Abantu abavela emphakathini abafuna ukwelashwa ezinhlakeni ezifana ne-Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) kanye nabenzi bobubi bezocansi bamatasa ngocansi, imicabango yocansi nokuziphatha. Izinga lokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kobulili okuphoqelekile (CSBD), noma kunjalo, kuthiwa liphansi kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abenze ucansi kunama-SA. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole umehluko phakathi kweSAs kanye nabenzi bokuya ocansini e-CSBD nasezinqubekweni ezingaba semgogodeni we-CSBD - izingxoxo eziyingozi mayelana nokuzibandakanya nabanye, ukuzwela, kanye nokufuna ukuzwa.
Lolu cwaningo belunabenzi bokuhlukumeza ngokocansi abangama-103, ama-SA SA angama-68, kanye nabenzi bokuhlukumeza abangama-81 abasebenza njengezilawuli ezineminyaka eyi-18-74, abaphothule izindlela zokuzibika mayelana ne-CSBD, ama-schemas angalunganga, ukufakwa kwesifiso, nokufuna ukuzwa.
Ama-SAs ayephezulu ku-CSBD, ama-schemas angalunganga, ukungafuneki, nokufuna umuzwa kunabahlukumeza ngokocansi. Abephula umthetho wezocansi babephakeme kwi-CSBD futhi bephoqeleka kunokuphula umthetho ngabenzi bokuhlukunyezwa. Kuwo wonke amaqembu, ama-schemas we-maladaptive axhumene ne-CSBD ephezulu.
Izinga eliphakeme le-CSBD phakathi kwamaSouths lingabalelwa ngokwengxenye ngokungafani kuma-schemas angenampilo. Sidingida lokho okushiwo yilolu cwaningo ekuqondeni kwe-CSBD, amacala obucansi, kanye nokwelashwa kwe-CSBD kanye nokona kocansi.
I-World Health Organisation (WHO), eluhlelweni lwe-11 lwe-International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11), ifake neCompulsive Sexual Behavier (CSB) njengesifo sokuphazamiseka (manje esibizwa nge-CSBD; isigaba sokwahlukaniswa kwe-6C72). I-CSBD ingukuphazamiseka kokulawula okungathandeki okubonakala kuphindaphindeka futhi kucatshangelwe kakhulu ngemicabango yocansi, ukunxenxa, nokuziphatha, okuholela ekucindezelekeni okubalulekile komtholampilo noma kokulimazeka ekusebenzeni kwezenhlalo nakwezemisebenzi neminye imiphumela emibi (ICD-11; IGola & Potenza, 2018; I-Kafka, i-2010; I-WHO, 2018). Lesi sifo singahle sibhekwe njengokuziphatha komlutha okungeyona eye-paraphilic (isb., Ukulutha kocansi okungeyona i-paraphilic; U-Efrati, uGerber, noTolmacz, 2019) ukuze abantu abagcina isiphithiphithi babe nokufana okuphawuleka ezicini ezinhlanu ezinkulu zobuntu (i-neuroticism, unembeza, ukweqisa, ukuvumelana, nokuvuleleka kokuhlangenwe nakho) kanye nokuxoshwa yilabo abayimilutha yezinto ezingasasebenzi ngokwengqondo (UZilberman, Yadid, Efrati, Neumark, noRassovsky, 2018). Izincazelo zokuluthwa umlutha wobulili okungahlangene (isib, Amakhadi, i-2000; I-Goodman, i-1998) kanye ne-CSBD (isb. I-Kafka, i-2010) futhi babe nokufana okuningi. Muva nje, ucwaningo nge-CSBD luveze ukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abavela emphakathini abafuna ukwelashwa ezinhlakeni ezifana ne-Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) bane-prevalance ephezulu ye-CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018) kanye nokuvinjelwa okuphansi kwamacala wezocansi (C. David, ukuxhumana komuntu siqu okuvela ezinsizakalweni zaseSA, 2017). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abenzi bokubi kwezocansi bane-prevalance ephansi ye-CSBD (UHanson, uHarris, uScott, noHelmus, ngo-2007; IKingston & Bradford, 2013). Lo mehluko uyamangaza ngoba zombili lezi zigameko zigxile kwezocansi, imibono yocansi, kanye nokuziphatha kocansi. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlose ukubheka kabanzi umehluko phakathi kwalaba bantu ababili (ngenkathi sibaqhathanisa nabaphula umthetho wobudlova) kumaqoqo we-CSBD nezinqubo ezingaba mnyeni we-CSBD - izingxoxo ezingekho emthethweni mayelana nokuzazisa nabanye, ukuzwela, nokuzwa ngifuna. Lokhu kuhlola bekungeke nje kuqondise ukuqondisisa okungcono kwalaba bantu ababili kepha kuzophakamisa nezindlela ezintsha zokungenelela kwekhambi okwenziwe ngalo.
Abantu abahlukumeza ngokocansi ngabantu ababekwe amacala ngokusemthethweni (isib. Umbukiso, ukunukubezwa kwezingane, noma ukudlwengulwa), benze isenzo esingaqedwa ngokuthweswa icala ngokusemthethweni, noma benze isenzo sokuhlukumeza ngokocansi bengavumelani nentando yesisulu (UGerardin noThobaut, 2004; UMiner et al., 2006; UThobaut, 2015).
Kunokucwaninga okumbalwa okuhlolisisa ukwanda kwe-CSB phakathi kwabenzi bobulili. Ekuqaleni, amaCarnes (1989) uphakamise ukuthi cishe u-50% wabenzi bokubi kwezocansi abazoveza izimpawu ze-hypersexual, yize enganikanga bufakazi obuqandayo obuxhasa lesi sibalo. Izifundo ezalandela, kodwa-ke, zisekele isimangalo sikaCarnes. Isibonelo, uKrueger, Kaplan, noFirst (2009) sithole ukuthi ama-33% amadoda aboshelwe amacala athinta ucansi nge-Intanethi ayene-CSBD (okwabizwa ngayo esifundweni, ekuziphatheni kwe-hypersexual). Blanchard (1990) esebenzisa izindlela zokuzibika zithole ukuthi ama-55% ezinsizatho zakhe zabenzi bobulili (n = 107) wahlangabezana nezindlela zokulutha ngokocansi, yize izindlela zakhe zazingacaci nokuthi ukuthembeka kokuxilongwa kwakhe akuzange kubikwe. UMarshall nozakwabo (UMarshall, uMarshall, uMoulden, noSerran, ngo-2008; UMarshall, O'Brien, noKingston, 2009) sihlole ukwanda kokuziphatha okubi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuzibika kumasampula abanecala abafakwe kwezocansi futhi baqhathanisa lezi zilinganiso nokulawulwa komphakathi okuhambisana nomnotho. Ukuziphatha kwe-Hypersexual kunqunywe kusetshenziswa umaki wokukhipha emtholampilo ngokwezinga elithile lokuthi “umlutha wezocansi” (Uvivinyo Lokuluthwa Ngocansi; Amakhadi, i-1989). Imiphumela ngokuvamile yayihambisana nedatha ebikwe nguKrueger et al. (2009, Izinqolobane (1989), neBlanchard (1990), yokuthi cishe ama-44% ezephula-mthetho ezazithathwa njengezingenabungozi, kanti ama-18% ezilawulo zomphakathi ezihlobene nenhlalo yezomnotho ahlangane nenqubomgomo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva besebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene nezinolwazi zakamuva zokuhlola i-CSBD bathole amanani aphansi kakhulu we-CSBD phakathi kwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi.
