(Musa) Bheka kimi! Ukuthi Ukusatshalaliswa Okuvumelekile noma Okungahanjiswa Kokuvumelanayo Kuthinta Kanjani Ukuqonda Nokuhlola Izithombe Zokuthumelana Ngezithombe (2019)

I-COMMENTS: Abesilisa bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa bebheka izithombe zithunyelwa lapho bebecabanga ukuthi lezi zithombe zisatshalaliswa ngokungahambisani. Isicashunwa:

Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi indlela yokubuka kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezithombe ezithumelwayo zithonywa indlela yokuhanjiswa. Ngokuhambisana nombono wokuqagela amadoda abecabanga ukuthi lezi zithombe zisatshalaliswa ngaphandle kokuvumelana zichitha isikhathi esiningi zibuka isidumbu salowo obonisiwe. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi 'yi-ideectifying gazee' kuphinde kwaphawuleka kakhulu kubabambiqhaza abanemikhuba ephakeme yokwamukela izinganekwane mayelana nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi noma ukuthambekela okuvamile ukwenza abanye bacabangele.

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J. Clin. UMedi. 2019, 8(5), i-706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050706

by Arne Dekker I-1, *, †, UFrederike Wenzlaff I-1, †, U-Anne Daubmann 2, UHans O. Pinnschmidt 2 futhi I-peer Briken 1
1Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngobulili kanye ne-Forensic Psychiatry, i-University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
2I-Institute of Medical Biometry ne-Epidemiology, i-University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany

abstract

Ukwabelana okungekho emthethweni kwesithombe esiseduze kungukwephulwa okukhulu kwelungelo lomuntu lokuba nemfihlo futhi kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi yengqondo. Kodwa-ke, kucwaningwe okuncane okwenziwe ngezizathu zokusebenzisa izithombe eziseduzane okwabiwa ngazo ngokungahambisani. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe zangasese okuvumelanayo noma okungekho emthethweni kuvimbela kanjani ukubona kanye nokuhlaziywa kwalezi zithombe. Abahlanganyeli babelwa ngokungahleliwe kwelinye lamaqembu amabili. Izithombe ezisondelene ezifanayo zaboniswa kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza. Kodwa-ke, elinye iqembu lacabanga ukuthi izithombe zabiwe ngokuzithandela, kanti elinye iqembu latshelwa ukuthi izithombe zazisatshalaliswa ngaphandle kokuvumelana. Ngenkathi abahlanganyeli beqeda imisebenzi eminingana njengokulinganisa ukuthandwa kocansi komuntu obonisiwe, ukunyakaza kwabo kwalandelelwa. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi indlela yokubuka kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezithombe ezithumelwayo zithonywa indlela yokuhanjiswa. Ngokuhambisana nombono wokuqagela amadoda abecabanga ukuthi lezi zithombe zisatshalaliswa ngaphandle kokuvumelana zichitha isikhathi esiningi zibuka isidumbu salowo obonisiwe. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi 'yi-ideectifying gazee' kuphinde kwaphawuleka kakhulu kubabambiqhaza abanemikhuba ephakeme yokwamukela izinganekwane mayelana nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi noma ukuthambekela okuvamile kokwenza abanye bacabangele. Ekuphetheni, le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi imikhankaso yokuvimbela ethuthukisa 'ukuthumelelana izithombe zobunqunu' futhi ngaleyo ndlela necala lomthwalo wokusatshalaliswa kwezithombe okunjalo kubantu abakhonjisiwe alanele. Esikhundleni salokho, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi akukho emthethweni ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe ezingahambisani, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabathengi besilisa.
Amagama agqamile: ukulandela iso; Ukwabelana ngezithombe okungavumelani; izithombe ezisondelene; ukuqonda; ukubuka okungakhethi; ukwamukelwa kwenganekwane yokudlwengulwa; ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi

