulu (p <0.05). Sisebenzise imibhalo engezansi ukukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezingabalulekile ngokwezibalo (p <0.05). Amanani agqamile abonisa ukubaluleka ku p <0.05.
Ingxoxo
Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukusabalalisa, kanye nezici ezihambisana nalokho, isithakazelo samadoda ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo lathola ukuthi cishe indoda eyodwa kwabangu-7 ibike isithakazelo samanje ekufuneni ukwelashwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kodwa engakaze yenze kanjalo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwenza amahloni, ukuhlazeka noma ukungabi nolwazi mayelana nokuthi ungaphi usizo. Amadoda ambalwa ocwaningweni (6.4%) abike ngaphambilini befuna ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sithole ukuthi cishe ingxenye yalawo madoda ayekade efuna ukwelashwa usalokhu eveza isifiso sosizo lochwepheshe, nakuba abaningi babonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwasiza kuphela.
Ngokulandelayo, sihlolisise imibiko yobungqingili njengokwelinganiselwe kwi-HBI (Reid et al., 2011). Njengoba sithengiswa, sithole ukuthi ukwelashwa-amadoda anesithakazelo abika izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu kwi-HBI inani kanye nama-subscales uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda angenakuthandwa. Uma usebenzisa umtholampilo ohlongozwayo-usike amaphuzu we-53 noma ngaphezulu ku-HBI, sithole ukuthi cishe i-28% (n = 359) wawo wonke amadoda ahlolwe ukuthi une-HD engenzeka. Leli zinga liphakeme kakhulu kunezibalo zocansi kubantu abaningi, ezisukela ku-3% ziye ku-5% yamadoda angafuni ukwelashwa (I-Kafka, i-2010). Sikholelwa ukuthi izinga lethu liphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yendlela yethu yokuqasha (okungukuthi, isifundo sewebhu esiphezulu esihlose abasebenzisi besithombe sangcolile) futhi akufanele sichazwe njengabasebenzisi abanobulili obuvamile abavamile. Izibalo zanamuhla akufanele zihunyushwe njengokuphakamisa ukuthi u-28% wabo bonke abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babhekana nezinkinga zokuxhaswa ngokocansi; Kunalokho, lokho okutholakele kungakhuluma kuphela ngobuhlobo obuphakathi kobulili obuhlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa okubucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezenzeka kwabanye abantu. Njengesibonelo esisodwa, sithole ukuthi amadoda angu-71% abonise isithakazelo ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ahlangabezane noma adlula isiqephu se-HBI emtholampilo we-cutoff. Lokhu kutholakala ukuthi, ngokujwayelekile, amadoda abika intshisekelo ekufuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayebika ngokuzenzekelayo izimpawu ezihlobene nocansi.
Siphinde sahlola ukuthi ngabe yiziphi izici zomlando wobuntu kanye nezocansi ezihlukanisiwe phakathi kwamadoda ayenentshisekelo noma engenandaba nokwelashwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imibono yethu yasekelwa. Ngokuqondile, sithole ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangafuni ukwelashwa, amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa asebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (kokubili imvamisa nobude besikhathi), abe nemizamo eminingi yokunciphisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abe nemizamo eminingi yokuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi enza amazinga aphezulu okushaya indlwabu yedwa enyangeni edlule. Siphinde sathola ukuthi intshisekelo yamadoda ekwelapheni yayihlotshaniswa nesimo sobudlelwano (singashadile), imvamisa yocansi lomlomo ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ezedlule, nomlando wangaphambilini wokufuna ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Okulandelayo, ukuhlaziywa kanambambili kokuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto kwatholakala ukuthi u-1-to-3 no-4 + "wehlise" imizamo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukubika i-4 + imizamo yokuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokuthola amaphuzu ku-HBI subscale control kwakuyizibikezelo ezibalulekile zokufuna intshisekelo- isimo sokwelashwa. Okokugcina, sihlolisise ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukwehluka kwezimpawu zemitholampilo yamadoda anobuhlobo bobulili obufanayo nangaphandle kwesimo sokufuna ukwelashwa. Ngokuqondile, sithole ukuthi amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa ashaya indlwabu kaningi futhi abike imizamo eminingi edlule yokunciphisa noma yokuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu.