UKingston noBradford (2013), ngokwesibonelo, kutholakala phakathi kwabenzi bokubi abesilisa abadala abangama-586 abathi isilinganiso esivelile sokuzibandakanya kwabo bezokwenza ezocansi (UKinsey, uPomeroy, noMartin, ngo-1948) ibiphansi nokuthi yi-12% kuphela yabantu ehlangabezane nombandela wobungqingili (obuchazwa njenge-7 noma ama-orgasms amaningi ngeviki). UHanson et al. (2007) libike ukuthi ngamaphesenti ayi-11.3% kuphela amasampula abo abesilisa abahlukumeza ngokocansi abadala abaqondiswa ngumphakathi abahlangabezana nenqubomgomo yokuzibandakanya ocansini. Ocwaningweni olwenziwe ngesampula yabameleleli abesilisa abangama-244 abahlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngabantu abadala abahlukunyezwa yizingane.2012) kubikwe ukuthi cishe bangama-9% kuphela abahlangabezana nezindlela zokuxilonga zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, njengoba kuchazwe kumigomo ehlongozwayo ye-DSM-5. Ngakho-ke, yize abenzi bokubi kwezocansi bexakeke kakhulu ngocansi, bambalwa kuphela abathola ukuxilongwa kwemitholampilo kwe-CSBD.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu abavela emphakathini abafuna ukwelashwa ezinhlakeni ezinjenge-SA bane-prevalance ephezulu kakhulu ye-CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). Ngokukhethekile, i-Efrati neMikulincer (2018) ithole isilinganiso se-CSBD sika-87.7% phakathi kwamaSA (njengoba kuqhathaniswa nenani lama-4.3% emphakathini ojwayelekile), nakwisampula ehlukile, i-Efrati neGola (2018) kubonise isilinganiso se-CSBD sika-82.6%. Lawa malitha aqikelelwa kusetshenziswa isilinganiso senoveli yokuziphatha esetshenzisiwe yezocansi (I-CSB) yenoveli (Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018), ehlola amaqoqo amane aziwayo e-CSBD: (a) imiphumela engadingeki ngenxa yemicabango yezocansi - ukuthi imicabango yocansi izilimaza kanjani ngokubanga ukukhathazeka ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokomoya (Reid, Garos, & Fong, 2012) nokusondelana kwabanye njengamalungu omndeni (Reid, Umbazi, uDraper, noManning, ngo-2010), ozakwabo, nontanga (Reid, Garos, & Umbazi, 2011); (b) ukungazilawuli kokuziphatha - ukuzibandakanya njalo nemicabango yocansi ngaphandle kokulawulwa yimicabango nokuchayeka ezithombeni ezingcolile; (c) umuzwa omubi - umuzwa ongemuhle ohambisana nokuzizwa unecala kanye namahloni ngenxa yemicabango yocansi ephakamisa imizwa yokungafaneleki; futhi (d) kuthinta ukungahambi kahle komzimba - ukubalekela emibonweni yezocansi kanye nezithombe zocansi ngenxa yobuhlungu, ingcindezi nosizi. Yiziphi izinto ezingabangela umehluko phakathi kwabahlukumezi bezocansi nama-SA ku-CSBD? Kulolu cwaningo, siphakamisa ukuthi ama-maladaptive schemas mayelana nawe nabanye, ukungafisi, nokufuna ukuzwa kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni lo mehluko.
Abantu abane-CSBD bavame ukubika amasu ahlanekezelwe wokuqonda kanye nemizwa yokulawula imizwa (UKalichman et al., 1994; UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995; Reid et al., 2011). Isibonelo, uPaunovic noHallberg (2014) siphakamise ukuthi i-CSBD ingahle ixhumane neqoqo lezinkolelo ezingezinhle nezinhlanhlathisiwe mayelana nemicabango yocansi yomuntu, izifiso, nokuziphatha ngendlela yokuthi umuntu one-CSBD angaphetha ngokuthi "Angikwazi ukulawula indlela yami yokuziphatha kwezocansi" ngakhoke “nginguye umuntu omubi. ” Abantu abane-CSBD baziwa nangokuthi babambe ukuqonda okungahambi kahle ngokocansi maqondana nokukhulisa isidingo sabo sobulili, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwabo ngokulawula indlela yokuziphatha komuntu ocansini, kuyilapho behlisa nezinzuzo zocansi (IKraus, iRosenberg, neTompsett, 2015; IPachankis, Redina, Ventuneac, Grov, & Parsons, 2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abane-CSBD kungenzeka bakhombise amaphethini we-rumation nokuqina kwengqondo ngokuhluleka kwabo ukushintsha indlela yabo yokuziphatha kwezocansi, ngaleyo ndlela kugcizelelwa umuzwa wokwehluleka, ukuzonda nokuzimela komuntu (Reid, 2010; Reid, Temko, Moghaddam, & Fong, 2014).
Muva nje, iSzumskia, iBartels, iBeech, neFisher (2018) bonisa kumqondo wabo we-Multi-Mechanism The Cognitive distortions ukuthi ukuqonda okuhlanekezelwe kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile ku-etiology nasekugcinweni kokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokweqile. Ukuhlanekezelwa kwengqondo yizimo zokucabanga kanye / noma ukucabanga okuye kwaba yinto ebalulekile yokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi (UMaruna noMann, 2006; AmaYadi, 2013). Imicabango enjalo ehlanekezelwe ivela kuma-schemas ayisisekelo wokucwaninga acwaninga ukuthi kufanele kube ilitshe eliyinhloko lokwelashwa kwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi (I-Beech, iBartels, ne-Dixon, 2013; UMaruna noMann, 2006; AmaYadi, 2013). I-schema ingachazwa njengesakhiwo sokuqonda esifaka izinkolelo ezizinzile nokucatshangwa mayelana nomuntu, abanye kanye nomhlaba, futhi sisebenza njengomgomo wokuhlela obanzi oqondisa ukucubungula kwengqondo kwemicimbi yempilo yomuntu (I-Beck, i-1995; Omncane, uKlosko, noWeishaar, 2003). Isibonelo, ukwelashwa okuphathelene nokuqonda kuyindlela eyamukelwa eyamukelwa kakhulu nesekelwa ngokwamandla yokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili maqondana nokwehlisa i-recidivism (isib. UHanson et al., 2002; ULösel noSchmucker, 2005), njengoba ihlose ekushintsheni kwamaphethini wokuziphatha, okokuqonda, kanye nokuphendula okuhlobene okuphathelene nokona kocansi. Njengoba kushiwo, ukuphumelela kokwelashwa okunjalo kuncike kakhulu emandleni okwenza ukwelashwa kuhambisane nokuqonda okuqondile komuntu ngamunye (isib. AmaYadi, 2013).