1. Isingeniso

Kuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, ukuthumela izithombe zomuntu uqobo noma ezicacile, amavidiyo, noma imibhalo [1], sekuwumkhuba ojwayelekile phakathi kwamaqembu yobudala obuhlukile [2,3,4,5]. Izincazelo ziyahlukahluka, futhi ukudideka kokuthumela imiyalezo ngokuvumelanayo nokungavumelani kufakazela ukuthi kuyinkinga enkulu yomqondo. [6,7]. Ngenkathi ukuthunyelwa kwezithombe okuvumelanayo kubhekisele ekuthumeleni izithombe ezinenhloso, ezisebenzayo, futhi ezimnandi njalo, ukwabiwa kwezithombe okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume kwenzeka ngokumelene nentando noma ngaphandle kolwazi lomuntu oboniswe [8]. Lokhu kwabelana okungahambisani kungenye yezingozi ezixoxwa njalo kumongo wokuthumela imiyalezo [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Uma ukuthunyelwa kwezithombe zithunyelwa ngokuhambisana nentando yomuntu okhonjisiwe (isib. Embuthanweni wabangane) noma kushicilelwe kwi-inthanethi, lokhu kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yengqondo. Izimo lapho izisulu zidalulwa ukuhlukunyezwa komphakathi nokuxhashazwa kwe-intanethi kungaholela emiphumeleni emikhulukazi yezengqondo, kwezinye izimo zize zibulale [3,7].
Hhayi kuphela kwinkulumompikiswano esesidlangalaleni kodwa futhi nasemikhankasweni ye-'sexting abstinence '[19], ukuthumelana imiyalezo yocansi ngokujwayelekile, kuthathwa njengokuyingozi [20]. Ukungahlukanisi phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwezithombe okuvumelanayo nokungavumelani kungaholela ekubambeni icala uma abakhiqizi bezithombe ababonisiwe benomthwalo wokusabalalisa okungakahlosiwe [7]. Le ndlela igxekwe esimweni semibhalo esithi 'isiko lokudlwengula'21,22,23] futhi exhunywe emihlanganweni ebanzi ye-'concececourse '[24,25,26,27] kanye 'nokwamukelwa kwenganekwane ngokudlwengulwa' [26,28,29]. Umbono we-Objecifying ubeka ukuthi emiphakathini yasentshonalanga abesifazane banqunyelwe ukuya ocansini, baphathwe njengezinto futhi babhekwa njengabalifanele kuze kube yilapho imizimba yabo ijabulisa abanye [29] (ngezibuyekezo [28,30]). Ukuzindla ngocansi kungabonakala njengokuqhubekayo okusukela ezenzweni zobudlova kuya kwizenzo ezicashile ezifana nokubuka okubonakalayo [30,31]. Lawa ma-gazes, aqanjwe ngokomqondo njengokuhlola okubonakalayo (kwezitho zangasese) zomzimba, akhonjiswe amandla ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulandela iso [32]. Ngokwengeziwe, abantu abazenza ucansi abanye bakhonjiswe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bamukele izinganekwane zokudlwengulwa [24,25], ezisebenzela ukulungisa udlame lwezocansi, isb, ngokubekwa icala lozisulu (ngezibuyekezo [27,33]). Lezi zinganekwane ezicashile zithathwe njengezinhlelo zokuqonda [34] futhi kukhonjiswe ukuthonya ukunyakaza kwamehlo [35,36].
Yize ucwaningo luvele ngokuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo yocansi engahambisani nezinto ezihlobene nalo [7,9,20], kwenziwe umzamo omncane ukuphenya izizathu zokudla izithombe ezinjalo. Umbuzo uphakama ukuthi kungani abantu bedla okuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo yokuthumelelana imiyalezo okungezona ezivumelanayo lapho ukuqhathaniswa nje nezinto ezibonakalayo kungakuvezi umehluko obonakalayo kokuqukethwe kwezithombe. Ingabe kukhona okukhangayo kokungahambisani nakho uqobo, okungenani kwabanye abathengi? Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, ngokwethu siphenya umbuzo wokuthi indlela okuthiwa isatshalaliswa kanjani (evumelana vs. engahambisani) ithonya kanjani ukubonwa kwezithombe ezithumelayo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo luthembisa ukutholwa okubalulekile kwemizamo yokuvimbela esizayo.
Ngokuhambisana nombono wokuqagela, silindela ukwehluka ekuhlolweni nasembukisweni wokuthunyelwa kwezithombe ngokuya ngemininingwane yokudlulisa okuvumelanayo noma okungekho. Ngokuhambisana nokucwaninga kwangaphambilini, siphikisana ukuthi ukukhuphula ukuqonda okuqondile kuhambisana nezilinganiso ezihehayo zomuntu onenhloso [37] nokubuka okumangazayo okucacisayo [32]. Siphinda sithuthukise ukuthi izithombe ezithi zingezona ezithuthukisiwe zibhekwa njengezisondele kakhudlwana futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwazo okunye kungathandeki. Ukuthambekela okubanzi kokunye ukuzindla nokwamukelwa okuphezulu kwenganekwane kulindeleke ukuthi kwandise ukuqonda.
Ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zesayensi ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yezithombe ezingcolile kugxila ekuziphatheni kwentsha. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukwesaba okwenzeka emphakathini, kepha eqinisweni, isipiliyoni sokuthumela imiyalezo siphezulu kakhulu kubantu abadala kunaphakathi kwentsha. Ekubuyekezweni okuhleliwe okukhona manje [3] isilinganiso sokwanda kwezifundo zentsha ethunyelwa imiyalezo equkethe imibhalo evusa inkanuko yobulili noma izithombe ezitholakele njenge-10.2% (95% CI (1.77-18.63)), ngenkathi isilinganiso esilinganiswayo sokwanda kwezifundo zabantu abadala sasiyi-53.31% (95% CI ( I-49.57-57.07)). Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, futhi futhi ngoba ucwaningo olukhona manje alugxili esithombeni esimele sabasebenzisi, sinqume ukuhlola isampula yabantu abadala. Sicabanga ukuthi izindlela ezikhonjisiwe ziyaqhathaniswa nentsha, kepha lokhu kumele kuboniswe ngocwaningo lwakusasa.

