Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-Inthanethi Nempilo Yengqondo: Isifundo Esinqamulelayo Esiyisampula Sabafundi BaseYunivesithi e-United States (2021)

Isingeniso

Izinkinga zempilo yengqondo zingumthombo okhulayo wokukhathazeka komhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi, njengoba ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthambekela okwandayo ezindabeni zezempilo yengqondo kulo lonke leli labantu (IMacaskill, 2013; UBeiter et al., 2015; AmaBruffaerts et al., 2018; Patterson et al., 2019; UTorales et al., 2019). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi abafundi baseyunivesithi bathambekele kakhulu ezindabeni zezempilo yengqondo, imizamo yocwaningo iyaqhubeka nokuphenya izinto ezahlukahlukene ezingaba nomthelela ezindabeni ezibhekwayo ezingezinhle zezempilo yengqondo (UBeiter et al., 2015; UCashwell et al., 2016; UPal Singh Balhara et al., 2019). Kubantu bonke, phakathi kwama-correlates abikiwe angaba khona ezezimali, ubunzima bezingane nokuziphatha okuluthayo (isb., Izidakamizwa, ubulili kanye nokulutha kwe-intanethi) (Weiss, 2004; UMossakowski, ngo-2008; Opitz et al., 2009; I-Ljungqvist et al., 2016; IKaracic ne-Oreskovic, 2017; U-Alhassan et al., 2018; USelous et al., 2019; U-Wang et al., I-2019). Lezi zinto ziyabonakala phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi (UCranford et al., 2009; UBeiter et al., 2015; UCashwell et al., 2016; I-Richardson et al., 2017; IKaratekin, 2018; UPal Singh Balhara et al., 2019; I-Tangmunkongvorakul et al., 2019), ngaphezu kokunye ukuhlangana okungahle kube khona, kufaka phakathi ukusebenza kwezifundo, ingcindezi yokuphumelela kanye nezinhlelo zokuphothula iziqu (UBeiter et al., 2015).

Ngokwengeziwe, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukwanda kokuxhaphaka kwezindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziyingozi (isb., Inani labalingani ocansini, iminyaka yokuhlangana ngokocansi okokuqala, ukuthumela imiyalezo ngocansi, njll.) Phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi (UTyden et al., 2012; UStenhammar et al., 2015; U-Ingram et al., 2019; UYang et al., 2019), okubuye kwabikwa ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo (UMeade noSikkema, ngo-2007; U-Agardh et al., 2012; UTesfaye et al., 2019). Okuhlobene nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwalesi sizwe (U-Carroll et al., 2008; U-Willoughby et al., 2014), enemibiko yemiphumela emibi ehambisana nokusetshenziswa kwayo, kufaka phakathi ukuzihlanganisa nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi ezinobungozi obukhulu (Weinberg et al., 2010; Morgan, i-2011; UPoulsen et al., 2013; UWright, 2013a,b; UVan Ouytsel et al., 2014; UBraithwaite et al., 2015). Lokhu kukhuphuka kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nezinguquko ezinkulu zehomoni, ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo ezenzeka phakathi neminyaka yobusha nasebudaleni obudala (U-Ostovich noSabini, ngo-2005; I-Fortenberry, i-2013; UKar et al., 2015; UKneeland noDovidio, 2020).

Ekuqaleni kudliwe ngokuyinhloko komagazini, izindlela zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithuthukile ukuze namuhla, i-intanethi ibe yisisekelo esiyinhloko sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (UD'Orlando, 2009). Lolu shintsho lwenze ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholakale kalula kunangesikhathi esedlule ngenxa yokungaziwa, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nokufinyeleleka kwe-intanethi kumthengi (Cooper et al., 2000; UFisher noBarak, 2001; I-Price et al., I-2016). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-Smartphones, kanye nokudlanga kwabo okukhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala (Isikhungo Sokucwaninga sePew, ngo-2015), unikele kulokhu kulula ukufinyelela ezithombeni ezingcolile (UBailin et al., 2014; UVanden Abeele et al., 2014). Imibiko yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi iyahlukahluka, izinombolo zihluka kusuka ku-19.0-78.4% kwabesifazane naku-40.0-79.0% kwabesilisa (U-Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; UDwulit noRzymski, 2019).

Mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ucwaningo lukhombisa umehluko phakathi kobulili ekuziphatheni kocansi nezimo zengqondo (UPeteren noHyde, ngo-2010), nabesilisa ngokuvamile beqhutshwa ngokubukeka kakhulu futhi abesifazane bavame ukuqhutshwa ngokomzwelo ngokuhlobene nokuziphatha kocansi (UBrody, 2003; U-Hamann et al., 2004; I-Rupp ne-Wallen, i-2008). Ukusekela lokhu ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi, kubantu besifazane, ukuluthwa ngokocansi kuvame ukuba “nokugqugquzeleka kobuhlobo” (UMcKeague, 2014). Okuhlobene nokwehluka ekusakazeni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngaphandle kokubikwa kwemibiko yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabesifazane (I-Wright et al., 2013), ukwanda kokusetshenziswa okunjalo kuhlala kuphakeme emadodeni (Regnerus et al., 2016). Ngokwengeziwe, ucwaningo lukhombisa umehluko endleleni abesilisa nabesifazane abahlangana ngayo nezithombe zocansi, kanye nokwehluka kwemibono yabo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nezithombe zocansi ngaphakathi komongo wezimo ezahlukahlukene (isb. Ebudlelwaneni, njll.) (U-Carroll et al., 2016; UDöring et al., 2017). Isibonelo, abesilisa banamathuba amaningi okuvezwa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile besebancane, ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphela, ukushaya indlwabu ngenkathi bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa ebuhlotsheni obuzinikele njengokwamukeleka ukwedlula abesifazane (I-Hald, i-2006; U-Carroll et al., 2008; Morgan, i-2011; I-Olmstead et al., 2013; U-Carroll et al., 2016). Abesifazane ngokuvamile babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezamukelekayo emphakathini kunamadoda (U-Carroll et al., 2008; UCarroll noLynch, ngo-2016); kodwa-ke, maningi amathuba okuthi badle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile esimeni sesimo "senhlalo", njengomlingani othandana naye noma ngezindlela ezinjengamagumbi okuxoxa ngocansi (I-Green et al., I-2012). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi nabesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuthi badle izithombe zocansi ukuze bajabulise abalingani babo ngokuzidla ndawonye (USolano et al., 2020). Ngokwengeziwe, ngenkathi amavidiyo ehlala eyindlela eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwabesilisa nabesifazane, abesifazane babika amazinga aphezulu okudla izithombe ezingcolile ezibhaliwe kunamadoda (USolano et al., 2020).

Imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile iyaqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wengxabano njengoba izincwadi zibonisa imibiko yazo zombili ezinhle (U-Carroll et al., 2008; Weinberg et al., 2010; Okufushane et al., 2012; I-Olmstead et al., 2013; UMinarcik et al., 2016) nokungalungile (UVega noMalamuth, 2007; UPadilla-Walker et al., 2010; Okufushane et al., 2012) imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumthengi. Eminye imibiko ikhombisa ukuthi, kubantu ababuka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njengokumukelekayo, ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kuvula umnyango wokunikezwa amandla ezocansi nokuzimela (Weinberg et al., 2010; I-Olmstead et al., 2013). Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izincwadi zibika imiphumela emibi kubandakanya ukuzibandakanya okwandayo ekuziphatheni okuyingozi kwezocansi, njengenani elikhulayo labalingani ocansini, ukuvumela ezocansi, ukuzibandakanya ocansini ngaphandle komshado, nasekukhokheleni ucansi (Maddox et al., 2011; UGwinn et al., 2013; UPoulsen et al., 2013; UWright, 2013a,b; UMaas noDewey, 2018). Ukwengeza, yize izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibonisa izenzo ezihlobene ngokwemvelo, ucwaningo luphakamisa nokuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunomthelela omubi ekwanelisekeni kobuhlobo, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, nokusondelana phakathi kobudlelwano bobulili obuhlukile, bobabili ukuphola nokushada, ikakhulukazi lapho indoda ingumsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi (Maddox et al., 2011; Morgan, i-2011; UPoulsen et al., 2013; UResch no-Alderson, ngo-2013; UMinarcik et al., 2016; UPerry noHayward, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuhlotshanisiwe kuphela nokuziphatha okubi kwezocansi, kepha futhi nokuziphatha ngokweqile nokuziphatha kwezidakamizwa (U-Carroll et al., 2008; UPadilla-Walker et al., 2010; UHarper noHodgins, ngo-2016).

Ngokuqondile phakathi kwabantu abasha, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi kokubili kwehla ikhwalithi yobungani namazinga aphezulu okuqapha umzimba kwabesifazane abasha (UPadilla-Walker et al., 2010; UMaas noDewey, 2018). Ngokwengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswe nokwehla kobudlelwano nabazali nemibono engemihle yokwamukelwa komphakathi kuzo zombili izinsizwa nezintombi (UPadilla-Walker et al., 2010). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi zangaphambilini zikhombise ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kokuphila kahle kwengqondo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kufaka phakathi isihlobo kuqondwe ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi (IGrubbs et al., 2015b,c; UDalby et al., 2018).

Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini belufuna ukuphenya ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, impilo yengqondo kanye kuqondwe ukuluthwa yizithombe zocansi njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla, ucwaningo lubhekisa ngqo indima yezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha ezihambisana ukuphoqeleka esikhundleni sokubona komuntu ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nempilo yengqondo ayitholakali. Ngokwengeziwe, kunikezwe imibiko ekhulayo yokukhathazeka ngempilo yengqondo phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi, kanye nokusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okubikwe phakathi kwabantu abadala kanye namandla ayo okuthonya inhlalakahle yengqondo, inhloso yesifundo sethu kwakuwukuhlola ngqo ubudlelwane obukhona phakathi kokuziphatha ekhombisa ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zocansi kanye nempilo yengqondo, ikakhulukazi kubafundi baseyunivesithi. Ngokwengeziwe, uma kunikezwe umehluko ongaguquguquki phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane maqondana nokuziphatha kocansi, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, isifundo sethu saphinde safuna ukuphenya ukuthi ngabe umehluko onjalo uyaqhubeka yini ebudlelwaneni bokubeka phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile nempilo yengqondo kubafundi baseyunivesithi, ikakhulukazi uma kunikezwe okubalulekile izinguquko endleleni nasekutholakaleni kokutholwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezenzeke eminyakeni edlule kanye nokuhlukile ekuphenduleni isisusa, ngisho nasezingeni le-neurobiological, phakathi kobulili.

Izimpahla nezindlela

Ngokuhambisana noMthetho Wombuso okhombisa ukuthi bonke abacwaningi abenza ukuhlolwa kwabahlanganyeli abangabantu kumele baqedele ukuqeqeshwa ngokuvikelwa kwezifundo zocwaningo, bonke abaphathi bezocwaningo baphothule iModyuli Yokuvikela Ababambiqhaza Bocwaningo Lwabantu enikezwe yi-NIH Office of Extramural Research. Isitifiketi sigcinwa kufayela ngenhloso yezincwadi. Ngaphambi kokuphathwa kocwaningo, ukutholwa kwemvume yeFranciscan University of Steubenville Institutional Review Board (IRB) kwatholakala (# 2019-07). Isifundo sethu besinesampula elula yabafundi baseyunivesithi / basekolishi (abafundela iziqu nabaphothule iziqu) abavela eFranciscan University yaseSteubenville, eyunivesithi encane yangasese yamaKhatholika eseSteubenville, OH, e-United States. Inhlolovo engaziwa yathunyelwa ngekheli le-imeyili labafundi basenyuvesi, kubo bonke abafundi abafunda emakilasini eFranciscan University, ababeneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 esikhathini esingamasonto ama-2 (Okthoba 15 - Okthoba 28, 2019), ucwaningo lwenziwa injini yocwaningo eku-inthanethi iSurveyMonkey^®. Ngaphambi kokuphothula ucwaningo, ababambiqhaza babhekiswe kwifomu lokuvuma, elalichaza imfihlo nobunjalo bocwaningo nemiphumela, futhi lachaza nokuthi ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni kwakusho imvume yokuhlaziya nokushicilela imiphumela isiyonke. Abahlanganyeli abangazange banikeze imvume baqondiswe ku- Ikhasi Lokungafaneleki. Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphatha nokuphothula ucwaningo sasicishe sibe yimizuzu eyi-10. Imiyalo ikhombise abafundi ukuthi kufanele banikeze impendulo yabo eqotho futhi bangachithi isikhathi esiningi kunoma yimuphi umbuzo. Ikhasi lokugcina locwaningo lalihlanganisa nezinsiza ezahlukahlukene zabahlanganyeli uma befuna ukufuna usizo maqondana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zocansi.

