Amandla ahlobene nomcimbi okhethweni lwe-oddball olunezinqumo ezimbili zokuziphatha okungalawuleki kokulawulwa kokuziphatha phakathi kwabesilisa abanokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi (2020)

UWang, J., & Dai, B. (2020).
I-Journal of Behaisheral Addictions J Behav Addict,
Sep 18, 2020, kusuka ku- https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/aop/article-10.1556-2006.2020.00059/article-10.1556-2006.2020.00059.xml
I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00059

abstract

Ingemuva futhi ihlose

Ukulawulwa kokukhubazeka kokuziphatha okungakhubazekile (i-BIC) kuyaziwa ukuthi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphatheni okuluthayo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo aluhambisani nokuthi ngabe kunjalo yini nokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya inkambo yesikhathi se-BIC kubantu besilisa abanokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi (TCA) besebenzisa amandla ahlobene nomcimbi (ERPs) nokunikeza ubufakazi be-neurophysiological be-BIC yabo entula.

izindlela

Abantu abangamashumi amathathu nesithupha abane-TCA kanye ne-36 controls (HCs) banikezwe umsebenzi we-Two-Choice Oddball owawudinga ukuthi baphendule ngokuhlukile kwizikhuthazi ezijwayelekile (izithombe zabantu) kanye nezikhuthazo ezingapheli (izithombe zocansi) ngaphakathi kwe-1,000 ms. I-Electroencephalography (EEG) yaqoshwa njengoba ababambiqhaza benza lo msebenzi.

Imiphumela

Ngaphandle kokufana kwesikhuthazi esijwayelekile phakathi kwamaqembu ngokwezikhathi zokuphendula (ama-RTs), ama-RTs eqembu le-TCA kuzisusa eziphambukayo ahamba kancane kunalawo eqembu le-HC. Umehluko wokuziphatha wawuhambisana nokwehluka kweqembu kuma-amplitudes aphakathi nendawo we-N2 (200-300 ms) kanye ne-P3 (300-500 ms) yezingxenye kumagagasi ohlukile ophambukayo. Ngokuqondile, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-HC, iqembu le-TCA likhombise umehluko omncane we-N2 ne-P3 amplitude okweqile kunesikhuthazi esijwayelekile.

Ingxoxo neziphetho

Abantu abane-TCA babephuthuma kakhulu kunababambiqhaza be-HC futhi babelana ngezimpawu ze-neuropsychological kanye ne-ERP zokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma ukulutha kokuziphatha, okusekela umbono wokuthi ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kungacatshangwa njengokulutha kokuziphatha.

Isingeniso

Umlutha we-Cybersex

Ukulutha kwe-inthanethi kuthole ukunakwa okwandayo emhlabeni wonke kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule (USussman, Harper, Stahl, & Weigle, 2018). Abaphenyi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umehluko kufanele wenziwe phakathi kokulutha okuvamile kwe-Intanethi nokulutha okuthile kwe-Intanethi (isb. Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, & Potenza, 2016; UDavis, 2001). Ikakhulukazi, ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kuvame ukubhekwa njengendlela ethile yokulutha kwe-Intanethi (isb. Umkhiqizo, Omncane, noLaier, 2014; de Alarcón, de la Iglesia, Casado & Montejo, 2019). Ngokuthuthuka kwe-Intanethi, ukutholakala kwezinto zobulili ezingcolile kukhule kakhulu. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi eku-inthanethi, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile yikhona okungenzeka kube umlutha (UMeerkerk, u-Eijnden, noGarretsen, ngo-2006).

Kube nenkulumompikiswano ende mayelana nokuthi umlutha we-inthanethi ngocansi kufanele uchazwe ngokuthi umlutha wokuziphatha (isb. de Alarcón et al., 2019). Kodwa-ke, kukhona ubufakazi obandayo maqondana nokufana phakathi kokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi lwe-inthanethi nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma ezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha (UKowalewska et al., 2018; I-Stark, i-Klucken, i-Potenza, i-Brand, ne-Strahler, i-2018). Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luye lwembula ubudlelwane phakathi kokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi lwe-inthanethi kanye nokusebenza kwe-cue nokulangazelelaILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iSchulte, neBrand, 2013; UBrand et al., 2011); izindlela ezinjalo futhi ziholela ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (IDrummond, 2001; UTiffany noWray, 2012). Imiqondo yokulangazelela nokunxenxa izinto ethize isuselwa ezifundweni zokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa futhi isetshenziselwe ucwaningo oluphathelene nokulutha okuthile kwe-Intanethi (isb. Potenza, i-2008). Isibonelo, ezinye izifundo zihlolisise ukuhlangana kwe-neural phakathi kokulangazelela nokwenza kabusha kwe-cue kubantu abanomlutha othile we-Intanethi futhi bathole ukuthi i-ventral striatum ibandakanyekile ekulangazeleleni ulwazi lapho ubhekene nezimpawu ezihlobene nokulutha (UKober et al., 2016; UMiedl, uBüchel, noPeter, 2014). Ukucwaninga ngezihloko ezinokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual noma labo abahlushwa ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi nakho kunikeza imiphumela ehambisanayo (Umkhiqizo, uSnagowski, uLaier, noMaderwald, 2016; IKlucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; IVoon et al., 2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Laier neBrand (2014) ithuthukise imodeli eqhutshwa ngombono yokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Imodeli ithatha ukufana phakathi kokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi lwe-inthanethi nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngokucindezela indima yokuqiniswa okuhle nokubi. Abantu bangasebenzisa i-inthanethi yocansi ukufeza ukwaneliseka nokunciphisa izimo ezingokomzwelo ezingezinhle (ILaier & Brand, 2014). Izindlela ezinjalo zokuqiniswa ziye zaziwa kabanzi kwezinye izinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kanye namafomu okulutha, lapho okungekuhle (okuhambisana nokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana) nokuqiniswa okuhle (okufunayo nokuthandayo) kubonisa izinqubo ezibalulekile zokugqugquzela (URobinson neBerridge, ngo-2008).

