Ingabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzayo zilandela ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-Guttman? (I-2013)

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi amaqoqo ezithombe zocansi lwezingane aqukethe kuphela izithombe zezocansi zezingane, kepha nezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zocansi eziphambukayo nezamukelekile emphakathini ngokwemvelo (cf, Quayle & Taylor, 2002; Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Empeleni, izingxoxo nabathengi bezithombe zocansi zezingane ziphakamise ukuthi ezinye izephulamthetho zithuthe “izithombe ezinhlobonhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isikhathi ngasinye zifinyelela ezintweni ezeqisayo” (Quayle & Taylor, 2002, ikhasi 343) ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lokudla noma ukwanelisa iphango, okwaholela ekutheni ukuqoqa nokuthola ezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zocansi eziphambukayo (Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Futhi, abanye abathengi bathi balande lezi zithombe ngoba nje zitholakala futhi ziyafinyeleleka, okwenza ukuthi ukuziphatha kube ngumphumela wokucindezelwa kunokuba kube nentshisekelo ethile yezocansi ezinganeni (I-Basbaum, i-2010). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwangaphambilini kuncike ezifundweni zamacala ezinecala labenzi bezocansi bezingane nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zezingane. Uma kusetshenziswa isampula elimele kabanzi (njengoba lisetshenziswe lapha), khona-ke abacwaningi bangaba nokuqonda okuhle futhi okuphelele kwamaqoqo wabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zezingane.

Abathengi abathile bezingane ezingcolile babonisa inhlobonhlobo yezifiso zobulili, okungenzeka zimelele izinga elivamile lezindlela zokuhamba nge-paraphilic kunokuba nesithakazelo esithile socansi ezinganeni. Esifundweni esenziwa ngu-Endrass et al. (I-2009), ukuqoqwa kwezithombe ezivela kumadoda we-231 okubekwe icala lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonisa nezinye izinhlobo zezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile. Ngokucacile, cishe i-60% yesampula eqoqwe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane futhi okungenani uhlobo olulodwa lwezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile, ezifana nesilwane, indle, noma ukudabuka, okungenani oyedwa kwabayisisulu abaqoqa izinhlobo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu zezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile (Endrass et al I-2009). Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi iningi labathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi liqoqa ububanzi obuningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezingase zibonise izinga elijwayelekile lokwehlukana ngokocansi kunokuba i-paraphilia ethize, njenge-pedophilia. Ngamanye amazwi, abathengi abathile bezingane ezingcolile bangase baphikisane phakathi kwabantu abavamile ababonisa ububanzi obuningi bezocansi noma ilukuluku.

Nakuba ucwaningo lwama-case lukhona, izibalo ezimbalwa zokucwaninga ngezibalo ziye zahlola umbuzo wokuthi abantu abasebenzisa izinhlobo ezibucayi zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isib. Izithombe ezingcolile zabantu abadala) basengozini enkulu yokudla izinhlobo ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (isb., Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezilwane kanye nezingane). Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswayo zilandela ukuqhutshwa kwe-Guttman-like (cf, Holland, 1988) lapho kuqala ukuba yisici esibalulekile uma umuntu eguqukela ekubeni engasondelene nomsebenzisi ongcolile ongcolile? Ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokuqala, iningi locwaningo lugxile emiphumeleni engokomzwelo yokuvezwa okungcolile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisencane (cf, Flood, 2009). Isibonelo, i-Mitchel, i-Wolak, ne-Finkelhor (i-2007) ithole i-10% ye-10 kuya ku-17 ubudala ubudala eyazichaza ngokuthi "idabukisayo kakhulu noma ihlukumezeke kakhulu" ngokungabonakali okungafuneki kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMcKee (2007) waxoxisana nabakwa-46 base-Australia, ngokuphathelene nokuvezwa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile asencane, owakhulume ukuvezwa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi kokushicilela "njengento ehlekisayo" futhi "benesithakazelo esincane" kuyilapho ukuvezwa kwabo ngemuva kokushicilela "Ilungelo lokuhamba" (iphe. 10). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwaphakamisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezincane kanye nokuziphatha okuhlukahlukene kocansi. Ngokuyinhloko, uJohansson noHammarén (2007) bathola abasebenzisi abancane bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babenomkhuba wokulala ocansini nobusuku obusuku obulodwa, futhi abathengi abancane bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivuthiwe babengeke bakwazi ukubonisa isimo sengqondo socansi nokuziphatha (cf, Flood, 2009) .