Izinyathelo zokungabikho

Izindlela zokukhishwa zifaka noma imuphi umuntu: (1) owayengaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala (n = 2), (2) wayengeyena umfundi waseFranciscan University of Steubenville (n = 4), (3) uphendule ngokuthi "Cha" (n = 15) noma awuqedanga umbuzo ophathelene nemvume (n = 73), (4) ongazange awuqede umbuzo wenhlolovo maqondana neminyaka yabo (n = 23), futhi (5) abangazange banikeze impendulo okokugcina lapho bebuka khona izithombe zocansi (n = 24). Inombolo yokugcina yabahlanganyeli izimpendulo zabo ezihlangabezane nenqubo yokufakwa ibiyi-1031 (kwabangu-1172 abaphendulile abaphelele, okungukuthi, ama-88%).

Isakhiwo Sokuhlola

Imibuzo Yabantu

Imibuzo yabantu ibandakanya: ubudala, ubulili, ikilasi, inani lama-semesters aqediwe eFranciscan University, amakhulu, izindlu ngonyaka wesikole ngesikhathi sokuhlola, kanye nesimo sobudlelwano. Ababambiqhaza baphinde bacelwa ukuthi babonise ukuthi ngabe bebefunda nge-inthanethi kuphela futhi / noma bengabafundi noma ngabe babelana igumbi elilodwa nothile phakathi nonyaka wesikole.

Imibuzo ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokubona

Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi bakhombise okokugcina lapho bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, imvamisa yokusebenzisa kwabo ngesikhathi sabo sokusebenzisa kakhulu, isikhathi sosuku lapho babevame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwezithombe zocansi ababevame ukufinyelela / ukuzibuka kakhulu. Imibuzo ibuye yabuzwa maqondana nokuthi baqala ukuvezwa kanjani futhi bathola hlobo luni lwezithombe zocansi, kanye neminyaka yabo yokuvezwa okokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi bakhethe zonke izici ezibasizile banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi. Abahlanganyeli kuphela abakhombisa izinga elithile lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuqondiswe ezigabeni zocwaningo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Ngokwengeziwe, lolu cwaningo lubuze ukuthi imaphi amaphesenti abesilisa nabesifazane eFranciscan University abacabanga ukuthi balwa nezithombe zocansi. Abahlanganyeli baphinde bacelwa ukuthi balinganisele, esikalini samaphoyinti amane (kusuka Akunjalo neze kuya Izithombe zocansi kakhulu), ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babebheka kanjani izinto ezahlukahlukene (isb. Izithombe ezinqunu, izigcawu zocansi zeCinematic, ubuciko obunqunu, njll.).

Isilinganiso Sokusetshenziswa Kwe-Inthanethi Esicindezelweyo (mCIUS)

Ucwaningo lubandakanya nemibuzo eyi-13 ye-mCIUS (Downing et al., 2014) ukuze kuhlolwe izinto ezahlukahlukene ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi. Ababambiqhaza bayalwe ukuba baphendule imibuzo ngokususelwa esikhathini sabo sokusebenzisa kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Umbuzo ngamunye we-mCIUS ukalwe esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti amahlanu (kusuka ku- Ungalokothi kuya Ngokujwayelekile). Kulesi silinganiso, izikolo ezinkulu kakhulu zibonisa ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile okuphezulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi (Downing et al., 2014).

Uhlu lwemibuzo Lwezemizwa Nezocansi (EmSS)

Imibuzo ephathelene nezimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi (Downing et al., 2014) babuzwa futhi ukuze bahlole ukuthi abantu babekwazi ukubheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi (isb. nomlingani ocansini, enesithukuthezi, njll.). Izinguquko ezimbili zenziwe emibuzweni yasekuqaleni, okokuqala kwaba yilokho kuphela yahlukaniswa yaba imibuzo emibili ehlukene: ngedwa futhi unesizungu, unikezwe umehluko phakathi kwezifundazwe ezimbili (I-Algren et al., 2020). Igama Horny ibuye yaguqulelwa ku- uzizwe uvukile ngocansi. Ngokwengeziwe, ngenkathi Downing et al. (2014) sisebenzise isikali se-Likert samaphoyinti amane, ucwaningo lwethu lusebenzise isikali samaphuzu amahlanu se-Likert (Angivumelani Kakhulu, Angivumelani, Ngiyavuma noma Cha, Vumelana, Futhi Vuma Ngamandla) ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba okuthi umuntu aphendule akavumelani futhi akavumelani.

Ukudangala, Ukukhathazeka, Nesilinganiso Sokucindezeleka (DASS-21)

Uhlobo lwemibuzo engama-21 lwe-DASS (ILovibond neLovibond, 2004) nayo yafakwa ocwaningweni, olinganisa izimpawu ezahlukahlukene eziyinhloko ezihambisana nokudangala (D), ukukhathazeka (A), kanye nengcindezi (S). Izihloko ziyalelwe ukuthi zikhombise ukuthi isitatimende ngasinye sisetshenziswe kangakanani kubo ngesonto eledlule esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti amane (kusuka ku-0 = Akusebenzanga kimi nhlobo ukuya ku-3 = Kusetshenziswe kimi kakhulu, noma esikhathini esiningi). I-DASS-21 ayihloselwe ukuxilonga ukuphazamiseka okuhlobene nokudangala, ukukhathazeka noma ukucindezeleka. Izikolo eziphelele zabahlanganyeli kule mibandela emithathu (D, A, no-S) zihlelwe ngobunzima njengokuthi “okujwayelekile,” “okuncane,” “okulingene,” “okunzima,” noma “okunzima ngokweqile,” njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili (ILovibond neLovibond, 1995).

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa kuyo yonke idatha (n = 1031). Kusetshenziswa u-R version 3.6.2, kwahlolwa u-Chi squared noma u-Fisher ngqo, kwenziwa, ngokufanelekile, ukuhlaziya umehluko ezilinganisweni ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kanye nemingcele yezempilo yengqondo, phakathi naphakathi kobulili. Ngokwengeziwe, izinyathelo ezizimele t-kwenziwe izivivinyo nezindlela ezimbili ezizimele ze-ANOVA, kusetshenziswa inguqulo yeSigmaPlot 14.0, ukuhlaziya umehluko kwimingcele yezempilo yengqondo ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kubo bonke ubulili. Tukey i-post hoc ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa lapho kufanele khona. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuhlola (i-EFA) kusetshenzisiwe esifundweni sethu njengoba besifuna ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguqukayo okuhlukahlukene, nokuthola izici ezithile ezingaba khona eziphathelene nokuziphatha okuphoqelelayo (mCIUS), izimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi (EmSS) nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kunokuzama qinisekisa i-hypothesis ethile maqondana nezici ezahlukahlukene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Kusetshenziswa iJamovi 1.1.7, ukuhlolwa kobubanzi obuyindilinga bukaBartlett kanye nesilinganiso seKaiser – Meyer – Olkin sokulingene kwesampula kusetshenzisiwe ukuthola ukutholakala kwedatha kuzo zombili izinto ze-mCIUS ne-EmSS. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yezivivinyo ezimbili ezedlule, i-EFA, iphinde yenziwa kusetshenziswa iJamovi 1.1.7, isetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya amaphethini okuphendula ngaphakathi kwezinto ze-mCIUS nezinto ze-EmSS, ngokwehlukana. Ukuhlehliswa kokubuyela emuva kwesinyathelo esingemuva kwasetshenziswa ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu abahlukahlukene, izici ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kanye nemingcele yezempilo yengqondo (D, A, S). Amamodeli amabili ahlukene asetshenzisiwe: imodeli 1 ifaka izinto ze-mCIUS njengokuguquguqukayo kwesibikezelo, kuyilapho imodeli 2 ikhuluma ngezinto ze-EmSS njengokuguquguqukayo kwesibikezelo. Kuwo womabili amamodeli, inani labantu elihlukahlukene elilinganisiwe, kanye nezici ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, zifakiwe njengezinto eziguqukayo zokubikezela, futhi ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka kanye nezikolo zokucindezelwa kuthathwa njengokuhlukahluka okuthembele.

Imiphumela

Izibalo zabantu

Kuyahambisana namathrendi kazwelonke (isb. Fry, 2019), Ukusatshalaliswa kwabahlanganyeli ocwaningweni kwakungu-34% wesilisa no-66% wesifazane, okwakufana nokusatshalaliswa kocansi kwesigungu sabafundi eFranciscan University. Imininingwane yemibuzo yabantu emayelana nobudala, isigaba, inani lama-semesters aqediwe (ama-Semesters aqediwe), isimo sokuphila nesimo sobudlelwano sifakiwe Ithebula 1 kuboniswe ngocansi. Abafundi baphinde bacelwa ukuthi bakhombise ukuthi ngabe bangabafundi abaku-inthanethi kuphela (abaku-inthanethi kuphela), abadlulisa isitshudeni (Ukudlulisa), nokuthi ngabe babelana igumbi elilodwa nothile phakathi nonyaka wesikole (Igumbi lokwabelana). Le datha ifakiwe ku- Ithebula 1.

Sebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zamanje

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi inani lababambiqhaza ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bekungehlukile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababika ukuthi abakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 0.0, p > 0.05 kanye no-χ²(1, N = 1031) = 0.7, p > 0.05, ngokulandelana] kubafundi abakwi-inthanethi kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nezokuhlala (okungukuthi, hhayi abaku-inthanethi kuphela), kanye nalabo abadlulisele eyunivesithi ngokuhlobene nalabo abangazange, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okwethulwe ngezansi akwenzi mehluko ngokuya ngalokhu okuguqukayo okubili.

Ngemibuzo equkethe i- “Okunye (sicela usho)”Ukukhetha izimpendulo, ngenxa yenani elincane lababambiqhaza abakhetha le nketho, kanye nokuhlukahluka nokungaqondakali kwezimpendulo ezinikeziwe, ezingaphazamisa ukutolika, lezi zimpendulo azifakwanga ekuhlaziyweni nasemaphesenti akhonjisiwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kokugcina Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Kusukela kwabaphenduli abangu-1031, iphesenti eliphakeme kakhulu [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 35.9, p I- <0.001] ikhombise ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (56.6%) impilo yonke ngokuhlobene nalabo ababike ukuthi abazisebenzisi izithombe zocansi (43.4%).

