Ngcaphuno: "Ucwaningo lwamanje belungolokuqala ukuhlola ukuqondiswa kusetshenziswa idatha emele izwe lonke, imininingwane ye-longitudinal. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ukusekelwa okufanelekile embonweni wokuthi ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi — kunokuba kube ummeleli wokungagculiseki kwabahlanganyeli ngempilo yezocansi noma ekuthathweni kwezinqumo emshadweni — kungathikameza izinga lomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ”
I-Arch Sex Behav. I-2016 Jul 7.
abstract
Ucwaningo oluningi luhlolisisile ukuxhumana phakathi kokubuka izithombe ezingcolile nekhwalithi yomshado, okutholakele kuvame ukuveza ubudlelwane obubi. Ukulinganiselwa kwedatha, noma kunjalo, kunqande ukusungula ukuqondiswa ngesampula labamele.
Lolu cwaningo luyilokuqala lokudweba ngokumelela kuzwelonke, idatha yesikhathi eside (i-2006-2012 Portraits ye-American Life Study) ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivame kangakanani zisebenzisa zithonya ikhwalithi yomshado kamuva nokuthi ngabe lo mphumela uhlolwe ubulili.
Ngokuvamile, abantu abashadile ababevame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-2006 babike amazinga aphansi kakhulu wekhwalithi yomshado ku-2012, inetha lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yangaphambilini yomshado kanye nama-correlates afanele. Umphumela wezithombe zocansi wawungewona nje ummeleli wokungagculiseki ngempilo yezocansi noma ekuthathweni kwezinqumo emshadweni ngonyaka we-2006. Ngokwamandla amakhulu, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngo-2006 kwaba yisibikezeli sesibili esiqine kakhulu sekhwalithi yomshado e2012.
Imiphumela yokuxhumana iveze, nokho, ukuthi umthelela omubi wokusetshenziswa kwe-porn kwikhwalithi yomshado isetshenziswa emadodeni, kodwa hhayi amakhosikazi. Eqinisweni, ukulinganisa okwenziwe ngemuva kwesikhathi kwabikezela amanani abonisa ukuthi amakhosikazi ayebuka izithombe ezingcolile njalo abika ikhwalithi ephezulu yomshado kunalabo ababeyibukela njalo noma bengayiboni nhlobo. Imiphumela nemikhawulo yalolu cwaningo kuyaxoxwa ngayo.
KEYWORDS:
Ubulili; Izinga lomshado; Umshado; Imininingwane yephaneli; Izithombe zocansi; Izinga lobuhlobo
I-PMID: 27388511
I-DOI: 10.1007 / s10508-016-0770-y
[I-PubMed - njengoba kuhlinzekwe ngumshicileli]
Kusuka Esigabeni Semiphumela Yesifundo
Ukutholwa okuningana okuvela ekuxhumaniseni kwe-zero-oda ku-Table 2 kufanele kubhekelwe. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn okwenzeka njalo kwiWave 1 kwakuhlotshaniswe ngokungafanele nokwaneliseka kwabahlanganyeli abashadile ngempilo yabo yezocansi nokwenza izinqumo njengombhangqwana eWave 1. Yize kungenakwenzeka ukubona ukwanda kwesikhashana nokuqondiswa kule nhlangano, ngokuchazayo ukuxhumeka kungasikisela ukuthi, ngokuphelele, abantu abashadile abasebenzisa i-porn bavame ukubika ukwaneliseka okuphansi ngempilo yabo yezocansi nokwenza izinqumo nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Futhi akusizi ngalutho, ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abashadayo eWave 1 kuhlangene kabi nekhwalithi yomshado kuwo womabili amagagasi, ukubuka izithombe zocansi empeleni kuhlobene kakhulu nokulinganiselwa komphumela kuWave 2 kune-Wave 1. Ngokuqondile, ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-Wave 1 kuhlangene nekhwalithi yomshado eWave 1 (r = -.17; df = 600; p <.001), lokhu kuhlangana kuqina kancane ku-Wave 2 (r = -.23; df = 600; p <.001).
Sekukonke, okutholakele kumamodeli amabili okuqala kusekela ngokuqinile i-hypothesis yokuqala yokuthi ukubuka izithombe zocansi, emiphumeleni yazo enkulu, kwakuhlobene kakhulu futhi kungafaneleki nekhwalithi yomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi lo mphumela waba namandla ekufakweni kwezilawuli zokweneliseka kwangaphambilini ngocansi-impilo kanye nokwenza izinqumo.
