PLoS One. I-2016; 11 (7): e0158690.
Ishicilelwe ku-inthanethi 2016 Jul 1. doi: I-10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0158690
I-PMCID: PMC4930184
U-Antonio Olivera-La Rosa,#1,2,* UGuido Corradi,#2 UJavier Villacampa,#2 UManuel Martí-Vilar,3,‡ U-Olber Eduardo Arango,1,‡ futhi Jaume Rosselló#2
U-Andreas B Eder, Umhleli
abstract
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombe iqoqo lezici ezibalulekile ezinethonya ukwahlulela kokuziphatha. Ucwaningo olukhona lubheka ukuhlangana phakathi kokugwetshwa kokuziphatha kanye nezici ezine: (a) okuthinta okukhona, (b) umongo wezenhlalo, (c) uhlobo lwenkinga, kanye (d) nezocansi zomhlanganyeli. Sibuze ababambiqhaza emazweni amabili ahlukene (iColombia kanye neSpain) ukuthi bahlulele ukwamukelwa kwezenzo baphendule ekubandakanyekeni kwezimilo zokuziphatha komuntu siqu nokungafanele. Ngaphambi kwenkinga ngayinye, kwethulwa ngokusemthethweni into ebusekayo (izithombe ezihlekisayo, ezimnandi noma ezingathathi hlangothi). Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi: a) isihlobo sokuthathwa kokungathathi hlangothi, izikhathi zokwenza amanyala kukhulisa ukwamukelwa kokulimala kokuhle okuhle (okusho, izinqumo zokusebenzisa kakhulu), b) isihlobo namaColombian, abahlanganyeli baseSpain balinganisele ukudala ukulimaza njengengamukeleki kangako, c) okuhlobene izingqinamba ezingezona ezomuntu, izinselelo zomuntu siqu zanciphisa ukwamukelwa kokulimala, futhi d) ezihlobene nabesilisa, abesifazane babe mancane amathuba okuba bacabangele ukulimala okwamukelekayo. Imiphumela yethu ihlangana nokutholakele okukhombisa ukuthi ucansi luyinto ebalulekile ekuqondeni kokuziphatha, futhi bandisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ngokukhombisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesiko kanye nezici ezenzakalelayo ekwenziweni kwezinqumo zokuziphatha.
Isingeniso
Ukwahlulela ngokuziphatha kube yisihloko esikhulu sokucwaninga ekuqondeni komphakathi. Isayensi evelayo yesayense yezokuziphatha ikhombisile ukuthi iningi lokwahlulela okuhlelekile kubangelwa izinqubo ezizenzakalelayo [1- 3]. Isibonelo, kuye kwaxoxwa ukuthi izahlulelo zokuziphatha zivame ukwenziwa ngemininingwane ethintekayo: phambi komcimbi wokuziphatha, sizwa umuzwa wokuvuma noma wokungavunyelwa ngaso leso sikhathi [1]. Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, izifundo eziningana zigxile ekucabangeni kokugwetshwa kokuziphatha kokuziphatha ezintweni ngazinye nezesimo, njengobulili [4,5], umongo wenhlalo [6, 7], uhlobo lwenkinga [8] nezimpendulo zokubambeka ngengozi [9, 10].
Okokuqala, ucwaningo mayelana nokuzenzakalela kwengqondo yezenhlalo luthole amathuba amasha ngokufunda ngokuthi okwenzekile kuthinta kanjani ukwahlulela kokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kukaLandy noGoodwin [11], ithonya lezinto eziphathelene nezahlulelo zokuziphatha lihlolwe kangcono uma ukutholwa okubambisanayo kungahlangene nokwahlulela kokuziphatha okukhulunywa ngakho. Eqinisweni, ukufaka imizwa yokwenyanya, ngokusebenzisa ubuqili be-hypnosis [10], iphunga elinyanyekayo [3] noma ukunambitheka okumunyu [9], yandisa ukungalungi okucatshangwe kokuphulwa kokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuqonda kwababambiqhaza ngobuqili bokuhlola. Muva nje, ucwaningo olungashicilelwanga elabhorethri yethu lukhombise ukuthi ukunqunywa kokutholwa ngokuvusa izithombe ezingemnandi (okufanekisela ukuguqulwa kwezidumbu zomuntu) kunciphise ukuqina kwezahlulelo zokuziphatha kusampula yabahlanganyeli baseSpain, kodwa akuzange kube nomthelela ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha kwesampula laseColombia, elibonisa inani labantu ihlale ihloselwe ubudlova. Ukuhlukahluka okubonakalayo phakathi komphumela othize wokuthena okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kanye nezifundo ezedlule kubukeka kungudaba lokungafani ngezindlela zendlela phakathi kwezimpawu zokuhlola (bona futhi [12]).
Okwesibili, maqondana neqhaza lokungafani kwezenhlalo ekujezisweni kokuziphatha, izifundo eziningana ezivela emkhakheni we-anthropology ne-psychology yesiko zikhombisile ukuthi isimilo asiqondakali kahle ngaphandle kokucabanga ngezinto zenhlalo. Kulesi simo, ucwaningo olunamasiko ahlukile kokuhlukahluka kokuziphatha luveze ukuthi yize ezinye izindaba zokuziphatha zisezingeni lomhlaba jikelele (isib; "akulungile ukuveza ukulimala ngaphandle kwaluphi uhlobo lokucaciswa"), isimilo sehlukahluka emasikweni ngezindlela eziningi, njengokuziphatha ukukhathazeka, izinkambiso, izindlela noma amanani [13]. Isibonelo, amasiko ambalwa abheka imithethonqubo yezocansi njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuvikelwa kokumsulwa kokuziphatha okuhle [14]. Noma kusiko lesimanjemanje laseNtshonalanga, izenzo zocansi kepha ezingenabungozi zahlulelwa ngendlela ehlukile ngokuya ngesimo senhlalo nokomnotho noma ukuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki [7, 15]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhonjisiwe ukuthi izahlulelo zokuziphatha zithonywe isigaba sezenhlalo, lapho ababambiqhaza abasezingeni eliphakeme kungenzeka ukuthi bakhethe ukhetho olusebenzayo kuzinkinga zokuziphatha [6], indlela yokuphendula ehambisana namazinga aphansi ozwela ngokuhlupheka kwabanye [16].