I-2. Izimpahla nezindlela

I-2.1. Abahlanganyeli

Ingqikithi yabahlanganyeli be-76 (i-57% insikazi, Mage = 31.99, SDage = 10.28) aqashwa kabusha ngezindaba zezindaba zaseyunivesithi. Bazisiwe ngemisebenzi nokuqukethwe kwesisusa kodwa bagcinwa benqunyelwe inhloso ephelele yovavanyo. Abahlanganyeli banikeze imvume ebhaliwe yokufunda ukubamba iqhaza. Akukho ukunxephezelwa okunikezwe. Ikomidi lesimilo segumbi lombuso labasebenzi bezengqondo baseHamburg (Psychotherapeutenkammer Hamburg) ligunyaze umthetho olandelwayo ocwaningweni olukhona (i-03 / 2015-PTK-HH).

I-2.2. I-Stimuli ne-Apparatus

Amavolontiya aziwayo uqobo ngababhali kepha akwaziwa abahlanganyeli bocwaningo banikeze izithombe ze-14 semi-nude sexting [38]. Isithombe esisodwa esengeziwe ngokobulili sitholwe emithonjeni ye-intanethi etholakala ngokukhululekile ngezinjongo zokuthunyelwa komphakathi, okuholele ekusethweni kwezithombe ze-16 (i-50% yowesifazane).
Isethulo se-Stimulus nokuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwa kwi-22-intshi ebanzi ye-pixels (amaphikiseli we-1680 × 1050) kusetshenziswa i-SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI GmbH, Teltow, Germany) isoftware ExperimentCenterTM. I-track yamehlo eyihlane (i-SMI, uhlelo lwe-RED) eqopha ukunyakaza kwamehlo ku-120 Hz kusuka ebangeni le-50 cm wokubuka isebenzisa ukuphumula kwe-head-chin.

I-2.3. Imibuzo

Ukucacisa komuntu ngamunye kwabanye kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhumusha kwesiJalimane kwenguqulo eguqulwayo ye-Self-Objecission Questionnaire [39] kokunye ukuzikhethela (Isikali Sokulungiswa, OOS [40]). Isikali siqukethe izimfanelo zomzimba ze-10, amandla asuselwa kumakhono amahlanu (okungukuthi, amandla) nezinhlanu zibonakaliswe ngokubukeka (ie, ukuheha ngokomzimba). Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi babhale ukuthi babona ibaluleke kangakanani imfanelo ngayinye (i-10 = "ebaluleke kakhulu"; 1 = "ebaluleke kakhulu") ngokwahlukana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izikolo ezingenzeka zisukela ku-−25 ziye kwi-25 enezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibonisa amazinga aphezulu wokuqashelwa.
Ababambiqhaza baphinde bagcwalisa i-11-nto efushane yenguqulo emfushane Yemukelwa WaseJalimane Wezinganekwane Zanamuhla Mayelana ne-Aggression Scale (AMMSA) [41] ebikade isetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezinye izifundo zokulandela iso [35,36]. Into ngayinye ikalwe ngesilinganiso samaphoyinti we-7 (1 = "ngokuphelele)"; 7 = "ngiyavuma ngokuphelele").

I-2.4. Inqubo

Ababambiqhaza bafunde umbhalo wesingeniso bethi ucwaningo luhlose ukuqonda kabanzi ngokuhlolwa kwezithombe ezithumelayo. Ngokuya ngesimo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe kungenzeka kuchazwe njengokuzithandela (isimo sokuvumelanisa) noma njengokungafuneki, kuphambene nentando yomuntu oboniswayo (isimo esingesiso esivumelana). Ukukhohlisa kuqiniswe ngokubuza ababambiqhaza ukuthi basho imizwa emithathu ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe okungenze kwabavusela kubantu ababonisiwe. Ukulandela, ababambiqhaza babone izithombe kathathu ngemisebenzi ehlukene. Izithombe zahlelwa ngokungafanele ngaphakathi kwamabhulokhi, kuqala ngezithombe zabesilisa. Izithombe zethulwe ngazinye esikrinini esigcwele semizuzwana ye-5, eyandulelwa isiphambano esimnyama ngakwesokunxele ekhonjiswe i-1 yesibili. Umsebenzi wokuqala kwakuwukubuka ngokukhululekile izithombe. Okwesibili, ababambiqhaza balinganise ukukhanga kocansi komuntu obonisiwe. Ngomsebenzi wesithathu, ababambiqhaza bacelwe ukuba bahlole ukuthi bakubheka ngokusondele kangakanani okuqukethwe yileso sithombe nokuthi kungaba mnandi kangakanani ukwabiwa kwezithombe kumuntu obonisiwe (kusukela ku-1 = “hhayi nakancane…”; 7 = “sana…”). Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwemininingwane yezenhlalo, kanye nemibuzo, ababambiqhaza babongiwe futhi basuswa.