Ukuze uvivinye isethi yesibili yama-hypotheses, i-Model 3 ifaka igama lokuxhumana ngokubuka imvamisa ngokubukwa kwe-porn yowesilisa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ubulili bukwamukele kangakanani ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nezinga lomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Igama lokuxhumana lalibalulekile futhi lingelibi (b = -.36, p <.018; β = -.37), okukhombisa ukuthi ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nekhwalithi yomshado ku-Wave 2 bekunamandla emadodeni kunabesifazane. Lokhu kusekela iHypothesis 2a.
Ngokuvamile, labo abangakaze babuke izithombe zocansi kuWave 1 babike izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso sekhwalithi yomshado kuWave 2. Kepha njengoba ukubuka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhuphuka ku-Wave 1 yesampula ephelele, ikhwalithi yomshado ihle yaya ngaphansi kwesilinganiso ku-Wave 2. Uma ubheka kakhulu, ngenkathi kunokwehla okuncane kwekhwalithi yomshado eWave 2 njengoba ukubukwa kocansi kuWave 1 kukhuphuka, ukwehla okukhulu kwenzeka ekugcineni okukhulu kakhulu kokubuka ezocansi.
Ukuqhathanisa amadoda ashadile nabesifazane, kungabonakala ukuthi amadoda ashadile angakaze abuke izithombe ezingcolile kuWave 1 abike ukuthi ulinganiso noma izinga eliphakeme lomshado kuWave 2 kunabesifazane abashadile abangakaze babuke izithombe zocansi. Kodwa njengoba ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi kuWave 1 kukhuphuka kubo bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa, ikhwalithi yamadoda emshadweni we-Wave 2 lehla kakhulu ngenkathi umugqa wabesifazane abashadayo uxoxa indaba ehlukile. Abesifazane bakhombise ukwehla kokuqala kwekhwalithi yomshado eWave 2 njengoba ukubukwa kocansi kwe-Wave 1 kukhuphuka kufana nokwamadoda. Kodwa-ke, kuma-frequency wokubuka ama-porn amakhulu kune- "kanye ngenyanga" kuWave 1, kubikwa ukuthi ikhwalithi yabesifazane ku-Wave 2 inyuke futhi yahlala iphakeme kakhulu. Eqinisweni, kwabesifazane ababuka izithombe zocansi eziphakathi kwe- “2-3 times ngenyanga” kuya “kanye ngosuku noma ngaphezulu,” izinga labo lomshado empeleni laliphakeme kunalabo abangakaze babuke izithombe zocansi, futhi liphakeme kunezinga lomshado elijwayelekile isampula egcwele.
UKUKHULUMA
Izazi kwesinye isikhathi ziye zisho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile njalo kungaba nemiphumela emibi ezicini ezihlukene zekhwalithi yomshado. Ngenkathi ucwaningo luvame (yize kungenjalo ngazwi linye) ukuthola ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-porn nemiphumela yobudlelwano, cishe kuzo zonke izikhathi imininingwane yokuthola imininingwane iye yenziwa ngaphesheya, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbela amathuba okusungula ukuqondiswa kanye nokuhlolwa kwemiphumela yokudabuka ngokuzethemba. Ucwaningo lwamanje lwalungelokuqala ukuvivinya ukuqondiswa kokusebenzisa ubuzwe obumele izwe, idatha ye-longitudinal. Okutholakele kunikela ukusekelwa okuhle komqondo wokuthi ukubuka izithombe zocansi ezivame kakhulu-kunokuba kumane kungumbambiso wokweneliseka kwababambiqhaza ngempilo yezocansi noma izinqumo zomshado-kungaba nomthelela ongemuhle kwikhwalithi yomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, lo mphumela wezithombe zocansi onekhwalithi yomshado wasebenza cishe kuphela emadodeni ashadile. Ngokuphambene, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile okuvame ukuthonya kabi imfanelo yomshado kwabesifazane. Eqinisweni, ezinye zezitayela ezibonwe ku-Fig. 1 ziphakamisa ukuthi imishado yabesifazane eWave 2 empeleni isizuzwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn okuvame kakhulu eWave 1. Ukulandela umbono wokufunda kwezenhlalo noma wokubhala, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kumane kukhombe emiphumeleni emibi engaba khona yokuvezwa njalo ekuthini sokuqukethwe wezinto zocansi ekuhlolweni kwamadoda ngobuhlobo babo (IWright, 2013; iZillmann & Bryant, 1988). Kodwa-ke ngenkathi ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kwamadoda kwakuwukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili kwaholela ezingeni eliphansi lomshado, kubonakala sengathi imishado eyathinteka kabi kakhulu yileyo yamadoda ashadile ayebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu (kanye ngosuku noma ngaphezulu). Lawa mazinga okusetshenziswa kocansi ayedlulele ngokwezibalo futhi angaphakamisa ukulutha noma okunye ukuziphatha okuphoqelelayo okungaba nomphumela omubi ebudlelwaneni bezothando, noma ngabe bekungokunye ukuziphatha ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kocansi.9 Ngenye indlela, kungenzeka ukuthi amadoda athi ukubandakanyeka ezimweni eziphakeme kakhulu zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile e-Wave 1 babesezimweni zomsebenzi lapho babengekho ngokomzimba kude nabashade nabo isikhathi eside futhi ngenxa yalokho ukwehla kwekhwalithi yomshado nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphezulu kungenzeka ukuthi bobabili kwavela ekuhlukaneni ngokomzimba. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo ngalesi sihloko lungahlomula kwimininingwane yezingxoxo esezingeni elizosiza ukukhipha izindlela ezisebenza ebudlelwaneni obubonwayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kokungezelwa kwe-9 kwaqhutshwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ngabe amadoda asemazingeni amaningi ngokweqile okusetshenziswa kwezocansi kufanele asolwe yini ngomthelela obalulekile wokusetshenziswa kwe-porn kwikhwalithi yomshado yamadoda. Imiphumela (etholakala ngesicelo) iveze umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwalabo ababengazibukeli izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nakulabo abawenzayo, kunokuba kube phakathi kwalabo ababuka izithombe ezingcolile ngamazinga aphakathi nalawo asezingeni eleqile.
Ukuze kubhekwe kangcono imiphumela yalokhu okutholakele, imikhawulo yedatha eminingana kufanele ivunyelwe. Okokuqala, ngenkathi ukwakhiwa nokuhlaziywa kwepaneli kuvumela ukunqunywa kokuqalwa kwesikhashana nokuqondiswa kokusebenza kokubuka izithombe zocansi ku-Wave 1 kanye nemiphumela yomshado kuWave 2, iqiniso lokuthi umbuzo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-porn awubuzwanga kuWave 2 unqabela ukuthi kungenzeka kunqunywe ukuthi ikhwalithi yomshado e-T1 ibikezela kangakanani futhi kangakanani? Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izinkinga ezihlobene nobudlelwano zingabikezela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (Paul, 2; Stack et al., 2005; Willoughby et al., 2004) futhi kungasiza ukuqhathanisa imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwe-porn nekhwalithi yomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ucwaningo lwakusasa luzosebenzisa kahle idatha equkethe izindlela zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nekhwalithi yomshado ngezikhathi ezimbili ezihlukile ukuze ubuke ukuthi iyiphi enye into ebikezela ngokuqinile enye. Ukukhawulelwa kwedatha futhi kunqande ukuthi kungenzeka ezinye izinqubo zokulinganisa ezincike ekuguquleni izikolo, njengemiphumela elungisiwe. Yize imiphumela inamandla kakhulu ngamamodeli we-LDV ukuthi imiphumela ehleliwe ibangeke ikushintshe okutholakele okucacile, lezi zinhlobo zokuhlaziya zinganikeza okunye ukuhlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okushiwoyo okuguqukayo okungaqondile kube nomthelela emiphumeleni.
Okwesibili, ngenkathi isilinganiso sezithombe zocansi singukuthuthuka kwezinye izindlela ezibuza kuphela ukuthi ngabe umuntu obamba iqhaza ubheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isib. I-GSS), isilinganiso asicacisi uhlobo lwemidiya eveza ubulili esetshenziswayo, kepha ishiya lokhu kuvulelekile Umhlanganyeli ukuthola ukuthi babukela “izinto zobulili ezingcolile.” Kungenzeka ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwabesifazane abashadile nabesilisa emiphumeleni yokusetshenziswa kocansi kwekhwalithi yomshado kungenxa yokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezithombe zocansi ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilowo nalowo. Ngokwezinga lapho abesilisa bedla izithombe ezingcolile ezingaba khona eziqukethe ukubonakala kokuqothuka kwabesifazane kanye nokuwohloka ngenkathi abesifazane besethubeni lokusebenzisa izinto eziqukethe ubuhlakani nokusondelana, bangathonywa ekuziphatheni kwabo nasekuziphatheni okuhlukile. Ngakho-ke ucwaningo lwakusasa luzohlomula ezindlekweni ezichaza ngokusobala ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi ezisetshenziswayo nokuthi zisetshenziswa ngubani. Lezi zinhlobo zedatha zingasiza ekuhloleni nasekwaziseni umqondo wokubhala, ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezithombe zocansi zinikeza ngemibhalo enomthelela noma ngokungazi ngethonya okulindelekile mayelana nokusondelana, ucansi, izithombe zomzimba, njll. Futhi ngaleyo ndlela nomthelela ebudlelwaneni bothando abazibophile (uWilloughby et al., I-2016; i-Wright, i-2013).
