Amagama angukhiye | I-inthanethi; mail electronic; ukumaketha; ukukhangisa; ukungasebenzi ngocansi; ukuziphatha kwabathengi; e-commerce; ezempilo, abafundi basekolishi | ISINGENISO | Kuvame ukubikwa ukuthi izithombe zocansi ziyimbangela yokukhula okusheshayo kwe-Intanethi. Kunezibalo ezibikiwe kufaka phakathi ukuthi i-43% yabo bonke abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ibuka i-Intanethi, i-35% yazo zonke ukulandwa kwe-Intanethi ihlobene nezithombe zocansi, nokuthi isilinganiso sesikhathi sokubuka izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi yimizuzu ye-15 (OnlineEducation, 2010). I-Intanethi ivumela izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezithombe zocansi ezibandakanya kokubili ezocansi ezentengiso nezingezona ezentengiso. I-imeyili engogaxekile ingenye indlela esetshenziselwa ukumaketha izithombe zocansi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2008 kubike ukuthi i-6.5% yawo wonke ama-imeyili ogaxekile asezindabeni zocansi (PandaSecurity, 2009). | Kunezimpikiswano eziqinile mayelana nezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Izici ezingezinhle zifaka: i-1) Izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ziphikisana namanani enkolo nawendabuko omndeni, umshado, kanye nokuganana kanye nokukhuthaza inkululeko yezocansi nokuziphatha okubi, i-2) abantu abanokuziphoqelela ngokobulili okuphoqelekile bangasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukuqhubeka nokuziphatha okunjalo, i-3) Izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ukusetshenziswa kungathinta kabi ubudlelwano obusondelene bomhlaba, i-4) kanye nezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi zivezwa abesifazane besifazane. Izici ezinhle zifaka phakathi: i-1) ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kuvumela ulwazi olwandayo lwezocansi ngokubheka amasu okusebenza kwezocansi, kanye ne-2) labo abanokudangala, ukukhathazeka, kanye nokuncika kotshwala bangathola impumuzo yesikhashana nokuphazamiseka ngokubuka i-Intanethi yezithombe zocansi (Doring, 2009). | Phakathi kwabantu abadala abasebasha, ukuvusa ucansi, ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yezocansi nabalingani abangaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, kanye nokweneliseka kwezidingo zocansi izizathu zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi nezinto ezibekela obala ezocansi online (Boies, 2002; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2000, Goodson et al. , 2001; ILam & Chan, 2007). Lezi zinzuzo ezingaba khona zezempilo yezocansi zingaba yisizathu sokuthi abantu abadala abasha babe nentshisekelo yokuthenga imikhiqizo yezithombe zocansi online ku-imeyili e-spam. Asazi noma yiziphi izifundo phakathi kwalabo abanezimo zezempilo yezocansi nezizathu zokuthenga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi ngokujwayelekile noma ikakhulukazi ukuthenga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezikhangiswe nge-imeyili yogaxekile. Sazi izifundo ezimbili kuphela mayelana ne-imeyili yogaxekile nezimo zezempilo. Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi labo abanezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi (i-SPP) babenezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokufunda / ukuvulwa futhi bathenga nemikhiqizo yokusebenza kocansi kwi-imeyili yogaxekile (I-Fogel & Shlivko, 2009). Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi labo abanezinkinga zesisindo banezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokufunda / ukuvulwa futhi bathenga nemikhiqizo yokwehlisa isisindo kwi-imeyili yogaxekile (iFogel & Shlivko, 2010). | Asazi noma yiziphi izifundo phakathi kwalabo abane-SPP yokwamukela, ukufunda / ukuvula kanye / noma ukuthenga izithombe zocansi kusuka ku-imeyili engogaxekile. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuthola phakathi kwabantu abadala abasha uma ubukhona be-SPP buhlotshaniswa nokwamukela, ukuvula / ukufunda, kanye / noma ukuthenga izithombe zocansi ezinikezwa nge-imeyili engogaxekile. Siphinde sifunde ukuthi ngabe noma yiziphi izinto ezihlukahlukayo zabantu, ukuhlukahluka kwe-Intanethi, noma ukuhlukahluka kwengqondo kuhlobene nanoma ikuphi ukuziphatha komamukeli nge-imeyili ogaxekile. | INDLELA | Abahlanganyeli nezinqubo | Ababambe iqhaza (n = 200) babengabafundi abenza iziqu zabo babhaliswa ekolishi labahambi langaphakathi edolobheni eNew York City. Kwasetshenziswa isampula yokulungiselela ukuthola izimpendulo kulabo abahlolwe emakilasini nasezindaweni zomphakathi ekolishi. Izinga lokuphendula le-94.3% libalwe ukusuka kubantu be-212 asondele kubo. Imininingwane yatholakala ngoMeyi 2007. Inhlolokhono ibingaziwa futhi ingavunyelwe ekubuyekezweni kwebhodi yesikhungo. Izimiso zokuziphatha zesimemezelo sikaHelsinki zalandelwa esifundweni. Kutholwe imvume ebambe iqhaza yomhlanganyeli. | Izindlela | Izinhlobonhlobo Zabantu | Ukuhlukahluka kwesibalo sabantu kufaka phakathi okuqhubekayo kweminyaka (iminyaka), ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (nsuku zonke), nenombolo yama-imeyili ogaxekile atholakele (nsuku zonke). Ukuhlukahluka kwesigaba kufaka ubulili nohlanga / ubuzwe (omhlophe / ongeyena-mhlophe). | Izinkinga Zokusebenza Kocansi Into | Ababambiqhaza babuzwa: "Uyakholelwa yini ukuthi unezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi?" Ngokukhethwa kuka "yebo" noma "cha." | Spam E-mail Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile | Ababambiqhaza babuzwa: i-1) Uthole i-imeyili engogaxekile mayelana nezithombe zocansi ngonyaka owedlule?, I-2) Uma kunjalo, ingabe uvule wafunda i-imeyili?, Ne-3) Uma uvula ufunde i-imeyili, Ngabe kukhona okuthengile kuwebhusayithi oyinikezile? Izinketho zokuphendula zazingu- “yebo” noma “cha.” | Izikali Zengqondo | Ugqhozu lwakho | Isikali sokuzithemba kweRosenberg yisilinganiso esinokwethenjelwa nesisebenzayo (iRosenberg, 1986). Inezinto ze-10 ezilinganiswe esikalini sesitayela se-Likert ukusuka ku-1 = akuvumelani ngokuphelele ne-4 = ngiyavuma ngokuphelele. Kukhona izinto ezinamakhodi ahlukaniswe kabusha ze-5. Ukuzethemba okukhulu kuboniswa izikolo eziphakeme. Ukuthembela kwe-alpha kwe-Cronbach kule sampula kwakuyi-0.87. | Ukuxineka Kwatholakala | Isikali Sokucindezeleka Esibonwayo siyisilinganiso esithembekile nesisebenzayo (UCohen & Williamson, 1988). Iqukethe izinto eziyi-10 ezilinganiswe esikalini sesitayela se-Likert ezisuka ku-0 = never ziye ku-4 = kaningi. Kunezinto ezi-4 ezinamakhodi ahlehla. Ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo okukhulu kuboniswa ngamanani aphezulu. Ukuthembeka kweCronbach alpha kulesi sampula kwakungu-0.84. | Izimo Zengqondo Zokusebenza Kwezocansi | Isikali seSebenza sezocansi esenzelwe lolu cwaningo. Inezinto ze-3: 1) "Ngingathanda ukufunda ngokukhulisa ukusebenza kwezocansi," i-2) "Ngingathanda ukufunda kwi-inthanethi ngokukhulisa ukusebenza kocansi," kanye ne-3) "Ngiyethemba i-Intanethi ukuthi inginike imininingwane eyiqiniso mayelana ukusebenza ngocansi. ”Lezi zinto ze-3 zalinganiswa esikalini se-Likert enobubanzi ukusuka ku-1 = akuvumi ngokuphelele ukuthi i-5 = iyavuma impela. Ukuthembela kwe-alpha kwe-Cronbach kule sampula kwakuyi-0.95. | Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende | Izibalo ezichazayo zabalwa ngokuguquguqukayo. Ngokufanelekile, kungaba