Okwesithathu, iqembu elikhulayo lezifundo ezivela emkhakheni we-neuroscience lisikisela ukuthi iminikelo ehlukile yezinqubo ezilandelanayo nezinengqondo zenziwa ekwenziweni kwezinqumo zokuziphatha. Ngokuya ngemodeli yenqubo eyemabili yokwahlulela kokuziphatha [2], indima yemizwelo nokuqonda ekwahluleleni kokuziphatha kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezici ezithile ekwakhekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi. Mayelana nalolu daba, izinselele lapho umenzeli enza isenzo sakhe uqobo zibhekwa njengezinkinga zokuziphatha “uqobo”. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nezinkinga zokuziphatha lapho ukulimala kungenzeki khona ngqo yi-ejenti, kuhlukaniswa ngokuthi "kungemuntu"2, 8]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu zithanda isikhundla se-deontological (okusho ukuthi ukungalungi kwesenzo kukodwa-kuzimele) kanye nokulinganisa okuyimpicabadala kwengqondo yokusebenzisa okungafanele (ukungalungile kwesenzo kwahlulelwa ngokukhanya kwemiphumela yako jikelele). Noma ubuqiniso obuchazayo bokwehlukaniswa komuntu siqu buye babuzwa [17], izifundo eziningana zithole ukusekelwa kwalesi siphakamiso [18-20].
Okwesine, indima yokuhluka kocansi ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha iyingqikithi eyinhloko ekucwaningweni kwezengqondo kokuziphatha. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, indlela evelele yalesi sihloko ikhombe abesilisa abaphethe indlela enengqondo yokuthatha isinqumo nabesifazane abanomzwelo [21]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwashiwo ukuthi izahlulelo zokuziphatha kwabesifazane zizwela kakhulu ekukhathazekeni ngokunakekelwa nokuhlanzeka kokuziphatha, kanti amadoda azwela kakhulu ezindabeni ezihlobene nobulungiswa [5]. Yize isimo samanje sobuciko sixubekile [22], ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi abesifazane bakhombise umuzwa onamandla wokuzazisa ngokuziphatha kanye nokuthambekela okunamandla okude kunamadoda, okuphakamisa ukuthi umehluko ngokobulili ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha uqondiswa umehluko ekuphenduleni okubambekayo kokulimaza [4, 23].
Ngenxa yalokhu okutholakale ngenhla, ucwaningo lwamanje luzama ukuqhubeka nokuhlola imiphumela yokuphakanyiswa kwesimilo okusobala okusetshenziswayo kusetshenziswa izithombe ezivusa inkanuko ngokuziphatha okuhle. I-Erotic stimuli ingenye yohlobo phakathi kokukhuthazeka okuhle, ngomqondo wokuthi ikalwe njengobabili imnandi futhi imnandi kakhulu ngabesilisa nabesifazane [24], futhi sizibonakalise singesinye sezifundo ezibamba ukunakwa kakhulu zesikhuthazo [25], kanye nokunaka izinto ezifana nomongo nobulili [26; 27]. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi, lapho ukuvezwa kwesishukumiso se-erotic kungokweqisayo kunokuba kube ngaphezulu, kungangeza ukutholakala kwengqondo kwemininingwane ephathelene nezocansi [28, 29]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okutholakele kwangaphambilini kusikisela ukuthi ukuvezwa kobunyoninco kobuningi obuthile buhilela ukucubungula okuqhubekayo kokuqonda kwesimo esinjalo (isib. Izinqubo zokuhlaziya) okuholela kuzimpendulo ezingacacile noma eziphikisanayo [29]. Impela, kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi isisusa esibuhlungu sobuhlakani esincishisiwe sinciphisa ukuthambekela kwabahlanganyeli ukwenza izinqubo zokulawula, zibangele imiphumela enamandla ekuqapheleni ukwedlula lapho ukubonakaliswa kungaphezulu komkhawulo wokuqwashisa [30].
Ngokuthabisisayo, ukugqugquzela okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kungahle kusebenze uhlelo lokutholwa, kusiza ababambiqhaza ukuthi babone inkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo njengoba kuhlanganiswe ngendlela engeyiyo [31]. Lokhu kusebenze kubonakala, nokho, kukhawulelwe kumadoda [32]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ukuvuswa kokuya ocansini kunganciphisa ukugxila, ukudala uhlobo “lweziphetho ezenza izindlela” zokwenza izinqumo [33].