Futhi iyahambisana namathrendi wamanje (U-Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; UDwulit noRzymski, 2019), inani labesilisa (87.6%) elibika ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile laliphezulu kakhulu [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 202.3, p <0.001] kunaleyo yabesifazane (40.9%). Ukusatshalaliswa kwabaphendulile ababika ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi okokugcina kwasatshalaliswa kanjena: Angikaze ngibuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ungalokothi, 43.4%), Ngaphezulu konyaka odlule (>1 Year, 20.1%), Kungakapheli unyaka odlule (Unyaka Odlule, 12.6%), Phakathi nenyanga edlule (Inyanga edlule, 9.4%), Kungakapheli isonto eledlule (Isonto Eledlule, 12.3%), futhi Namuhla (2.2%). Ukwehlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kubo bonke ubulili kuhlinzekiwe Umfanekiso 1A [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 202.3 (Ungalokothi, 0.1 (>1 Year) 17.0 (Unyaka Odlule) 34.1 (Inyanga edlule) 84.2 (Isonto Eledlule) 23.1 (Namuhla)].

Kungakapheli Abesilisa, maqondana nalabo ababike ukuthi abakaze babuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (12.4%), inani eliphakeme kakhulu libike ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi zakamuva Ngaphezulu konyaka odlule (20.7%, p <0.05) futhi Kungakapheli isonto eledlule (25.6%, p <0.001), ngenkathi amaphesenti aphansi kakhulu abike ukuthi abuke izithombe zocansi Namuhla (5.5%, p <0.05). Iphesenti lalabo ababikayo abasetshenzisiwe ngonyaka odlule noma ngenyanga edlule belingahlukile kakhulu (p > 0.05) kulabo ababika bengakaze babuke izithombe zocansi [χ²(5, N = 347) = 61.3, p <0.001].

Ngokuphambene, inani eliphakeme kakhulu [χ²(5, N = 684) = 1164.1, p <0.001] yabesifazane babike ukuthi abakaze babuke izithombe zocansi ezihlobene nazo zonke ezinye izinketho zokubuka izithombe zocansi (konke p <0.001).

Imvamisa Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa

Kubaphenduli abangama-584 abaqinisekisa ukuthi bake bazisebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phambilini, abangama-488 bagcwalisa umbuzo ophathelene nokuvama kokusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile. Ukuvama kokusetshenziswa okubikiwe kwasatshalaliswa ngokulandelayo: Ngaphansi kwenyanga (<Monthly, 23.4%), Monthly (6.6%), Weekly (24.8%), Daily (26.8%), futhi Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke (>Daily, 18.4%). Eminye imininingwane ephathelene nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kobulili bonke ikhonjisiwe ku- Umfanekiso we-1B [χ²(1, N = 488) = 33.0 (Monthly) 2.3 (Monthly) 0.0 (Weekly) 8.6 (Daily, 17.0 (>Daily)].

Inani labesilisa ababikayo Ngaphansi kwenyanga (12.6%) ne Monthly (4.7%) ukusetshenziswa bekuphansi kakhulu (konke p <0.01) kune- Weekly (24.4%), Daily (32.7%), futhi Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke (25.6%). Ngokwengeziwe, ukubikwa kwesilinganiso Monthly ukusetshenziswa bekuphansi kakhulu (p <0.05) kunalabo ababikayo Ngaphansi kwenyanga sebenzisa [χ²(4, N = 254) = 79.3, p <0.001].

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane, inani lalabo ababikayo Ngaphansi kwenyanga (35.0%) ukusetshenziswa bekuphakeme kakhulu kune- Monthly (8.5%, p <0.001), Daily (20.5%, p <0.01), futhi Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke (10.7%, p <0.001), ngenkathi inani lalabo ababikayo Weekly (25.2%) ukusetshenziswa kubonise ukuthambekela ekubukeni (p = 0.08). Monthly ukusetshenziswa bekuphansi kakhulu kunakho kokubili Weekly (p <0.001) futhi Daily (p <0.01), kepha ibingahlukile kakhulu ku- Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke (p > 0.05). Ngokwengeziwe, Weekly futhi Daily ukusetshenziswa bekuphakeme kakhulu kune- Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke (p <0.001 futhi p <0.05, ngokulandelana). Noma kunjalo, Weekly ukusetshenziswa bekungahlukile kakhulu ku- Daily sebenzisa (p > 0.05) [χ²(4, N = 234) = 69.0, p <0.001].

Isikhathi Sosuku Lokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingaziwa Njalo

Umbuzo obuza ngesikhathi sosuku izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivame ukubukwa ngaso uphendulwe ngabaphenduli abangama-488. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi wawungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezimpendulo zabesilisa nabesifazane [χ²(1, N = 488) = 2.3, 0.1, no-1.0 kwe Ngaphambi kokuqala kosuku lwakho, Phakathi nosuku lwakho futhi Ukuphela kosuku lwakho, ngokulandelana, konke p > 0.05], idatha ehlanganisiwe yabobulili yahlaziywa. Inani elikhulu labaphendulile libike kaningi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekupheleni kosuku lwabo (71.1%), ebeliphezulu kakhulu kunokubuka kokubili phakathi nosuku lwabo (24.2%, p <0.001) nangaphambi kokuqala kosuku lwabo (4.7%, p <0.001). Amaphesenti walabo ababika ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nosuku lwabo nawo ayephakeme kakhulu kunalabo ababika ukubuka ngaphambi kokuqala kosuku lwabo (p <0.001).

Zatholwa Kanjani Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Mayelana nokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazivame ukutholakala kanjani, kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezimpendulo zabesilisa nabesifazane (χ² noma iFisher's Test, konke p > 0.05). Ngakho-ke, idatha ehlanganisiwe yabesilisa nabesifazane yahlaziywa (Umfanekiso 2A). Izindlela eziyinhloko zokufinyelela ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ezibikwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe iningi labaphendulile ubuchwepheshe be-intanethi (i-Cell phone, i-laptop kanye ne-desktop computer, namathebulethi; i-98.2%). Ngokuqondile, finyelela ngokusebenzisa Umakhalekhukhwini (I-69.4%) yayiphezulu kakhulu kunezinye izinketho (zonke p <0.001). Indlela elandelayo ephakeme yokufinyelela ebikiwe yayiyi- Ikhompyutha ye-laptop (15.2%), eyayiphakeme kakhulu kune- Amathebulethi (isib. Kindle, iPad, njll.) (6.3%), Ikhompyutha yedeskithophu (7.3%), Ithelevishini (0.6%), Amamagazini (0.8%), futhi Izincwadi zomzimba (iphepha) (0.4%), konke p <0.001. Ngokwengeziwe, labo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwamaphilisi kanye nekhompyutha yedeskithophu babephakeme kakhulu kune- Ithelevishini, Amamagazini, Futhi Izincwadi zomzimba (iphepha) (konke p <0.001). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (konke p > 0.05). Ngokwesimo salo mbuzo, abahlanganyeli abayi-8 baphendule Izincwajana zemininingwane, bakha u-1.6% wabaphenduli abaphelele kulo mbuzo.

Ifomu lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile lifinyelelwe

Maqondana nesimo sezithombe zocansi ezazitholwa kakhulu ngabesilisa nabesifazane, umehluko omkhulu wawukhona phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane {Umfanekiso we-2B, χ²(1, N = 447) = 0.0 (Izikhangiso ezikwi-Intanethi) 10.6 (I-TV / ama-Movie, 61.6 [Amawebhusayithi wabantu abadala (isb., Amawebhusayithi ezocansi)], 39.1 (Imibhalo yabantu abadala / evusa inkanuko) 9.5 (Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi / yocansi / izingcingo zocingo / i-Snapchat)}.

Ngokuphathelene nabesilisa, iningi labaphenduli (i-83.5%) likhombise ukuthi bavame ukutholakala Amawebhusayithi wabantu abadala (isb., Amawebhusayithi ezocansi), ebiphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izinketho [Izikhangiso ezikwi-Intanethi (4.2%), I-TV / ama-Movie (5.5%), Imibhalo yabantu abadala / evusa inkanuko (3.0%), Amamagazini Ezocansi (2.1%), Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi / yocansi / izingcingo zocingo / i-Snapchat (1.3%), Imidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (0.4%); konke p <0.001]. Amaphesenti alabo ababika ukufinyelela ngokusebenzisa I-TV / ama-Movie yayiphezulu kakhulu kunokubili ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, njll. (p <0.05) nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (p <0.01). Ngokwengeziwe, finyelela nge Izikhangiso ezikwi-Intanethi yayiphezulu kakhulu kune Imidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (p <0.05). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05).

Njengabesilisa, iningi labesifazane (48.1%) libike kaningi ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngamawebhusayithi abantu abadala. Lokhu bekuphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izinketho [Izikhangiso ezikwi-Intanethi (4.8%), I-TV / ama-Movie (15.2%), Imibhalo yabantu abadala / evusa inkanuko (22.9%), Amamagazini Ezocansi (1.4%), Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi / yocansi / izingcingo zocingo / i-Snapchat (7.6%), Imidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (0.0%); konke p <0.001]. Lokhu kwalandelwa yizincwadi zabantu abadala, ezaziphakeme kakhulu kunezikhangiso ze-intanethi, omagazini bezithombe zocansi, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, njll. Nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (konke p <0.001). Inani labesifazane ababika ukufinyelela nge-TV / Movie, ifomu lesithathu eliphakeme kakhulu okutholakala ngalo, laliphezulu kakhulu kunezikhangiso ezikwi-intanethi, omagazini bezithombe zocansi, nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (p <0.001), kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngocansi, njll. (p <0.05). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingena Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi / yocansi / izingcingo zocingo / i-Snapchat yayiphezulu kakhulu kunabo bobabili omagazini bezocansi (p <0.01) nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (p <0.001). Ekugcineni, ukufinyelela ngezikhangiso ze-inthanethi kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunemidlalo yamavidiyo yabantu abadala (p <0.01). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (konke p > 0.05).

Ngokuphathelene nombuzo obuza ngohlobo lwezithombe zocansi ezivame ukutholakala, abahlanganyeli be-41 baphendule Okunye (sicela usho), abenza u-8.4% wabantu abaphendulile kulo mbuzo.

Ukuboniswa Kokuqala Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Njengoba ngenhla, kumibuzo equkethe “Okunye (sicela usho)”Ukukhetha izimpendulo, lezi zimpendulo azifakwanga ekuhlaziyweni nakumaphesenti akhonjisiwe.

Isikhathi Sokuvezwa Kokuqala Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Ukuhlaziywa kuveze umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane maqondana neminyaka ebikiwe yokuchayeka kokuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile [Umfanekiso 3A, χ²(1, N = 470) = 2.5 (8 noma omncane) 27.3 (9-13) 5.3 (14-17) 16.1 (18 noma ngaphezulu)].

Iningi labesilisa (63.7%) libikile 9-13 njengobudala bokuchayeka okokuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile, ezaziphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izinketho [8 noma omncane (8.9%), 14-17 (25.8%), 18 noma ngaphezulu (1.6%), konke p <0.001]. Konke okunye ukuqhathaniswa kweminyaka yokuvezwa kokuqala kwabesilisa kwakubalulekile (konke p <0.001) [χ²(3, N = 248) = 305.0, p <0.001].

Ngokuphathelene nabesifazane, ngokufana nabesilisa, iminyaka yemodi yokuvezwa kokuqala nayo ibinjalo 9-13 (39.2%). Yize lokhu bekungephakeme kakhulu kunalabo ababikayo 14-17 (36.0%, p > 0.05), ibiphakeme kakhulu kunokubili 8 noma omncane (14.0%) ne 18 noma ngaphezulu (10.8%), womabili p <0.001. Ngokwengeziwe, inani labesifazane ababikayo 14-17 yayiphakeme kakhulu kakhulu kunakho kokubili 8 noma omncane futhi 18 noma ngaphezulu, kokubili p <0.001. Kwakungekho mehluko ophawulekayo (p > 0.05) phakathi kwabesifazane ababikile 8 noma omncane uhlobene no 18 noma ngaphezulu njengobudala lapho baqala ukuvezwa khona ezithombeni ezingcolile [χ²(3, N = 222) = 76.5, p <0.001].