Ngokubanzi, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lugxile kakhulu ekuthinteni ngokomzwelo ekuvezweni okungafuneki kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abasha. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile "eminyakeni yokuqala" ukusetshenziswa ngamabomu, kunokuba kutholakale okungadingekile, kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Kusukela abaphenduli bezintatheli zesitatimende samanje abavela e-United States, izincazelo zezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezingenasisekelo zisekelwe emithethweni yamanje yobumnyama e-United States. E-United States, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zivikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuQala (nakuba kukhona okuhlukile); Kodwa-ke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinganeni nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isilwane) zihlambalaza, ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezingekho emthethweni zokukhuluma. Ngakho-ke, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zaqala ukusebenza njenge nondeviant, kuyilapho, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezilwane nezingane zazibhalwe ngokuthi ehlulekayo izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Naphezu kokulawulwa kwezenhlalakahle ezisemthethweni (imithetho) elawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zobulili ezingcolile zihlala zikhona kalula kwi-Inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlola ukuthi yimiphi abantu abadala abayifunayo kuqala, balayishwa, futhi bahlanganyela / babelane ngalezi zithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezilandelayo: abantu abadala kuphela, isilwane (isilwane) nesithombe sezingane ezingcolile. Ngokuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi nobudala obubikezelayo kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa izinto eziguquguqukayo, abalobi babe nethemba lokuqonda ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa kanjani noma zibikezela amathuba okubandakanya izinhlobo eziningi ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile.

Izinhloso ezintathu eziyinhloko bekugxilwe ocwaningweni lwamanje. Inhloso yokuqala yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukuqala kweminyaka yobudala kwakuyingozi yini yokubandakanyeka ezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili. Ngamanye amagama, ingabe abantu abahlanganyela ezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile basebenzise esemncane amathuba okuba basebenzise izinhlobo eziphambukayo zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bokuqala sekwephuzile? Inhloso yesibili yalolu cwaningo yanquma ukuthi abaphenduli besifazane basebenzisa yini izithombe zocansi ezinganeni ze-Intanethi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonisa ukuthi iningi labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zezingane ngabesilisa; kodwa-ke, iningi lala masampula lisuselwa kubantu abaphambili noma emitholampilo (cf, Babchishin, Hanson, & Hermann, 2011). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo olususelwa ku-inthanethi lukhombisa ukuthi abesifazane kungenzeka ukuthi bahlanganyela ezithombeni ezingcolile zezingane ngaphezu kwalokho obekulindelwe ngaphambili (cf, uSeigfried, Lovely, & Rogers, 2008; uSeigfried-Spellar noRogers, 2010). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ikakhulukazi ukwanda kwezithombe zocansi ezinganeni zesifazane ezisetshenziswa kusampula yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi kunesampula yezomthetho noma yomtholampilo, ukuhlinzeka ngomqondo obanzi wabasebenzisi besifazane bezithombe zocansi zezingane (abangagwetshiwe nabazibikayo) .

Okokugcina, inhloso yesithathu yalolu cwaningo ihlose imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlupha abaphenduli ezigabeni zobulili ezingcolile: akekho, umuntu omdala kuphela, isilwane-kuphela, ingane kuphela, umuntu omdala-isilwane, umntwana omdala, ingane yesilwane, nomdala -silwane-isilwane. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwezenzo kuvumela ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe abasebenzisi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile babikezela yini ukuthi bazibika ngokuzimela kwabantu nezilwane ezingcolile zobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izigaba zabasebenzisi. Zimbalwa izicwaningo zocwaningo ezihlolisisile izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlobo eziqoqwe ngabasebenzisi be-pornography yabantwana be-intanethi (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, emshinini). Ngokucacile, uma ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile kulandela ukuqhutshwa kwe-guttman-ke akufanele kube khona "abathengi okukhethekile" kuphela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; Kunalokho, abasebenzisi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili kufanele babike ukuthi bahlanganyele kwezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingenasici.

Lolu cwaningo lwaluhlolisiswa ngemvelo kusukela kungekho cwaningo olwedlule oluye lwahlola ukuthi ngabe abantu ababike "intsha yokuqala" yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile abakhulu bangase bahlanganyele ekusebenziseni izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abathile ababike "ubudala bokuqala" kamuva. Ukulindela ukungatholi ubuhlobo phakathi "nobudala bokuqala" kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kamuva. Kodwa-ke, inani elincane kakhulu locwaningo lokusetshenziswa kocansi lwezingane zocansi lubonisa ukuqoqwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubandakanya kokubili izithombe ezingcolile ezingenasici. Ngakho-ke, abathengi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile bazobe besengozini yokudla izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingabantu abadala kuphela futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bangabathengi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Ekugcineni, abalobi balindele ukuthola umehluko wobulili; ikakhulukazi, amadoda azoba nokuzibiza ngokweqile ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile (isib. Babchishin et al., 2011). Ngokukodwa, kuyoba nokusabalalisa okuphezulu kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ucwaningo olususelwe kuyi-intanethi ngenxa yokwahluka kwendlela yokwenza isampula.