Ukungaziphathi kahle

Ngokusho kwemibono yokulutha, ukulawula okubuthakathaka kokuziphatha okuthile ekuluthweni kokuziphatha nasekuphazamisweni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungahle kuhlobene nokuphazamiseka phakathi kwezinhlelo ezingacabangi nezibonisayo (UBrand et al., 2019; UDong & Potenza, 2014; I-Wiers et al., 2007; IZilverstand neGoldstein, 2020). Isibonelo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwimodeli Yokusebenzisana Komuntu-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) modeli (I-Brand et al., I-2019), Ukwehla kwesimo phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-neural zokuziphatha okuluthayo kuqala kuhlobene kakhulu nesistimu yokuxhamazela engasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuqonda nezokuthambekela kokukhetha, ukunxanela nokwenza kabusha kokuqonda, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuzwela kuhlobene nokungaxakeki okunjalo, okuqiniswa ngokufanayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokulutha (I-Brand et al., I-2019). Okokuziphatha okuluthayo sekwedlule isikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo olubonakalisayo lulahlekelwe ukulawula kohlelo lokuxhamazela ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zingaba umkhuba, noma ngabe izindlela ezinjalo zokulutha ziholela emiphumeleni emibi (I-Brand et al., I-2019). Ucwaningo lwe-Neuroimaging lukhombisa ukuthi izihloko ezibhekene nokuziphatha okuyinkinga kwe-hypersexual noma ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi ziye zaphakamisa imisebenzi ku-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ingxenye eyodwa yohlelo lokukhombisa) kanye ne-ventral striatum (ingxenye eyodwa yohlelo lokuxhuzula) esimweni sokuphinda kusebenze kabusha kwe-cue (UBrand et al., 2016; UGola et al., 2017; Seok & Sohn, 2015). I-Reflective system hyperactivity iphakanyiswa ukuthi kube ngumzamo owandisiwe odingwa yizihloko ukugcina ukulawulwa kwezilingo, okubangelwa kakhulu uhlelo lokuxhamazela. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kobuchopho okushintshiwe nokwakheka okubandakanyeka ekuphatheni kungakhombisa indima engaba khona yokungafisi indlela yokulutha ngocansi lwe-inthanethi.

Impulsivity ibonwe njengomqondo oyinkimbinkimbi ohlanganisa izinto eziningi ohlanganisa izinto zebhayoloji, zokuziphatha nezobuntu. Ubukhulu obuhlukile bokungafuneki bungahlolwa ngezindlela zokucabanga, zokuziphatha, kanye nezokuzibika, ngokulandelana. Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bokuziphatha, ukungafisi kusetshenziselwa ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha engalunganga, kufaka phakathi ukusilela ekulawulweni kokuziphatha okuvimbela (BIC), okungukuthi, ikhono lokucindezela ngokuziphatha lapho izimo zezemvelo zifuna lokhu (UGroman, uJames, noJentsch, ngo-2009). Mayelana nokuziphatha kokuxhamazela, njengokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, i-BIC ebuthakathaka yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuqhubeka kokuziphatha ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi (USpechler et al., 2016). Ngokwesilinganiso semvelo, kwenziwa izifundo zokuhlola ukuphinda kusebenze kobuchopho okuhlobene ne-BIC enciphile. Imvamisa, izilinganiso ezinamandla ezihlobene nomcimbi (ERPs) zivame ukwamukelwa ukukala inqubo enjalo.

Izakhi ezimbili ze-ERP ziphakanyisiwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini ukukhombisa ukusebenza kobuchopho obuhlobene ne-BIC: Eyodwa yi-N2, okuyiyona nto engeyinhle kakhulu ekhanda elingaphambili eliphakathi nendawo lapho isikhuthazo sihlala cishe kuma-200 ms. Imele inqubo ephezulu-phansi, evimbela ukuthambekela okungalungile kokuphendula okuzenzakalelayo futhi isebenze esigabeni sokucubungula ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwemoto (UFalkenstein, 2006). Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nokuthi i-N2 ihambelana nokutholwa kwengxabano ekuqaleni kwesivimbelo (UDonkers noVan Boxtel, 2004; UFalkenstein, 2006; UNieuwenhuis, Yeung, uVan Den Wildenberg, noRidderinkhof, 2003). Ngakho-ke, i-N2 ikhonjwa njengenkomba yenqubo yokuqonda kusenesikhathi, edingeka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-BIC, kepha hhayi ukubhuleka kwangempela okuvimbelayo. Ingxenye yesibili ye-ERP yi-P3, emele isakhi esikhulu kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesikhumba se-central-parietal lapho isikhuthazo sihlala cishe ku-300-500 ms. I-P3 ivame ukukhonjwa njengokubonakaliswa kwe-electrophysiological kwe-BIC elandelayo ehlobene ngokuqinile nokuvinjelwa kwangempela kwezimoto ngaphakathi kwe-cortex yangaphambi kwesikhathi (UDonkers noVan Boxtel, 2004; UNieuwenhuis, Aston-Jones, & Cohen, 2005). Ngokubambisana, ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi zombili i-N2 ne-P3 ziyizinkomba zezinqubo ezihlobene ne-BIC ezinemisebenzi ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, ama-amplitude aphansi e-N2 noma e-P3 phakathi kwabantu abanomlutha uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli angasebenza njengezimpawu zokubikezela ukusilela kwe-neural kumongo we-BIC.