ukuhlaziywa kwe-Pearson chi-square noma ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-Fisher (lapho usayizi wesampula leseli <5) kusetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa lawo anayo nangaphandle kwe-SPP yemibuzo ehlukile yokwamukela, ukuvula / ukufunda, nokuthenga ekukhangisweni kwe-imeyili okugaxekile izithombe zocansi. Ukuhlaziywa okuningi kokuhleleka kwezinto kwenziwa ngemiphumela yokuhlukahluka kwemithathu yokuthola, ukuvula / ukufunda, nokuthengwa kogaxekile okukhangisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Umphumela ngamunye oguqukayo unamamodeli amathathu ahlukene wokuhlaziya. Imodeli yokuqala ifaka kuphela ukuguquguquka kwe-SPP. Imodeli yesibili ibandakanya i-SPP yezocansi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwabantu. Imodeli yesithathu ibandakanya i-SPP, okuguquguqukayo kwabantu, nokuhlukahluka kwengqondo kokuzethemba, ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo, kanye nezinga lokuziphatha kocansi. I-PASW version 18 (PASW, 2009) isetshenzisiwe. | IZIPHUMA | Ithebula 1 libonisa izici zesampula. Iningi lesampula belingenayo i-SPP. Iminyaka emaphakathi yayicishe ibe yiminyaka ye-21, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazingabesifazane, futhi ezingaphezulu kwengxenye zazingabamhlophe. Mayelana nezimpawu ze-Intanethi zansuku zonke, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile bekucishe kube ngamahora we-4, futhi isilinganiso semiyalezo ye-imeyili ogaxekile ye-28 itholakele. Mayelana nezimpawu zengqondo, bekuba nesilinganiso sokuzethemba okuphezulu, isilinganiso sezinye izikhathi lapho kubonwe ingcindezi, kanye nezinga eliphakathi lokungavumelani nezimo zengqondo zokusebenza. | | Qaphela: M = kusho, SD = ukuphambuka okujwayelekile. | Ithebula 2 libonisa ukuqhathanisa kulabo abane-futhi ngaphandle kwe-SPP ukuthola, ukuvula / ukufunda, nokuthenga izithombe zocansi ezinikezwa kusuka ku-imeyili engogaxekile. Kuzo zonke iziqhathaniso ezintathu, lezo ezine-SPP zazinamaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu kunalawo angenayo i-SPP. Lokhu kufaka ngaphezu kwe-25% ephezulu yokuthola, ngaphezu kwe-50% ephezulu yokuvula / ukufunda, nangaphezulu kwe-40% ephezulu yokuthenga. | | Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukucubungula okungaqondakali noma ukucwaninga kokubhalwa phansi kwe-logtivariate phakathi kwalabo abane-futhi ngaphandle kwe-SPP yokwamukela izithombe zocansi ezinikezwe kusuka ku-imeyili engogaxekile (idatha engakhonjisiwe). Ithebula 3 libonisa ukucubungula kokuhlenga kabusha okunengqondo | ukuvula / ukufunda i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi. I-Model 1 ibinesilinganiso esibalulekile sokungathandeki kulabo abane-SPP enkulu kunezikhathi ze-12 okungenzeka kunalezo ezingenayo i-SPP zokuvula / ukufunda i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi. I-Model 2 ikhombisa isilinganiso esifanayo senkambiso engenazo i-covariates ebalulekile. I-Model 3 ibinesilinganiso esibalulekile sokungathandeki kulabo abane-SPP enkulu kunezikhathi ze-4 okungenzeka sokuvula / ukufunda i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi (bheka futhi umfanekiso). Azikho izinto ezihlukaniswe ngabantu noma i-Intanethi ezazibalulekile futhi okuwukuhlukahluka okungokwengqondo kuphela kwesilinganiso sokuziphatha kokuya ocansini kwaba nesilinganiso esiphikisayo se-1.37. | | Ithebula 4 libonisa ukucabanga kokubhalwa phansi okunengqondo kokuthenga i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi. I-Model 1 ibinesilinganiso esibalulekile sokungathandeki kulabo abane-SPP enkulu kunezikhathi ze-17 okungenzeka kunalezo ezingenayo i-SPP yokuthenga