I-Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) yisilinganiso se-Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) esenzelwe ukuqonda nokwelashwa kokubekezelela izinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Ekuqaleni, i-YSQ yathuthukiswa nguYoung (1990) kwe-Schema Therapy, okuwukuvumelanisa kwe-CBT nokuqonda okuvela kumcabango wokunamathiselwe, izindlela zokutholwa, kanye nemiqondo yezidingo ezibalulekile ezingokomzwelo (Intsha, i-1990). Imodeli ehambisana nale ndlela iphakamisa ukuthi ama-maladaptive schemas angahlukaniswa abe izizinda ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile: (a) isizinda sokunqamula / ukwenqaba (abantu abanezinhlelo kulesi sizinda abakwazi ukwakha izibopho ezivikelekile nezenelisayo kwabanye); (b) ukuzimela / ukusebenza kwesizinda okungasebenzi kahle (izikimu ezivela kulesi sizinda ziveza abantu abanezinkinga ezihlobene nokuzimela nokuzimela); (c) isizinda semikhawulo esingesihle (abantu abanezinhlelo ezikulesi sizinda baletha ubunzima obuhlobene nokuziphendulela kwabanye nokuzikhuza); (d) esinye isizinda sokuqondisa (izikimu ezivela kulesi sizinda ziveza abantu ngokuqhubekayo abafuna ukuvunyelwa abanye); futhi (e) phezu kwesizinda sokuqapha / sokuvimbela (abantu abanezinhlelo ezivela kulesi sizinda bacindezela imizwa nemicabango, ukuhlala beqaphile futhi beqaphile). Ucwaningo olusha lwakamuva nolukhulu bezici zokuhlaziya luziqinisekisile lezi zizinda kusampula enkulu exubile (yomtholampilo nengeyona eyomtholampilo)IBach, Lockwood, & Young, 2018). Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo selutholile ukuthi ama-schemas we-maladaptive avela kule modeli atholakele ahlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka ngokobulili kwabesilisa besikole sasekolishi abanolaka (ISigre-Leirós, iCarvalho, neNobre, 2013) kanye nabanecala lokweqa amacala ocansiI-Chakhssi, i-Ruiter, ne-Bernstein, ngo-2013). Yize lezi zingxoxo ezingahambi kahle ngokocansi ezihlobene nokuya ocansini zingakaze zihlolwe kubantu abangenacala, sigcina ukuthi zingasebenza kakhulu ocwaningweni lwe-CSBD nokuthi abantu abane-CSBD ephakeme kakhulu bazokhombisa ama-schemas ahlobene nokuziphatha okuhlobene kakhulu nokuya ocansini. Ngaphandle kwama-schemas angahle abangele umehluko phakathi kwabaphuluki bocansi nama-SAs, esinye isakhi esingahle sivezelwe ukufunwa okungatheni.
Ukuphoqeleka kuchazwa njengokwehluleka ukumelana nokushayela noma ukuphoqelelwa ngaphandle kokubheka imiphumela engaba mibi (UMoeller, uBarratt, uDougherty, uSchmitz, noSwann, ngo-2001). Okwahlukile, ukufuna umuzwa kungukufuna okuhlukahlukene, inoveli, okuyinkimbinkimbi, nokuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu nemizwa, nokulungela ukuthatha izingozi zomzimba, zenhlalo, zezomthetho nezezimali ngenxa yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo. Ucwaningo luveze imijikelezo efanayo ye-neural ehambelana nokuthambekela kokufuna ukugqugquzeleka nokwenza ngokungenacala (IHolmes, iHollinshead, iRoffman, iSmoller, neBuckner, ngo-2016).
USchiffer noVonlaufen (2011) ithole ukuthi abephula umthetho wezocansi (izingane eziyizidlakudla zezingane) babonakala bephoqeka kakhulu esivivinyweni sakwaGo / No-go (ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha) hhayi nje ngokuqhathaniswa nezilawuli ezinempilo, kodwa futhi nangokuqhathanisa nabenzi bobubi bobugebengu obungenzi ubulili. Ngokuphambene, uRyan, Huss, noScalora (2017) uthole umehluko phakathi kwabahlukumezi besilisa abangama-417 (amacala angama-293 wezocansi) kuzo zonke izindlela zokuxoshwa okuvamile nokufuna ukuzwa okwakungenakubalwa. Ukufunwa kanye / noma ukufuna ukuzwa kwakuxhunyaniswa njalo nge-CSBD phakathi komphakathi ojwayelekile. Ngokukhethekile, izifundo eziningana zithole ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CSBD ne-self-Report noma izinyathelo ezihlobene nomsebenzi zokuphoqelela (I-Antons & Brand, 2018; Umvukuzi, uRaymond, uMueller, uLloyd, noLim, ngo-2009; Reid et al., 2011; IVoon et al., 2014), nezinye izifundo (UWalton, uCantor, uBhullar, noLykins, 2017, 2018) ithole ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu abane-CSBD banezimpawu zokuphoxeka ngaphezulu kobubanzi bokuphoqelela okujwayelekile. Ngoba ukushesha nokufuna umuzwa kwakuxhunyaniswa kakhulu ne-CSBD futhi kuncishiswa necala locansi (okuthi umphumela ongelutho ku URyan et al., 2017), sikholwa ukuthi abakwa-SA bazoba nezinga eliphakeme lokuxoshwa kanye nokuzwa bafuna ukwedlula abahlukumezi kwezocansi.