Ngakho-ke, kuyamangaza ukwelula ukufundwa kwemiphumela yokuvuselela okuvusa inkanuko esizindeni sokuziphatha. Ngale nhloso, lolu cwaningo olukhona lubheka ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezine zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni kwezinqumo zokuziphatha: ubulili, ingqikithi yenhlalo yenhlalo, uhlobo lwenkinga kanye nethonya elithile. Ngokuqondile, uma sazi iqiniso lokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezine zezici ziyaziwa ukuthonya ukwahlulela kokuziphatha, silindele ukuthola umphumela omkhulu walowo nalowo ekwamukelweni kwezenzo ezilimazayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunikezwe isiko lokucwaninga kwamasiko, kunodaba olubalulekile oluphathelene nokuthi umehluko wamasiko uzoba nomthelela yini amathuba wokwahlulela izenzo eziyingozi njengezamukelekayo. Ukulandela ucwaningo lwangaphambilini mayelana namasiko nokuziphatha [34, 14] silindele ukuthola umehluko ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha phakathi kwamazwe amabili ahlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhambisana nocwaningo olwedlule olungashicilelwanga olukhombisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuthathwa kwesimilo kwesahlulelo sokuziphatha ixazululwa yizici zamasiko, sathola ukuthi imiphumela yokwethulwa okungezona ezokwethulwa okungenamthetho kungenzeka ukuthi yamukele ukulimala ngokulunga okukhulu (okusho ukwahlulela kokuziphatha okuhle) ) izolungiswa zombili izici zesampula (ubulili, amasiko) kanye nokuhlosiwe (uhlobo lwenkinga). Okokuqala, kulandela ucwaningo lokwehluka kocansi ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhuthazo esibonakalayo [26, 28], besilindele ukuthi amadoda azozwela kakhulu ezikhathini ezivame ukwedlula abesifazane. Okwesibili, ngokuhambisana nocwaningo olwenziwe ngaphambilini olungashicilelwanga elabhorethri yethu, besilindele ukuthi amaColombian angazwela kangako isimo esivumayo sezikhathi zethempeli kuneSpainards. Okwesithathu, besilindele ukuthi izingqinamba zomuntu siqu (ezaziwa ngokuqasha imibuthano exubile ebuchosheni) zizolalela kakhulu izinhlangano ezithandekayo kunezinkinga ezenziwa umuntu.
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli
Bonke ababambiqhaza babengabafundi baseyunivesithi (N = 224) ababemenyelwe ngemeyili yangaphakathi ukujoyina isivivinyo njengengxenye yezifundo zabo. Bonke ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume ebhaliwe ebhaliwe. Lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yiKomidi leBioethics leNyuvesi yaseBalearic Island (Spain), University of Valencia (Spain) kanye neFUNLAM (Colombia). Bonke ababambiqhaza babenombono ojwayelekile noma olungiswa ngokujwayelekile futhi babephakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 ne-22 (abesilisa abangu-112, ubudala M = Iminyaka ye-21.32, SD = 1.85). Ukuze senze ukuqhathanisa namasiko sikhethe amasampula avela emazweni amabili ahlukene: ISpain neColombia (n = 112 futhi n = 112, ngokulandelana).
Izinto zokwenziwa kanye nezinwele
Sakhombisa stimuli esikrinini se-20-inch (isilinganiso se-60Hz sokuvuselela) i-PC esebenzisa i-OpenSesame v. 2.9.1 [35] ku-Microsoft Windows 8. Sisebenzise izithombe eziyishumi nane (ezivusa imnandi) ezivela ku-IAPS [36] (ifaniswe nezimo zabantu baseSpain [37, 38] nakwezabantu baseColombian [39]) njengezikhathi ezinobunzima. Ukulawula umehluko kokuncamelayo kwababambe iqhaza kwezocansi okuhlobene nokuqukethwe kwezikhathi zokuzithokozisa, sikhethe kuphela lezo zithombe lapho abesilisa nabesifazane bebandakanyekile ezenzweni zocansi. Noma kunjalo, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umehluko wobukhulu phakathi kobulili buhlala kwizilinganiso zezithombe ze-IAPS ngobukhulu bazo zombili zobulelesi (p <.001) nokuvuka (p <.001). Njengama-primes amnandi, sisebenzise izithombe eziyi-14 ezikhethwe kuma-IAPS (1024 x 768 pixels) ngokulandela umbandela wokuthi ziveza amanani aphezulu e-valence namanani aphakathi ekuvukeni. Sikhethe njengezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi izithombe eziyishumi nane kusuka ku-IAPS, ngokulandela umbandela wokuthi baveze amanani aphakathi kokubili i-valence ne-arousal (idatha ku Umbhalo we-S1). Njengamatshe okuhlosiwe, sikhethe ukungahambi kahle kokuziphatha kwe-42, okwenziwe ngezinkinga zomuntu siqu zokuziphatha ze-21 kanye ne-21 yokuziphatha okungaziphathi kahle (kusuka ku- [40]; izimpikiswano ku Umbhalo we-S2). Onke ama-vignette ahambisana nesilinganiso se-7-point Likert esukela ku-1 (okungalungile ngokuphelele) kuya ku-7 (kulungile ngokuphelele).
Inqubo
Abahlanganyeli balinganise iqoqo lezinkinga ze-42 ku-2 (Ucansi: amadoda vs. abesifazane) x 2 (Izwe: EColombia vs. ISpain) x 3 (Uhlobo lwePrim: ukungathathi hlangothi vs. kumnandi vs. i-erotic) x 2 (Uhlobo lwenkinga: ukungalingani vs. eyomuntu siqu) idizayini exubekile, ngokobamba iqhaza kwalowo ohlanganyele nezwe njengezinto eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nezinhlobo zombili nohlobo lwenkinga njengezinto ezingaphakathi kwesifundo, kanye nokwahlulela kokuziphatha njengokuhluka okuthembekile. Ngaphambi kweseshini ngayinye, sicele bonke ababambiqhaza ukuthi basayine ifomu lokubhaliwe elibhaliwe. Kamuva, siqhubeke nemiyalo yokulinga. Sigcizelele ukuthi sicela ababambiqhaza ukusabela kwabo kokuqala nokuthi kubalulekile ukuphendula ngokushesha.
