Amazwana: Iphepha eliphelele, elinamacala amane emtholampilo, abhalwe udokotela wezifo zengqondo owaqaphela imiphumela emibi ye-inthanethi ye-porn eyayinazo kwezinye zeziguli zakhe zesilisa. Okuncane kwecala le-intro nelomtholampilo #1 kwenziwa kabusha ngezansi. Leli cala lichaza indoda eneminyaka engu-31 eyayikhuphukele ocansini olwedlulele futhi yathuthukisa izifiso zobulili ezingcolile nezinkinga zocansi. Leli elinye lamaphepha okuqala ukubukeza ontanga okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn okuholela ekubekezelelekeni, ekunyukeni, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezocansi.
UKalman, uThomas P.
I-Weill-Cornell Medical College, eNew York City, NY, e-USA. [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
Ijenali ye-American Academy ye-Psychoanalysis ne-Dynamic Psychiatry 36, cha. I-4 (2008): 593-618.
abstract
Izithombe zocansi, uma ziqondwa kufaka phakathi ukuboniswa kwezenzo zocansi, izitho zomzimba, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, mdala kakhulu njengompucuko wabantu uqobo. Ngokomlando exhunywe emibonweni eyehlukene yezobuchwepheshe, ukubuka izithombe zocansi esikhathini se-Intanethi kufinyelele emaqophelweni amahle, nenani elikhulu labantu abasebenzisa ithuba lokufinyelela kalula, elingabizi, futhi okucatshangwa ukuthi alaziwa ukuze bahlole izinto zocansi online. Ngaphakathi kobuchwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo ucwaningo oluningi lukhona ngemiphumela yokubuka izithombe zocansi ezijwayelekile; kodwa-ke, imiphumela ehlukile yomshado wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cyberpace isisaqala ukuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kokubukeza okuthile okungokomlando nokuzibalo mayelana nezithombe zocansi kanye nezincwadi ezithinta ingqondo nezengqondo, kuthunyelwa ama-vignette amane emtholampilo okukhombisa izinhlobo zezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwe-Intanethi okulethwa kuzo abasebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo.
Okuncane kwesingeniso
Kuma-1980s naku-1990s, kwenziwa inqwaba yezifundo ezithombeni ezingcolile ezijwayelekile (ezingekho kwi-Intanethi). Ngaphandle kokungezwani phakathi kwabafundi mayelana nokusebenza kwabo nezindlela zabo, lezi zifundo zinikeza iziphetho ezibalulekile maqondana nemiphumela yokuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi. Omele lesi sifundo yizifundo ezaziwa kakhulu ngabaphenyi uDolf Zillman noJennings Bryant, abaphenyo lwabo olubandakanya ukuvezwa kokulawulwa kwezithombe zocansi besebenzisa izilungiselelo zokuhlola (uZillman noBryant, 1982; uZillman noBryant, 1988). Emsebenzini wabo, bathole ukuzihlanganisa phakathi kokuchayeka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nalokhu: (1) ukungabi nabubele kwabesifazane; (2) ukunciphisa ukudlwengulwa; (3) imibono esontekile ngobulili; (4) ukwanda kwesifiso sezinhlobo zezithombe zocansi eziphambukayo nezingajwayelekile (ukukhuphuka nokulutha); (5) ukwehliswa kwesimo sokubaluleka kokubaluleka komuntu oyedwa; futhi, (6) wehlise ukwaneliseka ngokusebenza kocansi komlingani, uthando, nokubukeka komzimba.
Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwayo yonke imininingwane ngemiphumela yezithombe ezingcolile ezivamile nezimpikiswano ezihlobene nakho kwenziwe yiManning (2006) futhi ngeke iphinde iphindwe lapha, kepha ukuhlolwa kwakhe kulandela:
Ngokufingqa, ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa [kokwejwayelekile] kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela eminingi emibi ehlobene nokusebenza komuntu ngamunye. Ucwaningo, kufaka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta [Allen, D'Allesio, & Brezgel, 1995; I-Oddone-Paolucci, i-Genius, ne-Violeto, i-2000], ikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe (a) yokuphambuka ngokocansi, (b) ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, (c) ukuthola ubunzima ebudlelwaneni bomuntu obuseduze, (d) ukwamukela izinganekwane zokudlwengulwa, kanye (e) nolaka lokuziphatha nolwezocansi. (ikhasi 137)
Kunenqwaba yezincwadi zezifundiswa mayelana nezici ezahlukahlukene zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ezifundweni eziningi, njenge-psychology, psychiatry, isociology, ezokuxhumana, izifundo zobulili, kanye nobulili bomuntu. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuqagela okukhulu, akukho ukuvumelana okucacile okuvelile kulesi sifundo maqondana nokuhlanganiswa kokuqukethwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cybertechnology kanye nomthelela wakho empilweni yomuntu ngamunye yengqondo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, noma impilo yomuntu siqu yezocansi nokwaneliseka. Ngokusobala, ukuhlinzekwa kwe-intanethi kokuqukethwe kwezocansi kufaka izinzuzo eziningi kubo bobabili nangomphakathi, kufaka phakathi ukutholakala kolwazi lokukhuthaza impilo yezocansi (okungukuthi, ngezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, ukusebenza kocansi okuvamile kanye nokwakheka komzimba), ukuzisiza nezeluleko , kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Kwabaningi, i-Intanethi inika amandla ukwanda okunempilo kolwazi lomuntu ngokobulili, amandla nempilo yamaphupho. Ngokwandayo, noma kunjalo, odokotela bezengqondo bahlangabezana nemibiko ye-anecdotal yezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwashicilelwa ucwaningo oluningi nokuzibika kokuhlangenwe nakho okunenkinga, okuxhasa ukwesatshiswa kokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwi-Intanethi kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kunokuzijabulisa okuhle okuhlanzekile (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon & Boies, 1999; Meerkerk, Van de Eijnden, & Garretsen, 2006; Mitchell, Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005; Mitchell, Finkelhor, & Becker-Blease, 2007). Akukacaci noma imiphumela yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezijwayelekile iyahambisana yini nemiphumela yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi, noma ukuthi izici eziyingqayizivele ze-Intanethi zidale izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ngaphezu kwalokho, incwadi ekhulayo mayelana "nokulutha kwe-Intanethi," okuqukethwe okubandakanya njalo ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, manje sekugcwele.
Kuyavela ukuthi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi kuba yinkinga kumuntu oyedwa, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokuthola udokotela, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma omunye umsebenzi ohlobene nezocansi kungenzeka ubandakanyeke. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguMeerkerk et al. (I-2006) inqume ukuthi ukugembula ne-erotica (ngalo mbhali kubhekwa njengokuhlangene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) amawebhusayithi ahlobene kakhulu nokuthuthuka okulandelayo kokuSetshenziselwa Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Intanethi Kokuncintisana (i-CIU), kepha ukusetshenziswa kwe-erotica kuphela okusobala ngokusobala ukukhula kwe-CIU ngesikhathi sonyaka owodwa. (k. 98). Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva lwabasebenzi bezempilo yengqondo olwenziwe nguMitchell et al., (2005) lwakha izigaba eziyishumi nanye zokuhlangenwe nakho okuyinkinga kwe-Intanethi, kufaka phakathi iGlobal Overuse, Izithombe Zobulili ezingcolile, ukungathembeki, ukuxhashazwa ngokocansi, ukuDlala nokulingisa. Ekuhlolweni kwabo kwenani leziguli zabantu abadala be-929, iningi elixakile lavuma izinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ezinye izinto zobulili eziphakathi kwe-Intanethi kakhulu kakhulu kunolunye uhlobo lwenkinga yokusebenzisa. Ukuthola kwabo kubuye futhi kuxhase ukuxhumana phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi nezinye izinto ezenziwa ngezocansi ezikwi-Intanethi (okuzoxoxwa ngazo kamuva). Muva nje, i-athikili ephephandabeni i-New York Times ichaze ukuvela kwamakamu ebhusha elisebenzisa kabi i-Internet eSouth Korea enzelwe ukusiza abantu ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-Intanethi okulawula ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (Fackler, 2007).
Ngokumangazayo, izincwadi ezinemininingwane eminingi mayelana nezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi zifaka okumbalwa okucacile, izincazelo zomtholampilo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo abasebenzisa (ukubuka, ukufunda) izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo, ngokwesiko, noma umlutha. Ngempela, ngokungqubuzana nesikhalazo esivamile sabacwaningi sokuba kwenziwe “ucwaningo oluhlelekile” endaweni ethile, elinye iqembu eliphenya ukusetshenziswa kwezocansi kwe-Internet emsebenzini liye laphawula ukuthi:
Ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kwamaphrofayili ahlukahlukene abasebenzisi be-Online Activity Activity [izithombe zocansi], kanye nezinye izici ezihlukile zecala ngalinye elihlukile (njengokuthi bayaphi, kungani beya, nokuthi basebenzisa isikhathi esingakanani lapho beya khona) kubaluleke kakhulu. (Imayini yokugcizelela; Cooper, Safir & Rosenmann, 2006, ikhasi 27).