Ukuvela Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Ngokuphathelene nokuthi ukuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwenzeka kanjani, umehluko omkhulu wawukhona phakathi kobulili [Umfanekiso we-3B, χ²(1, N = 458) = 0.0 (Ngomndeni) 0.2 (NgoBangani) 4.5 (Ilukuluku lomuntu) 6.8 (Ukuvezwa Okungahlosiwe)].

Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane, Ilukuluku lomuntu (Owesilisa: 45.1%; Owesifazane: 34.9%) no Ukuvezwa ngokungenhloso (Owesilisa: 32.9%; Owesifazane: 45.3%) kwakuyizindlela eziyinhloko okwenzeka ngazo ukuvezwa kokuqala. Kodwa-ke, kwabesilisa, ilukuluku lomuntu siqu laliphakeme kakhulu kunokuchayeka okungahlosiwe (p <0.01), ngenkathi kungabesifazane, ukuvezwa ngokungenhloso kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunelukuluku lomuntu siqu (p <0.05). Zombili lezi zindlela zokuvezwa zaziphezulu kakhulu, kubo bobubili ubulili, kune- Ngomndeni (Abesilisa: 5.3%; Abesifazane: 5.2%) kanye Ngabangani (Owesilisa: 16.7%; Owesifazane: 14.6%), bonke p <0.001. Ngokwengeziwe, kubo bobubili ubulili, ukuvezwa ngabangani kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokuvezwa ngumndeni (Abesilisa: p <0.001; Abesifazane: p <0.01). Ngokuphathelene nalo mbuzo, abahlanganyeli abayi-12 (2.6% wabaphenduli abaphelele kulo mbuzo) bakhethiwe Izincwajana zemininingwane [Owesilisa: χ²(3, N = 246) = 121.5, Owesifazane: χ²(3, N = 212) = 114.2, womabili p <0.001].

Ukuvezwa kokuqala: Ifomu lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile

Ngokuhlobene nesimo sezithombe zocansi lapho abaphenduli bavezwa khona okokuqala, ukuhlaziywa kwaveza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuvezwa [Umfanekiso we-3C, χ²(1, N = 437) = 0.9 (Ama-Pop-up / Izikhangiso ezikwi-Intanethi) 1.7 (I-TV / ama-Movie) 11.3 (Amawebhusayithi wabadala (isb., Amawebhusayithi ezocansi) 22.8 (Imibhalo yabantu abadala / evusa inkanuko) 6.2 (Amamagazini Ezocansi)].

Ngokuphathelene nabesilisa, kubika i-44.2% Amawebhusayithi wabantu abadala (isb., Amawebhusayithi ezocansi) njengendlela yezithombe zocansi lapho bavezwa khona okokuqala. Lokhu bekuphakeme kakhulu kunamanye amafomu: Ama-pop-up / izikhangiso ku-Intanethi15.2%; Ithelevishini / Amamuvi17.7%; Izincwadi zabantu abadala / ezivusa inkanuko3.0%; Omagazini bezocansi17.3%; Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi / yocansi / izingcingo zocingo / i-Snapchat, 0.9% futhi Imidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala, 1.7%, konke p <0.001. Amaphesenti wabesilisa ababikayo Ithelevishini / Amamuvi, Omagazini bezocansi futhi Ama-pop-up / izikhangiso ku-Intanethi kwakuphakeme kakhulu (konke p <0.001) kunemibhalo yabantu abadala, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yezocansi, njll, nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala. Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05).

Ngokufana nabesilisa, amawebhusayithi abantu abadala kwakuyindlela ebikiwe kakhulu yezithombe zocansi lapho abesifazane baqala ukuvezwa khona (28.2%), eyayiphakeme kakhulu kunamanye amafomu [Pop-ups, njll. (18.9%) nemibhalo yabantu abadala (17.0%) , kokubili p <0.05; Amamagazini (8.7%), ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, njll. (3.4%) nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala (0.5%), konke p <0.001], ngaphandle kwe-TV / ama-movie (23.3%, p > 0.05). Ama-pop-up, njll., I-TV / ama-movie nezincwadi zabantu abadala konke bekuphakeme kakhulu kunokuthumela imiyalezo yezocansi, njll kanye nemidlalo yevidiyo yabantu abadala, konke p <0.001, kanye nomagazini bezocansi (maqondana nama-Pop-ups, njll. p <0.01, i-TV / ama-movie, p <0.001 nezincwadi zabantu abadala, p <0.05). Ngokwengeziwe, inani lalabo ababika omagazini bezithombe zocansi laliphezulu kakhulu kunokubili ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, njll. p <0.05, nomdlalo wevidiyo wabantu abadala, p <0.001. Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05). Kubantu bonke abaphendulile, kukhethwe abangu-33 (7.0%) Okunye (sicela usho) maqondana nesimo sezithombe zocansi ezavezwa okokuqala kuzo.

Uhlelo lwemibuzo lwe-mCIUS

Ngokuvamile, ukuthambekela kwesilinganiso sababambiqhaza abaphendulayo “Ngokuvamile"Noma"Ngokujwayelekile”Yemibuzo ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyimpoqo yayifana kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Ababambiqhaza kubo bobubili ubulili bakhethwe ngokuvelele “Ngokuvamile"Noma"Ngokujwayelekile”Yemibuzo ekhombisa ukuthi: (1) bacabanga ukuthi kufanele bachithe isikhathi esincane kumawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi (SpendLess, Sexes kuhlangene: 70.5%; Abesilisa: 77.6%, Owesifazane: 62.8%), (2) bafinyelele kumawebhusayithi lapho bezizwa bedangele ( I-FeelDown, Ubulili buhlanganisiwe: 49.0%; Owesilisa: 55.9%, Owesifazane: 41.5%), (3) baqhubeke nokufinyelela amawebhusayithi yize behlose ukuyeka (i-AccessStop, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganisiwe: 45.3%; Abesilisa: 52.0%, Abesifazane: 38.0% ), (4) afinyelele kumawebhusayithi ukuze abaleke / athole ukukhululeka emizweni engemihle (i-EscpSor, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganisiwe: 42.0%; Abesilisa: 48.4%, Abesifazane: 35.0%), (5) bakuthole kunzima ukuyeka ukungena kumawebhusayithi uma uku-inthanethi ( I-DiffStop, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganisiwe: 41.4%; Abesilisa: 48.4%, Abesifazane: 33.8%), futhi (6) bazame ngempumelelo ukuchitha isikhathi esincane kumawebhusayithi (Abaphumelelanga, Abobulili obuhlanganisiwe: 40.6%; Abesilisa: 48.0%, Abesifazane: 32.5% ). Ukwahluka okuphawulekayo ngokwezibalo nakho bekukhona phakathi kwesilinganiso esikhulu sabesilisa kunabesifazane ababika “Ngokuvamile"Noma"Ngokujwayelekile”Yalezi zinto ezithile ku-mCIUS [χ²(1, N = 488) = 10.2 (DiffStop), 9.0 (AccessStop), 9.6 (FeelDown), 8.4 (EscpSor), p <0.01; 12.0 (Ayichithwa), 11.6 (Ayiphumelelanga), p <0.001]. Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05). Lo mehluko nemiphumela yemibuzo esele engaphendulwanga ngenhla ichazwe ku- Umfanekiso 4A futhi Ithebula Lokungezelela 1.

Kususelwa ezincwadini ezedlule eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (UGuertler et al., 2014; U-Yong et al., 2017; UFuchs et al., 2018) futhi sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi i-mCIUS inemibuzo eyi-13 (Downing et al., 2014), ngokungafani nocwaningo lwangempela lwezinto eziyi-14 (Meerkerk et al., 2009), ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kobukhulu kusethwe endaweni yokusika yamaphoyinti angama-26 (amakhulu kunalawo noma alingana nama-26; ngokuya ngempendulo okungenani ngezinye izikhathi yayo yonke into ye-mCIUS) ekhomba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziluthayo, 20-25 njenge Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga, futhi <20 njengokujwayelekile. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa, i-57.0% yabaphenduli ku-mCIUS ibonise ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga nokulutha (i-16.6 ne-40.4%, ngokulandelana).

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Zokuhlola ze-mCIUS

Ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuhlola (i-EFA) kusetshenziswa isizinda senhloko-eksisi (UCostello no-Osborne, 2005; IBaglin, 2014) isetshenziselwe ukuphenya ukwakheka kwezinto zezinto zokuhlola ze-mCIUS. Ukuhlaziywa okufanayo (UCostello no-Osborne, 2005; IBaglin, 2014Kunconywe isixazululo sezinto ezintathu (Ithebula 2). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuhlangana okuphezulu kwezinto, ukujikeleza kwe-'promax '(oblique) (UCostello no-Osborne, 2005; IBaglin, 2014) yasetshenziselwa ukuhumusha lezi zinto ezintathu. Lokhu kujikeleza bekunezibalo zokulayishwa okuyizikwele kusuka ku-1.81 kuye ku-4.16. Ama-coefficients wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezinto avela ku-0.699 - 0.755.

Into yokuqala, ekhonjwe njenge- “Preoccupation,” ifaka phakathi ukukhetha ukungena kumawebhusayithi kunokuthi uchithe isikhathi nabanye (i-TimeOthers), ukungalali kahle ngenxa yokubheka phezulu amawebhusayithi (i-ShortSleep), ucabanga ngamawebhusayithi noma ngabe awukho online ( I-ThinkSites), sibheke phambili kwiseshini elandelayo ye-inthanethi yokungena kumawebhusayithi (i-LookFwd), umsebenzi ophuthumayo ukuze ufinyelele kumawebhusayithi (i-RushWork), uncamela ukufinyelela kumawebhusayithi ngenkathi unganaki izibopho zansuku zonke (i-NglctOb), futhi uzizwa ungaphumuli, ukhungathekile noma ucasukile lapho ayikwazi ukufinyelela kumawebhusayithi (Restless). Isici sesibili sikhonjwe njenge- “Dependence,” futhi sifaka i-DiffStop, AccessStop, SpendLess, ne-Unsuccess. Ekugcineni, into yesithathu, ekhonjwe njenge- "Emotional Coping," ibandakanya i-FeelDown ne-EscpSor. Ukuhlonzwa kwamaphuzu kuzobuye kubhekwane nakho engxoxweni.

Uhlu lwemibuzo lwe-EmSS

Kukonke, ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kwenani labahlanganyeli abaphendulayo “Vumelana"Noma"Vuma Ngamandla”Yemibuzo ephathelene nezimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi yayifana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Abahlanganyeli bobubili ubulili ikakhulukazi babika “Vumelana"Noma"Vuma Ngamandla”Ngemibuzo ekhombisa ukuthi base maningi amathuba okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi lapho: (1) bebebodwa (Babodwa, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganisiwe: 94.3%; Owesilisa: 97.2%, Owesifazane: 91.2%), (2) babezizwa bevuswa ngocansi (Bavukile, 80.9%), (3) babebhorekile ( Bored, Abesilisa ocansini bahlanganisiwe: 73.5%; Owesilisa: 80.0%, Owesifazane: 66.4%), kanye (4) bazizwa benesizungu (Lonely, 71.2%). Kwakunomehluko nokho ngokwezibalo phakathi kwenani labesilisa nabesifazane ababika “Vumelana"Noma"Vuma Ngamandla”Yezinto ezithile ku-EmSS. Ngokuqondile, abesilisa abaningi kunabesifazane kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho bebodwa [χ²(1, N = 476) = 7.0] noma uzizwa unesithukuthezi [χ²(1, N = 476) = 10.6], womabili p <0.01, ngenkathi inani eliphakeme kakhulu labesifazane kunabesilisa [χ²(1, N = 476) = 6.9, p <0.01] kubikwe ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho benozakwethu ocansini (Owesilisa: 6.8%, Owesifazane: 14.6%). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05). Lo mehluko nemiphumela yezinto ezisele ezingakhulunyiwe ngenhla zichazwe ku- Umfanekiso we-4B futhi Ithebula Lokungezelela 2.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Zokuhlola ze-EmSS

Nakulokhu futhi, i-EFA isebenzisa ukukhishwa kwe-principal-axis factor isetshenziselwe ukuphenya ukwakheka kwezinto zezinto eziphathelene nezimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi. Ukuhlaziywa okufanayo kubonise ukuba khona kwezinto ezintathu (Ithebula 3). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene bedatha bebungeyona i-orthogonal, kusetshenziswe ukujikeleza kwe-oblique ('promax'). Lokhu kujikeleza bekunezibalo zokulayishwa okuyizikwele kusuka ku-0.923 kuye ku-1.498. Ama-coefficients wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezinto avela ku-0.240 kuya ku-0.679.