Iparadigm yokulinga yayiqukethe izilingo ze-46. Ngaphambi kwebhethri lezinkinga, sethula ama-vignette amane nemiyalo, kulandele amanye ama-vignette amane ane-dilemmas (amabili awo “uqobo” futhi amabili awo “ongeyena uqobo”), ukuze ajwayele ababambiqhaza namandla ovivinyo. Asizange sibheke izilinganiso zalezi zingqinamba ezine ekuhlaziyeni okwalandela. I-paradigm yokulinga bekungumsebenzi wokuzenzela wena, wenziwe ngendlela yokuthi inkinga elandelayo ayizange yethulwe kuze kube yilapho isihloko sesiphendule esedlule. Ukubhanqa kwenkinga ethile kuhlobo oluphambili kwahlelwa ngokungahleliwe. Isivivinyo ngasinye siqale ngesethulo sesiphambano sokulungiswa enkabeni yesikrini se-500ms. Ngemuva kokubambezeleka okufushane (i-ISI = 100ms), okuhlosiwe (zombili izingqinamba zomuntu siqu kanye nokungazenzisi) kwethulwe ngendlela yama-vignette abhaliwe. Sasiyalele ababambiqhaza ukuthi bacindezele ukuphendula ngokucindezela ukhiye (ibha yesikhala) kukhibhodi lapho sebeqedile ukufunda inkinga ngayinye. Ngemuva kwalokho, wethule isisekelo se-16ms, silandelwa ngokushesha ngumaskandi wamaphethini we-backward (250 ms). Ubukhulu bephethini-imaski kwakungamaphikiseli angu-1920 x 1080. Isikhethi se-7-point Likert esukela ku-1 (engalunganga ngokuphelele) siye kwi-7 (ngokulungile ngokuphelele) yethulwe ngokushesha lapho kukhishwa imaskhi yangemuva. Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso eziphakeme zazihambisana nokwamukelwa okwengeziwe kokulimaza okuhle okuhle (izahlulelo zokusebenzisa kakhulu) ekuhlolweni kwama-vignette. Yize izikhathi zokwethulwa kwezikhathi zokuvikeleka zazimfushane kunalezo ezazisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini ezazibika ukuthi ababambiqhaza behlulekile ukuzibona bezethula umthetho wobuzwe obungemthetho ngisho nangemva kwezethulo eziphindaphindwayo [28, 41], sicele ababambiqhaza ukuthi baphendule umbuzo wokuzibika (“Ngabe kukhona isithombe osibonile esikrinini?”) uma sebeqedile ukwenza lo msebenzi. Akekho owabika ukuthi kukhona abonile.
Imiphumela
Sihlaziye imininingwane sisebenzisa womabili amaphakethe we-R wezibalo [42] kanye ne-SPSS 20.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Sibeka izinga le-alpha ku- .05, ngaphandle kokuthi senze iziqhathaniso ze-pairwise, ezisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kweBonferroni. I-Eta-squared yayisetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa umehluko ngosayizi wokusebenza.
Njengoba sazi iqiniso lokuthi zombili izikhathi zokuphendula ezimfushane kakhulu futhi ezibambezeleke kakhulu zingathinta kakhulu ukucubungula kwezibalo kanye nokuhunyushwa okwengeziwe kwedatha, siqale ngokuhlola izimpendulo ngesisekelo secala ngesivivinyo, ngokubheka izikhathi ezihambelanayo zokuphendula. Ngokucacile, ngoba izimpendulo bekufanele zisuselwe ekubonakaleni kokuqala kwalabo ababambe iqhaza, konke ukubukwa okunezikhathi zokuphendula ezinkulu kunencazelo kanye nama-SD amabili akufakwanga ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina (4.32% yazo zonke izimpendulo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze sigweme izimpendulo ezilindelekile, siziba lezo zivivinyo ngesikhathi sokuphendula siphansi kune-300ms (2.12% yazo zonke izimpendulo). Ekugcineni, silungiselele kabusha idatha esele (i-93.55% yezimpendulo) ngefomethi ebanzi, sibeka okushiwo izikolo ze-Likert kwinhlanganisela ngayinye yezihloko ezimbili ze-intras izinto (Uhlobo lwePrincip kanye nohlobo lweDilemma) njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Ukusuka kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, sicubungula imininingwane yedatha.
Sibheke ukucabanga kokujwayelekile nokufana kokuhlukahluka ngokuhlolwa kweShapiro-Wilks neLevene, ngokulandelana. Ukuhlolwa kukaMauchly kobubanzi nakho kwenziwa. Yonke imicabango yahlangatshezwa kahle. Ngakho-ke senze i-ANOVA exubene phakathi nangaphakathi-kwezifundo 2x2x3x2 ukuhlola imiphumela yezinto eziphakathi kwezihloko (Izwe: Colombia vs. ISpain; Ucansi: amadoda vs. abesifazane) kwizilinganiso zababambiqhaza kuzo zonke izici zangaphakathi kwezihloko (Uhlobo lwePrim: ukungathathi hlangothi vs. kumnandi vs. i-erotic; Uhlobo lwenkinga: yokungafani vs. uqobo).