Ngokuvamile, ukutholakala kwamanje kusikisela ukuthi isithakazelo sokwelashwa singachazwa, ngokuyingxenye, ngabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile 'ukulahlekelwa ukulawula' phezu kwemicabango yabo yobulili nokuziphatha okuhlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokuqondile, amadoda anentshisekelo yokwelashwa abike ukuziphatha (isib., Imizamo ephindaphindiwe yehluleka ukuyeka noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuphelele) kanye nezimpawu zocansi (isib. Izifiso eziqinile nezifiso kanye nemicabango engcolile yocansi) ehambisana nokuthola ubunzima bokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kokubili i-SUD (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) ne-HD (I-Kafka, i-2010) izindlela zokuxilonga zibandakanya ukuzithiba okungaziphathi kahle, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okubucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabelana ngokufanayo nezinye izimo zokulutha. Ukulawulwa kokucindezeleka okubi kuyisici esiyinhloko se-HD, okuphakamisa ukuthi labo abathintekayo lesi simo banemizamo eminingi engaphumeleli yokunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa ekubandakanyekeni emibonweni yezocansi, izikhalo, kanye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni imizwelo yomsindo noma izenzakalo ezicindezelayo (I-Kafka, i-2010). Kuyafana nesinye isifundo (UGola et al., 2016), sathola ukuthi ukuzithiba okuziphathekayo ekuziphatheni ngokocansi kungaba ukubaluleka okubalulekile kubantu abanentshisekelo yokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi kungabalulekile ukukhomba abasebenzisi abangadinga usizo lochwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokuzizwa "okungalawulwa" nokuziphatha kocansi olukhuthaza ukuziphatha ngendlela ebonakalayo yokulashwa kwezingcolile kuyaqhubeka kungabonakali kulezi zincwadi. Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi lezo zimo ezinjengokuzama ukuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zenza izinkomba zomgomo kubantu abalinganisa izinzuzo / ukwelashwa kokufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ezinye izenzo zokuziphatha ngokobulili.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani amadoda e-29% abike intshisekelo ekwelapheni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile azange ahlangane (noma adlule) i-cutoff ephakamisayo ngesilinganiso socansi. Ngokubalulekile, kuyoba kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ngabe izici ezengeziwe (isib. Isimo sobuhlobo, izinga lobukholwa, nezindinganiso / izinkolelo zomuntu siqu) zingase zihlobanise nesithakazelo samadoda ekuzifuneni ukwelashwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokuvumelana nalezi zindlela, ukukholelwa enkolweni nokwenqaba ukuziphatha okubi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibikezela ukuthi umlutha wokubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kuyilapho ungahambisani namazinga asetshenziswa phakathi kwabesilisa abasha abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (IGrubbs et al., 2015). Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izici, zombili ezihloswe futhi ezizithobayo, ezifaka isinqumo kwisinqumo somuntu sokufuna usizo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile noma okunye ukucindezeleka ngokobulili kulindele ukucwaninga esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuthola okwamanje kunomthelela ekusebenzeni komtholampilo. Ukunikezwa okuvamile okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo phakathi kweziguli ezifuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (UKraus, Potenza, et al., 2015; Reid et al., 2012), ukuthuthukisa imikhuba yokuhlola ephumelelayo ukuthola ukuziphatha nezici zengqondo ezihlobene nokulahleka kokulawulwa kungasiza ekuboneni abantu abanesimo sobulili obungasetshenziswanga esiphathelene nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Imikhankaso yokuqwashisa ngempilo yomphakathi ingagxila ekugqasheni izimpawu / izimpawu ezihlobene nocansi noma ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, ngoba izici ezithile zibonakala zixhunyaniswa nesimo sesifiso sokwelashwa. Ukwengeza, ukuklama izinto zokuhlola ukuhlola izici ezithile zokuzithiba ngokocansi, ukungacabangi, kanye / noma ukuphoqeleka kungase kwazise kangcono izindlela zokubandakanya iziguli ezifuna ukwelashwa, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithandwayo mayelana nokwelashwa (Reid, 2007).