Izifundo zangaphambilini eziphathelene ne-BIC ikakhulu zisebenzisa ama-classical paradigms afana neGo / NoGo, Stop-Signal, ne-Two-Choice Oddball. Ku-Stop-Signal paradigm, ababambiqhaza badinga ukumisa impendulo yabo lapho bebona isignali yokumisa. Ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lokuvinjelwa okuyimpumelelo, kufanele banake kakhudlwana isignali yokumisa futhi balinde ngabomo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulinganiswa kwesikhathi sokuphendula (i-RT) ku-Go stimuli kungahle kungalungile (IVerbruggen neLogan, ngo-2008). Ku-Go / NoGo paradigm, ababambiqhaza kumele benze impendulo yenkinobho yezinkinobho kuzinhlobo zohlobo olulodwa (Go stimuli) futhi bayigodle leyo mpendulo kuzisusa zolunye uhlobo (i-NoGo stimuli). Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi izivivinyo zeGo ziya zidinga izimpendulo zezimoto futhi izivivinyo ze-NoGo azidingi, imiphumela ye-BIC ebonwayo kungenzeka ingcoliswe yizinqubo ezihlobene nokuphendula (IKok, ngo-1988). Ngalokhu, ucwaningo lwamukela iparadigm ye-Two-Choice Oddball. Ezifundweni ezedlule, le paradigm isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukuhlola i-BIC ehambisana nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (isb. USu et al., 2017; IZhao, Liu, & Maes, 2017).

Kulo msebenzi, abaphenduli bayacelwa ukuba basabele ekuvuseleleni okujwayelekile okuvamile kanye nezikhuthazo ezingafani neze eziphambukayo. Ngalesi sizathu, izikhuthazi eziphambukayo zihlanganisa ukutholakala kwempikiswano yokuphendula, ukucindezelwa kwezimpendulo zangaphambi kwesikhathi, nokukhethwa kokuphendula okuhlukile. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-RTs ezintweni eziphambukayo avame ukuba made kunalawo ashukumisayo ajwayelekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi we-Go / NoGo we-classical, lo msebenzi unciphisa umthelela ongaba khona wokungcoliswa okungaba khona ezimotweni ku-BIC futhi unikeze enye inkomba ye-RT ye-BIC. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi umsebenzi onjalo ungakhuphula ukusebenza kwemvelo ngokuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi weGo / NoGo. Ukuvimbela isimilo esisodwa empilweni yansuku zonke kuvame ukuhambisana nokufakwa kokunye kokuziphatha ngenye indlela elindelekile (njengokucindezela umkhuba wokubuka izithombe zocansi nokufaka okunye ukuzijabulisa). Lokhu kubhaliswe emsebenzini we-Two-Choice Oddball, kunomsebenzi ojwayelekile weGo / NoGo.

Ukungabi namandla emilonyeni ye-inthanethi yocansi

Izifundo zakamuva ezisebenzisa izindlela zokuzibika zithole ukuthi ukungaziphathi kahle kufanele kuhambisane kahle nesifo esiphakeme sokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi (I-Antons & Brand, 2018; U-Antons et al., 2019). Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezihlola i-BIC kumongo wokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi lwe-Stop-Signal Task zinikeze imiphumela exubile. I-Antons and Brand (2018) ithole ukuthi ukuqina kwesibonakaliso esiphakeme sokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswa nokuxhumana okuphezulu kokuziphatha okungafuneki nezenzo zokuxhamazela. Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abantu abanezimpawu eziningi zokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi baveze ukusebenza okungcono kwe-BIC (Antons & Matthias, 2020).

Alukho ucwaningo olukhona oluhlolisise ukuxhumana kwe-electrophysiological phakathi kwe-BIC nokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi, yize izilinganiso ze-ERP sezamukelwe iminyaka ekuhloleni ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (ICampanella, iPogarell, neBoutros, 2014; ILittel, i-Euser, i-Munafo, ne-Franken, i-2012) kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokulutha kokuziphatha (Luijten et al., 2014). I-ERP ikhonjwe njengendlela ekhokhelwayo yokunquma ukuhlangana kwe-neural kwezifo eziluthayo, futhi isetshenziswe kakhulu ekuhlolweni nasekwenzeni imitholampilo (ICampanella, iSchroder, iKajosch, iNoel, neKornreich, i-2019).

Njengamanje, kuphela ukugembula nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo okufakiwe ezinhlelweni eziqavile zamagama zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ie, DSM-5 ne-ICD-11). Ukulutha kwe-cybersex kuhlongozwe njengohlobo lokulutha kokuziphatha olunezici ezifanayo ze-neurobiological ne-neurocognitive njengokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (UKowalewska et al., 2018; UStark et al., 2018). Ucwaningo oluningi lwezobuciko luyadingeka ukuthola ukuthi umlutha we-inthanethi we-inthanethi ukhombisa kangakanani ukufana noma umehluko nezinye izindlela zokulutha. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhomba izindlela eziyisisekelo zokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi ukuze uqonde kangcono izindlela zokuziphatha, futhi kungasiza kakhulu ukukhomba izihloko ezinobungozi obukhulu nokuthuthukisa ukungenelela okukodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusiza izingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka okuluthayo.