I-2. Indlela

Abahlanganyeli be-2.1

Isifundo samanje sasebenzisa i-Survey Sampling International (SSI), esinikeze isampula se-intanethi ye-intanethi kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane abaphendulile, okungenani okungenani kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala noma ngaphezulu, abavela e-United States. Esikhundleni sokuqhwala i-intanethi ukuze kutholakale abaphendulile, la maklayenti noma abaphendulile sebevele bahamba ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula ikhwalithi ye-SSI nokuqinisekisa ukuze bathole abantu abasengozini yokulala ocwaningweni ukuze bafanele noma bacele noma yimiphi imivuzo noma izinzuzo ( I-SSI, i-2009). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SSI ivimbela umuntu ofanayo ukuba akwazi ukuthatha inhlolovo izikhathi eziningi (i-SSI, i-2009). Okubaluleke kakhulu, la maklayenti noma abaphendulile kungenzeka ukuthi banokwethenjelwa ekuthembekeni nasekuyimfihlo kwalolu cwaningo, kanye nokunethezeka nokuthembela enqubeni yokucwaninga ngokwayo, okubalulekile uma uhlola isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha ezihlokweni ezibucayi emphakathini.

Ngokusekelwe kwesifiso sokwenza isampula abaphendulile "kubasebenzisi abaningi be-pornography abasebenzisa i-Internet," kunokuba isampula esivela emtholampilo noma emphakathini, futhi isidingo sokwandisa ukuzethemba kommangalelwa ekuzidaluleni kwakhe, le ndlela yokwenza isampula ihlangabezana nezidingo isifundo samanje. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, abaphenduli be-630 baqedile ukuhlola kwe-intanethi; I-502 (80%) yayingabesifazane futhi i-128 (20%) babengamadoda (Qaphela: Ukungafani kobulili kuzoxoxwa kamuva ephepheni). Konke, iningi lesampula lalimhlophe (n = 519, 82.4%), phakathi kweminyaka engu-36-55 iminyaka (n = 435, 69%), eshadile (n = 422, 67%), no-68% (n = I-427) yabaphendulile beqedile umsebenzi wekolishi noma wokuphothula umsebenzi.

Izindlela ze-2.2

Ukuziphatha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili e-intanethi kanye nobudala bokuqala kwakulinganiswa usebenzisa inguqulo encane ye-Online Pornography Survey (OPS; Seigfried, 2007; Seigfried-Spellar, 2011). I-OPS yasekuqaleni yayihlanganisa imibuzo ye-54, ehlola ukuziphatha kobulili ezingcolile abaphendulayo okubandakanya ukucinga ngokuzikhethela, ukufinyelela, ukulanda nokushintshanisa izithombe ze-Internet ezicacile ngokobulili. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zaziwa ngokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile "eziqukethe abantu ngabanye phezu iminyaka yobudala be-18, "kanti izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane zachazwa ngokuthi" izinto zokuziphatha ezingcolile "eziqukethe abantu ngabanye ngaphansi iminyaka yobudala be-18. "Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili noma ubulili zazichazwa njengezithombe zobulili ezingcolile" eziqukethe abantu ngabanye phezu iminyaka yobudala be-18 nge isilwane. "

Izinto kuphela ze-15 ezivela ku-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Survey, ezagxila esikhathini sokuqala sokuphendulwa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi, zifakiwe kulolu cwaningo. Yonke imibuzo ye-15 isebenzisa impendulo efanayo yempendulo. Lokhu okulandelayo ngumbuzo wesampula obonisa ukuhambisana nesikhathi sokuqala kusuka ku-OPS: "Uneminyaka engakanani lapho uthola khona i-website ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze ubuke izinto eziphathekayo ezingcolile eziqukethe abantu ngabanye ngaphansi iminyaka yobudala be-18? "Ukukhethwa kwabaphenduli bezinsuku zokuqala kwaba: akusebenzi kimi, ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-12, i-12 ibe ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-16, i-16 ibe ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-19, i-19 ibe ngaphansi kwe-24 uneminyaka yobudala ubudala, iminyaka engu-24 ubudala noma ngaphezulu, futhi wehla ukuphendula. Ngokusekelwe kokugunyazwa kwezinto, abaphenduliwe babekwa njengabasebenzisi noma abangasebenzisi abakudala, isilwane (isilwane) nesithombe socansi ezinganeni.