Kulolu cwaningo, sihlose ukuhlola ngokujulile umehluko phakathi kwabahlukumezi bezocansi nama-SA ekusakazeni kwe-CSBD, ama-maladaptive schemas, umfutho, nokufuna ukuzwa, nokuthi ngabe ama-maladaptive schemas, impulsivity, kanye nemizwa yokufuna imizwa ixhumene ngempela ne-CSBD ephakeme. Ukuze senze kanjalo, sithathe amasampula abenzi bezocansi be-103 nama-SA SA angama-69 futhi salawula izinyathelo zokuzibika ze-CSBD, amasu okuqala ahlobene nezocansi, ukungafisi, nokufuna imizwa. Ukuqhathanisa amanani alawa akhiwa hhayi kuphela phakathi kwala maqembu womabili, kepha neqembu elilawulayo, sithathe isampula iqembu labaphula umthetho abangama-81. Ukuqhathaniswa kweqembu elilawulayo (futhi ikakhulukazi kubenzi bobudlova) kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana: okokuqala, ukuhlola umehluko ku-CSBD, ukuthambekela okuhlobene nocansi (okungukuthi, ama-schemas ahlobene nokuya ocansini okuqala kabi) kanye nokwakhiwa okuhlobene (ukungabi namandla nokuzwa ukufuna), kubalulekile ukwazi izinga lalezi zakhiwo phakathi kweqembu lokulawula elingahlangene nocansi. Okwesibili, isikhundla se-generalist ezincwadini zobugebengu (UGottfredson noHirschi, ngo-1990; ILussier, iLeclerc, iCale, neProulx, 2007) iphethe ukuthi kukhona ukufana okuqinile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukile zabenzi bokubi (njengabenzi bezocansi kanye nabenzi bobulili obuhlukile), okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kungabikho zimpawu ezithile zalabo abenze ucansi (ngokuhlukile kokuqagela kwethu nakwabanye abahambisi benkolo abaphakamisa ukuthi ucansi abenzi bokubi “bangongoti” futhi bahluke kakhulu kunabenzi bokubi abangabobulili; UHarris, uMaserolle, noKnight, ngo-2009; USimon, ngo-1997). Isibonelo, ngokweseka isikhundla somuntu ojwayelekile, ukubukezwa kweminyaka eyi-10 yezincwadi ukusukela ngo-1995 kuye ku-2005 kuthola umehluko omncane phakathi kwabenzi bobulili nabenzi bobulili obuhlukile ezinhlobonhlobo eziguqukayo kubandakanya nokuchayeka ebudloveni basekhaya, i-psychopathology, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa , ubudlelwano nabazali, kanye / noma izinkinga nobudlelwano bontanga (van Wijk et al., 2006). Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlole umehluko phakathi kwabenzi bokubi nabobulili obuhlukile ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ukuphikisana kwethu kuhlobene ngqo nabephula umthetho wezocansi hhayi kubahlukumezayo bebonke.
Kulolu cwaningo, sihlolisise le mibono emine elandelayo: (a) Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini ngokusabalala kwe-CSBD, sibikezela ukuthi ukwanda kwe-CSBD kuzophakama kakhulu nangokuzwakalayo phakathi kwe-SA kunabenzi bobulili nodlame; amanani we-CSBD aqagelwa ukuthi aphezulu kulabo abahlukumeza ngokocansi kunabenzi bobudlova. (b) Izikimu ezingafaneleki kahle zizoqhakanjiswa kakhulu kuma-SA kunabenzi bobulili nodlame; izikimu ezihlobene nezocansi kulindeleke ukuthi zivele kakhulu kubantu abahlukumeza ngokocansi kunabenzi bokuhlukumeza. (c) Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukufuna umfutho nokufuna ukuzwa kungaba phezulu kumaSA kunakwabenzi bobulili nodlame; akukho mehluko ekufuneni ukungafisi nokuzwela okulindelekile phakathi kwabenzi bobulili nodlame. (d) Izikimu ezihlobene nezocansi, ukungafisi, nokufuna ukuzwa zizohlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu we-CSBD, okukhombisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zingqinamba ekuqondeni i-CSBD, ngaphandle kokubheka iqembu.
Eqenjini elephula umthetho wokuya ocansini, kufike iziboshwa eziyi-106 emihlanganweni yamaqembu ukuze zibambe iqhaza ocwaningweni olukhona, kanti ezingama-103 zaphendula kahle (97% rate rate). Eqenjini elenza nodlame, kuye kwahanjelwa iziboshwa eziyi-119, kuzo ezingama-81 zabuya nezivivinyo eziphelele (ama-68% ezinga lokuphendula). Eqenjini laseNingizimu Afrika, bonke ababambiqhaza basondela ku-protocol abuyiselwe ngokuphelele (ababambiqhaza abangama-68; izinga lokuphendula le-100%). Imininingwane yababambiqhaza (iminyaka, inani lezingane, neminyaka yemfundo) ivela kuThebula 1.
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Ithebula 1. Kusho, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (SDs), izibalo ezingekho emthethweni, nosayizi we-canonical umphumela wokuhlola umehluko ezilinganisweni zangemuva phakathi kwamaqembu wokufunda
| Abahlukumezi ngokocansi | SA | Izihlukumezi ezinobudlova | F(2, 250) | η2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Ubudala | 43.57a | 16.59 | 32.26b | 14.98 | 35.67b | 9.98 | I-11.08 *** | 0.11 |
| Inani lezingane | 2.48a | 2.45 | 2.22 | 2.55 | 1.54b | 1.66 | 3.94 * | 0.03 |
| Iminyaka yemfundo | 11.78b | 2.47 | 13.58a | 4.04 | 10.76b | 3.06 | I-8.11 ** | 0.10 |
Inothi. Kusho izindlela ezinamagama amakhulu ahlukahlukene zihluke kakhulu ku p <.05 (isb., Okushiwo ngohlamvu oluphezulu u "a" kuhlukile ku- p <.05 ivela kulabo abanehlamvu ephezulu (“b”). SA: Amalungu eSexaholic Anonymous.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Amaphepha emibuzo aphrintiwe amakhophi aqinile aphathwa ngabaphenyi. Imibuzo yagunyazwa yikomidi lesimilo sezinhlangano (amakomidi okucwaninga ngezemfundo kanye ne-Israel Prison Service). Okulandelayo, imibuzo yenziwa ezingxenyeni ezintathu zokwelashwa kwabenzi bobulili ezindaweni ezihlukile kwa-Israyeli. Ngenkathi abaphenyi befika ezikhungweni zokwelashwa, kwaba nomhlangano omkhulu lapho izethulo zocwaningo kanye nokugunyazwa kwamakomidi abacwaningi kwethulwa, kanye nethuba lokubuza imibuzo, kanye nemigomo yokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni, okuwukungaziwa kanye nelungelo lokuqeda ukubamba iqhaza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Ucwaningo lwethulwe njengocwaningo ngokuziphatha kobulili. Ngokufanayo, nemibuzo yabuye yanikezwa iziboshwa ezinobudlova ezingxenyeni ezine zokwelashwa ezahlukene ze-Israel Prison Service, zilandela inqubo efanayo neyeyunithi yokwephula umthetho ngokobulili.