Isifundo samanje

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola umthelela wokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi ku-BIC. I-BIC yaphenywa kubantu abathambekele ekubhekaneni nokulutha kwe-cybersex (TCA) kanye nezilawuli ezinempilo (HCs) besebenzisa umsebenzi we-Two-Choice Oddball. Ama-ERP alinganiswa ephendula imikhuba ejwayelekile ejwayelekile (izithombe zabantu) kanye nezimo ezingezona ezejwayelekile eziphambukayo (izithombe zocansi). Ngokuya ngocwaningo olukhona mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, sicabanga ukuthi ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswa ne-BIC engasebenzi kahle. Ngokuqondile, sicabange ukuthi (1) abantu abane-TCA bazobonisa ukunemba okuphansi kakhulu nama-RTs amade ekuphenduleni izindlela ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HC, futhi (2) abantu abane-TCA bazokhombisa imiphumela ye-ERP ethosiwe (izingxenye ze-N2 ne-P3) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HC.

izindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Siqoqe imibuzo engama-303 evela kubafundi besilisa basekolishi ukuthola amaphuzu abo ku-Problematic Internet Pornography Use Scale (PIPUS; Chen, Wang, Chen, Jiang, & Wang, 2018). Abesifazane babekiwe ngaphandle ocwaningweni, ngoba amadoda ahlangabezana kalula nezinkinga ezinjalo ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabo njalo nezinto ezingcolile (URoss, Månsson, noDaneback, 2012). Njengoba ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi akuyona inkinga yokuxilongwa, akukho mingcele engasetshenziselwa ukukhomba abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile be-Inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, abaphendulile abathola amaphuzu abo kuma-percentile aphezulu angama-20 bahlukaniswa eqenjini le-TCA, kuyilapho labo abathola amaphuzu awela kuma-percentile aphansi angama-20 babekwa eqenjini le-HC. Ngokwesimo sokuhlukaniswa, abahlanganyeli abangama-36 abane-TCA kanye ne-36 HC bamenyiwe ukuthi babambe iqhaza ngokuzithandela esifundweni se-electrophysiological. Abahlanganyeli ababili abakhishiwe ngenxa yobuciko bokunyakaza kwamehlo okweqile. Bonke ababambiqhaza babengabobulili obuhlukile, benesandla sokudla, benombono ojwayelekile noma olungisiwe, babengenawo umlando wokugula ngengqondo, futhi bengenawo umlando wemithi wohlelo lwemizwa oluphakathi (bheka Ithebula 1).

Ithebula 1.Izici zokubamba iqhaza kwamaqembu e-TCA ne-HC

Okuguqukayo (kusho ± SD)I-TCA (n = 36)I-HC (n = 34)t
Ubudala (iminyaka)19.7519.76-0.05
Imvamisa yangesonto yokubuka izithombe zocansi aI-3.92 ± 1.54I-1.09 ± 0.879.55***
Imvamisa yeviki lokushaya indlwabu aI-2.81 ± 1.22I-1.12 ± 0.916.54***
Isikolo se-PIPUSI-19.78 ± 6.40I-1.65 ± 1.2816.65***
Isikolo se-SDSI-28.00 ± 2.62I-26.62 ± 3.361.93
Isikolo se-SASI-27.56 ± 3.12I-26.29 ± 3.901.50
Isikolo se-BIS-11I-58.81 ± 9.37I-55.03 ± 11.351.52

Izifinyezo: I-BIS-11, iBarratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; HC, izilawuli ezinempilo; I-PIPUS, Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-Inthanethi Zisebenzisa Isikali; I-SAS, Isikali Sokukhathazeka Sokuzilinganisela; I-SDS, Isikali Sokucindezeleka Sokuzilinganisela; I-TCA, ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi.

***P <0.001.

aNgezinyanga eziyisithupha ezidlule.

Izinsimbi zokulinganisa nenqubo

Ukuhlola i-TCA, kwasetshenziswa inguqulo yesiShayina yePIPUS. I-PIPUS yisikali sokuzibika esithuthukisiwe esuselwa ku-Problematic Pornography Use Scale (Kor et al., 2014). Isikali siqukethe izinto eziyi-12 eziqoqwe zaba izilinganiso ezine: (a) izinkinga nezinkinga zokusebenza, (b) ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, (c) ubunzima bokuzithiba, kanye (d) nokusetshenziswa ukuze ubalekele noma ugweme imizwa engemihle. Lapha, sashintsha igama elithi “izithombe zobulili ezingcolile” safaka “izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi.” Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi babike ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule besebenzisa isikali se-Likert samaphoyinti ayi-6, lapho i-0 isho ukuthi “never” no-5 isho ukuthi “ngaso sonke isikhathi”; ukukhuphuka kwesikolo, iPIPU iba nzima kakhulu. Isikali sinokwethenjelwa okuhle nokuba semthethweni phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi laseChina (Chen et al., 2018). ICronbach's α kulolu cwaningo kwakungu-0.93.

Ababambiqhaza baqale baphothula iPIPUS. Ngokwenqubo yokukhetha engenhla, isampula labantu ababambe iqhaza kwi-TCA ne-HC bamenywa ukuthi babambe iqhaza esigabeni sesibili sokuhlolwa. Benze umsebenzi we-Two-Choice Oddball ngenkathi i-Electroencephalography (EEG) iqoshwa. Ukuhlola ukungaziphathi kahle kanye nomaka wezifo zengqondo, ababambiqhaza baphothule iBarratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11; UPatton, uStanford, noBarratt, ngo-1995), Isikali Sokucindezeleka Sokuzilinganisela (SDS; UZung, uRichards, no-Short, ngo-1965), kanye ne-Self-Rating Scale Scale (SAS; UZung, 1971). Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yabantu kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo oluhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi (imvamisa yokubuka izithombe zocansi kanye nokushaya indlwabu) kwahlolwa. Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza bakhulunyelwa phansi futhi bathola inkokhelo ye-RMB 100. Konke ukuhlolwa kuthathe cishe ama-80 min.