Umkhawulo wesithathu bekungenakwenzeka ukubona ukuthi ababambiqhaza abashadile babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bebodwa noma nabalingani babo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izifundiswa zisanda kuphikisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, lapho kwenziwa njengombhangqwana, kungabuzuzisa ubuhlobo (Grov et al., 2011; Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010; Maddox et al., 2011; Weinberg, et et. al., 2010; UWilloughby et al., 2016). Ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nemiphumela yobudlelwano kungabukeka ngokuhlukile kwabesifazane nabesilisa kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganyele emaphethini wokusebenzisa ahlukile. Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi abesilisa banamathuba amaningi kakhulu kunabesifazane ukubika ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zodwa (UMaddox et al., 2011), kanti abanye bathola ukuthi amadoda avame ukubika esebenzisa i-porn yokushaya indlwabu ngenkathi abesifazane besengozini yokubika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ikakhulu njengengxenye ukwenza uthando (Amabhuloho neMorokoff, 2011). Ngenkathi ucwaningo lwamanje lungakwazanga ukuvivinya lokhu kwehlukaniswa, kuze kufike ezingeni lapho amadoda esethubeni lokusebenzisa khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zodwa ngenkathi abesifazane besengozini yokwenza kanjalo njengendlela yokwakha ukusondelana kothando, bekungeke kumangaze ukuthola ukuthi abesifazane abashadile ubudlelwano buzuziwe ngandlela thile ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezinkulu, kuyilapho ubudlelwano bamadoda babonakala buthinteka kabi ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile (okuzihlukanisayo). Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzothatha idatha ezovumela umcwaningi ukuthi alawule ukuthi ngabe umlingani wababambiqhaza naye uyazibuka yini izithombe zocansi, kaningi kangakanani nokuthi bazenza ndawonye yini.
Okokugcina, ukuhlaziya kwami kufaka phakathi ababambiqhaza kuphela ababeshade eWave 1 e2006 futhi bahlala beshada kwaze kwaba yi-Wave 2 e2012. Ngakho-ke, angikhombisi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka kube nomthelela kanjani ekwahlukanisweni kweminye imibhangqwana phakathi kwe-Waves 1 ne-2. Inani lezehlukaniso phakathi kwababambiqhaza be-PALS phakathi kwe-Waves 1 ne-2 ngeshwa lincane kakhulu ukuba lingaqhuba noma yikuphi ukucubungula okunengqondo ne- (n <30). Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ucwaningo lwamanje lubashiyile abantu abebehlukanisile phakathi kweWave 1 ne-2 empeleni kwenza lokho okutholakele kube ngolondolozayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kube kuvame kakhulu ukuthi ababambiqhaza bahlukane ngaleyo ndlela babashiye ngaphandle kwesampula sokuhlaziya. Iqiniso lokuthi isampula lifaka kuphela imibhangqwana ebishade kuwo womabili amaWave kusho ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kufaka kuphela imibhangqwana izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingazange zibangele ukuhlukana. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungahlomula kudatha yephaneli enezinombolo ezanele zezehlukaniso ukubikezela ngokwanele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvame kakhulu kuholela emathubeni amakhulu edivosi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Encwadini efanayo, lolu cwaningo lwalubandakanya kuphela abantu abasevele beshadile ku-Wave 1. Ngakho-ke, bekungeke kwenzeke ukubona ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvame ukwedlula kwenza abantu bangabi namathuba okushada nhlobo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzohlomula nangokuhlola ukuthi ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi kungawanciphisa yini amathuba abantu okungena emshadweni noma mhlawumbe kubambezele ukungena komshado. Noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwezithandani kungahle kube nomthelela ekusondeleni kwabo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuholele emathubeni amakhulu okushada.
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