Okokugcina, ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwabantu abaphendulile lwabaphenduli lwalo lwalubikwa ngokwalo lwemibuzo ye-inthanethi, efaka izinto ezifana nobulili, ubudala, nesimo somshado. Ucwaningo lwentando yabantu lubonakala ekuqaleni kocwaningo kubo bonke abaphenduliwe. Ucwaningo lwamanje lukhangiswa njengokuhlola "isimo sengqondo mayelana namawebhusayithi omdala," nangokubeka imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale imibuzo enobungane emphakathini mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, le ndlela yandisa ukunemba kwezocansi ezibikiwe kulolu cwaningo (bheka, uBerbaba, 2000) . Futhi, zonke izinto zokucwaninga zaphoqelelwa-zikhethe, kodwa abaphendulile bakwazi ukukhetha "ukwehla ukuphendula" kunoma iyiphi into, njengoba kudingwa yiBhodi yokuBuyekeza i-Institutional (IRB). Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke abaphenduliwe baphathwa ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezibekwa yi-American Psychological Association (APA).

Ithebula 1

Ulwazi Lwezibalo

Inqubo ye-2.3

Lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ngekhompyutha kusetshenziswa ucwaningo olususelwa ku-inthanethi. Le ndlela yokwenza ucwaningo nge-Intanethi ibone ukwanda okusetshenziswa ngabaphenyi ngenxa yokutholakala kwabaphendulayo kanye nokungaziwa okungaziwa kanye nokuzimisela okwengeziwe kokuzidalula ekuziphatheni noma ezimweni zokuziphatha ezingamukeleki noma ezinempikiswano (Mueller, Jacobsen, & Schwarzer, 2000). Lapho abaphendulile bengena kuwebhusayithi, ikhasi lasekhaya lalichaza ucwaningo ngenkathi lisebenza njengefomu lokuvuma lapho abaphenduli kwakufanele bavume noma benqabe ukubamba iqhaza. Uma ababezophendula bevuma, bekufanele bachofoze kunkinobho ethi “Ngiyavuma” ukuze babambe iqhaza. Ngemuva kokuchofoza inkinobho ethi "Ngiyavuma", abaphendulile bacelwa ukuthi bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo, oluthathe cishe imizuzu eyi-15 ukulugcwalisa.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi abaphenduliwe bacela noma yiluphi ulwazi olukhomba (isib. Igama). Ukuze kuvikelwe ukungaziwa kommangalelwa kanye nokuyimfihlo, abaphenduliwe banikezwe ngenombolo ye-ID ngakho izimpendulo zemibuzo azikwazanga ukuxhunyaniswa noma zifanelwe nomuntu ngamunye.

I-2.4 I-Analytics Statistical

Ngemuva kokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa nge-Statistical Package ye-Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Ukubaluleka kwesitatimende kusethwe ezingeni le-alpha .05 ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlaziya. I-Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test ivivinyelwe ubudlelwane obalulekile phakathi kweminyaka yobudala, ubulili, nohlobo lwezocansi. Lesi sinqumo senzelwe izizathu ezilandelayo: izibalo zamanxeba ezigciniwe alindelekile amancane ngenxa yocwaningo lokuhlola izenzakalo ezingavamile (okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile), kufana nokuhlolwa kwe-chi-square njengobukhulu besampula (N) ukwanda, kanti uFact-Freeman-Halton Test Exact ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-Fisher kuya ku- R x C icala (cf, Freeman & Halton, 1951). Ekugcineni, ukubuyela emuva kwe-backwise stepwise (Wald) kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe ucansi kanye "neminyaka yokuqala" yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala basebenzisa ukubikezela ubulungu beqembu ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ezinganaki. Ukuhlehla kwempahla kufanelekile ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlola, ngoba kuqine kakhulu ngokwephulwa okumbalwa kokucatshangwa, njengosayizi besampula abancane nabangalingani (I-Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).

I-3. Imiphumela

Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2, i-5.2% (n = 33) yabaphenduli ngokwabo babike ukusetshenziswa kwezingcolile zobulili ezinganeni ze-intanethi. I-16 (12.5%) yabesilisa abaphenduli bezingane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanti i-17 (3.4%) yabaphendulayo besifazane babengabasebenzisi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili. Kubaphenduli be-630, kuphela i-8.6% (n = I-54) yabaphenduli ngokwabo babika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili, kodwa cishe isigamu (n = I-254, i-40.3%) yabaphendulile ibike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala kuphela. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 3, abaphenduliwe babekwa ngezigaba ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni kwabo abadala kuphela, besilwane kanye nezingane ezingcolile zobulili.