Isikhuthazi nomsebenzi wokuhlola

Ukuhlolwa komthamo we-BIC kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Two-Choice Oddball paradigm. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhuthaza zazitholakala: izikhuthazi ezijwayelekile (izithombe zomuntu) kanye ne-stimuli ephambukayo (izithombe zocansi). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zaqoqwa kumawebhusayithi wamahhala wezithombe zocansi; bafake amasethi wezithombe ezingama-40 aqukethe izigaba ezine zocansi oluhlukile (ucansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ucansi lwendunu, i-cunnilingus, ne-fallatio). Isigaba ngasinye sinezithombe zocansi eziyi-10. Izithombe zomuntu, ezitholwe kumawebhusayithi, zifaka izithombe ezingama-40 zowesilisa nowesifazane abahambahamba noma begijima. Babefaniswa nenombolo nobulili babantu ezithombeni ezingcolile. Lezi zithombe zilinganiswe esifundweni somshayeli ngobukhulu be-valence, ukuvusa inkanuko, nokuvuka kocansi (bheka izinto zokwengeza). Akukho mehluko obalulekile otholakele maqondana nezilinganiso ze-valence. Kodwa-ke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziphakamise ukuvusa okuphezulu nokuvuka kocansi kunemifanekiso yomuntu. Ukufihla inhloso yangempela yokuhlolwa, lezi zithombe ziboniswe abaphendulayo ngezinhlaka ezinemibala, ngohlaka olubomvu lwezithombe zabantu nohlaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwezithombe zocansi. Abahlanganyeli bayalelwe ukuthi bahlulele umbala wozimele ngokushesha nangokunembile ngokucindezela okhiye abahlukene.

Umsebenzi wawunamabhulokhi amane ezilingo eziyi-100. Wonke amabhulokhi abethula izikhuthazi ezijwayelekile ezingama-70 nezinhlelo ezingama-30 eziphambukayo. Ababambiqhaza bekudingeka ukuthi bahlale phambi kwesiqapha, cishe i-150 cm kude nesikrini, nge-engeli yokubuka enezingqimba futhi emile engaphansi kuka-6 °. Abahlanganyeli babe nekhefu lemizuzu emibili ebhulokini ngalinye; bathole nempendulo yesilinganiso sokunemba ukuhlola ukusebenza kwabo ekugcineni kwebhulokhi ngayinye. Izikhuthazi zethulwe kusetshenziswa i-E-prime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools). Isivivinyo ngasinye saqala ngesiphambano esincane esimhlophe sama-300 ms. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwavela isikrini esingenalutho esinesikhathi esingahleliwe esingu-500-1,000 ms, silandelwa ukuqala kwesikhuthazi sesithombe. Lapho isithombe esijwayelekile sivela, ababambiqhaza kwakudingeka bacindezele ngokushesha nangokunembile inkinobho ethi “F” kukhibhodi ngomunwe wabo wenkomba yangakwesobunxele, futhi lapho isithombe sokuphambuka sivela, kwakudingeka bacindezele ukhiye ka- “J” ngomunwe wenkomba yangakwesokudla ( izinkinobho zekhibhodi zazilinganisiwe phakathi kwabahlanganyeli). Isithombe sokuvuselela sanyamalala ngemuva kokucindezela ukhiye noma njengoba sidlula i-1,000 ms. Zonke izimpendulo bezilandelwe yisikrini esingenalutho esinobude be-1,000 ms. Ukulandelana kwesikhuthazi esijwayelekile nokuphambukayo kwenziwa ngokungahleliwe. Sicela ubheke ku- I-Fig. 1 ngezinqubo ezithile zokuhlola.

I-Fig. 1.
I-Fig. 1.

Umdwebo wesikimu wenqubo yokuhlola kanye nezibonelo ezikhuthazayo. Isivivinyo ngasinye sethula umfutho owodwa. Esikhathini, i-stimulus ejwayelekile (izithombe zomuntu) yethulwe ku-70% yezilingo, kuyilapho okwethusayo okuphambukayo (izithombe zocansi) kwethulwe ku-30% wezilingo

Isikhombo: Ijenali Yezidakamizwa Zokuziphatha JBA I-9, 3; 10.1556/2006.2020.00059

I-Fig. 2.
I-Fig. 2.

Ama-ERPs amaphakathi amakhulu wamaqembu e-TCA ne-HC ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile neziphambukayo ezindaweni ze-Fz, Cz, ne-Pz

Isikhombo: Ijenali Yezidakamizwa Zokuziphatha JBA I-9, 3; 10.1556/2006.2020.00059

Ukuqoshwa nokuhlaziywa kwe-Electrophysiological

Ama-electrode we-Tin afakwe ku-cap e-elastic aqashwe ukuqopha imisebenzi kagesi yobuchopho kusuka kumasayithi we-32 wekhanda (Imikhiqizo yeBrain, eJalimane). I-electrode FCz yasetshenziswa njengesethenjwa esiku-inthanethi, kwathi i-electrode ye-AFz yasetshenziswa njenge-electrode yaphansi. I-Vertical electrooculogram (VEOG) yaqoshwa nge-electrode ebekwe ngaphansi kweso lesokudla, kuyilapho i-elektrooculogram evundlile (i-HEOG) yaqoshwa i-electrode ebekwe nge-1 cm ngaphandle kweso lesobunxele. Ukumelana kwawo wonke ama-electrode kwakungaphansi kuka-5 kΩ. I-EEG ne-EOG zikhuliswe nge-DC ∼100 Hz bandpass futhi zafakwa ku-500 Hz / isiteshi. Imininingwane ye-EEG yahlaziywa ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa iBrain Vision Analyzer 2.0. Okokuqala, sisetha kabusha ireferensi kububanzi besilinganiso se-mastoid yamazwe amabili. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-bandpass ye-0.01-30 Hz nokusetshenziswa kwe-24 dB kusetshenziselwe ukuhlunga. Izinto zakudala ze-EOG zisuswe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuzimela okuzimele.