Sithole umphumela ophambili wezocansi, F(1,220) = 11.163, p = .001, η2 = 0.051, 95% CI [0.008, 0.113]. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kubonise umehluko omkhulu ngokwezibalo (MD) ye-0.518 (95% CI [0.212, 0.824]), enamadoda (M = 4.42, SD = 1.18) ibonisa izikolo eziphakeme ze-Likert (ie, zibonisa ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe kokulimala / ukwahlulela kokuziphatha) kunabesifazane (M = 3.902, SD = 1.116).
Kube nomphumela omkhulu wezwe, F(1, 220) = 5.909, p = .016, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.001, 0.080], kubonisa ukuthi inani elisho abantu baseColombia (M = 4.35, SD = 1.184) laliphezulu (okusho, ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe kokulimala / ukusebenzisa ukwahlulela kokuziphatha) kunokuba kubantu baseSpain (M = 3.97, SD = 1.188), ngokubaluleka okubalulekile MD kwe-0.377, 95% CI [0.071, 0.683].
Ngokufanayo, Uhlobo lwe-Dilemma lubonise umphumela ophambili wezibalo, F(1,220) = 68.764, p <.001, η2 = I-0.238 95% CI [0.147, 0.327], iphakamisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza bekulindelekile ukwamukela ukulimaza (ukwahlulela kokusebenzisa) lapho behlulela izinhlupho zomuntu (M = 4.04, SD = 1.244) kunezinkinga ezenziwa umuntu (M = 4.281, SD = 1.194). Kakhulu, okubalulekile MD kwakungu-0.241, 95% CI [0.183, 0.3]
Sithole nomphumela ophambili wohlobo lwe-Prime ku-izahlulelo zokuziphatha, F(2,440) = 3.627, p <.027, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.000, 0.063]. Ikakhulu, sithole ukuthi ababambiqhaza kungenzeka ukuthi bavume ukulimaza (ukwahlulela kokusebenzisa) lapho imbandezelo yokuziphatha eyandulelwa ukwakhiwa okungafanele (M = 4.205, SD = 1.24) kunokuthatha ngokungathathi hlangothi (M = 4.095, SD = 1.21). Kubaluleke ngokwezibalo MD kwakungu-0.11, 95% CI [0.004, 0.217]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi awukho umehluko obalulekile wezibalo phakathi kwesimo esimnandi sokulungiselela (M = 4.182, SD = 1.27) nesimo sokuphola sokungathathi hlangothi (M = 4,095, SD = 1.23) (MD = 0.087, 95% CI [0, 0.187]), noma phakathi kwesimo sokukhipha i-erotic kanye nesimo esimnandi sokusika (MD = 0.023, 95% CI [0, 0.128]).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole ukuxhumana okubalulekile kwezibalo phakathi kwezwe nohlobo Lenkinga F(1, 220) = 8.669, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.098]. Ukuqhathaniswa kukaPairwise kuveze ukuthi, lapho kuhlaziywa ukwahlulela komuntu siqu kwabahlanganyeli, abahlanganyeli baseColombia (M = 4.271, SD = 1.218) kungenzeka ukuthi zamukele ukulimaza kunezifundo zaseSpain (M = 3.809, SD = 1.232), F(1,220) = 8.309, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.096], ngezibalo ezibalulekile MD = 0.463, 95% CI [0.146, 0.779]. Akubanga khona mehluko obalulekile wezibalo endabeni yezinkinga zobuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bobabili iColombian, F(1,111) = 12.815, p = .001, η2 = .004, 95% CI [0.000, 0.015], kanye nabahlanganyeli baseSpain, F(1,111) = 69.024 k .001, η2 = .018, 95% CI [0.000, 0.047] babezimisele kancane ukwamukela ukulimala lapho behlulela izinqubu zomuntu siqu kunokwehluleka ukwenza okungafanele. Kufanele kuqashelwe, noma kunjalo, ukuthi lo mphumela wokuxhumana wezindlela ezimbili wafanelwa ukusebenzisana kwezindlela ezintathu ezichazwe ngezansi.
Ngempela, ukuxhumana kwe-Sex x Country x Dilemma kathathu kwakubalulekile ngokwezibalo, F(1,220) = 4.397, p = .037, η2 = 0.02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.069]. Ukuqhathaniswa kukaPairwise kusetshenziswa amazinga we-alpha alungiswa ngeBonferroni kwembula ukuthi amadoda aseColombia (M = 4.651, SD = 1.217) kungenzeka ukuthi zamukele ukulimala kunabesifazane baseColombia (M = 4.205, SD = 1.139) laphohlulela ukwahlulela okungekhona, nomuntu MD kwe-0.447, [0.015, 0.879], F(1,220) = 4.163, p = .043, η2 = 0.090, 95% CI [0, 0.067]. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bekungenjalo ngezinkinga zomuntu siqu, F(1,220) = 1.384, p = .241, η2 = 0.006, 90% CI [0, 0.042]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane baseColombian bekuyilona kuphela iqembu leLobucansi leLizwe x alibonisi umehluko obonakalayo wezibalo lapho liqhathaniswa nezinqumo zokuziphatha zokuhlangabezana nezinkinga zokuziphatha komuntu siqu nokungaziphathi, F(1,55) = 0.882, p = .352. Ngokuphikisana, amadoda aseColombia (F(1,55) = 4.460, p <.02, η2 = .001, 95% CI [0.000, 0.021]), abesifazane baseSpain (F(1,55) = 49.746, p <.001 η2 = .02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.041]), kanye nabesilisa baseSpain (F(1,55) = 24.013, p <.001, η2 = .016, 95% CI [0.007, 0.053]), kulondolozwe ukuxhumana kabili okuchazwe ngenhla (bona I-Fig 1).