Ekusekeleni isisekelo sokufunda, akekho ophendulayo obika ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili. Umsolwa wesifazane we-1 kuphela obika ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ezidlayo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-9.8% (n = I-60) yabaphenduli bebedle ingxube yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingenasici eziqhathaniswa kuphela .5% obika ukuthi idla kuphela izithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile (isilwane nengane).

Njengoba idatha echazayo iphakanyisiwe ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kokudala, isilwane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili (bheka ithebula 3), ukulungiswa kwe-zero-oda kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale isiqondiso sobudlelwane. Ngokusekelwe ezimpendulo zento, kusetshenziselwa ukushintshashintsha okungafaniyo kwesigaba ngasinye socansi: umuntu omdala, isilwane, nomntwana. Abaphenduliwe babhalwe njengabangewona abasebenzisi (0) noma abasebenzisi (1) kwisigaba ngasinye sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4, kwakukhona ubuhlobo obuphawulekayo phakathi kokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili nezilwane, r_ϕ (635) = .36 nge p <.01, nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala kanye nezithombe zocansi zezingane, r_ϕ (635) = .27 nge p <.01. Kwakunobudlelwano obuhle obuhle kubantu ababika ukuthi bahlanganyela ezithombeni ezingcolile zabantu abadala, ezilwaneni / ezilwaneni, nasezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili ezinganeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadoda ayesemathubeni amakhulu okubika ukusetshenziswa komuntu omdala, r_ϕ (630) = -.28 nge p <.01, isilwane / isilwane, r_ϕ (630) = -.18 nge p <.01, nezithombe zocansi zezingane, r_ϕ (630) = -.17 nge p <.01 (Bheka Ithebula 4).

Ithebula 2

Amaphesenti wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingaphenduki Nezisebenzisayo Sebenzisa ngocansi

Ithebula 3

Ukuhlukaniswa kwabaphenduli ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Self-Reported ye-Adult, i-Animal, ne-Child Pornography

Okulandelayo, abaphenduliwe babenqatshelwe njengokuthi: abadala kuphela (abadala kuphela) noma abadala nabantwana / abesilwane (abasebenzisi abadala) abanobulili obungcolile. "Ukuqala kokuqala" kwabe sekuqhathaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ukucacisa ukuthi "ukuqala kweminyaka" yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihlobene nabantu abadala kwakuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kamuva. Ngokusekelwe ku-Test Fact-Freeman-Halton Exact (p <.01), abantu abadala + abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abaphambukayo babike “iminyaka yokuqala” emincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zabantu abadala kuphela. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 5, i-29% yabasebenzisi abadala bezithombe zocansi eziphambukile babika "iminyaka yokuqala" phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 nengu-18 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-10% kuphela yabaphenduli babantu abadala kuphela. Esikhundleni salokho, iningi (i-89%) labasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala kuphela libike iminyaka yokuqala kweminyaka engu-19 noma ngaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-69% yabasebenzisi abadala bezithombe ezingcolile (Bheka Ithebula 5).

Ngokusekelwe ekutholeni okuphawulekayo okuvela ekuxhumaneni kwe-zero kanye nokuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-Fisher-Freeman-Halton, abalobi benza ukulungiswa kokusebenza kwe-logwise emuva (Wald) ukuze banqume ukuthi "ubudala bokuqala" nobungqingili bobuciko obuphawulekayo kubantu abadala kuphela + izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 6, isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokubikezela umuntu omdala kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukudala izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kufaka phakathi kokubili okuguqukayo, Ubulili (W = 7.69, p <.01) kanye nobudala be-Onset (W = 5.16, p <.02). Abantu abane "age ofset" encane yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala babenamathuba aphindwe kabili okubandakanya izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadoda ayengamathuba ama-.8 amathuba okuba ngumsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi onhlanhlathayo. Ukuhlolwa kweHosmer neLemeshow bekungabalulekanga, χ²(4) = 6.42 nge p = .17, ekhombisa imodeli yokugcina elingana nedatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukahlukana kwamanani entengo (VIF) namanani enkomba yesimo abalwa ukuze kuhlolwe i-multicollinearity, konke okungakhombisi sizathu sokukhathazeka (Ubulili, i-VIF = 1.00; Ubudala be-Onset, i-VIF = 1.00; Isimo Inkomba <30) .

Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, abalobi bakwazi ukufeza izinhloso zabo zokunquma ukuthi "ubudala bokuqala" nokulala ngokobulili babikezela ngokuphawulekayo abantu abadala abadala kuphela abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokuvamile, ukulindela okulindeleke ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazobe besengcono kakhulu ukuba badle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zedala nabantu abadala, hhayi nje kuphela izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, zisekelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthunyelwa kwamadoda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bahlanganyele ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili kwakunakekelwa kanye nokulindelwa kokusabalalisa okuphezulu kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingasetshenziswa kule sampuli esekelwe e-intanethi.

Ithebula 4

Ukulungiswa kwe-Zero-Sex for Sex, Adult, Animal, and Child Pornography Ukusetshenziswa

Ithebula 5

I-Adult-Only Versus Pornography Adult and Deviant Sebenzisa Ngesikhathi Sokuqalisa

Ithebula 6

Ukubuyela emuva okuhlolisayo (Wald) Ukulawulwa Kwezinto Ezokuzilibazisa Ukusetshenziswa

Kodwa-ke, ukulindela kwabalobi akukho umehluko phakathi "kokuqala kokuqala" kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi abadala bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kuphela nabantu abadala. Ngokusekelwe ku-Test Fact-Freeman-Halton ecacile nokuguqulwa kwemigomo, abasebenzisi abadala + abangcolile abonakele babika "ubudala bokuqala" bokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi abadala bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abalahlayo baqala izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abahlanganyela ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kuphela.

I-4. Ingxoxo

Ucwaningo lwamanje luyilokuqala lokuhlola ukuthi ngabe "iminyaka yokuqala" yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, umuntu omdala kuphela) uhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingakapheli (ie, besifazane, ingane) usebenzisa isampula enkulu esekelwe kwi-inthanethi. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifundo zangaphambili zangaphambili, ezithembele kuma-sampuli abenzi bokulahlwa. Ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje sisuke kude nomtholampilo noma wabonisi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili "kubasebenzisi abaningi be-intanethi." Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile baqoqa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile noma ezingenasiphelo noma ngabe bazibikezela kuphela ukuthi babulala izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezinganeni. Ngokuvamile, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanesizotha "abaneminyaka yobudala" nobulili.

Iqembu elincane locwaningo lisikisela iningi labasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Internet eziqoqa ububanzi obuningi bezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile (bheka, Endrass et al., 2009). Esifundweni samanje, akekho ophendulayo oqobo obika ukuthi usetshenzisiwe kuphela lwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezinganeni ze-intanethi. Esikhundleni salokho, iningi labasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bezingane beqoqa nezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihlanganisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile nezilwane ezingcolile. Kubasebenzisi be-pornographic ye-32, 60% (n = 19) futhi iqoqe kokubili izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezindala nezilwane, i-34% (n = I-11) idle izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantu abadala, futhi kuphela i-6% (n = 2) yayinezithombe zocansi zezilwane (Bheka Ithebula 3). Lokhu okutholakele kusekela ucwaningo lweSeigfried (2007), olungazange lubone abathengi bodwa bezithombe zocansi ezinganeni ze-Intanethi. Sekukonke, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zezingane bahlanganyela kokuqukethwe okunezocansi okuningi futhi ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlole ukuthi ngabe la maqoqo ahlinzeka ngolwazi ngokuya ngezinhloso zawo ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi (isb., Ukuthintana okuxakayo) kanye nezimpawu zobuntu (isb. Abantu abanodlame baqoqa udlame izithombe zocansi; URogers & Seigfried-Spellar, 2012; uSeigfried-Spellar, emaphephandabeni).

Ngokuhambisana nophenyo olwedlulile, amadoda aqhubeka nokuba amathuba okusebenzisa i-intanethi yezingane ezingcolile zobulili. Kodwa-ke, isifundo samanje sibonisa ukuthi abesifazane bangadla izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingaphezu kwalokho okuphakanyiswe ngaphambilini ngamasampula ocwaningo kusukela emtholampilo kubantu basebhange. Isibonelo, Babchishin et al. (I-2011) yenza ukuhlaziywa kwemeta yezihloko ze-27, ezihlanganisa amasampula wabenzi bokuhlukumeza i-intanethi. Imiphumela ye-meta-analysis iphakamisa ukuthi iningi lezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ziyisilisa, futhi ngezihloko ze-27, izifundo eziyisihlanu kuphela zibandakanya abaphuli besifazane. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kuka-3% yonke isampula yabaphuli be-intanethi kwakungabesifazane (Babchishin et al., 2011). Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo lwangaphambili olufaka phakathi amasampula avela kubasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-intanethi, kunokuba abantu abasebenza emtholampilo noma abakwa-forensic, babike amaphesenti aphezulu yabathengi besithombe socansi ezinganeni. Isibonelo, i-Seigfried et al. Ucwaningo lwe-2008 luthole i-10 ye-30 abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezinganeni ezivela ocwaningweni olusekelwe e-intanethi ukuze babe abesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo se-Seigfried-Spellar (2011) sabike i-20% yabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ezingabonakali ngabesifazane. Okokugcina, i-17 ye-33 (52%) yabathengi bezingane ezingcolile zobulili bezingabesifazane besifundo samanje. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise ukuthi kungani kunomthelela ekukhusheni kokusetshenziswa kocansi kwengane yabesifazane besuka kubantu abahlukahlukene.