I-EEG ephendule kahle ngaphansi kwesimo ngasinye ibephakanyisiwe futhi ilinganiselwe. I-waveform ye-ERP ikhiyiwe ekuqaleni kwesisusa, ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi se-1,000 ms, kufaka phakathi isisekelo se-200 ms ngaphambi kwesikhuthazi. Kusuka kuma-waveforms amaphakathi we-ERP ku Amakhiwane. 3 no-4, kungabonakala ukuthi umehluko we-amplitude ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile neziphambukayo uqale cishe kuma-200 ms. Lo mehluko ubonakaliswe njenge-N2 (200-300 ms) ku-frontal-central scalp kanye ne-P3 (300-500 ms) esikhunjeni esiphakathi kweparietali esikhungweni sokwehluka okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlaziye ama-amplitudes aphakathi nobude bezinto ze-N2 ne-P3 ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye ze-electrode, okungukuthi, i-F3, i-Fz, i-F4 (amasayithi amathathu angaphambili), i-C3, i-Cz, i-C4 (amasayithi amathathu aphakathi), i-P3, i-Pz, ne I-P4 (amasayithi amathathu weparietal).

I-Fig. 3.
I-Fig. 3.

(A, B, C) Ama-ERPs we-average we-deus deus deus standard kumaqembu e-TCA ne-HC ezindaweni ze-scalp midline electrode sites (Fz, Cz, and Pz). (D) Amamephu wesimo sendawo umehluko we-amplitudes phakathi kwezimo eziphambukayo nezisezingeni elijwayelekile (kuwo wonke ama-200-500 ms) kumaqembu e-TCA (kwesobunxele) namaqembu e-HC (kwesokudla). (E) Ama-amplitudes asemqoka we-N2 ne-P3 ezimeni ezijwayelekile neziphambukayo zamaqembu e-TCA ne-HC. Amabha wephutha amele iphutha elilodwa elijwayelekile

Isikhombo: Ijenali Yezidakamizwa Zokuziphatha JBA I-9, 3; 10.1556/2006.2020.00059

I-Fig. 4.
I-Fig. 4.

Ama-RTs wamaqembu e-TCA ne-HC wezinto ezijwayelekile neziphambukayo. Amabha wephutha amele iphutha elilodwa elijwayelekile

Isikhombo: Ijenali Yezidakamizwa Zokuziphatha JBA I-9, 3; 10.1556/2006.2020.00059

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Imininingwane yemibuzo yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuzimela kwe-t. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo zokuhluka (ANOVA) kusetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya izinkomba ze-ERP ze-BIC (N2 ne-P3) nezilinganiso zokuziphatha (ukunemba kanye nama-RTs). Lokhu kuholele kuGroup (TCA, HC) × Stimulus (izimo ezijwayelekile neziphambukayo) × Amasayithi we-Electrode (amasayithi ayi-9) i-ANOVA ye-N2 ne-P3 amplitudes kanye nama-latency ahlobene ne-BIC, ne-Group × Stimulus ANOVA yezinyathelo zokuziphatha. Imininingwane ye-RT ibisuselwa ekuhlolweni ngempendulo efanele. Izilingo lapho ama-RTs ayengaphansi kwama-150 ms, ekhombisa ukulindela, awazange abhekwe (UMeule, uLutz, uVögele, noKübler, 2012). Amasayithi we-Stimulus ne-Electrode ayengaphakathi kwezihloko, futhi iQembu laliyinto ephakathi kwezihloko. I-post-hoc ihlaziya kusetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa ngababili nokulungiswa kweBonferroni. Onke amanani ezibalo abikwe ngokulungiswa kweGreenhouse – Geisser, kanye ne-eta-square eyingxenye (η2p) inani labikwa linemiphumela ebalulekile. Izinga le-alpha le-0.05 lisetshenziselwe konke ukuhlolwa kwezibalo.

Ethics

Imvume enolwazi isayinwe yibo bonke ababambiqhaza bocwaningo. Ucwaningo luvunyiwe yiChengdu Medical College Institutional Review Board.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela ezibikiwe

Njengoba bekulindelekile, iqembu le-TCA likhombise amaphuzu aphezulu we-PIPUS (19.78 ± 6.40) kuneqembu le-HC (1.65 ± 1.28), t(68) = 16.65, P <0.001. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu le-TCA lathola amaphuzu aphezulu kuneqembu le-HC kumvamisa weviki yokubuka izithombe zocansi (3.92 ± 1.54 vs. 1.09 ± 0.87), t(68) = 9.55, P <0.001, nokushaya indlwabu (2.81 ± 1.22 vs. 1.12 ± 0.91), t(68) = 6.54, P <0.001. Kodwa-ke, amaqembu e-TCA ne-HC awazange ahluke ekucindezelekeni njengoba kulinganiswa yi-SDS, ekukhathazekeni njengoba kulinganiswa yi-SAS, nasekuziphatheni okulinganiselwe njengoba kulinganiswe yi-BIS-11, okukhombisa ukuthi lezi zinto bezingeyona indawo yokukhathazeka okwamanje funda. Lokhu kwenza noma ikuphi ukungafani kokuziphatha ne-ERP kubangelwe ngqo yizinyathelo ezihlobene nocansi lwe-inthanethi.

Imiphumela yokuziphatha

Izinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ze-ANOVA zokunemba, neQembu njengento ephakathi kwezihloko ne-Stimulus njengengaphakathi kwesihloko, kuveze ukunemba okuphansi kakhulu kwe-deviant (96.27%) kune-standard stimuli (98.44%), F(1, 68) = 15.67, P <0.001, η2p = 0.19. Akubanga khona miphumela ebalulekile ebandakanya izici zeQembu, Fs <1. Mayelana nama-RTs, izikhuthazi eziphambukayo ziveze ama-RTs amade ngokuqhathaniswa nezikhuthazi ezijwayelekile, F(1, 68) = 41.58, P <0.001, η2p = 0.38 (bona I-Fig. 2). Awutholakalanga umphumela omkhulu weqembu, F(1, 68) = 2.65, P = 0.108, η2p = 0.04. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuxhumana kweQembu x Stimulus kwakubalulekile, F(1, 68) = 4.54, P = 0.037, η2p = 0.06. Umphumela olula we-Stimulus ukhombisile ukuthi izikhuthazi eziphambukayo zenze ama-RTs amade aqhathaniswa nezikhuthazi ezijwayelekile kuwo womabili amaqembu e-TCA ne-HC, F(1, 35) = 46.28, P <0.001, η2p = 0.57, F(1, 33) = 7.60, P = 0.009, η2p = 0.19. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela olula weQembu ukhombisile ukuthi yize la maqembu womabili ekhombisa ama-RTs afanayo ngezisusa ezijwayelekile, F(1, 68) = 0.16, P > 0.68, iqembu le-TCA likhombise ama-RTs amade kuneqembu le-HC lezinto eziphambukayo, F(1, 68) = 6.68, P = 0.012, η2p = 0.09.