Isici sokuqala sikhonjwe njenge- “Interoceptive,” okukhombisa izinto ezihlobene nezimo ezibandakanya abantu uqobo futhi ezivela emizweni yangaphakathi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi u-Alone, uLonely, Bored, kanye no-Aroused. Isici sesibili, esikhonjwe ngokuthi "Asinamandla," sikhombise ukwanda kwamathuba okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuhambisana nokungabikho kwamathuba okuya ocansini, ikakhulukazi, ukungayi ocansini isikhashana (i-Nosex) nokungatholi umuntu ozohlanganyela naye ocansini (UNoonesex). Ekugcineni, into yesithathu, i- "Extrinsic," ibonakale ikhombisa izimo ezibandakanya amathonya angaphandle, afaka phakathi ukuba nomlingani ocansini (iSexpart), ukucindezelwa ontanga (Peerpres) nokudakwa noma ukuzwa imiphumela yezidakamizwa / izinto ezingekho emthethweni (Udakiwe) .

Dass-21

Ngokuya ngokuthola amaphuzu we-DASS-21 (ILovibond neLovibond, 2004), kubahlanganyeli abaphothule lesi sigaba senhlolovo (n = 872), 55.4, 56.0, kanye no-63.5% wabo bonke ababambiqhaza bawele ngaphansi kwesigaba "esijwayelekile" sokudangala, ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka, ngokulandelana. Ngokwengeziwe, iphesenti elikhulu lababambiqhaza labika izimpawu zamazinga “okuqina” noma “aqatha kakhulu” okucindezeleka (17.0%), ukukhathazeka (20.4%), kanye nengcindezi (13.5%) (bona I-Supplementary Figure 1).

Ukuhlaziywa akuvezwanga mehluko obalulekile (konke p > 0.05) phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuwo wonke amazinga ahlukahlukene (“ejwayelekile,” “amnene,” njll.) Kodwa-ke, inani eliphakeme kakhulu labesilisa libike amazinga "ajwayelekile" wokukhathazeka (62.2%) kanye nengcindezi (69.1%) maqondana nabesifazane (A: 53.0%; S: 60.9%), χ²(1, N = 872) = 6.1 no-5.0, ngokulandelana, bobabili p <0.05. Ngokwengeziwe, inani eliphakeme kakhulu [χ²(1, N = 872) = 4.1, p <0.05] wabesifazane (22.4%) kunabesilisa (16.2%) babike ukukhathazeka “okunzima” noma “okunzima ngokweqile”. Amaphesenti aphakeme kakhulu [χ²(1, N = 872) = 4.2, p <0.05] yabesifazane (15.5%) ikhombise ileveli "yokulingene" yengcindezi ehlobene naleyo yabesilisa (10.1%). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungahlukile kakhulu (konke p > 0.05).

Impilo Yengqondo (D, A, S) kanye Nezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa

Ukusetshenziswa Kokugcina Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Nempilo Yengqondo

Ukuhlaziywa kwenzelwa ukuhlola ithonya lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezibikiwe ekugcineni empilweni yezengqondo, njengoba kulinganiswe i-DASS-21. Izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-D, A, S zabafundi ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zaziphezulu kakhulu [t(870) = -5.55 no -3.81 ka-D no-A, ngokulandelana, zombili p <0.001; t(870) = -3.14 ye-S, p <0.01] kunalabo ababika ukuthi abaziboni izithombe ezingcolile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela ikhombise umphumela omkhulu kuyo yomithathu imingcele yezempilo yengqondo (D, A, S) kwezocansi zonke [D: F(1,866) = 7.80, p <0.01; A: F(1,866) = 18.73, p <0.001; S: F(1,866) = 13.35, p <0.001] ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kwezithombe zocansi [D: F(2,866) = 22.04; A: F(2,866) = 11.97; S: F(2,866) = 12.15; konke p <0.001], kepha hhayi ekusebenzisaneni kocansi nokusetshenziswa kokugcina okubikiwe [D: F(2,866) = 1.48; A: F(2,866) = 0.39; S: F(2,866) = 0.88; konke p > 0.05]. Ukudana, ukukhathazeka kanye nezikolo zokuxineka (kusho kanye ne-SEM), kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, ezikhathini zokugcina ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kubonisiwe ku Ukuqagela 5A-C.

Ngokuphathelene nabesilisa, izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu zabonwa ekucindezelekeni nasekukhathazekeni (zombili p <0.05) kulabo ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngonyaka owedlule (Namuhla, Ngaphakathi kweviki eledlule, Phakathi nenyanga edlule, Ngaphakathi konyaka odlule) kunalabo ababika ukuthi abakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukuqhathanisa okufanayo, maqondana nezikolo zokucindezeleka, kukhombise ukuthambekela ekubalulekeni (p = 0.06). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05).

Maqondana nabesifazane, amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu kuzo zontathu izinyathelo zempilo yengqondo (konke p <0.001) kwabikwa kulabo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngonyaka odlule ngokuhlobene nalabo ababika abangakaze basebenzise. Izikolo zokucindezeleka kanye nengcindezi beziphakeme kakhulu (p <0.001 futhi p <0.01, ngokulandelana) kulabo ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngonyaka odlule ngokuhlobene nalabo ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ngaphezulu konyaka odlule. Ngenkathi umkhuba ofanayo ubonwa kwizikolo zokukhathazeka, ngokwezibalo, lo mehluko bekungukuthambekela kokubaluleka (p = 0.08). Ngokwengeziwe, izibalo zokukhathazeka kulabo ababika ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ngaphezulu konyaka odlule yayiphakeme kakhulu kunalabo ababike ukuthi abakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (p <0.05). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwakungabalulekanga (p > 0.05).

Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwagcina ukubikwa, lapho kuqhathaniswa ubulili, abesifazane babike amaphuzu aphezulu kunabesilisa kuyo yonke imingcele yezempilo yengqondo. Thumela i-hoc ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukucindezeleka okukhulu kakhulu, izikolo zokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka (konke p <0.001) kwabesifazane kunabesilisa ababuke izithombe zocansi ngonyaka owedlule. Ngokwengeziwe, abesifazane ababika ukuthi abakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile baphinde bathola amazinga aphezulu okukhathazeka kunabesilisa abasesigabeni esifanayo (p <0.05), ngenkathi izikolo zengcindezi zikhombise ukuthambekela kokubaluleka (p = 0.06). Ekugcineni, bekukhona ukuthambekela kokubaluleka (p = 0.07) umehluko phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa kwizikolo zokukhathazeka kulabo ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ngaphezulu konyaka odlule.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zamuva

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-DASS-21 icela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bacabangele ukusetshenziswa kwesitatimende esithile ngaphezulu kwe- evikini eledlule, D, A, S izikolo zahlaziywa kusuka kubahlanganyeli bephendula ukuthi okokugcina lapho bebuka khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Kungakapheli isonto eledlule or Namuhla, nokuthi babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okungenani masonto onke (Izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke, Daily, noma Weekly(Kusetshenzisiwe) ngokuhlobene nalabo abangakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Akusetshenziswanga).

Ukuhlaziywa kubonise umphumela obalulekile wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyo yomithathu imingcele yezempilo yengqondo [D: F(1,527) = 45.98; A: F(1,527) = 21.08; S: F(1,527) = 21.96; konke p <0.001]. Kwakukhona nomehluko obalulekile ocansini ngokukhathazeka [F(1,527) = 5.37, p <0.05] nengcindezi [F(1,527) = 7.59, p <0.01], kepha hhayi ukucindezeleka [F(1,527) = 3.40, p > 0.05]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho okunye ukuxhumana okuphathelene nobulili nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi obekubalulekile [D: F(1,527) = 0.23; A: F(1,527) = 0.38; S: F(1,527) = 0.13; konke p > 0.05]. Ukudana, ukukhathazeka, nezikolo zokuxineka (kusho kanye ne-SEM), kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, abasebenzise futhi abangazisebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bayakhonjiswa Amanani 5D-F.

Kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, kube nomehluko omkhulu ekucindezelekeni (kokubili p <0.001), ukukhathazeka (Abesilisa: p <0.001; Abesifazane: p <0.01) nengcindezi (Abesilisa: p <0.01; Abesifazane: p <0.001) izikolo phakathi kwalabo abasebenzise (Abasetshenzisiwe) nabangazange basebenzise (Abasetshenziswanga).

Lapho kuqhathaniswa abesilisa nabesifazane, ukuhlaziywa kwaveza ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ezisetshenzisiwe), abesifazane babika izikolo zokucindezeleka eziphakeme kakhulu (p <0.05) kunabesilisa; kodwa-ke, wawungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kobulili ekucindezelekeni nasezikhungweni zokukhathazeka (zombili p > 0.05) ngaphakathi kwe-Used. Kubahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi abazisebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abesifazane bathole ukukhathazeka okuphezulu kakhulu (p <0.05), kepha hhayi ukucindezeleka (p > 0.05). Kwakukhona nokuthambekela ekubalulekeni phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwizikolo zokucindezeleka ngaphakathi kokuthi Akusetshenziswanga (p = 0.05).

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemibhalo Emingaki

Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukumezeka kukhombise ubudlelwane obuhlukahlukene phakathi kwabantu abahlukahlukene (ubudala, ubulili, inani lama-semesters aqediwe e-University of Franciscan, nokuthi umhlanganyeli wabelane ngekamelo noma cha) kuhlaziyiwe, izici ezahlukahlukene zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi (okokugcina lapho obambe iqhaza ebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imvamisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, isikhathi sosuku lapho babevame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye neminyaka yokuchayeka okokuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile), kufaka phakathi izici ezilinganiswe yi-mCIUS ne-EmSS, nokudangala, ukukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi. Usayizi wemiphumela eningiliziwe (amanani we-β) nawo p-Izilinganiso zikhonjisiwe kufayela le- Amathebula 4, 5.

Zombili izinhlobo ze-1 (ezibandakanya izinto ze-mCIUS) nemodeli 2 (lokho kufaka phakathi izinto ze-EmSS) kukhombisile ukuthi iminyaka yalowo obambe iqhaza, ubulili, kanye nesikhathi sokugcina lapho bebuka khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabikezela kakhulu izikolo zokucindezeleka (imodeli 1: R² = 0.163, imodeli 2: R² = 0.157). Ubulili nobudala bokuchayeka kuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile kubikezele kokubili ukukhathazeka (imodeli 1: R² = 0.109, imodeli 2: R² = 0.091) kanye nengcindezi (imodeli 1: R² = 0.149, imodeli 2: R² = 0.144) izikolo. Ngokwengeziwe, okokugcina lapho obambe iqhaza ebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nakho bekuyisandulela esibalulekile sokucindezeleka.