Ngokuhambisana nobulili obuhlukile, "ukuqala kokuqala" kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kocansi okungahambi kahle. Abaphenduli ababika "ubudala bokuqala" bokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile babe nethuba lokuhlanganyela ekusetshenzisweni kobulili ezingcolile okuqhamuka uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababika "iminyaka yobudala" kamuva. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 5, abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile + okuphindwe kabili ukuzitshela ukuthi "iminyaka yokuqala" phakathi kwe-12-18 yeminyaka ubudala uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi abadala bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphela. Okokugcina, ukulawulwa kwemigomo kwakusikisela isibonelo esihle kunazo zonke sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kufaka phakathi iziguquko, ubulili kanye "nobudala bokuqala." Lokhu kusho ukuthi amadoda ayekwazi kakhulu ukuhlanganyela ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaqala ukuhlanganyela ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile basebenzise ngesikhathi esincane banamathuba okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziqhamuka uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abenza izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingakapheli.

Ukufundwa kwesifundo samanje kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi kungalandela ukuqhutshwa kwe-Guttman. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane badla nezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kokubili okungahambi kahle futhi okungahambi kahle. Ukuze lobu buhlobo bube yi-Guttman-ukuqhubeka, ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwezingane kufanele kwenzeke ngemuva kokuba ezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswe. Ucwaningo lwamanje luzama ukuhlola lokhu kuqhubekela phambili ngokulinganisa uma "iminyaka yokuqala" yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa kusuka kumuntu omdala-kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, lokhu kuqhubeka ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungahle kuthinteke ngabantu "abaneminyaka yokuqala" yokuzibandakanya ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Njengoba kuphakanyisiwe nguQuayle noTylor (2003), ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwehlisa izintandokazi noma ukufisa ukudla lapho abenzi bokuqala beqala ukuqoqa izithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile nakakhulu. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ezinganeni ezincane bangase babe engozini enkulu yokuzibandakanya kwezinye izinhlobo ezingcolile zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Uma izingane zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zilandela ukulandela ukuqhutshwa kweGuttman, ukucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo kufanele kuhlolisise ubudlelwane obuphakathi kweminyaka yokuqala yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuzidla kwesifiso esizayo okuholela kwezinye izinhlobo ezingcolile zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

4.1 Ukulinganiselwa

Yize lolu cwaningo lusampule kusuka "kubantu abaningi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi," asikho isimangalo sokuthi lokho okutholakele kumele bonke abantu abasebenzisa i-Intanethi. Ngenkathi abaphenduli besampula abavela ezweni elifanayo (e-United States) bebeka imingcele ekusebenzeni kwangaphandle, ababhali bakwazile ukukhulisa ukulawula ukudideka okuthile, njengokusemthethweni kwezithombe zocansi lwezingane nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zezilwane. Indlela yamanje ihlose abasebenzisi be-Intanethi ababehlala ezweni lapho izithombe zocansi zezingane nezithombe zocansi zezilwane zingekho emthethweni. Isibonelo, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi zezingane abazibika ocwaningweni lwamanje bebengenela imikhuba yezithombe zocansi lwezingane ezingekho emthethweni, futhi ukuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zezingane kungaba yinto exakayo uma abantu bethathwa emazweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zezingane kusemthethweni (isb., IRussia, IJapan, Thailand; bheka Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sezingane Ezilahlekile Nezisetshenzisiwe, ngo-2010).