I-CSB yahlolwa kusetshenziswa inguqulo yesiHeberu ye-I-CSB (Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). I-CSB yakhelwe ukuhlola izici ezihlukile ze-CSB, njengemicabango yocansi, imicabango engalawuleki yezocansi, nokuchitha isikhathi esiningi ubuka izithombe zocansi. I-CSB wumbuzo wemibuzo wokuzibika onezinto ezingama-24 ezilinganisa lezi zinto ezilandelayo: imiphumela engadingeki (isb., “Nginomuzwa wokuthi imicabango yami yezocansi iyabalimaza labo abaseduze kwami”), ukungakwazi ukulawula (isb., “Ngichitha isikhathi esiningi nge imicabango yami yezocansi ”), imithelela engemihle (isb.,“ Ngizizwa ngiphatheke kabi uma ngikwazi ukulawula izifiso zami zocansi ”), futhi ngithinta nomthethonqubo (isb. ). Kusetshenziswa isikali se-Likert samaphoyinti ayi-7, ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi balinganise izinga isitatimende ngasinye esichaza ngalo imizwa yabo [kusuka ku-1 (lutho nezekuya ku-7 (kakhulu)]. Uhlu lwemibuzo lusetshenziswe ngempumelelo ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini lwabantu abangenayo imitholampilo kanye nakubantu basemtholampilo abaguli bezinhlelo zohlelo lweSA Twelve-Step (Efrati & Gola, 2018, 2019; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). I-Cronbach's αs bekuyi-.93 ngemiphumela engafuneki, .94 yokuntuleka kokulawula, .88 yokuthinta okungalungile, kanye .91 ngokuthinta umthethonqubo. Siphinde sabala inani eliphelele le-CSB ngokulinganisa izinto ezingama-24 ze-I-CSB (iCronbach's α = .97).
I-YSQ-S3 iyisilinganiselo se-90-nto yokuzikala ehlola ama-EMS ayi-18. Ukuhunyushwa kwesiHeberu kwenziwa ngemvume kaWoung, Sobel, Faust, Derby, noRafaeli (2010). Izikimu zihlelwe zaba izizinda ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile: (a) ukunqanyulwa kanye nokwaliwa (kufaka phakathi ukulahlwa / ukungazinzi, ukungathembani / ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuncishwa ngokomzwelo, ukukhubazeka / amahloni, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzihlukanisa / zokuhlukanisa abantu), (b) ukuzimela nokusebenza kahle (kufaka phakathi ukuthembela / ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle, ukuba sengozini yokulimala- noma ukugula, ukuzilimaza / ukungazithuthukisi, nezinhlelo zokwehluleka), (c) imikhawulo engasebenzi kahle (kufaka phakathi ilungelo / ubukhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokungazithibi / zokuzikhuza), (d) okunye ukuqondisa (kufaka phakathi ukuzithoba, ukuzidela, kanye nokufuna ukuvunywa kwezinhlelo zokufuna / ukuqashelwa), kanye (e) nokuqapha kanye nokuvimbela (kufaka phakathi ukunganaki / ukuphelelwa ithemba, ukuvimbela imizwa, izindinganiso ezingapheli / ukucubungula, kanye nezinhlelo zokujezisa). Amanani we-ron we-Cronbach we-subscales avela ku-.73 kuya ku-.88.
UZuckerman (1979) I-Selling Asking Questionnaire yakhiwa ukukala izinga lesidingo sokufuna umuzwa kanye ne-adventure, isidingo semizwa entsha kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, umkhawulo wokuxineka, ukuzimisela ukuthatha izingozi, kanye nokuthambekela ekuziphatheni okungavinjelwe. Kule nguqulo enezinto ezingama-40, ababambiqhaza bacelwa ukuthi babeke uphawu lapho bevumelana khona nento leyo esikalini elibonisa amaphuzu angu-7 [kusuka ku-1 (XNUMX)ungavumi nhlobokuya ku-7 (vuma ngokuphelele)]. Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise izinto eziyi-19, ezihlanganisa isikali esilinganisa ukushesha nokufuna ukuzwa. Isilinganiso sezinto zonke ezilinganisweni ngalinye yisibalo somhlanganyeli, enezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibonisa amanani aphezulu wokuphoqelelwa nokufuna ukuzwa. Kulolu cwaningo, i-Cronbach's α yayiyi-.80 yesilinganiso sokungabi namandla futhi i-.82 yezinga lokufuna umuzwa.
Inqubo yokufunda nezinto zokwenziwa (amaphepha emibuzo kanye nefomu lemvume elinolwazi) zithunyelwe kwiBeit-Berl's Institution Review Board (IRB) kanye nekomidi lokucwaninga le-Israel Prison Service (inombolo yesinqumo: 47683817), obevuma ukuthi lolu cwaningo luvumelane nalokhu. Iziboshwa zisayine izivumelwano zokubamba iqhaza kwe-Israel Prison Service njengengxenye yezidingo zekomiti lokuziphatha kanye nefomu lokuvuma elinemininingwane. Esimweni seqembu leSA, amaphepha emibuzo aphathwa ngokulandelana, futhi umcwaningi ngokufanayo wakugcizelela ukungaziwa kwenqubo nenkululeko yokuyeka ukubamba iqhaza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ukuhlola umehluko ngeminyaka, inani labantwana, kanye neminyaka yemfundo phakathi kwamaqembu wokufunda, senze uchungechunge lokuhlaziywa kwendlela eyodwa nokuhluka kweqembu (iziboshwa zokwephula umthetho weziboshwa, amalungu e-SA, iziboshwa zodlame olwehlukile) njengezimele ezihlukile. Izindlela, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, izibalo, nosayizi womphumela wethulwa kuThebula 1. Ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwe-post-hoc kwaguqulwa ngokulungiswa kweSidak.
Ukuhlaziya kubonise umehluko omkhulu kuzo zonke izindlela. Ngokukhethekile, abephula umthetho wobulili babemdala kunabaqashi beSA kanye nabahlukumezi bezobudlova, futhi banezingane eziningi kunabephula umthetho wobudlova (kodwa hhayi ama-SA). Ama-SA afundiswa kakhulu kunabenzi bokuya ocansini nabodlame.
Okulandelayo, sihlole umehluko wesimo somndeni phakathi kwamaqembu wokufunda ngokusebenzisa i-χ2 isivivinyo sokuzimela kwezinyathelo ngokuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher ukulinganisa ukubaluleka. Sithole ukuthi ukwanda kwesehlukaniso bekuphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabephula umthetho wezocansi (37.4%) kunama-SA (4.5%) noma abenzi bokuhlukunyezwa (11.1%), χ2(4) = 31.91, p <.001.