Njengasendabeni yamaColombian, amadoda aseSpain afakazela ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe kokulimala (izahlulelo zokusebenzisa) kunabesifazane, bobabili abazenzisi, F (1,220) = 8.714, p = .004, η2 = 0.040, 95% CI [0.004, 0.099], nezinkinga zomuntu siqu, F (1,220) = 9.811, p = .002, η2 = 0.045, 95% CI [0.006, 0.105]. Kwisimo sangaphambili, lapho siqhathanisa amadoda aseSpain (M = 4.459, SD = 1.12) nabesifazane baseSpain (M = 3.8121, SD = 1.16) i-MD yayingu-0.647 (95% CI [0.215, 1.079]). Laphohlulela ukwahlulela kwezinkinga zomuntu siqu, umehluko okhona phakathi kwabesilisa baseSpain nabesifazane baseSpain wawukhulu kakhulu (MD = 0.771, 95% CI [0.264, 1.158]). Qaphela ukuthi kuzo zombili izinhlobo zenkinga amasayizi womphumela abe mkhulu kunalawo atholakala eColombia.
Ekugcineni, lapho siqhathanisa amadoda nabesifazane phakathi kwamazwe nohlobo ngalunye lwenkinga, sikutholile lokho, laphohlulela ukwahlulela okuyinkinga, abesifazane baseColombia (M = 4.1378, SD = 1.199) kungenzeka ukuthi zamukele ukulimala kunabesifazane baseSpain (M = 3.4532, SD = 1.15), F(1,220) = 9.097, p = .003, η2 = 0.04, 95% CI [0.002, 0.131], shows an MD kwe-0.685 (95% CI [0.237, 1.132]). Akubanga khona mehluko omkhulu ngokwezibalo phakathi kwabesifazane abavela kulawa womabili la mazwe lapho wahlulela khona izingqinamba ezingezona ezabantu, F(1,220) = 3.184, p = .076, noma phakathi kokukalwa kwamadoda kungaba kokungafani, F(1,220) = 0.762, p = .384, noma izinkinga zomuntu siqu, F(1,220) = 1.124, p = .29. Azikho ezinye izinto ezisebenzisanayo ezifinyelele ekubalulekeni kwezibalo emazingeni alfa ejwayelekile (bheka Ithebula 1).
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Inhloso enkulu yocwaningo olukhona kwakuwukuhlola imiphumela yokuthinteka okukhona, isimo senhlalo, uhlobo lwenkinga nobulili bomhlanganyeli ngezahlulelo zokuziphatha. Ngokwesisekelo sezincwadi ezibukeziwe, ezigqamisa ukubaluleka kwalezo zinto ezichazwe ngenhla ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha okuhle, sabikezela ukuthi izahlulelo zokuziphatha zizothonywa ngokuzimele yileso naleso sezici ezibaliwe. Ngokwengeziwe, bekubikezelwe ukuthi umphumela wokuphakanyiswa okubalulekile kwesahlulelo sokuziphatha uzokwehluka ngokuya ngokusebenzisana namaphrofayili abahlanganyeli (ngokobulili kanye nesizinda senhlalo) kanye nezimpawu zenkomba (uhlobo lwenkinga).
Imiphumela yethu isekele umbono wethu ophambili. Sithole ukuthi: a) okuhlobene nokuthathwa kwezimali okungathathi hlangothi, izikhathi zobuningi bezokwenyusa ukwamukelwa kokulimala ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu (ie, izahlulelo zokusebenzisa kakhulu); b) isihlobo namaColombians, abantu baseSpain balinganise okwenza ukulimala kungamukeleki kangako; c) okuhlobene nezinselelo ezingaziphathi kahle, izinkinga eziqondene nomuntu uqobo zinciphise ukwamukelwa kwezenzo ezilimazayo; futhi d) okuhlobene nabesilisa, abesifazane bekuba mancane amathuba okuba bacabangele ukulimala kwamukelekile.
Okokuqala, noma ngabe umphumela wokuncoma wokuncengwa kwezahlulelo zokuziphatha wawungenangqondo kwezinye izici, sithole umphumela oyisisekelo wokuncoma kwezimilo zokuziphatha. Ngokuqondile, sithole ukuthi izikhathi ezi-erotic (kodwa hhayi ezimnandi noma ezingathathi hlangothi) zikhuphule ukwamukelwa kokulimala. Uma ubheka kuqala, singakwazi ukuhumusha imiphumela yethu ngokukhanya kocwaningo okubonisa ukuthi umthelela omuhle (onjengokujabula) kunciphisa okuncamelayo kokugwetshwa kokuziphatha kokuzithoba [20], okufakazelwa ngezinga lokuthi isikhuthazo esimnandi sinciphise ukusabela okuhle kokubi kokulimala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulandela izifundo zangaphambili ezihlobene nesizinda sokuziphatha [43, 44], kungahle kudluliselwe kokuthi impendulo ebambekayo ethandekayo kuzikhathi ezinobudlova idluliselwe (yazenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo) ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha.
Noma kunjalo, imiphumela yethu ayikwazi ukuchaza kuphela ngokuya ngemiphumela esekwe kunobuhle. Isibonelo, izifundo zangaphambilini [45] okukhombisa ukuthi ukuphakanyiswa kokuziphatha okuhle (impendulo efanelekayo) kwanda izinqumo zokweyisa ezibuyiselwe emthethweni ubuqiniso bomphumela osuselwa ekuvumeleni kokuziphatha. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iqiniso lokuthi umphumela wokuncipha wawukhawulelwe esimweni esingaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi (kepha hhayi isimo esimnandi) kungenzeka ngenxa yesilingo esingaxhunyiwe esinamanani aphezulu kundawo ye-arousal. Kungabuye kuchazwe ngokubheka kocwaningo lokuphamba okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi, okuphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuphakanyiswa okuvusa inkanuko kwe-erotic icacile kakhulu [29, 30, 41].