Okunye okunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwesimanje kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokubika ezizimele ukuqoqa idatha kubasebenzisi bomdabu kanye nomlando wezocansi kanye nokucwasana ngokocansi. Idatha yokuzibika ixhomeke ekukhunjweni kwabantu ngabanye kanye nokuzimisela ukudalula ukuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa indlela yokusekela i-inthanethi kungenzeka ukuthi kuye kwasiza ukwandisa ukungaziwa nokunciphisa okungekho emthethweni ngabahlanganyeli bokufunda; Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlale kucabangela. Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yokuhlukanisa okungahambisani nakho akukwazi ukukhuluma nge-causation noma ukuqondisa kwezinhlangano ezibonwe. Okutholakele kungase kungabonakali kubantu abafuna ukwelashwa kwezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okungcolile (isib. Ukulala ngokobulili okungajwayelekile / okungaziwa, ukushaya indlwabu, nokuya ocansini okukhokhelwayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo alufaki abesifazane. Nakuba i-HD ivame kakhulu kubesilisa, abesifazane abesilisa ocansini babika imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu ephezulu, inombolo yabalingani bobulili, nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014). Njengamanje, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukusabalalisa, kanye nezici ezihambisana nayo, isithakazelo sabesifazane ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ezinye izimo zokuziphatha ezingcolile. Umkhawulo wokugcina wesifundo samanje wukuthi asizange siqaphele ubuhlanga / ubuhlanga babahlanganyeli, kodwa kunalokho, babuze mayelana nezwe labo abahlala kulo. Idatha encane ibonisa ukuthi abantu abafuna ukwelashwa ngokobulili obuhlukile bangase babe amathuba phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe / baseCaucasia uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu (UFarré et al., 2015; UKraus, Potenza, et al., 2015; Reid et al., 2012); Kodwa-ke, ukuxwayiswa kukwaziswa ngenxa yokungabi nalutho kwedatha ye-epidemiological futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle noma ngokobuhlanga / ubuhlanga okubikwe kwenye indawo kungachazwa, ngokuyingxenye, ngezinye izici ezifana nokuthola abahlinzeki bezokwelapha (UKraus et al., 2016). Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lubandakanye iziguquguquko ezihlola uhlanga / ubuhlanga ngoba ubudlelwane babo kanye nesithakazelo ekwelapheni kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ngokocansi akucacile.
iziphetho
Lolu cwaningo lubonise izici ezingamadoda ezihlobene nezithakazelo ezizimele ekufuneni ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuhlola lezi zici phakathi kwabesifazane nabantu ababika izinkinga ngezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha ngokocansi (isib. Ubulili obukhokhwe kanye nobulili obungaziwa). Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luyadingeka ukuze kubonakale izithiyo ezingase zibekwe ukunakekelwa (isib. Ukutholakala kokwelapha, izindlela zezimali, izici ezingokwengqondo eziphathelene nokuhlazeka nokuhlazeka, nokubona ukucwaswa) kanye nabagqugquzeli bokubandakanya ukwelashwa kulabo abanesithakazelo sokuthola usizo lokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
I-SWK (Umphenyi Oyinhloko) inikezele ekuqalisweni kokuqala kokutadisha, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuchazwa kwemiphumela, nokubhala lo mbhalo. I-SM ne-MNP yabamba iqhaza ekuchazeni imiphumela, ukuthuthukiswa kombhalo, nokugunyazwa kokugcina kokuhlelwa. I-SWK inomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ngesinqumo sokuhambisa ukuze sithunyelwe. Bonke abalobi babe nokufinyelela okugcwele kuwo wonke idatha ekucwaningweni futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo yobuqotho bemininingwane kanye nokunemba kokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
Abalobi bangekho ukuphikisana kwezintshisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuqukethwe kwalesi script. I-SWK no-SM abanakho ubudlelwane bokudalula. UMNP uxoxisane futhi weluleka i-Ironwood, i-Lundbeck, i-INSYS, i-Shire, ne-RiverMend Health, futhi uthole ukwesekwa kocwaningo oluvela kuMogangan Casino, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokudlala Amandla Nokuziphendulela, noPfizer, kodwa akekho kulezi zinhlangano ezisekela ucwaningo lwamanje.
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