Ukuhlola umehluko kumaqoqo e-CSB (imiphumela ehlobene nokuya ocansini, imiphumela emibi, ukungalawulwa, kanye nokuthinta ukwahlukanisa), senze ukucubungula okuningi kokuhluka (i-MANOVA) neqembu (iziboshwa zocansi iziboshwa, amalungu e-SA, izephula-mthetho ezingene ejele) njenge ukwahluka okuzimeleyo, kulandelwa ukuhlaziya okubandlululayo (okwaziwa nangokuthi yi-canonical regression) ukuhlola amandla okulingana okukhona phakathi kwamaqembu. Izindlela, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, izibalo ezingekho emthethweni, nosayizi we-canonical umphumela wethuliwe kuThebula 2. Ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwe-post-hoc kwaguqulwa ngokulungiswa kweSidak.
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Ithebula 2. Kusho, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (SDs), izibalo ezingekho emthethweni, nosayizi we-canonical umphumela wokuhlola umehluko ekuziphatheni okubi kobulili okukhona phakathi kwamaqembu ocwaningo
| Abahlukumezi ngokocansi | SA | Izihlukumezi ezinobudlova | F(2, 250) | β | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Imiphumela engafuneki | 2.19a | 1.20 | 5.18b | 1.34 | 1.63c | 0.98 | I-195.11 *** | 0.89 |
| Ukuthinteka okungalungile | 3.06a | 2.00 | 5.88b | 1.27 | 2.41c | 1.60 | I-86.67 *** | 0.59 |
| Ukuhluleka ukulawula | 2.08a | 0.99 | 4.75b | 1.66 | 1.80a | 0.98 | I-135.79 *** | 0.74 |
| Thinta ukwahlukanisa | 2.03a | 1.17 | 4.99b | 1.59 | 1.53c | 0.68 | I-185.41 *** | 0.86 |
Inothi. Kusho izindlela ezinamagama amakhulu ahlukahlukene zihluke kakhulu ku p <.05 (isb., Okushiwo ngohlamvu oluphezulu u "a" kuhlukile ku- p <.05 ivela kulabo abanehlamvu ephezulu (“b”). SA: Amalungu eSexaholic Anonymous.
***p <.001.
Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi iqembu lokufunda lihluke kakhulu ku-multivariate factor ye-CSB, kaPillai t = 0.68, F(8, 496) = 31.65, p <.0001. Ngokuqondile, ukuhlaziywa kuveze ukuthi amalungu e-SA anezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ezinenjongo eziphakeme ze-CSB kunezocansi kanye / noma izephulamthetho ezinolaka. Abenzi bobulili babenemiphumela engadingekile ephathelene nokuya ocansini, imiphumela emibi, futhi ethinta nokuhlukunyezwa kunabenzi bobudlova. Ubulili kanye nabenzi bokuhlukumeza abangahlukile ekunqobeni ukulawula okuphathelene nocansi. Sekukonke, umehluko omkhulu kunayo yonke uvele emiphumeleni engafuneki ephathelene nocansi futhi ithinta ukucwaswa.
Ukuhlola ukuqina kwemiphumela, silandele ukuhlaziya ngokuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate ye-covariance (MANCOVA) lapho nathi esilawule khona ngegalelo lobudala, inani lezingane, iminyaka yemfundo kanye nesimo somndeni. Kutholwe imiphumela efanayo.
Ngokulandelayo, saqhuba χ2 ihlaziya ukuzimela kwezinyathelo (ngokuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher ukulinganisa ukubaluleka) ukuhlola umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu wokutadisha ekwandeni kwe-CSB yemitholampilo. Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi ngenkathi ama-81.2% ama-SAs enama-CSB emitholampilo, ama-5.8% kuphela ezephula-mthetho kanye ne-2.5% yabenzi bokuhlukumeza ababene-CSB yomtholampilo, χ2(2) = 156.95, pngokuqondile <.0001.
Ukuhlola umehluko kuma-EMSs (ukunqamula kanye nokwenqatshwa, ukuzilawula okungenampilo kanye nokusebenza, imikhawulo engasebenzi kahle, ukuqondiswa okunye, ukunqwabelana, kanye nokuvinjwa), ukufuna umuzwa, kanye nokuphoqelela, senze iMANOVA neqembu (iziboshwa zokwephula umthetho weziboshwa, amalungu e-SA, nodlame iziboshwa ezephula umthetho) njengezimele ezihlukile, ezilandelwa ukuhlaziya okubandlululayo ukuze kuhlolwe amandla okulingana okukhona phakathi kwamaqembu. Izindlela, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, izibalo ezingekho emthethweni, nosayizi we-canonical umphumela wethuliwe kuThebula 3. Ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwe-post-hoc kwaguqulwa ngokulungiswa kweSidak.
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Ithebula 3. Kusho, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (SDs), izibalo ezingekho emthethweni, nosayizi we-canonical umphumela wokuhlola umehluko kuma-schemas okuqala angalungile, ukufuna umuzwa, kanye nokungahambi kahle phakathi kwamaqembu wokufunda
| Abahlukumezi ngokocansi | SA | Izihlukumezi ezinobudlova | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F(2, 250) | β | |
| Ukuxhumeka kanye nokwenqatshwa | 2.44a | 1.01 | 3.59b | 1.22 | 2.04a | 0.78 | I-36.09 *** | 0.57 |
| Ukuzilawula okungalungile | 1.97a | 0.87 | 2.98b | 1.18 | 1.81a | 0.69 | I-27.35 *** | 0.49 |
| Imikhawulo engafanele | 2.61a | 0.87 | 4.14b | 1.02 | 2.47a | 0.95 | I-56.76 *** | 0.71 |
| Ukuqondisa-okunye | 2.84a | 0.87 | 3.91b | 0.93 | 2.61a | 0.95 | I-33.40 *** | 0.55 |
| Ukweqisa kanye nokuvinjwa | 2.94a | 0.86 | 3.78b | 1.02 | 2.84a | 1.02 | I-16.82 *** | 0.39 |
| Ukufuna | 4.74a | 3.42 | 6.07b | 3.72 | 4.18a | 2.93 | 4.76 * | 0.20 |
| Ukungaziphathi kahle | 1.80a | 1.82 | 3.82b | 2.11 | 1.07c | 1.18 | I-38.17 *** | 0.58 |
Inothi. Kusho izindlela ezinamagama amakhulu ahlukahlukene zihluke kakhulu ku p <.05 [isb., Okushiwo ngohlamvu oluphezulu u “a” kuhlukile ku- p <.05 ivela kulabo abanezinhlamvu ezisematheni “b” kanye / noma “c”]. SA: Amalungu eSexaholic Anonymous.
*p <.05. ***p <.001.
Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi amalungu e-SA abenamazinga aphezulu kakhulu anenjongo kuma-EMSs (ukunqamula kanye nokwenqatshwa, ukuzimela okungekuhle kanye nokusebenza, imikhawulo engafanele, ukuqondiswa okunye, ukunqwabelana, kanye nokuvinjwa) kunabephula umthetho wobulili nobudlova kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokuzwa futhi ukungazweli. Abahlukumeza ngokocansi babephakeme kakhulu ekuziphatheni kunabephula umthetho wobudlova. Eminye umehluko ibingabalulekile. Ukuhlola ukuqina kwemiphumela, silandele ukuhlaziya ngeMANCOVA lapho nathi esilawule khona ngomthelela weminyaka, inani lezingane, iminyaka yemfundo, kanye nesimo somndeni. Kutholwe imiphumela efanayo.
Ukuphinda sicabange ukuthi ama-EMS, ukufuna umuzwa, kanye nokuphoqelela kuhlobene ne-CSB, futhi ahlole ukuthi izinhlangano eziphakathi kwalaba bantu ziyahluka kanjani phakathi kwamaqembu wokufunda (iziboshwa zokwephula umthetho weziboshwa, amalungu e-SA, kanye neziboshwa zodlame olwenziwe ngobuningi). kusetshenziswa iMPlus (UMuthén noMuthén, 1998–2010). Ngenxa yokuxhumana okuphezulu phakathi kwama-EMS (rs> .75) naphakathi kokufuna ukuzwa nokungafisi (r = .53), sisebenzise izinto ezintathu ezifihliwe: eyodwa lapho kwakhiwa khona izakhiwo ezine ze-CSB, eyodwa lapho kwakulayishwa khona ama-EMSs amahlanu, neyodwa lapho ukulayishwa kwemizwa nokuxhonywa kulayishwe khona. Okulandelayo, silinganisele amamodeli amabili. Kowokuqala, izindlela eziphakathi kwama-EMS, ukufuna ukuzwa, nokungafisi ne-CSB zalinganiselwa ngokukhululekile eqenjini ngalinye, kanti eyesibili lapho izindlela ezifanayo zeqembu ngalinye zazicindezelwe ukuthi zilingane. Okubalulekile χ2 Ukuhlola umehluko ofanelekile walezi zinhlobo ezimbili kungakhombisa izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zeqembu ngalinye lesifundo. Lezi zinhlobo zingasivumela ukuthi siqinisekise ubudlelwane obusezingeni eliphakeme phakathi kwe-schemas ehlobene nocansi ne-CSBD, engazange ihlolwe kuze kube manje phakathi kwabangewona abephula umthetho, futhi ihlole ukuthi umuzwa wokufuna nokuxakwa uhlobene yini ne-CSBD enkulu.
Imodeli ecatshangelwe ngokukhululekile yayinele eyanele, inkomba yokufanisa efanelekile = 0.95, inkomba ye-Tucker-Lewis = 0.94, iphutha lesikwele lokusondela = 0.05 (Umdwebo 1). Imodeli iveze ukuthi maqondana neqembu ngalinye locwaningo, lapho izibhebhethekiso zingahambi kahle, i-CSB (β = 0.43 ngabenzi bezocansi β = 0.49 kwabaphula umthetho wobuzwe, kanye no-0.45. = XNUMX kulabo abenze udlame. ps <.001). Akukho mehluko obalulekile otholakele phakathi kwamaqembu, Δχ2(2) = 0.5, p = .78. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isici sokufuna ukuzwa nokungafisi kwakungahlotshaniswa ne-CSB kunoma yimaphi amaqembu (β = 0.01 kwabenzi bobulili, β = 0.11 yamaSA, kanye β = -0.23 yabaphula umthetho ngodlame, bonke ps > .42). Sekukonke, imodeli ichaze i-18.5% yokwehluka kwe-CSB phakathi kwabenzi bobulili, i-30.6% kuma-SA, kanye ne-20.0% phakathi kwabaphula umthetho.
Umfanekiso we-1. Izixhumanisi phakathi kweschemas maladaptive schemas (EMSs), ukufuna umuzwa, nokuxoshwa kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo (CSB) phakathi kwabenzi bobulili (Panel a), SAs (Panel b), kanye nabenzi bokubi abanolaka (Panel c). Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kungakhathalekile ukuthi kuneqembu elingakanani, lapho zisebenza kabi kakhulu kuma-schemas okuqala, kukhuphuka indlela yokuziphatha ocansini ephoqelekile
Kulolu cwaningo, sihlose ukuphenya ngokujulile umehluko phakathi kwabahlukumezayo ngokobulili nama-SAs e-CSBD nezinqubo ezingase zibe semnyangweni we-CSBD - ama-schemas angalunganga, ukungafuneki, nokufuna ukuzwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa okutholakele okunemiphumela eqondile yomtholampilo yokuhlolwa nokwelashwa kwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi. Okokuqala, i-CSB phakathi kwabenzi bokuya ocansini, noma bekhona ngokusobala, izovela ithinta kuphela abambalwa, abahlangene, ababalulekile. Umphumela onjalo ufana nowezifundo zangaphambilini (UBriken, 2012; UHanson et al., 2007; IKingston & Bradford, 2013); yize kusampula yamanje, ukwanda kuzobonakala kungaphansi kakhulu kunokuqagelwa kwangaphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani entengo ye-CSBD phakathi kwabahlukumezi bezemacansini ayefana nalawo abephula umthetho wobudlova okhombisa ukuthi abephula umthetho wobulili abahambisi amanani aphezulu e-CSBD kunalawo alawulayo. Ngenkathi kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-I-CSB yokusungula kunikeze amandla ukuqonda okujulile kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene ze-CSB phakathi kwamaSA, abenzi bokuya ocansini kanye nabenzi bokuhlukumeza. Ngokukhethekile, iqembu elephula umthetho wobulili lakhombisa ubunzima obukhulu ekubhekaneni nemiphumela engafuneki yokuziphatha kwabo, ukuthinta okungekuhle, futhi kuthinta ukungahambi kahle kunabephula umthetho wobudlova (yize wonke lamazinga elincane). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iqembu elephula umthetho wobulili lalakhethwa emikhakheni emithathu yokwelashwa ngakho-ke mhlawumbe ukuzizwa unecala nehlazo ngezindlela zokuziphatha zocansi kungalindeleka. Kodwa-ke, enye yezimpawu zokuhola zobulili ezihola phambili (imodeli yokuzilawula ye Ward, Hudson, & Keenan, 1998) ibeka ukuthinteka okungekuhle, kuthinte ukungahambi kahle, nehlazo lokwephula umthetho esikhungweni senqubo yecala lokuya ocansini kwemizila emibili ehlukene, futhi okutholakele njengamanje kungasekela ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwalolo hlobo ekuchazeni nasekusebenzeni nabenzi bokubi kwezocansi. .