Ngokuphathelene nomqondo ovusa inkanuko, idatha ye-neuroimaging iphakamisa ukuthi ukuvezwa okucashile kokuvuselela okuvusa inkanuko kukhulisa ukwenziwa kwezigaba zobuchopho ezihambisana nokuvuselela ucansi [30]. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kunobufakazi bokuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kuphazamisane nezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo ngaphansi kolwazi [46] futhi ngithanda iphethini yokuphendula yempendulo [33]. Ngenxa yalokho, kungahle kube nokuphikiswa ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi priming priming livumela ukwamukelwa kwezenzo ezilimazayo kungenxa yesipiliyoni (sokufakwa ngaphakathi) sokuvuseleleka kwezocansi kwabahlanganyeli, okuhambisana nemiphumela yangaphambilini [33] izosebenzisa indlela esetshenziswayo yokwahlulela kokuziphatha. Ngokunikezwa iqiniso lokuthi asifakanga noma yisiphi isilinganiso sokuvuswa kobulili, le mqondo idinga ukulungiswa ngocwaningo olwengeziwe.
Ngempela, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, lapho sibonisa izigcawu ezingekho emthethweni, amanani ajwayelekile kuzo zombili iziqhingi nokuvusa kwezithombe ze-IAPS kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ikakhulu, izithombe ezingamaphutha zikalwe njengento emnandi futhi evusa amadoda kakhulu kunabesifazane (Umbhalo we-S1, bona futhi [31-34]). Kodwa-ke, njengoba singatholanga ukuthi ubulili bababambiqhaza buye balungisa imiphumela yezimo ezivusa inkanuko ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha, imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela yezikhathi ezinemikhuba emibi ayizwisanga umehluko wokuya ocansini kokubi nobuningi bezithombe ezivusa inkanuko. Lokhu okutholakele kungahunyushelwa emuva ngocwaningo lwangaphambili ngesikhuthazo esivezwe ngokwethukela, okukhombisa ukuthi iphethini yokuhlobana phakathi kwalolu hlobo lokuvezwa kwezithombe ezi-erotic kanye nezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe bezingahambisani [28, 30]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi awukho umehluko phakathi kwezikhathi ezimnandi nezithandekayo (ezinamanani afanayo wokumukeleka kulezo zesikhathi sokungathathi hlangothi), kuphakamisa ukuthi ubuqhwaga noma ukuzivuselela ngokwabo kungekuchaze ngokuphelele ukusebenza okutholakele
Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi izintambo ezivusa inkanuko zaba nomthelela ekuqondeni okuphathelene nokuqonda kwengqondo. Kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa okukhohlisayo kunciphisa umbono we-ejensi (futhi, ngomphumela, umthwalo wokuziphatha we-ejenti) kepha futhi kukhulisa umbono wokuhlangenwe nakho (okwenyusa ukulimala okubonwayo okuhlukumezeke ohlukunyezwa) [47]. Ngokusekelwa kulokhu okutholakele, imiphumela yethu ingahle iphakamise ukuthi imiphumela yezikhathi ezinobungozi ekuboneni kwengqondo ibigxile kubukhulu be-ejensi. Ikakhulu, imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi ukuncishiswa emthwalweni wemfanelo we-ejenti obonakalayo kungakhulisa ukwamukelwa kokuziphatha kwezenzo ezilimazayo ezilandisiwe.
Enye inchazelo ivela kunqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwenqubo, ethi amandla wokuthambekela kokuzenzisa nokusebenzisa ngaphakathi kwabantu angalinganiswa ngokuzimela [48]. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi izikhathi zokuzenzakalelayo zandisa ukwamukelwa kokulimala kungahle kube nokwenyuka noma ukwehla kokuthambekela kokusebenzisa noma kokuzenzisa, ngokulandelana. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, imiphumela ka-Ariely noLoewenstein [33] phakamisa ukuthi ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili kwehlisa isisusa ngokuya ezweni lomgomo, elingakhulisa ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa okuhle. Ngenye indlela, kufanele sibheke ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuvuselela okuvusa inkanuko kunciphise ukuthambekela kokuphendula okuneziqu nezokusebenzisa; ukukhulisa ukwamukelwa kwezenzo ezilimazayo ku-dilemmas yokuziphatha okungalungile (okufaka imigilingwane yokusebenzisa) ngokufana nalena esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo [48].
Okwesibili, lolu cwaningo lwenzelwe ukubheka iqhaza lokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha. Imiphumela yethu ikuqinisekisile ukuthi izimpendulo kubunzima bezokuziphatha zithambekele esicini se "Country", siphakamise ukuba khona kokwehlukahlukana kwesiko kuphethini lokuphendula kuzinkinga zokuziphatha. Ikakhulu, sithole ukuthi yize bekungekho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha okungaziphathi kahle, abesifazane baseColombia kungenzeka ukuthi bavume ukulimaza ukwedlula abesifazane baseSpain uma bebhekene nezinkinga zokuziphatha kwabo. Ngempela, ukwahlulela kokuziphatha kwabesifazane baseColombia kwakufana nasenkingeni yezinkinga zomuntu siqu nezingaziphathi kahle, kufakazela izindlela ezihlukile zokuziphatha kunesampula yaseSpain, okwenze umehluko ocacile phakathi kwezinhlobo zombili zokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha.