Ngokuphathelene nezinto ezithile ngaphakathi kwe-mCIUS (imodeli 1), i-NglctOb ne-EscpSor yabikezela kakhulu izikolo zokucindezeleka, kanti i-DiffStop, i-ShortSleep, ne-Restless yabikezela kakhulu ukukhathazeka, kanti i-NglctOb ne-Restless kwakuyizibikezelo ezibalulekile zezikolo zokucindezeleka.

Maqondana nezinto ze-EmSS (imodeli 2), uLonely wabikezela kakhulu yonke imingcele emithathu yezempilo yengqondo elinganisiwe (D, A, S). Ngokwengeziwe, ukuvuswa kwaba yisibikezelo esibalulekile sokukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi, kepha hhayi izikolo zokudangala.

Ulwazi Olwengeziwe

Okusize Kwehlise Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Maqondana nombuzo ophathelene nokuthi yini esize ababambiqhaza banciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi, "Okunye (sicela usho)”Ukukhetha izimpendulo (n = 66) ikhishwe ekuhlaziyweni nasemaphesentini akhonjisiwe, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo nokungaqondakali kwezimpendulo ezinikeziwe, ezingadida ukuhumusha.

Ukusatshalaliswa okuphelele kwezimpendulo maqondana nezici ezisize ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bekungokulandelayo: Izinsizakusebenza ze-inthanethi (isb CovenantEyes.com) (18.2%), Uzakwethu Wokuphendula / Iqembu - ekhampasi (10.9%), Uzakwethu Wokuphendula / Iqembu - kuvaliwe ekhempasini (14.7%), Impilo yokholo (80.1%), Izimiso zokuziphatha (76.6%), Isisusa somuntu siqu (81.2%), Izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa (8.3%), Akukho okusizile (3.9%), futhi Anginantshisekelo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa (5.5%).

Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane babikile Impilo yokholo (Abesilisa: 83.5%; Abesifazane: 76.2%), Izimiso zokuziphatha (Abesilisa: 77.4%; Abesifazane: 75.7%), kanye Isisusa somuntu siqu (Abesilisa: 82.3%; Abesifazane: 79.9%) njengezici ezisiza kakhulu ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Lezi zinketho ezintathu bezingahlukile kakhulu (all p > 0.05) komunye nomunye kwabesilisa bobabili [χ²(8, N = 243) = 1017.4, p <0.001] nabesifazane [χ²(8, N = 214) = 1000.9, p <0.001]. Kodwa-ke, kubo bobubili ubulili, ubukhulu babahlanganyeli ababika lezi zinketho njengemithombo yosizo babuphakeme kakhulu kunezinye zonke izimpendulo (zonke p <0.001). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-63.9% wabaphenduli kulo mbuzo afaka inhlanganisela yazo zontathu lezi zinketho (Impilo Yokholo, Izimiso zokuziphatha, Futhi Isisusa somuntu siqu) njengemithombo esize ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Kwabesilisa, ubukhulu obubika izinsizakusebenza ze-inthanethi (23.5%) kanye nozakwethu bokuziphendulela bobabili ku- (16.5%) nangaphandle kwekhempasi (20.2%) babephakeme kakhulu kunabo bobabili ababika ukuthi akukho okusizile (4.9%) nalabo abakhombisa ukuthi babengenasithakazelo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi (i-4.1%; konke p <0.001). Ngokwengeziwe, iphesenti labesilisa ababika ukuthi izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa (9.1%) ezisize ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwabo beliphansi kakhulu kunezinsizakusebenza ze-inthanethi (p <0.001) nozakwethu oziphendulela ngaphandle kwekhempasi (p <0.01). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwabesilisa kwakungabalulekanga (konke p > 0.05). Njengabesilisa, inani eliphakeme kakhulu labesifazane libike ukuthi izinsiza ze-intanethi (12.1%) zisize ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kunalezo ezibika ukuthi akukho okusize ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwezithombe zocansi (2.8%, p <0.01). Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa kwabesifazane bekungabalulekanga [Uzakwethu Wokuphendula / Iqembu - ekhampasi (4.7%), Uzakwethu Wokuphendula / Iqembu - kuvaliwe ekhempasini (8.4%), Izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa (7.5%), Anginantshisekelo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa (7.0%); konke p > 0.05].

Kwakungekho mehluko ophawulekayo esilinganisweni sabesilisa nabesifazane ababika izimiso zokuziphatha [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.1, p > 0.05] nokugqugquzela komuntu siqu [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.3, p > 0.05] njengemithombo yosizo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokubaluleka empilweni yokholo [χ²(1, N = 457) = 3.4, p = 0.06]. Amaphesenti wabesilisa ababika izinsiza ze-inthanethi [χ²(1, N = 457) = 9.0, p <0.01] nozakwethu wokuziphendulela on- and off-campus [χ²(1, N = 457) = 15.0 no-11.6, ngokulandelana, bobabili p <0.001] babephakeme kakhulu kunabesifazane. Konke okunye ukuqhathanisa bekungabalulekanga [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.2, 0.9, no-1.3 kwe Izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa, Akukho okusizile, Futhi Anginantshisekelo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa, ngokulandelana, konke p > 0.05].

Umbono Wokulwa Nezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile eCampus

Mayelana nemibuzo ebuza iphesenti labafundi besilisa nabesifazane ababambiqhaza bacabanga ukuthi balwa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekhampasi yethu, ukhetho olukhethwe njalo I-50-74% maqondana nephesenti labesilisa (41.4%) kanye I-25-49% maqondana nephesenti labesifazane (41.8%). U-11.6, 31.4, no-15.7% wabahlanganyeli bakhombisile ukuthi bayacabanga 0-24, 25-49, Futhi I-75-100% kwabesilisa ekhampasi balwa nezithombe zocansi, ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maqondana nephesenti labesifazane okukholakala ukuthi lilwa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekhampasi yethu, I-0-24% bekuyimpendulo yesibili ekhethwe kakhulu (39.6%), kwalandelwa I-50-74% (16.9%) ne I-75-100% (1.7%). Ukwehla okuningiliziwe kombono wabesilisa nowesifazane wokulwa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekhampasi, kubo bobubili ubulili, kuchazwe ku- Ithebula Lokungezelela 3.

Ukubona Izinga Lokuqukethwe Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Mayelana nombuzo ophathelene nokuthi abantu abaphendulayo babheka kanjani izinto ezahlukahlukene, Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokulingene (Mod) kanye Izithombe zocansi kakhulu (I-Ext) bekuyizinqumo ezimbili eziphakeme kakhulu zokukhetha Izithombe ezinqunu (isb., I-Playboy) (Imodi: 37.3%, i-Ext: 50.4%), Imibhalo evusa inkanuko (Imodi: 44.0%, i-Ext: 31.3%), Amavidiyo abekela obala ezocansi (Mod: 10.6%, Ext: 86.8%), kanye ne- Izigcawu zocansi zeCinematic (Imodi: 40.2%, i-Ext: 37.4%). Mayelana ne- Ubuciko obunqunu (isb. Isitembu sikaDavid, iSistine Chapel), Akunjalo neze (73.4%) ne Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobumnene (21.4%) bekuyizimpendulo ezikhethwe kakhulu. Ngokwengeziwe, ababambiqhaza abangama-49.4 no-29.3% babikile Izikhangiso eziyengayo (isb. Imfihlo kaVictoria) as Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobumnene futhi Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokulingene, ngokulandelana. Imininingwane ephelele yokuthi ababambiqhaza babheka kanjani izinto ezahlukahlukene njengezocansi, kanye nokwehluka kobulili ekuboneni, inikezwa ku Ithebula Lokungezelela 4.

Ingxoxo

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuphoqelela kanye nempilo yengqondo buyinkimbinkimbi futhi kungahle kube nokuhlukahluka okuningi ngokwe-causality kanye nezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ezakha ukuguquguquka komuntu ngamunye. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe Esingenisweni, ukuguquguquka okukodwa okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa okwandayo nokutholakala kwe-intanethi emisebenzini ephathelene nocansi, eye yaba yindlela enkulu yezithombe zocansi ezisetshenzisiwe, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasha (I-Döring, 2009; UDöring et al., 2017; USolano et al., 2020). Isifundo sethu besifuna ukuphenya lezi zinto eziguqukayo kusampula yabafundi baseyunivesithi, ngethemba lokunikeza ukuqonda okungcono kwamandla obudlelwano. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela ibonakala ikhombisa umehluko wobulili ohlukile futhi obalulekile maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nomphumela wokusetshenziswa okunjalo empilweni yengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kubonakala futhi ukugqamisa izici ezithile ezibonakala ngathi zinezici ezifanayo ezicini zokulutha kokuziphatha, nazo ezinomthelela enhlalakahleni yengqondo.

Ngokwemibiko yangaphambilini (U-Carroll et al., 2008; U-Willoughby et al., 2014), isifundo sethu sibonakala sikhombisa inani elikhulu labafundi baseyunivesithi ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokuphawulekayo abesilisa abaningi kunabesifazane babike ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, muva nje futhi kaningi, ngeminyaka yangaphambi kwentsha (9-13) eyisikhathi sokuqala sokuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi kwabesilisa. Ngenkathi lesi sikhathi-senkathi yokuvezwa kokuqala sasibalulekile nakwabesifazane, ngokungafani nabesilisa, sasingena eminyakeni yobusha (14-17). Omunye umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ukuthi ngenkathi, ezimweni zombili, iningi lababambiqhaza lavezwa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-18, iphesenti labesilisa abakulesi sigaba laliphezulu kakhulu kunelabesifazane. Ngenkathi bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bebika izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuvezwa kokuqala, babehlukile ngoba abesifazane abaningi badalulwa bengahlosile, kuyilapho abesilisa abaningi bedalulwa ngokufuna ukwazi. Ngokwengeziwe, bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane babika iselula njengendlela eyinhloko yokungena kanye namawebhusayithi abantu abadala njengohlobo oluyinhloko lwezithombe zocansi abaqala ukuvezwa kuzo futhi baqhubeka nokufinyelela kaningi kuzo.

Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziphoqelekile ze-intanethi nezimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa okunjalo, inani labesilisa belilokhu liphakeme njalo ezintweni ezibonisa umehluko omkhulu wezocansi ngaphandle kwento ephathelene nokubuka izithombe zocansi lapho unomlingani ocansini, lapho inani labesifazane laliphezulu. Okutholakele kwethu kubonakala sengathi kukhombisa ukuthi izinto ezikhuluma ngezithombe zocansi eziphoqayo nezimo ezingokomzwelo nezocansi ezibandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni okunjalo okwakubikwa kakhulu ngabo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, okuphathelene nezinto ezihambisana nokuncika, ukubhekana ngokomzwelo kanye nokuzithiba. Kodwa-ke, izinto eziphathelene nokubamba iqhaza kanye nokuzibandakanya kube yizinto ezazibikezela kakhulu imiphumela yezempilo yengqondo.

Mental Health

Kuyafana nomsebenzi wethu wangaphambilini (UBeiter et al., 2015), isibalo esikhulu sabafundi kulolu cwaningo babike izimpawu ezibonisa ukudangala okukhulu kakhulu, ukukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi, kanti amaphesenti ayenyuka kusuka eminyakeni edlule. Njengoba kusobala emibhalweni yesayensi, imizamo ayikaze iyeke ukuphenya abangaba nomthelela enanini elikhulayo lemibiko ye-psychopathologies phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi, kanye nezindlela ezingaba khona zokunciphisa le nkinga. Inhloso yesifundo sethu kwakuwukufaka isandla ngokuqhubekayo emzimbeni wezincwadi ngokuphenya ngobudlelwano bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kanye nezinto ezithile zokuziphatha okuhlobene maqondana nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelelwe, namandla ayo okuthonya impilo yengqondo yabafundi baseyunivesithi.