Imiphumela ye-ERP

N2

Izinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ze-ANOVA kuma-amplitudes asemqoka we-N2, anezindawo ze-Stimulus ne-Electrode njengezinto eziphindaphindwayo neQembu njengezinto eziphakathi kwesihloko, kubonise imiphumela ebalulekile ye-Stimulus, F(1, 68) = 72.72, P <0.001, η2p = 0.52, nezindawo ze-Electrode, F(8, 544) = 130.08, P <0.001, η2p = 0.66, nokuxhumana okubalulekile kweStimulus × Electrode, F(8, 544) = 8.46, P <0.001, η2p = 0.11. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhuthazi ezijwayelekile, izikhuthazi eziphambukayo zenze ama-amplitudes amakhulu kuma-electrode angaphambili naphakathi. Awukho umphumela omkhulu obalulekile otholakele weqembu, F <1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo kweQembu x, F(1, 68) = 6.27, P = 0.015, η2p = 0.08. Umehluko we-amplitude phakathi kwesikhubekiso esiphambukayo nesijwayelekile wawumkhulu eqenjini le-HC (-4.38 μV) kuneqembu le-TCA (-2.39 μV).

Ngokwengeziwe, imiphumela ebalulekile ebalulekile ye-Stimulus, F(1, 68) = 28.51, P <0.001, η2p = 0.30, nezindawo ze-Electrode, F(8, 544) = 3.52, P = 0.023, η2p = 0.05, kubhekwe ukuthambekela kwe-N2. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhuthazi ezijwayelekile, izikhuthazi eziphambukayo zenze ama-latency amade. Ukubambezeleka kwe-N2 kumasayithi angaphambili kwakukude kunalokho kumasayithi weparietal.

P3

Ngokufanayo, izinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ze-ANOVA kuma-amplitudes asencane we-P3 zikhombise imiphumela ebalulekile yeQembu, F(1, 68) = 4.45, P = 0.039, η2p = 0.06, Isikhuthazo, F(1, 68) = 8.31, P = 0.005, η2p = 0.11, nezindawo ze-Electrode, F(8, 544) = 76.03, P <0.001, η2p = 0.53, nokuxhumana okubalulekile kweStimulus × Electrode, F(8, 544) = 43.91, P <0.001, η2p = 0.39. Ama-amplitudes ajwayelekile phakathi kwezimo ayemakhulu eqenjini le-HC (4.12 μV) kuneqembu le-TCA (1.94 μV). Izikhuthazi eziphambukayo zenze ama-amplitudes amakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nezikhuthazi ezijwayelekile kumasayithi aphakathi nendawo kanye neparietali. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, umphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kweQembu neStimulus ububalulekile, F(1, 68) = 4.94, P = 0.03, η2p = 0.07. Yize iqembu le-HC likhombise ukuthuthuka kwe-P3 amplitudes ye-deviant stimuli (5.34 μV) kune-standard stimuli (2.89 μV), F(1, 33) = 11.63, P = 0.002, η2p = 0.26, iqembu le-TCA alibonisanga umehluko omkhulu we-P3 amplitude phakathi kwe-deviant (2.10 μV) nezimo ezijwayelekile (1.78 μV), F <1.

Ukuhlaziywa kwama-P3 latency kuveze umphumela obalulekile omkhulu wezindawo ze-Electrode, F(8, 544) = 17.13, P <0.001, η2p = 0.20, ekhombisa ukubambezeleka okude ezindaweni ezingaphambili neziphakathi kunezindawo zeparietali. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasayithi we-Stimulus × Electrode nakho kwakuphawulekile, F(8, 544) = 16.71, P <0.001, η2p = 0.20, kukhombisa ukuthi ama-latency amade abangelwa yisikhuthazi esiphambukayo kunesikhuthazi esijwayelekile kumasayithi we-parietal.

Ingxoxo

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola umphumela wesikhuthazo sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-BIC phakathi kwabantu abane-TCA ngokuqhathaniswa ne-HC, womabili amazinga okuziphatha nawokusebenzisa amandla kagesi, besebenzisa umsebenzi oguquliwe we-Two-Choice Oddball ohlanganiswe nokurekhodwa kwe-ERPs. Lesi yisifundo sokuqala sokuphenya ama-electrophysiological correlates we-BIC kumongo wokulutha kwe-cybersex nama-ERPs. Yize izifundo zangaphambilini zithole ukuxhumana phakathi kokungafisi kokuziphatha kanye nezimpawu zokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi (Ama-Antos noMkhiqizo, 2018; I-Antos et al., 2019), lolu cwaningo alutholanga mehluko obalulekile kuzikolo ze-BIS-11 phakathi kwamaqembu e-TCA ne-HC. Ngokufanayo, UGola et al. (2017) akutholanga mehluko ophawulekayo ekuthambekeni kokuziphatha phakathi kwabasebenzisi abanenkinga yezithombe zocansi kanye nabahlanganyeli bokulawula. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzodinga ukuhlola lesi sixhumanisi ngokujula okukhulu.