Okwesithathu, sathola ukuthi uhlobo lokwahlulela okuhle (olwe-deontological vs. i-useitarian) yathonywa uhlobo lwenkinga, lapho ababambiqhaza bevunyelwe ukwamukela ukulimala esimweni sezinselelo zomuntu siqu kunasesimweni sempikiswano engenabuntu. Lokhu kutholwa kuhlangana nokucwaninga kwangaphambilini kokuhluka komuntu / komuntu. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kucatshangwa ukuthi okuhlobene nezinkinga ezingezona ezomuntu, ukwahlulela kokuziphatha kwezinkinga zomuntu siqu kubonakaliswa ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kokujikeleza kwemizwelo, okuvame ukuholela ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha okuhle okuneziqu [2, 49].
Okokugcina, inhloso ebalulekile yocwaningo olukhona kwakuwukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ukungafani kobulili kuyahlangana yini nezinye izinto ezifana nokwazisa kokuqala kanye nesizinda (izwe) ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuziphatha. Sithole ukuthi ezocansi zinomphumela ofanele ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha, kangangokuba zonke izimo, abesifazane babengekho ukwamukela ukulimala kunabesilisa. Imiphumela yethu isekela umbono obonakalayo ocwaningweni ngokwehluka kobulili ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha, okusho ukuthi, okuhlobene nabesilisa, abesifazane banezinkinga eziqinile zokuziphatha mayelana nokulimala futhi banobufakazi bephethini yokungahloniphi yokuziphatha kwezahlulelo zokuziphatha [4, 23]. Mayelana nalesi simangalo, kubalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi, yize ukungafani kocansi ekuzwisaneni kubonakala kuzwela ekucabangeni kwendlela [50], izifundo eziningana zithole ukuthi abesifazane bavame ukwenza kangcono ezivivinyweni zokuzwela, ukuzwela kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuqashelwa kwemizwa kunamadoda [51-53]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwe-neuroimaging luphakamisa ukuthi abesifazane baqasha izindawo eziqukethe izibuko zesibuko ngokwezinga eliphakeme kunamadoda, bephakamisa ukuthi imijikelezo ye-neural ngaphansi kokuzwela iguqulwa ngokwehlukile ngocansi [54].
Ucwaningo lwamanje lunokulinganiselwa okuthile, futhi ukucubungula kwalokhu kufanele kusize ekuvuseleleni ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo. Isibonelo, asifakanga noma yisiphi isilinganiso sesimo senhlalo yezomnotho, esaziwa ukuthi sidlala indima ekwahlulelweni kokuziphatha [6]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi, yize amanani we-IAPS ejwayelekile evumelana phakathi kweColombia neSpain, umehluko wakhonjwa ubukhulu be-arousal [39]. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuhlala uqaphile mayelana nokwehluka okujwayelekile kwalolu hlobo, uma sazi iqiniso lokuthi izithombe ezivusa inkanuko eziqinisekisiwe kuzo zombili iSpain naseColombia zisethi elincane nje kuphela futhi zihlukile ngokuhlukile.
Ekuphetheni, imiphumela yethu isekela isimangalo sokuthi ubulili, amasiko kanye nokuthinteka okuphathelene nezinto ezithile kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuqondeni kokuziphatha, nokuthi izindlela ezithile lezi zinto ezihlangana ngazo zakha ukwahlulela kokuziphatha. Ngokwesisekelo yale miphumela, izifundo ezengeziwe kufanele zihlolisise imiphumela yezici ezinjalo kuzizinda ezingezona zokuziphatha, njengezahlulelo zenhlalo noma ukwahlulela okuhle. Siphinde futhi sibheke ukuthi izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufaka phakathi isibalo sabantu abasemtholampilo zingathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngeqhaza lokungafani ngakunye nezindlela abaxhumana ngazo nezinto eziphathelene nenqubo yenqubo yokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha.
Ukusekela Ulwazi
Ithebula le-S1
Imininingwane yezinga lomuntu ngamunye:
(XLSX)
Umbhalo we-S1
I-S1 Isithasiselo: Izinzuzo ezithintekayo.
(I-DOC)
Umbhalo we-S2
IS2 Isithasiselo: Izinkinga zokuziphatha eziqondene nomuntu siqu nezingalingani.
(I-DOCX)
Ukuvuma
Lolu cwaningo lwalwesekelwa yiphrojekthi yocwaningo i-FFI2013-44007-P exhaswa nguMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad kaHulumeni waseSpain (http://www.mineco.gob.es) Sithanda futhi ukwazisa i-Astrid restrepo, uJuliana Medina, uLaura Betancur, uLuisa Barrientos, uLuis Felipe Sarmiento kanye ne-Arnau Centelles ngosizo kuzinqubo zokuhlola. Sibonga futhi uGordon Ingram noMarcos Nadal ngemibono yabo ewusizo.
Isitatimende Sezimali
Lolu cwaningo lwalwesekelwa yiphrojekthi yocwaningo i-FFI2013-44007-P (Uhulumeni waseSpain: uMnyango Wezomnotho Nezokuncintisana). Abaxhasi bezimali babengenayo indima ekwakhiweni kokutadisha, ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa, isinqumo sokushicilela, noma sokulungiselela umbhalo wesandla.
Ukutholakala Kwedatha
Yonke idatha efanelekile ngaphakathi kwephepha kanye namafayela ayo okusekela ulwazi.
Okubhekwayo
;