I-2.5. Ukuncishiswa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa kwedatha

Ukuziphendulela ngezinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ezenziwe ngendaba efanayo, kwaqashwa indlela esetshenzisiwe yemodeli. Sihlolisise imiphumela ehleliwe yesimo sokuguquguquka esizimele (ukuvumelana okuhambisanayo nokusatshalaliswa okungahambisani), ubulili (abesifazane vs amadoda), ubulili bezithombe (izithombe zabesifazane vs.zabesilisa), kokusebenzisana kwabo bobathathu nababili kanye ne-OOS isikolo namamaki e-AMMSA kuzilinganiso (1) zokuheha ubulili, (2) ukusondelana kokuqukethwe kwezithombe, kanye (3) bathole ukungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa kwezithombe. Ukutholwa okungahleliwe kuthathwe njengento yababambe iqhaza. Sibika izindlela eziseceleni kanye nezikhathi zabo ze-95% -confidence. Sibika imiphumela yamamodeli wokugcina ngemuva kokukhishwa emuva emuva kwemiphumela engabalulekile ngokusho kukaKleinbaum et al. [42]. Zonke izivivinyo zezibalo zazinamaphara amabili (α = 0.05).
Imininingwane yokulandelwa kwamehlo ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa imodeli efanayo njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla nokubheka okungafani njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Ukugqwayiza okubonakalayo kusetshenziswe njengoba isikhathi sesihlobo esachithwa sibheka umzimba ngokuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esichithwa sibheka ubuso [32]. Sidale izindawo ezimbili ezithakazelayo (i-AOI) esithombeni ngasinye, esinye siqukethe inhloko kanti esinye siqukethe wonke umzimba. Isikhathi sokuhlala sawo womabili ama-AOIs, okusho, isikhathi sonke sokubuka umuntu abonisiwe, sasethelwe ku-100%. Ekuhlaziyeni okulandelayo, sigxila kumaphesenti alesosikhathi aqondiswe emzimbeni. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ukwanda kwesikhathi sokubuka emzimbeni kuhlala kuphumela ekunciphiseni kwesikhathi sokuhlala ebusweni, ngoba womabili amanani ahlala enezelwa afinyelela ku-100%. Ngakho-ke ukubuka okuqine ngokwengeziwe kubhekisele esikhathini sokubuka isikhathi eside emzimbeni kanye nesikhathi sokubuka esifushane ebusweni.
Izibalo zenziwa kusetshenziswa imodeli ejwayelekile ye-GENLINMIXED (ejwayelekile eyenziwe ngomugqa ohlanganisiwe) ye-SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) kwathi ukwehliswa kwedatha kokulandela iso kwenzeka kusetshenziswa izilungiselelo ezijwayelekile zeBeGazeTM (I-SMI, Teltow, Germany), ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokubuka efana nesikhathi (isikhathi sokuhlala).

I-3. Imiphumela

I-3.1. Abahlanganyeli

Ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwedatha abahlanganyeli bebengafakwanga ngenxa yokuqoshwa kabi (n = 5), ukujwayeza ukungezwani nobungqingili (n = 3), noma ngenxa yezimpendulo ezinganele kusheke lokukhohlisa (n = 10) kukalwe ngezilinganiso ezine ezizimele. Ingqikithi yabahlanganyeli be-58 (i-57% insikazi, Mage = 31.45, SDage = 10.18) kusele ukuhlaziya idatha (bheka Ithebula 1). Ithebula 1 futhi ikhombisa izindlela zabahlanganyeli be-AMMSA nezikolo ze-OOS. Kulesi simo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amanani ashiwo amaqembu amabili wokufunda awafani.
Ithebula 1. Izici zokubamba iqhaza nedatha yemibuzo.
Ithebula