i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi. I-Model 2 ikhombisa isilinganiso esifanayo senkambiso engenazo i-covariates ebalulekile. I-Model 3 ibinesilinganiso esibalulekile sokungathandeki kulabo abane-SPP esingaphezu kwezikhathi ze-8 okungenzeka ukuthi kuthengwe ngalo i-imeyili engogaxekile yezithombe zocansi (bheka futhi umfanekiso). Azikho izinto ezihlukaniswe ngabantu noma i-Intanethi ezazibalulekile futhi okuwukuhlukahluka okungokwengqondo kuphela kwesilinganiso sokuziphatha kokuya ocansini kwaba nesilinganiso esiphikisayo se-1.37. | | | UKUKHULUMA | Sithole ukuthi labo abane-SPP bayathanda kakhulu ukuvula / ukufunda futhi bathenge nezithombe zocansi ezinikezwe kusuka ku-imeyili engogaxekile. Ukwehlukahlukana kwabantu kanye ne-Intanethi akuhlobene nale ndlela yokuvula / yokufunda neyokuthenga, ngenkathi izimo zokwenza umsebenzi wobulili zihambisana nalokhu kuvulwa / ukufunda kanye nokuziphatha kokuthenga. | Okutholakele kwethu ekuvuleni / ekufundeni nasekuthengeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinikezwa nge-imeyili yogaxekile kudlulisa ucwaningo lwamanje olwaziwa ngokuziphatha kwabathengi nge-imeyili yogaxekile phakathi kwalabo abane-SPP. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi abathengi banentshisekelo kwimikhiqizo yokusebenza kocansi enikezwa nge-imeyili yogaxekile (i-Fogel & Shlivko, 2009), kepha futhi banentshisekelo ezithombeni ezingcolile ezinikezwa nge-imeyili yogaxekile. | Lapho siqhathanisa ucwaningo lwethu lwamanje lokuvula / ukufunda kanye nokuthenga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinikezwa nge-imeyili yogaxekile ocwaningweni ngokuvula / ukufunda nokuthenga nemikhiqizo yokusebenza ngokocansi enikezwa ku-imeyili yogaxekile (I-Fogel & Shlivko, 2009), kukhona okunye okubalulekile ukufana nokwehluka. Ukufana kufaka amaphesenti afanayo ezifundweni zombili kulabo abane-SPP yokuvula / ukufunda nokuthenga izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo enikezwa ku-imeyili e-spam. Umehluko omkhulu maqondana nokuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate nobukhulu bezilinganiso ezingavumelani. Ukuhluka okufanayo kwahlaziywa ezifundweni zombili. Kulolu cwaningo ngomphumela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isilinganiso sokungalingani kwakungu-4 sokuvula / ukufunda futhi sakhuphukela ku-8 sokuthenga. Esifundweni ngomphumela wemikhiqizo yokusebenza kocansi (I-Fogel & Shlivko, i-2009), isilinganiso sokungalingani sasilingana ku-8 kokubili ukuvula / ukufunda kanye nokuthenga. Leli phethini lisikisela ukuthi ubukhulu bezinga lenzalo yokuvula / ukufunda phakathi kwalabo abanezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi akuphakeme kakhulu ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile njengoba kunjalo ngemikhiqizo yokusebenza ngokocansi. Kungenzeka ukuthi umugqa wesihloko kwi-imeyili yogaxekile yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile utolikwa njengongenayo noma ocasulayo okuyizinto ezaziwayo zokwehlisa isimo sengqondo esihle nge-imeyili yogaxekile (Morimoto & Chang, 2006). | Futhi, kukwanda kwezimo zengqondo zokuziphatha kwezocansi kuphela ezihlotshaniswa nokuvula / ukufunda nokuthenga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-imeyili yogaxekile. Yize kunezifundo eziningi ezibika umehluko wezocansi phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi (Boies, 2002; Byers, Menzies, & O'Grady, 2004; O'Reilly, Knox, & Zusman, 2007; Selwyn, 2008) kanye nabantu abadala (Hald, 2006) ngentshisekelo eyengeziwe phakathi kwamadoda kunabesifazane yezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, asikutholanga umehluko