Futhi, ukumelwa kocansi kwakungavumelani nokucwaninga kwamanje. Ngokusho kwe-United States Census Bureau (2009a), i-50.7% yabantu base-United States kwakungabesifazane. Lapho ucabangela kuphela labo ababenokufinyelela kwe-Inthanethi ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwendlu yabo (N = 197,871), i-48.6% yababesifazane (i-United States Census Bureau, i-2009b). Ngokususelwa kumanje wamanani wephaneli we-Survey Sampling International (ukuxhumana komuntu siqu, i-2012), i-56% yephaneli ye-Inthanethi ye-Inthanethi yiyabesifazane. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukungalingani ngokocansi kulolu cwaningo kwakuhlobene nesimo sokuqashwa kwabaphendulayo. Esicwaningweni samanje, amadoda ayekwazi kakhulu ukuqashwa isikhathi esigcwele kanye nesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi abesifazane besengaba amathuba okuba abakhiqizi, χ² (9) = 73.82, p <.00. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubalula abaphenduli abaqashwe ngokugcwele futhi "abamatasa" mancane amathuba okuthi baphothule ucwaningo lwe-inthanethi (Cavallaro, 2012). Ngakho-ke, ukwehluka kobulili kungenzeka ukuthi bekungenxa yesimo sokuqashwa ngoba abaphenduli besifazane ababengabenzi bemizi babenesikhathi esithe xaxa sokuqedela inhlolovo eku-inthanethi. Lapho kulawulwa isimo sokuqashwa, kwakusenobudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi "kweminyaka yokuqala" nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala kuphela, r_{ab + c} = -.28, p <.01.

Yize, inani labesifazane emadodeni ocwaningweni lwamanje belingamele inani le-Intanethi lase-United States, lenze isampula abantu abangaphandle kwesibalo somtholampilo noma sobunhloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwamanje lukhombisa ukuthi le ndlela ingaveza abesifazane abaningi abangabathengi bezithombe zocansi ezinganeni ze-Intanethi uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imiklamo yocwaningo (okungukuthi, isibalo sabantu abasemtholampilo noma abasesimeni; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010).

Nakuba kwakukhona ukungalingani ngokocansi ocwaningweni lwamanje, ubuhlobo phakathi kobulili obudala obunabantu abadala abadala kuphela + obubhekene nobudlova obusebenzisayo futhi "ubudala bokuqala" babusabalulekile lapho belawula ubulili, r_{ab + c} = -.30 nge p <.01. Lapho kuhlolwa kuphela abaphenduli besilisa, amadoda abenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala + abika ukuthi "iminyaka yokuqala" emincane kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabantu abadala uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda abenza izithombe zocansi zabantu abadala kuphela, iFisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 15.79 p <.01. Lapho kuvivinywa kuphela abesifazane abaphendulile, abesifazane abazibandakanya nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala + baphinde babika “iminyaka yokuqala” esencane kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabantu abadala uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane ababenza izithombe zocansi zabantu abadala kuphela, iFisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 7.36 nge p <.05.

Okokugcina, ukucwaninga kwakamuva kusetshenziselwa ukuklanywa kocwaningo olusekelwe e-intanethi kodwa ngesampula se-snowball yababaphendula nge-intanethi basichaza okutholakele kwalolu cwaningo kulabo bantu ababikezela ukuthi bancane kakhulu ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyisithombe esidala bangase bahlanganyele ekudleni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Seigfried-Spellar, 2013).

5. Isiphetho

Kukhona ingxabano ezincwadini eziphathelene nemiphumela yokungabikho okungafuneki kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinganeni ezincane; Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezimbalwa zihlola iminyaka yobudala ngenhloso ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezingathandeki nezingahambi kahle. Ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuqapha, yokuhlunga, noma yokususa izithombe noma amawebhusayithi akwi-Intanethi, i-nondeviant ne-devius yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile izoqhubeka nokutholakala, ukubiza, nokungaziwa (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, Bertoline, & Rogers, 2012). Ukukhula kwesibalo sabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziphambukayo (okungukuthi, izithombe zocansi zezingane) kuzokwanda kuphela njengoba isibalo samanje sabantu abangu-2.45 sabantu emhlabeni (35%) esine-Internet siqhubeka nokwanda (i-ITU, 2011). Lokhu kukhula kuzokwengeza ukubaluleka ekuqondeni ukuthi "kungani" abanye abantu babuka, balande futhi bashintshe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho abanye bengaboni. Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola lubonisa ukuthi "ubudala bokuqala" bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili obuhlobene buhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane benza izithombe zocansi zezingane, kepha abesilisa kusenokwenzeka ukuthi babe abathengi bezithombe zocansi zezingane. Njengoba kuphakanyiswe nguQuayle noTaylor (2003), ukwehlisa ithemba kungabeka umuntu engcupheni yokuqhubekela phambili kusuka ekuziphatheni okungcolile kwe-pornography. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlole ukuthi umehluko ngamunye (isb., Ukuvuleleka kokuhlangenwe nakho, ukwazi, ukuguqula, ukuvumelana, kanye ne-neuroticism; bona uSeigfried-Spellar noRogers, 2013) ahlobene nalokhu kuqhubekela phambili okufana nokukaGuttman kokuphambukayo (okungukuthi, ingane) ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

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