Indaba Yemitholampilo
Izimo ezimbalwa zomtholampilo ezibandakanya abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile ababonakala ku-psychotherapy yangasese yangaphandle zizokwethulwa manje. Icala ngalinye libonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwe-Intanethi kudlale kanjani indima enkulu, kuyinkinga empilweni yomuntu. Lezi zinhlaka zimele ezinye ezibikiwe ezincwadini nasezinhlotsheni zezinkinga ezidluliselwa kwabelaphi. Ngenkathi ukucatshangelwa ngasese kubeka imingcele ngokuningiliziwe ngemininingwane engethulwa, la makhompiyutha amacala anikeza uhlobo lwencazelo yezempilo ezolungisa isidingo sokucaciswa kwemitholampilo okucebile kuncwadi. Izincazelo ziphinde ziveze ezinye izingqinamba eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwe-Intanethi futhi ziveze ezinye zezinkinga ezihlobene nokutholwa kwale ndaba. (Inothi likaMlobi: ama-vignette alandelayo anikelwe ngabasebenza ngokungefani, abezifo zengqondo abangaziwa ngokungeziwe kumlobi. Yonke imizamo iye yenziwa ekufihleni noma imiphi imininingwane ekhomba nokugcina imfihlo yesiguli. Ngenkathi izinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi zifana ncamashi noc. umuntu ngamunye, imininingwane ephathelene nomlando uqobo kanye nomndeni ifihliwe ngenkathi kulondolozwa ukuguquguquka kwengqondo okuyisisekelo kwengqondo. Ezinye izinto zomlando zakhiwe kabusha.)
Case 1
Owesilisa oneminyaka engu-31 ku-analytic psychotherapy yezinkinga ezixakile zokuxakeka kubikwa ukuthi ubhekene nobunzima bokuvuswa ngocansi ngumlingani wakhe wamanje. Ngemuva kwengxoxo enkulu mayelana nowesifazane, ubudlelwano babo, izingxabano ezenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma ukucindezela okuqukethwe ngokomzwelo (ngaphandle kokufika encazelweni yesikhalazo sakhe), wanikeza imininingwane yokuthi wayencike emcabangweni othile ukuze avuswe. Edumele ngandlela thile, wachaza “isigcawu” senkinga ethinta abesilisa nabesifazane abaningana ayithole ku-inthanethi yezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi eyayimubambile futhi waba ngomunye wezintandokazi zakhe. Ekuqhubekeni kwamaseshini amaningana, wagcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi, umsebenzi abekade enza kuwo ngezikhathi ezithile kusukela maphakathi nama-20s. Imininingwane efanelekile ngokusetshenziswa kwakhe nemiphumela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ibandakanya izincazelo ezicacile zokuncika okwandayo kokubuka bese ukhumbula izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze bavuswe ngokocansi. Ubuye wachaza ukuthuthuka “kokubekezelelana” emiphumeleni evusa umxhwele yanoma iyiphi into ethile ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, okwalandelwa wukufuna izinto ezintsha ayengazitholela zona kuqala, izifiso azifunayo zokwenza ucansi.
Njengoba sabuyekeza ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kwaba sobala ukuthi izinkinga ezivusa amadlingozi nomlingani wakhe wamanje zahlangana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kanti "ukubekezelela" kwakhe emiphumeleni evuselelayo yezinto ezithile kwenzeka noma ngabe wayethintana nomlingani ngaleso sikhathi. noma ubesebenzisa nje izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokusebenza kwezocansi kwaba nomthelela ekuthembekeni kwakhe ekubukeni izithombe zocansi. Engazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa uqobo kube yinkinga, wayechaze isifiso sakhe sokuya ocansini kumlingani asho ukuthi wayengalungile kuye, futhi ebengakaze abe nobudlelwano besikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, eshintshana nomlingani oyedwa komunye njengoba nje engashintsha amawebhusayithi.
Uphinde waphawula ukuthi manje angasuswa yizinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingenaso isithakazelo ekusebenziseni. Ngokwesibonelo, waphawula ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule wayengenaso isithakazelo esincane ekubukeni izithombe zobungqingili bokulala kodwa manje wathola ukwaziswa okunjalo okuvuselela. Ngokufanayo, izinto azichaze ngokuthi "umhleli," okusho ukuthi "cishe udlame noma ukucindezela," kwakukhona into eyayimenzele ukuphendula ngokocansi kuye, kanti leyo nto yayingenasithakazelo futhi yayingekho. Eminye yalezi zihloko ezintsha, wazithola ekhathazekile futhi engakhululekile ngisho nokuthi wayezovuswa.
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