onjalo. | Kunemikhawulo yokufunda. Okokuqala, idatha itholwe kuphela esikhungweni esisodwa futhi ingahle ingenzi isampula kazwelonke. Okwesibili, kwakukhona abantu be-15 kuphela abane-SPP okungaba yisiqalo sokufunda isampula yabantu abadala. Okwesithathu, asizange sibuze ngezizathu ezithile zokuvula / ukufunda nokuthenga izithombe zocansi ezivela ku-imeyili engogaxekile. | ISIPHETHO | Sengiphetha, kuvulwa / kufundwe i-imeyili engcolile bese ithengwa yilabo abanezinkinga zokwenza ucansi. Abakhangisi be-imeyili engcolile abanengxenye yemakethe ngentshiseko enamandla. Okwalawo maqembu aphikisana nezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, kufanele acabangele ukuhlinzeka ngokungenelela okufanele kwezemfundo ukukhuthaza labo abanezinkinga zokwenza ucansi ekuvuleni / ekufundeni nasekuthengeni i-imeyili engcolile. Kulawo mabhizinisi agxile kwimikhiqizo yezocansi, asikhuthazi ukuthumela i-imeyili engogaxekile. Ngokusobala labo abanezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi banesifiso esikhulu kumkhiqizo onjalo. Izimiso zokugxila kuleyo ngxenye yemakethe zinemiphumela eminingi yokuziphatha engaphezulu komkhawulo waleli phepha. | Okubhekwayo | IBoies, SC (2002). Ukusetshenziswa nokuphendula kwabafundi baseYunivesithi kulwazi lwezocansi nokuzijabulisa oluku-inthanethi: Izixhumanisi zokuziphatha kocansi okuku-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Ijenali YaseCanada Yezocansi Zomuntu, 11 (2), 77-89. IBers, LJ, Menzies, KS, & O'Grady, WL (2004). Umthelela wokuguquguquka kwamakhompiyutha ekubukeni nasekuthumeleni izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi kwi-Intanethi: ukuhlola 'injini' kaCooper. Ijenali YaseCanada Yezocansi Zomuntu, 13 (3-4), 157-170. UCohen, S., noWillionon, G. (1988). Ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo kusampula yamathuba e-United States. Ku-S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), I-psychology yezenhlalo yezempilo: Uchungechunge lweClaremont ku-psychology yezenhlalo esetshenzisiwe (amakhasi 31-67). INewbury Park, CA: Sage. Doring, NM (2009). Umphumela we-inthanethi ebulilini: Ukubuyekezwa okubucayi kweminyaka yocwaningo lwe-15. Amakhompyutha ku-Human Behaviour, 25 (5), 1089-1101. UFogel, J., & Shlivko, S. (2009). Abathengi abanezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi ne-imeyili yogaxekile yemikhiqizo yokusebenza kocansi. Ijenali ye-Internet Banking kanye nezohwebo, 14 (1). Ibuyiswe ngoJanuwari 20, 2010 kusuka UFogel, J., & Shlivko, S. (2010). Izinkinga zesisindo kanye ne-imeyili yogaxekile yemikhiqizo yokunciphisa umzimba. ISouthern Medical Journal, 103 (1), 31-36. UGoodson, P., McCormick, D., no-Evans, A. (2000). Ucansi oluku-Inthanethi: Ukuvusa imizwa kwabafundi basekolishi lapho bebuka izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi ku-inthanethi. Ijenali Yezemfundo Yezocansi & Ukwelashwa, 25 (4), 252-260. UGoodson, P., McCormick, D., no-Evans, A. (2001). Isesha izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi kwi-Intanethi: Ucwaningo lokuhlola lokuziphatha kanye nezimo zengqondo zabafundi basekolishi. Izinqolobane Zokuziphatha Ngokobulili, 30 (2), 101-118. IHald, GM (2006). Umehluko wobulili ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abadala abasebasha baseDenmark. Izingobo zomlando Zokuziphatha Kocansi, i-35 (5), 577-585. ILam, i-CB, ne-Chan, i-DK-S. (2007). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyberpornography yizinsizwa zaseHong Kong: Amanye ama-correlates engqondo. Izinqolobane Zokuziphatha Ngokobulili, 36 (4), 588-598. UMorimoto, M., & Chang, S. (2006). 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