Imiphumela yethu ifaka isandla ezincwadini zamanje ezibonisa ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokwehla kwenhlalakahle yengqondo kwabesifazane abasebasha (UDalby et al., 2018), kanye nokusebenza okuphansi kwengqondo nokusebenza kwabafundi baseyunivesithi ababike amazinga aphezulu we-intanethi yokuziphatha kabi kwezocansi (UHarper noHodgins, ngo-2016). Ngokwengeziwe, ngenkathi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphinde lwakhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwempilo yengqondo kanye kuqondwe ukuluthwa yizithombe zocansi, kanye nomthelela wezinkolelo zokuziphatha nezenkolo / zokomoya (IGrubbs et al., 2015a,b,c, 2018, 2019; U-Bradley et al., I-2016; Wilt et al., 2016), isifundo sethu safuna ukusungula isisekelo sokuphenywa kobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokulutha, ngokulinganisa kokuziphatha kwangempela okubikwe ukuthi kukhombisa ukuphoqeleka, okuyingxenye yokulutha (Meerkerk et al., 2009).

Ukulawulwa Kokukhubazeka

Ukuthuthukiswa koqobo kwe-CIUS (Meerkerk et al., 2009) ibisuselwa ngqo ezincwadini zokulutha umlutha kanye nokufana okukhona phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuphoqelelwe kwe-intanethi nokuziphatha okuluthayo. Ngenkathi kufana emazingeni ahlukahlukene (U-Grant et al., I-2006; Potenza, i-2009; UKim noHodgins, 2018), ukulutha kokuziphatha kwehlukile ekuluthweni ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa njengoba kukhombisa amaphethini wokuziphatha wokuziphatha okuthile kunokusebenzisa into ethile ukufeza umphumela / umuzwa oyifunayo (U-Grant et al., I-2010; Potenza, i-2014; UPinna et al., 2015). Ukulungiswa kwe-CIUS yoqobo, ngu Downing et al. (2014), kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwesikali sokuhlola ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile kubonakala ngaphansi kwesigaba sokulutha kokuziphatha, kepha akuyona indlela yokuxilonga ngaphakathi kwe-Fifth Edition ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V; I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013), Ukuziphatha okuhlukahlukene okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuchazwa yi-International Classification of Disease manual (ICD-11; I-World Health Organization, i-2018) ukuhlukaniswa kweCompulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder.

Ukunaka

Ekuphazamisekeni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelelwe, ukukhathazeka ngokweqile noma ukulindela / ukulangazelela into kuchazwe ngaphansi kweCriterion 4, esigabeni esiphathelene nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ku-DSM-V (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013), kanye nasezincwadini zesayensi (U-Koob no-Volkow, i-2009). Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kubonakala kufakazela ubukhona besici esibonisa isici sokukhathazeka, esimelwe yizenzo ezinjengokushesha komsebenzi ukuze ufinyelele kumawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi, sicabanga ngamawebhusayithi uma engekho ku-inthanethi kanye nokulindela iseshini elandelayo yezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi.

Ukumethemba

Izici ezingeziwe ezibonisa ukungalawuleki kahle yizinto ze-mCIUS eziphathelene nokuthola kunzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa amawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi, ukuqhubeka nokungena kumawebhusayithi yize kunenhloso yokuma, ngicabanga ukuthi isikhathi esincane okufanele sisetshenziswe kumawebhusayithi wezithombe zocansi futhi sizame ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa isikhathi esincane amawebhusayithi, abonakala ekhombisa izinga lokuncika noma lokunamathiselwa ezithombeni ezingcolile. Lokhu kuziphatha kukhombisa nokubonwa yilokho okubonwe ezinkingeni zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013), ikakhulukazi, izindlela zokuziphatha ezibandakanya imizamo ephindaphindwayo yokunciphisa noma yokuyeka ukusetshenziswa nesikhathi esingeqile esichithwe usebenzisa.

Izindlela Zokuziphatha Eziyingozi

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nakho kuhlotshaniswa nokubandakanyeka okwandayo ekuziphatheni okuyingozi kakhulu kwezocansi, kufaka phakathi ukuhlangana nenani elikhulayo labalingani bokuhlangana, ucansi lomlomo nokuya ocansini ngesikhathi sokuxhuma, ukuvumela ucansi, ukuya ocansini, inombolo abalingani ocansini, ukuzibandakanya ocansini ngaphandle komshado, nasekukhokheleni ucansi (UBaggaley et al., 2010; Weinberg et al., 2010; UBrody noWeiss, ngo-2011; Morgan, i-2011; UPoulsen et al., 2013; UWright, 2013a,b; UBraithwaite et al., 2015; UStannah et al., 2020). Ngenkathi bekungaphezulu kobubanzi besifundo sethu ukubhekana ngqo nokusabalala kwezimilo ezinjalo eziyingozi kusampula sethu, izici eziphathelene Okudlulele isici, kufaka phakathi amathuba okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi lapho uphuze utshwala noma izidakamizwa futhi ukuba nomlingani ocansini noma ukucindezelwa ontanga kubonakala kubonisa izimo ezinamandla okubeka lowo muntu ezimweni ezisengozini ezibandakanya izindlela zokuziphatha eziyingozi zocansi (Lane et al., 2004; ICamchong et al., 2014; UYang et al., 2019).

Ukukhubazeka Komphakathi Nokuzihlukanisa

I-DSM-V (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) ubheka ukukhubazeka komphakathi okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa njengokubandakanya ukwehluleka ukufeza izibopho ezahlukahlukene zokuphila (isb., umsebenzi, isikole, ikhaya), kanye nokwehliswa kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile yezenhlalo, yomsebenzi noma yokuzijabulisa. Okutholakele kwethu kukhombise isimilo esifanayo phakathi kwabafundi ababika izinga elithile lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufaka phakathi ukuthanda ukufinyelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuchitha isikhathi nabanye, ukunganaki izibopho zansuku zonke ngenxa yokuthanda ukufinyelela izithombe zocansi, nokushesha ngomsebenzi ukuze ufinyelele kumawebhusayithi. Lokhu kuziphatha, okuhlobene nokugxila ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi, kukhombisa ithonya elibi lokusetshenziswa okunjalo ekusebenzeni komuntu kwansuku zonke, kubandakanya nokuziphatha komphakathi, okuveza ukufana kokusetshenziswa okuphoqelelwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi nokuziphatha okuhambisana nokulutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziphoqelekile kwe-intanethi kukhonjisiwe futhi ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezinga elikhuphukayo lokuzihlukanisa (I-Green et al., I-2012). Lokhu kubonakala ekuphenduleni kwezinto ze-EmSS ezibuza ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka zibhekwe nini, ikakhulukazi, inani labaphenduli abakhombise ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi babuke izithombe zocansi uma bebodwa noma benesizungu. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokulutha, noma kunjalo, bunzima. Butler et al. (2018) ibika ukuthi ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesizungu buphakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukucindezeleka kobudlelwano ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwandisa isizungu, kuyilapho isizungu sikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwaso njengendlela yokubhekana nazo. Lokhu kubonakala ekutholeni kwe- I-Popovic (2011) okukhombisa ukuthi labo abadla amanani amaningi ezithombe zocansi bakhombisa ukulangazelela okuphezulu kobudlelwano obuseduze. Okuhlobene nalokhu yizinto ze-EmSS eziqoqwe ngaphansi kwento efakwe ilebula njenge Ayinamandla, okukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezimweni ezihambisana namathuba anciphisiwe okukwazi ukuhlanganyela ocansini.

Ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlaziywa kwethu kubonakala kugqamisa isici sokubhekana ngokomzwelo sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesici esifaka izinto ze-mCIUS eziphathelene nokutholwa kwamawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi lapho uzizwa uphansi noma ubalekela / uthola ukukhululeka emizweni emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukaniswa okuhlangenwe nakho, okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, akukhona ezingeni lokucabanga kuphela, kepha kudlulela ngaphandle ukuze kuthinte kabi ubudlelwano. Ngenxa yalokhu, akumangazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nesizungu (I-Yoder et al., 2005; Butler et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2018).

Izici Zempilo, Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Nempilo Yengqondo

Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukubheka ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nempilo yengqondo, ukufuna ukuphenya ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okucindezelayo kungaba nomthelela yini ekunciphiseni inhlalakahle yengqondo ebonwa ezikhungweni zaseyunivesithi. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, imiphumela yethu ibonakala iqinisekisa izincwadi zangaphambilini ezibonisa ubukhona / ithonya lokwehluka kobulili kuzo zombili impilo yengqondo nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Izici zempilo zakuqala zithinta ukubonakaliswa namandla okubhekana nokudangala, ukukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yethu ibonakala ikhombisa umehluko phakathi kokudangala, okwabikezelwa yiminyaka yamanje yabahlanganyeli, nokukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi, okwabikezelwa ngeminyaka yokuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi, kepha hhayi iminyaka yamanje yabahlanganyeli. Ngokuphathelene nokudangala, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kungakhombisa ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuhlangana kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezigcina zivelile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yobusha, kulandele ukwehla kweminyaka elandelayo (UHankin, 2015; Kwong et al., 2019). Kungenzeka ukuthi umehluko okhona maqondana nokukhathazeka nengcindezi, ukubikezelwa ngeminyaka yokuchayeka okokuqala ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, kungahle kuhlobene nokucaciswa okuthile nobudlelwano besikhathi eside ezenzakalweni ezithile ezicindezelayo ezingabonisa ukushintsha kokukhathazeka kokuzwela. Ukuzwela ukukhathazeka kubikwe ukuthi kungumlamuli obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimpawu zokukhathazeka, kepha hhayi ukucindezeleka (UMcLaughlin noHatzenbuehler, 2009). Indlela engacishe ifane kungenzeka yenzeka maqondana nobudlelwano obuphakathi kweminyaka yokuvezwa kokuqala kanye nengcindezi (UGrasso et al., 2013; UTyborowska et al., 2018).

Ngokuhlobene ngqo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, isifundo sethu sikhombise ukuthi okokugcina izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibhekwe kwabikezelwa kokubili ukucindezeleka kanye nengcindezi, kepha hhayi ukukhathazeka. Ngokwengeziwe, imiphumela yethu ikhombise ukuthi izinto eziyinhloko ngaphakathi kwe-mCIUS ezabikezela yonke imingcele emithathu yezempilo yengqondo (D, A, S) zihlobene nokunye kokukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokuqondile, ukunganakwa kwezibopho ukuze ubuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabikezela kakhulu ukucindezeleka kanye nengcindezi, okubonakala kukhombisa ukuba khona kokucindezeleka okukhulu noma ukukhubazeka okusebenzayo, okuphathelene nokuxilongwa kokucindezeleka (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013).

Ngokwengeziwe, kufana nesisho somtholampilo sokukhathazeka (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013), imizwa yokungakhululeki / ukukhungatheka / ukucasuka lapho ungakwazi ukufinyelela amawebhusayithi wezithombe zocansi kwabikezela kakhulu ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibikezelo esingeziwe sokukhathazeka, esihambisana nesici sokukhathazeka, kwakuwukushoda kokulala ngenxa yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini oluphathelene nokulala okunganele ngokwandisa ukukhathazeka (U-Silva et al., 2004; USagaspe et al., 2006; UBen Simon noWalker, 2019). Ngaphezu kwezinto ezihlobene nokuthatheka, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ukunciphisa imizwa engemihle, okufana nemibiko yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ukuzelapha ngemizamo yokuqeda izimpawu ezingezinhle (UBolton et al., 2009; UTorres noPapini, ngo-2016), futhi wabikezela izikolo zokucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufana nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kubonakala sengathi kukhona maqondana nokuthola kunzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho uku-inthanethi, okungaveza izinga lokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokuthembela (USmith neNcwadi, ngo-2008).