I-3.2. Izilinganiso

Amamodeli ahlukile ahlukaniselwe ngayinye yezilinganiso ezintathu ezicacile, okungukuheha kocansi komuntu okubonisiwe, ukusondelana kokuqukethwe kwesithombe, nokungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa okwengeziwe. Imiphumela emibi kuphela yamamodeli wokugcina abikwa lapha.
Okwezilinganiso ezihehayo, asitholanga leso simo (ukusatshalaliswa okungavumelaniyo; bona Ithebula 2) ube nanoma yimuphi umphumela. Sithole, noma kunjalo, sathola ukuthi ubulili babunomphumela kanye nomphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kobulili obehlanganyele nobulili bezithombe. Sekukonke, amadoda alinganise izithombe zamadoda njengezikhangayo ngokwengeziwe (M = 4.17, SE = 0.32) kunokwenza kwabesifazane (M = 3.02, SE = 0.31; t(924) = 3.25, p <0.001). Abesifazane futhi bakala izithombe zamadoda njengezingahehi kangako kunezithombe zabesifazane (M = 4.46, SE = 0.32, t(924) = 9.36, p <0.001). Ayikho eminye imiphumela efinyelele ekubalulekeni.
Ithebula 2. Izinhlobo zokugcina zamathonya ezilinganisweni zokuheha ubulili, ukusondelana, nokucatshangelwa okungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa okwengeziwe.
Ithebula
Mayelana nezilinganiso zokusondelana, sithole umphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwesimo nobulili (p = 0.008, bheka Ithebula 2). Ukuqhathaniswa kukaPairwise kuveze ukuthi abesifazane abathathe ukusatshalaliswa okungahambisani babheka izithombe njengezisondele kakhulu (M = 4.86, SE = 0.25) kunabesifazane abacabanga ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kuvumelekile (M = 4.56, SE = 0.26; t(924) = 2.58, p = 0.01).
Ukuhlaziya umthelela wokuthi okunye ukusatshalaliswa okungathandeki kubhekwe kanjani kumuntu obonisiwe, sathola leso simo (ukuvumelana okungahambisani nokusatshalaliswa okungavumelani; p <0.001) kube nomphumela obaluleke kakhulu (bona Ithebula 2). Ukuqhathanisa kukaPairwise kuveze ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababamba ukwaba okungahambisani nobumbano babheka ukusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo njengokungajabulisi kakhulu (M = 4.63, SE = 0.28) kunababambiqhaza ababambe ukwabelana ngokuvumelanayo (M = 4.26, SE = 0.28; t(924) = 3.74, p <.001). Siphinde sathola umphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kobulili nobulili besithombe. Abesifazane balinganise ukungathandeki kokuqhubeka nokusatshalaliswa okuphansi kwezithombe zamadoda (M = 4.08, SE = 0.40) kunababambiqhaza besilisa abenzile (M = 4.41, SE = 0.40; t(924) = 2.50, p = 0.013). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphuzu we-AMMSA afinyelele ukubaluleka (coeffnty = −0.13, p = 0.002), okukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza aphezulu beshaye esikalini se-AMMSA, okungekubi kangako uma bekubheka ukusatshalaliswa kwesithombe komuntu obonisiwe.

I-3.3. Ukuhlaziywa Kokulandela Ngamehlo

Ngokuphathelene nokuhamba kwamehlo, besinesifiso sokubheka izinto ezingabonakali, zisebenza njengesikhathi sokubuka umzimba. Sithole ukuxhumana okukhulu kwesimo nobulili (F(1,834) = 8.36, p <0.001). Amadoda asesimweni esingeyona imvumelwano akhombise ukubheka okunamandla kokuqina njengoba ebebukeka emide kakhulu emzimbeni (M = 54.37, SE = 8.99) kunamadoda asesimweni sokuvumelana (M = 46.52, SE = 9.01; t(834) = 4.25, p <0.001) (bheka Umfanekiso we-1). Ngaphakathi kwesimo esingesiso esivumelana, abesilisa futhi bakhombise ukugqama okubukeka kunabantu besifazane, bachitha isikhathi esiningi bebheka imizimba kunaleyo abesifazane abenzile (M = 49.53, SE = 8.97; t(834) = 3.07, p = 0.002). Ngokuphawulekile, kwakungekho mehluko wobulili onjalo ngaphakathi kwesimo sokuvumelana (p > 0.05).
I-Jcm 08 00706 g001 550
Umfanekiso we-1. Izilinganiso zokulinganisa okunesilinganiso (nephutha elijwayelekile) lesikhathi sokuchitha esisetshenziswa emzimbeni ngesimo nangokobulili. *** p <0.001; ** p <0.01.
Imiphumela yesikolo se-OOS kanye ne-AMMSA isikolo bekubalulekile (p <0.001), okukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuhlala esihlobene emzimbeni sikhuphuka ngamanani aphezulu. Ngamanye amagama, lokhu kuveza umbono oqondakala ngokwengeziwe wokuthambekela okuphezulu kokuphikisa nokwamukela izinganekwane mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (bona Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3. Amathonya engxenyeni yesikhathi sokuhlala esichithwa ebuka umzimba.
Ithebula

I-4. Ingxoxo

Sibonisa ukuthi hhayi izilinganiso ezicacile kuphela kodwa nokuziphatha okubukwayo okungenasici kuthonywa ukusatshalaliswa okucatshangwayo okuvumelanayo noma okungavumelani kokuthumela izithombe.