Lokhu kushiwo, ukwanda kwe-CSBD phakathi kwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi akunakudalulwa njengokwakwaSAs. Isizathu esisodwa salokhu umehluko ngamanani aphakeme kakhulu ezinqubo ezenziwa yi-CSBD - ama-schemas angalunganga, ukushesha nokufuna umuzwa - phakathi kwama-SA kunabahlukumezayo ngokocansi. Ukusekela le ngxabano ubudlelwane obucacile phakathi kwe-EMSs ne-CSB kuwo wonke amaqembu amathathu. Ubudlelwano obunjalo sebusungulwe bamaqembu angewona awemitholampilo (isib. Roemmele & Messman-Moore, 2011 ngithole ubudlelwane obucacile phakathi kwama-EMSs phakathi kwabesifazane basekolishi kanye nokuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi), kanye nabesifazane abahlangabezana nokuluthwa ngokocansi (UMcKeague, 2014). Ngakho-ke, ngoba ama-schemas we-maladaptive axhumene kakhulu ne-CSBD, futhi ngoba adalulwe kakhulu phakathi kwamaSA, umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ngamanani we-CSBD akumangazi. Impela, ukuntuleka komehluko omkhulu emananini ama-CSBD wezokwelapha phakathi kwabenzi bobulili nabodlame kungahle kubangelwe yimbangela efanayo - ukuntuleka kokungafani kwezimpawu zangasese ezihlobene nezocansi ezihlobene nokuya ocansini kuphikisana namaqembu - asekela isikhundla somuntu jikelele wezincwadi zobugebengu (UGottfredson noHirschi, ngo-1990; ULussier et al., 2007) nokuphikisa isikhundla “sochwepheshe”, okungenani mayelana nokuqonda okuhlanekezelwe kobulili kanye nabenzi bobulili obuhlukile (UHarris et al., 2009; USimon, ngo-1997).
Ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-schema therapy kungaba yisijeziso esibalulekile sokwelashwa kwabantu bobabili abane-CSBs kanye nabenzi bokuya ocansini. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukuqondisa izici ezithile zobungozi ezaziwayo kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuziphatha kwengqondo kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukubhekelwa kabusha kwabenzi bobulili (isib. AmaYadi, 2013). Kunconywa indlela ecacile esekwe kumakhono ukuze ababambiqhaza abangaphansi kokwelashwa bakwazi ukuguqula ukuqonda, ukuthinta, nokuziphatha ngendlela yokuthi laba ligxile ekuziphatheni kwabo. Yize izincwadi zikhombisile ukubaluleka kokuqondisa ama-schemas ekwelashweni kwabenzi bobulili (U-Beech et al., 2013; UMaruna noMann, 2006; AmaYadi, 2013), ucwaningo lwamanje lungeza ulwazi olukhona ngokuphakamisa ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezinkolelo zakuqala kanye nezici zama-CSB. Imibono yokuziphatha ngokuhlukumeza ngokocansi ihlala ikhombisa ukuthambekela kwabahlukumezayo 'bokucacisa' izisulu zabo (isib. IKnight & Prentky's, ngo-1990 usizi lwabenzi bokubi kwezocansi bezingane) noma okuvamile kokushoda kokusondelana phakathi kwabo (UHanson noMorton-Bourgon, 2005). Ucwaningo lwamanje lungephakamisa ukuthi ukwelapha ama-EMS angasebenzi kahle, ikakhulukazi lawo athinta amandla okujabulela ubudlelwane obusondelene, kungaba yingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa.
Isibonelo, imodeli esetshenziswa kabanzi yokuziphatha kabi ocansini ngokusebenza okucacile okwelapha, imodeli enhle yeLungile (IWard & Gannon, 2006; UWillis, uYates, uGannon, neWadi, 2013), ingakwazi ukwenza ubudlelwano obunjalo bube ngokomqondo. Imodeli isikisela ukuthi ukoniwa kocansi kungachazwa lapho kunokuphambanisa ekufuneni izimpahla zokuqala, izimpahla ezifunwa yibo bonke abantu. Lezi zimpahla zifaka ukuhlobana, umphakathi wenjabulo, ubuhle, i-ejensi nempilo (kufaka phakathi impilo enempilo, ukusebenza ngokomzimba nokweneliseka ngokocansi). Ukuhlanekezela kwemodeli kungafaka zombili izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuthola lezo zimpahla eziyinhloko, futhi kugxile ekutholeni isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sezimpahla zokuqala. Isibonelo sobubanzi obuhlanekezelwe bezimpahla eziyisisekelo kungaba intandokazi yokuthola injabulo noma ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, ngaphandle kwenzalo yokuthola izimpahla zokuhlobana noma i-ejensi (ezingachaza ukuthambekela kokuzitika ngocansi). Imodeli yeGood Lives ayicacisi kahle imfundiso yokuphambuka okunje, kepha ucwaningo lwamanje luzokwengeza ukuqonda kwethu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokunakekelwa kwezimpahla zokuqala eziyisisekelo. Ikakhulu, amacebo okwenqatshwa kanye nokuxhumeka angavimbela ikhono lokwakha ubuhlobo obufudumele, obusondelene nobuthembekile, okwandisa amathuba okukhulisa ukugxila ekwanelisekeni kwezocansi, ngaphandle kokuthakasela izici ezibanzi zokuhlobana. Ukugxila kulesi sizinda esithile se-schema kunganikeza ukungenelela okusebenzayo kokulapha kokukhulisa umkhawulo wezimpahla eziyisisekelo futhi kuthuthukiswe namakhono wokuzifeza ngamandla.
Yize kusekelwa imibono yethu eyedlule, ucwaningo lunemikhawulo eminingana edinga ukwamukelwa. Lolu cwaningo luhambelana, olubeka emandleni amandla okuthola iziphetho ezizwakalayo ngomehluko phakathi kwe-SAs, ubulili, kanye nabenzi bokuhlukunyezwa kodlame nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwe-schemas engalunganga, ukufakwa kokuxoshwa kanye nokuzwa umuzwa, kanye ne-CSB. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu abacwaningayo lalilungile futhi linamasiko ahlukile - ama-Israyeli. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhlanga nezamasiko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphindaphindeka kanye nokuzwakalayo kokutholakele.
Ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa kwalolu cwaningo, sibheka lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ekuqondeni ubugebengu bezocansi kanye nokwehluka kwalo kubantu abane-CSB yemitholampilo. Lolu cwaningo luphinde luvule izindawo ezintsha zokungenelela kwezokwelapha kuwo wonke ama-SA kanye nabenzi bokuya ocansini.
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