Zombili izinto ngaphakathi kwe-EmSS ebikezela izikolo zempilo yengqondo bezihlobene nesici sokucabanga. Ngokuqondile, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho ubikezela ukucindezeleka okunesizungu, ukukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisile ukuthi isizungu sihlotshaniswa nokwehla komzimba futhi kuhilela ukwehliswa kwengqondo okungaphakathi (U-Arnold et al., 2019), nayo ebonakala njengengxenye ebalulekile yezimo ezahlukahlukene zempilo yengqondo (ukubukeza bheka UKhalsa et al., 2018). Ukwengeza, ubudlelwano obubonwayo phakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho uzizwa unesizungu nokukhathazeka nokudangala kungahle kube nokulamula ngezinga elithile lokuzenyanya (UYpsilanti et al., 2020), okungaba nomthelela ekuvezeni isifiso sokuyeka ukubuka izithombe zocansi. Isici sokuzenyanya singase futhi sihlobane nobudlelwano bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okungekuhle (UStewart noSzymanski, 2012; I-al et al., I-2014; U-Tylka, i-2015), yona uqobo ehlobene nemiphumela engemihle yezempilo yengqondo (UGillen, 2015; UDuchesne et al., 2016).

Ngenkathi ukuqwashisa kokuxhumana okuhlangene kuhlotshaniswe kahle nokuvusa ucansi (Nobre et al., 2004; UBerenguer et al., 2019), Ubudlelwano phakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho uzizwa uvuswa ngocansi futhi unezimpawu ezingezinhle zempilo yengqondo, njengokukhathazeka nengcindezi, kubonakala sengathi kusho ukuthi, ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuvuswa kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nesici sokungenelela okungalawulwa kahle.

Izici ezisiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi

Njengoba kunikezwe imiphumela emibi ebikiwe ngaphambilini yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isifundo sethu saphinde safuna ukuphenya ngezinsizakusebenza ezingathi labo abasebenzisa / basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazisebenzise / bazisebenzisa futhi babona ukuzisiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Imiphumela yethu ibonakala iphakamisa ithonya lokholo, isimilo kanye nogqozi lomuntu siqu emizamweni yokwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinto ezinjengokuzikhuthaza, ukucabanga, inkolo kanye nengokomoya kunomthelela omuhle empilweni yengqondo (UYonker et al., 2012; IVitorino et al., 2018; UFountoulakis noGonda, 2019; U-O'Driscoll et al., 2019). Ngokwengeziwe, amazinga aphezulu enkolo akhonjisiwe ukuthi ahlotshaniswa nemvamisa ephansi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (UPoulsen et al., 2013; UPerry noHayward, 2017). Kodwa-ke, maqondana nesici somoya / senkolo, umsebenzi owedlule uphinde wakhombisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ngokweqiniso impilo yomoya / yezenkolo ukuze kugwenywe "ukudlula ngokomoya" (UWelwood, ngo-1984), Okungaba yingozi ekululameni (UCashwell et al., 2007, 2009). Ngakho-ke, njengoba kunikezwe lobu budlelwano obubonwe kanye nomthelela omubi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumingcele yezempilo yengqondo elinganiswe esifundweni sethu, kubonakala sengathi imizamo ebhekiswe ekusizeni abantu abathintekayo ezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili kufanele icabangele ukufaka okungenzeka kwempilo yokholo lwangempela kanye nesisekelo sokuziphatha, futhi njengemizamo yokuthuthukisa izici ezihambisana nokukhuthazeka okunempilo kunoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okunikezwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezifo zeCoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)

Ngenkathi lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ngaphambi komqedazwe we-COVID-19, kubalulekile futhi ukubheka ukubaluleka kokutholakele kwethu maqondana nokwanda okubikiwe kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi kuya maphakathi no-Ephreli 2020, kukhuphuke inani eliphakeme emhlabeni wonke wama-24.4% abikwa ngoMashi 25 (inani eliphakeme lase-US: 41.5%; inani eliphakeme laseYurophu: 18.0%) (I-Pornhub, i-2020), kanye nemizamo eyenziwe ukukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwezocansi okunciphisa ukuxhumana komuntu (UTurban et al., 2020). Lokhu kwanda, okungahle kube okuhlobene nengcindezi (isb. Ngenxa yokwehlukaniswa), kubuye kubaluleke kakhulu ekubambeni iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokubhekana ezingezinhle ezihambisana nezinkinga zokuqina / zokuqina ngokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene ne-inthanethi (UKiraly et al., 2020; UMestre-Bach et al., 2020). Ngokuphathelene ngqo nabafundi baseyunivesithi, umthelela ongaba khona we-lockdowns ohambisana nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 emiqondweni ephenyiwe futhi yaxoxwa ngayo esifundweni sethu ibaluleke kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngokubuka kokukhula kokubhekana nezifo ngenxa yengcindezi eyandisiwe kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezidingekayo, kepha futhi ngombono wesikhathi esandisiwe esichithwe kukhompyutha naku-inthanethi, okudingeka isidingo sokuqhubeka nezifundo.

Ukulinganiselwa

Njengazo zonke izifundo zabantu, uma kubhekwa ubunzima bokuziphatha komuntu kanye nokuhluka kwesampula sethu, kanye nokuthi isifundo sethu sithinte ababambiqhaza endaweni eyodwa, ukuqapha kuyadingeka maqondana nokujwayeleka kanye nemikhawulo ehlukahlukene edinga ukucatshangelwa kokubili ukuhunyushwa kwemiphumela, kanye nokuqondiswa kwezifundo ezizayo. Lokhu, nokho, kudinga ukuthi kuthathwe kumongo wokuvumelana okukhona phakathi kwemiphumela yethu nalezo ezibikwe ezifundweni zikazwelonke nezamazwe omhlaba. Njengazo zonke izinhlolovo ezisebenzisa ukuzibika ngokwakho, kukhona amathuba okukhumbula ukukhetha. Ngenkathi kwenziwa imizamo kokunye ukucubungula ukugxila kumaphoyinti athile esikhathi sakamuva kakhulu, amandla okukhumbula okhethwayo awakwazi ukuqedwa futhi kufanele futhi acatshangelwe ekuchazeni imiphumela. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini (UFisher noBarak, 2001; ISalmon neDayimane, 2012; Umbhishobhi, i-2015; UChet et al., 2018; ULung et al., 2018) Kubonakala kukhombisa umehluko othile kumthelela wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isb. iqiniso lokuthi akukho mehluko owenziwe ukuhlukanisa ubunjalo bezithombe zocansi ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngenkathi isifundo sethu siphenya imvamisa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zomuntu, asizange sikhulume noma sihlukanise phakathi kwesikhathi sesikhathi ngasinye (isb. 1 h kanye ngenyanga vs. 5 h kanye ngenyanga). Izici ezingeziwe ezingakhulunywa ngazo zifaka phakathi (1) umthwalo ongaba khona wezezimali ohlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, (2) indima engaba khona yezinga lokholo lomuntu lwamanje nokuziphatha okuthinta umbono womuntu ngezithombe zocansi, kanye (3) nemininingwane ephathelene ekuziphatheni okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokuphathelene nezinsizakusebenza ezingabikwa ukuthi zisizile ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, imiphumela yethu ibonakala igqamisa isidingo sokwehlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezinto ezithile ngaphakathi kwezinsizakusebenza ezibalulwe kulolu cwaningo (isb. Impilo yokholo: ukuya ezinkonzweni zenkolo, ukukhuphuka kokufunda ngokomoya , njll.). Uphenyo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda okungcono kweqhaza lezinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi nokholo, okungasiza ekukhuthazeni impilo enhle yengqondo, ngazo zombili izilinganiso nobungako (kufaka phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwezingxoxo ezinzulu). Ngokwengeziwe, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zibheke isidingo sokunikeza ithuba lokubhekana, ezingeni lomtholampilo, noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nemiphumela yezempilo yengqondo engaba khona ehambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Isiphetho

Isidingo sokuqonda umthelela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sibanzi ngenxa yamandla aso okuba nomthelela ezintweni ezahlukahlukene eziyisisekelo zomphakathi, kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ubudlelwano babantu nobuqotho babo (isb. Ukuthembeka, ukwaneliseka ebudlelwaneni), isimilo somuntu (isb. Ukuzihlukanisa, isizungu) , nenhlalakahle yengqondo (isb. ukucindezeleka kozakwethu) (isb. UCharny noParnass, ngo-1995; I-Bridges et al., I-2003; Maddox et al., 2011; UMinarcik et al., 2016).

Okukhathazayo amandla okuba khona kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuthonya imibhalo yezocansi ngokujwayela indlela yokuziphatha ebonwayo (UTsitsika et al., 2009), okungahle kube kuhlobene nokubekezelelana okwandayo noma ukwamukelwa kokuziphatha okwehlisayo / okunolaka / okunodlame okubandakanya, kepha kungagcini lapho, ukudlwengulwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (UGerger et al., 2007), phakathi kwamadoda womabili (UFoubert et al., 2011) kanye nabesifazane (UNorris et al., 2004).

Ekuphetheni, isifundo sethu siqokomisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemiphumela engemihle yezempilo yengqondo kubafundi baseyunivesithi / basekolishi, okuqagulwe ngokuziphatha okuphoqelelayo okukhombisa ukulutha kokuziphatha, okukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba nobudlelwano nezinqubo eziyisisekelo ze-neurobiological ezikhona ekuziphatheni okuluthayo (Kuhn noGallinat, 2014, 2015). Ngokwengeziwe, okutholakele kwethu kunikeza inkomba ethile yezinsizakusebenza ezinganikezwa ukucatshangelwa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nemiphumela emibi yezempilo yengqondo. Njengoba kunikezwe umehluko obonwayo phakathi kobulili, imizamo eqhubekayo iyadingeka ukuqonda kangcono imiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kobulili ngabunye, nokuqonda kangcono ukwelashwa okungahle kusebenze kocansi ngalunye.

Sikholelwa ukuthi izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zicubungule lokhu okutholakele, zifuna ukukhulisa ukugxila nokunikeza ukucaciseleka okwengeziwe ngomthelela wezithombe zocansi empilweni yengqondo nokufana kwazo nokuziphatha okuluthayo.

Isitatimende Sokutholakala Kwemininingwane

Amasethi edatha ayatholakala uma ucelwa. Imininingwane eluhlaza esekela iziphetho zale ndatshana izotholakala ngababhali, ngaphandle kokubhuka okungadingekile, kunoma yimuphi umcwaningi ofanelekayo.

Isitatimende Sokuziphatha

Izifundo ezibandakanya ababambiqhaza abangabantu zabukezwa futhi zamukelwa yiBhodi yaseFranciscan University yaseSteubenville Institutional Review Board. Iziguli / ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume yabo ebhaliwe yokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

I-SS yengamele isifundo. I-SS neCC banikele ekukhulelweni, ekwakhiweni kocwaningo, nasekuqhutshweni kocwaningo. I-SS, CC, ne-JP benze ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo. I-SS, i-CC, ne-JP babhale okusalungiswa kokuqala kombhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali banikele ekubuyekezweni kwemibhalo yesandla, bafunda futhi bavumela inguqulo efakiwe.

Izimali

Imali yalolu cwaningo inikezwe iSikole Sezabantu kanye Nesayensi Yezenhlalo kanye neMinyango Yezobuchwephesha, Impilo Yomfundi Nezindaba Zezemfundo, iFranciscan University yaseSteubenville.

Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

Izinto ezengeziwe

I-Supplementary Material yalesi sihloko ingatholakala ku-intanethi ku: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244/full#supplementary-material