I-4.1. Ukuhlolwa Kwesithombe

Abahlanganyeli abathathe ukusatshalaliswa okungavumelani kwesithombe esithumelwayo, okungukuthi ukwaba ngokumelene nentando yomuntu okhonjisiwe, bakala ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe okuqhubekayo njengokungajabulisi kakhulu. Lokhu kuthola kukhombisa ukuthi hhayi kuphela okuqukethwe isithombe ngokwalo noma imizwa yomuntu siqu ngokuthumela imiyalezo kodwa nemininingwane ezungezile kuyacatshangelwa lapho kulinganiswa ukungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa kwezithombe okuqhubekayo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abesifazane balinganise ukungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa okuphansi kwezithombe zamadoda kunabahlanganyeli besilisa. Ukubona izithombe zamanye amadoda, ubungozi bokuthi umuntu abe yisisulu nokuthi izithombe zakhe zabiwe ngokungahlanganyeli kungahle kukhule kubantu besilisa, okuholele kwizilinganiso eziphakeme zokungathandeki. Ngenxa yezindaba ezijwayelekile zokuthumelelana imiyalezo ezingahambisani nokubandakanya abesifazane, ababambiqhaza besifazane bangahle bazi ngobungozi bomuntu siqu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kwesimo. Njengoba imiphumela engaba khona yokudlulisa iba nzima kakhulu kwabesifazane [43,44], abahlanganyeli besifazane bangase babheke ukuqhubeka phambili njengokungajabulisi kangako ngenxa yemiphumela emibi kakhulu yamadoda. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izithombe zabesilisa nabesifazane akufanele ziqhathaniswe ngqo komunye nomunye kulolu cwaningo njengoba izingoma zezithombe ziyehluka. Amadoda ayevame ukubuza ngocansi oluncane kunabesifazane, okuvela ekudalweni kwezithombe zemvelo, kepha kungenzeka kunomthelela ezilinganisweni zokungathandeki.
Sekukonke, ukwamukelwa kwezinganekwane ezijwayelekile zokudlwengula kuholele ezilinganisweni eziphansi zokungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo kulezi zimo zombili. Ukuvunyelwa okuphezulu kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa kukhombisa ukuthi kunamathuba amaningi okusolwa komuntu ohlukunyeziwe, okuhambisana nezinkulumo ezijwayelekile zokuthi kuthunyelwa imiyalezo yocansi [7,12,22,45]. Ngakho-ke, ukucabanga ngokwabelana okungavunyelwe ukuvumelana kokuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo yocansi kuvumela ukunciphisa izinga elilindelekile lokungathandeki kokusatshalaliswa okwengeziwe. Umuntu obonisiwe uthathwa njengonomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha isithombe ekuqaleni ngakho-ke kungaba yisiwula noma asinangqondo. Ngamanye amagama, ukungathandeki okulinganiselwe kuyancipha lapho ukwanda kokuhlaselwa yilowo ohlukumezayo enyuka. Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba le patheni ingeyona ejwayelekile kuphela kumacala wokuziphindiselela kwezithombe zocansi [46] kepha futhi nezinye izindlela zokuhlukumeza ngokocansi [26,47] futhi isithole indlela yayo emikhankasweni 'yokuthunyelwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile'20]. Ngokuphathelene nokusondelana okucatshangelwa kwezithombe, abesifazane bacabanga ukuthi ukuhanjiswa okungekhona okuvumelanayo kukalwe ngezithombe njengokusondelana kakhulu kwabo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane kunabesifazane abazokwabelana ngokuhlanganyela. Amadoda, noma kunjalo, awazange ahlukane phakathi kokuhanjiswa okuvumelanayo noma okungavumelani kwezithombe zabesilisa noma abesifazane. Lokhu kungabikwa ukuthi abesifazane kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba yizisulu zokuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi ngokungavumelani [3] nokuthi bahlukunyezwe zonke izinhlobo eziningi zodlame olusekelwe ku-inthanethi [19,48]. Ukuqaphela ingozi engaba khona yangasese kungenza abesifazane bazwele kakhulu ezinhlosweni zomuntu obonisiwe kanye nokwephula ubumfihlo.
Ngokungafani nokulindelekile, indlela ecatshangelwe yokusatshalaliswa ayizange ibe nomthelela wokuthi ababambe iqhaza bakala kanjani ukuheha kwezocansi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini oluxhumanisa ukulinganisa kanye nezilinganiso ezihehayo ziveze abesifazane ngokugqoka okuvamile nabesifazane abafanayo kwi-bikinis [46]. Ukukhohlisa okunamandla okunjalo kuvumela umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezimo. Kusebenzisa izithombe ezifanayo zobunqunu kuzo zombili lezi zimo njengoba kwenziwa ocwaningweni lwethu kungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona inkohliso eyanele yokuthinta izilinganiso ezikhangayo ezicacile. Umphumela wokuxhumana obonisiwe phakathi kobulili nobulili bezithombe, izilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zezithombe zabantu besilisa, kungenzeka kungenxa yezici ezihambisana nezithombe hhayi umongo. Ngakho-ke, asiziboni njengezidingida lolu cwaningo.

I-4.2. I-Objectifying Gaze

Ukubuka okubonakalayo, okuchazwa njengenani lesikhathi sokubheka umzimba, kuthonywa isimo nobulili obuhlanganyelayo. Abesilisa bacabanga ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa okungahambisani nakho kukhombisa ukugqama okungaphezu kokuqhathaniswa nokwabesilisa okubandakanya ukuhlanganyela ngokuzithandela futhi bangaphezu kwabesifazane abathola leyo ndlela yokusabalalisa. Ngakho-ke, sikwazile ukukhombisa okokuqala ukuthi indlela okuyiyo yokusatshalaliswa inomthelela wokuthi ababambiqhaza bazibheka kanjani izithombe nokuthi bakhombisa kanjani ukugqama okungathandeki. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa ukuthi ikakhulukazi abesifazane batholwa ngocansi kwabezindaba [26,49,50] naphakathi kokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu [51,52]. Ukugqolozela okuxhunyiwe kuxhumene nemibono emibi yezenhlalo, dehumanization, kanye nokuzibona53,54,55]. Ngenkathi ukugxila kokubukeka kwabesifazane kuxhumene nemibono emibi yenhlalo [54,55] nezinkinga ezinzima zempilo yengqondo [55], alukho ucwaningo oluqhathaniswayo lwamadoda olukhona.
Yize kuxoxwa kakhulu kakhulu ngabesilisa, abesifazane kucatshangwa ukuthi bakwazile ukubuka lokho okubonakalayo kangangokuba bakukhombisa nakwabanye abantu besifazane [56]. Kodwa-ke, ocwaningweni lwethu, amadoda kuphela aqamba ukusatshalaliswa okungahambisani nemithetho ahlukile kwamanye amaqembu abamba iqhaza, ngaphandle kokutholwa ubulili balowo obonisiwe. Ngokungafani nezinye izifundo [57,58,59,60], asitholanga amathonya ahlelekile wobulili besithombe ekuziphatheni kokubuka. Siphakamisa ukuthi ukukhohlisa kwethu kungahle kudale ezinye izimfuno zomsebenzi eziholele kumaphethini wokubuka ahlukile ezimweni zokubuka zamahhala, okungenzeka okuhlanganisa ithonya lobulili bezithombe [61]. Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukuthambekela okuphezulu kokujezisa abanye, kanye nokwamukelwa okuphezulu kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa, bekuhlobene nokubuka okulindelekile okuthe xaxa [35]. Imisebenzi eminingi eqondene nobulili ibikiwe nokwamukelwa kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa (ukubukeza bheka [62]). Futhi, ngenxa yokushintsha kwesiko, izinganekwane zokudlwengulwa nezinkolelo zobulili ziye zaba ezicashile njengoba kucatshangelwa futhi kulinganiswa ngokwamukelwa kwenganekwane yanamuhla mayelana nobukhulu bobuhlakani bezocansi osetshenziswe lapha [63]. Lolu cwaningo lungelokuqala ukucubungula umthelela wazo zombili iziphikiso ngokunyakaza kwamehlo futhi luphakamisa ukuthi izimo ezicashile ezithinta ukuziphatha zibukwa ngempela. Lawa mathonya kanye nemithelela yawo kufanele kuphenywe futhi kutholakala kumongo wobudlova bocansi.

I-4.3. Ukulinganiselwa kanye nocwaningo lwekusasa

Ucwaningo lwethu lwenziwe elabhorethri nabantu abafundile abafundile, abathandanayo nabobulili obuhlukile bebuka izithombe zabantu abasha, abakhangayo ababenobungqingili, ngokungafani ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu zokwabelana ngezithombe ezingekho emvumelwaneni [64]. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ukuthi zizwakala kwemiphumela yethu kudinga ukuthi kwenziwe olunye uphenyo. Ucwaningo lwekusasa kufanele lubhekane nezithonya ezihlukanisayo (isib. Umbala wesikhumba noma ubudala), ngoba lezi zici zihambisana nomongo wokuzibona [50]. Mayelana nababambiqhaza, ukuhlangana futhi kubalulekile, njengethonya lamasiko maqondana nokuhamba kwamehlo [65], ukuzicabangela ngokocansi [66], kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi [67,68] zitholakele. Ezinye izizathu zokulungisa okuningi emizimbeni (isib. Ukuqhathanisa nenhlalo) noma ukugwema ubuso (isib, ihlazo) kufanele nazo zihlolisiswe.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kulolu cwaningo sigxile kubabambiqhaza abadala ngezizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile: Okokuqala, ukwanda kokuthumelelana imiyalezo yezithombe zocansi kubantu abadala empeleni kuphakeme kakhulu kunaphakathi kwentsha. Okwesibili, besingenandaba nesithombe esimele sabasebenzisi, kepha kuqhathaniso lokuhlola lwamaqembu amabili alinganayo. Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuxhumana okukhonjisiwe akukho phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebasha. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuphindwaphindwa kwesifundo samanje nalabo abahlanganyele ebusheni kungaba yinto efiselekayo.
Yize sakhombisa ukuthi indlela okusatshalaliswa ngayo ithinta umbono wokuthumela izithombe, ucwaningo oluyimfanelo ebuza abathengi bezithumeli zemiyalezo ezingahambisani nezinhloso zabo kufana nesinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthola ezinye izinkolelo ngemuva kwalokhu kuziphatha, (isib. Ukujabulela amandla) [69]. Okunye ukuhlangana okubonakalayo komuntu obonisiwe okungase kwehliswe ngokudlulisela okungekhona emvumelwaneni, okungase kube lula ukwenza umbono. Lo mbono udinga ukuqhubeka kophenyo.
Ngoba ukuzazi nsuku zonke ngokocansi kuvamile [70], kubalulekile ukuthi kuhlolwe futhi kuthuthukiswe imibono mayelana nemiphumela engaba khona nokuhlola okufana phakathi kokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingavunyelwe, noma udlame olwenzelwe ubuchwepheshe ngokuvamile.
Njengoba izinguquko ezisheshayo zesimo sezobuchwepheshe zivame ukuxhumanisa izinhlobo ezintsha zokuziphatha okuthile (isib. Ukuthumelana imiyalezo ngokungemthetho) nomqondo okhona (isib. Ngokubona ngocansi) bangazisa ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela [46,71]. Umbono ocwaningwe kahle we 'izindinganiso eziphansi zocansi' uphakamisa ukuthi ubulili babesifazane buvame ukubonwa njengobumsulwa futhi bungalimala ngesifiso esisebenzayo, sibambe abesifazane ababhekele ukuzivikela ebulilini besilisa abanolaka [72,73]. Lokhu kuholela esimweni esiyindida sabesifazane sokubhekana nengcindezi yezenhlalo nezamasiko ukuba babe yisilingo ngenkathi efanayo bezibeka engcupheni imiphumela emibi yenhlalo lapho beziveza ngale ndlela online [74,75]. Ukucabanga ngeleveli ejwayelekile yezocansi kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthunyelwa kwezithombe ezingacaciswanga njengokuqinisekisa kwezindima zobulili eziyisiqalo ezibeka abesifazane ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngabesilisa [53,55]. Njengoba amantombazane esengozini enkulu yokuzibandakanya ezethuweni zobulili ezingosini zokuxhumana nabantu futhi ukunakwa okuningi kubhekelwa ekubukekeni kwabo ngokomzimba kunokwabafana [76], izici zobungqingili zidinga ukucatshangelwa [17,77]. Ngenkathi kwenziwa izimpikiswano ukuze kubhekwe ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi nge-intanethi njengokukhiqizwa kwezindaba (kwezenhlalo) okunika amandla [78,79] kanye nokubiyela ukubukeka kwe-sexy njengesenzo sowesifazane ukumelana nemiphumela emibi yokucaciswa [80], lokhu kuhlanganisa kabusha okuhle kuthwala imiphumela emibi engase ibe khona yokuguqula ukunakwa kocansi okungafuneki, okungakhuphula izinzuzo ezingaba khona zokuzilondolozela ngakunye [71].

I-5. Iziphetho

Ekuphetheni, sikhombise ukuthi ukubuka kanye nokuhlola izithombe zokuthunyelwa kwezithombe zithuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwabo okuvumelanayo noma okungavumelani. Ngokuhambisana nombono wokucacisa, 'ukubuka okulinganiselayo' kwakhulunywa kakhulu emadodeni acabanga ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe ezingekho emvumelwaneni, okusho ukuthi bachitha isikhathi eside bebheka umzimba womuntu obonisiwe. Lo 'mbukwane obonakalayo' ubuye waphinyiselwa nangokuthi ababambiqhaza abanemikhuba ephakeme yokwamukela izinganekwane mayelana nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi noma ukuthambekela okuvamile ukwenza abanye bacabangele. Imiphumela iveza ukuthi imikhankaso yokuvimbela egxile kumlayezo ojwayelekile wokuthunyelwa kwezithombe ngandlela thile futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibonise umthwalo wemfanelo wokusatshalaliswa okungavumelani kwalezo zithombe kubantu abakhonjisiwe akwanele. Esikhundleni salokho, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi akukho emthethweni ukusatshalaliswa kwezithombe ezingahambisani, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabathengi besilisa. Lokhu kungenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, kumongo wemicimbi yezemfundo yesikole, kodwa futhi kunesibonelo okungenani esisodwa somkhankaso ofanele wokuvikela umphakathi: http://notyourstoshare.scot/. Kungalezi zindlela noma izindlela eziqhathanisayo kuphela lapho imiphumela yezengqondo engathí sina yokuhlaziswa komphakathi nokuxhashazwa kwe-intanethi kungavinjelwa khona esikhathini eside.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

I-Conceptualization, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, ne-PB; indlela yokusebenza, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; isoftware, ayisebenzi; ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile, i-FW, i-AD (i-Anne Daubmann), i-HOP; uphenyo, FW; izinsiza, AD (Arne Dekker), PB; i-data curation, FW; ukubhala — ukulungiswa kokusalungiswa kwasekuqaleni, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; ukubhala-ukubuyekeza nokuhlela, i-AD (Arne Dekker), FW, PB; ukubona ngeso, FW; ukugada, i-PB; ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi, i-AD (Arne Dekker); ukutholwa kwemali, i-PB

Izimali

Lolu cwaningo luxhaswe yiGerman Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, 01SR1602).

Ukuvuma

Sithanda ukubonga bonke abazinikelayo ngokunikela ngezithombe zabo.

Izingxabano Zesithakazelo

Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.

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