Yize i-BIS-11 ithathwa njengesilinganiso sokungafisi, umsebenzi olungisiwe we-Two-Choice Oddball uphathelene nokusebenza kokungafisi. Esizindeni se-neuropsychology kanye ne-neuroscience yokuqonda, ukungafisi kuvame ukulingana ne-BIC, okusho ukuthi indlela ephezulu yokulawula phansi, evimbela izimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo ezizenzakalelayo noma ezihlobene nomvuzo eziphikisana nezidingo zamanje (UGroman et al., 2009). Yize womabili la maqembu ekhombisa imiphumela ye-BIC ngesikhathi sesimo esiphambukayo, impendulo yeqembu le-TCA kwisikhuthazo esiphambukayo yayihamba kancane kunaleyo yeqembu le-HC, ekhombisa amandla ampofu e-BIC. Ukwehluka kokuziphatha kuhambisane nokwehluka kweqembu kuma-amplitudes aphakathi kwe-N2 ne-P3 kugagasi elihlukile elehlukile. Ngokuqondile, iqembu le-TCA likhombise umehluko omncane we-N2 ne-P3 we-amplitude ophambukayo kunesikhuthazo esijwayelekile ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu le-HC. Imiphumela ifakazela ukuthi isenzo sezocansi esingenandaba nomsebenzi siphazamisa i-BIC yabantu abane-TCA.

Kulolu cwaningo, ababambiqhaza babhekana nokungqubuzana kokuphendula lapho bephendula izikhuthazi ezingafani nakancane kumongo wesikhuthazo esijwayelekile esivame ukuphendula impendulo. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwezimpendulo kudale into evelele ye-N2 kugagasi elihlukile elehlukile, ngama-amplitudes amakhulu kakhulu kumasayithi angaphambili naphakathi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisile ukuthi i-fronto-central oddball N2 ekhishwe yisikhuthazi esiphambukayo, esifana neNoGo N2 esetshenziselwe umsebenzi weGo / NoGo, yamukelwa njengenkomba yokuqapha izingxabano (UDonkers noVan Boxtel, 2004; UNieuwenhuis et al., 2003). Ukuphakama kwe-N2 ngokuthola ukungqubuzana kwakukukhulu kunalokho ngaphandle kokubona ukungqubuzana (UDonkers noVan Boxtel, 2004). Lapha, womabili amaqembu e-TCA ne-HC akhombise izinto ezihlobene kakhulu ne-N2. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi womabili la maqembu angathola ukungqubuzana kokuphendula ngesikhathi sesimo esiphambukayo. Kodwa-ke, iqembu le-TCA likhombise ukwehluka okuncane kwe-amplitude okuphambukayo kunezimo ezijwayelekile uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-HC. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukubandakanyeka kokunciphisa ukunakekelwa kutholwe eqenjini le-TCA kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-HC, okuholele ekulungiseleleni kabi kwe-BIC yakamuva (U-Eimer, ngo-1993). Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sesigaba sokucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwemoto, iqembu le-TCA likhombise izinqubo zokuqonda zokuqala ezinganele ezidingekayo ukusebenzisa i-BIC.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ebalulekile ye-P3, enama-amplitudes amakhulu kunawo wonke kumasayithi we-parietal, itholwe kububanzi be-300-500 ms we-wave umehluko-standard standard. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisile ukuthi i-P3 ebangelwe yi-nogo stimuli (ekhombisa kamuva i-BIC) itholwe ibaluleke kakhulu kunaleyo ebangelwe yi-go stimuli emsebenzini weGo / NoGo (UDonkers noVan Boxtel, 2004; UNieuwenhuis et al., 2005). Ukuphakama kwe-P3 kuyanda ngokukhula kwezinsizakusebenza zokuqonda. Ngokuhambisana nalokho kwezifundo zangaphambilini, izikhuthazi eziphambukayo ezibandakanya i-BIC kulolu cwaningo ziholele kuma-P3 amplitudes amakhulu kunesikhuthazo esijwayelekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ubukhulu be-P3 ehlobene ne-devius eqenjini le-TCA babuncane kakhulu kunobo obuseqenjini le-HC. Iveze inqubo ye-BIC entulekayo ngaphansi kwezimo eziphambukayo eqenjini le-TCA.

Ngokunjalo, ama-amplitude amancane we-N2 ne-P3 eqenjini le-TCA elihlobene neqembu le-HC angathathwa njengezimpawu zokushoda kwe-neural ku-BIC. Ukutadisha kwethu kusekela umbono wokuthi ukungafisi kuyisici esiyingozi ekuthuthukiseni ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi (I-Antons & Brand, 2018; U-Antons et al., 2019). Lokhu kuyahambisana nemiphumela yezifundo eziningi ekuphazamisweni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (isb. Sokhadze, Stewart, Hollifield, & Tasman, 2008; UZhao et al., 2017), inkinga yokugembula (isb. UKertzman et al., 2008), nokulutha kwe-Intanethi (isb. IZhou, Yuan, Yao, Li, & Cheng, 2010). Lezi zifundo ziqinisekisile ukuthi ukusilela ku-BIC kubantu abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa nokulutha kokuziphatha kuhlotshaniswa ne-N2 kanye / noma ama-P3 amplitudes ancishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yokuziphatha kanye ne-electrophysiological yalolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kungabelana ngezimpawu ze-neuropsychological kanye ne-ERP zokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ukulutha kokuziphatha.

Enye indlela engahle iholele ekukhubazekeni kwe-BIC kubantu abane-TCA ukuthi ukucubungula ukusebenza kabusha nokulangazelela ngenkathi bebuka izinkomba zocansi kubenza babhekane ngokuzenzakalela nezinto ezingcolile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwemithombo yolwazi kuthinta ukusebenza kweqembu le-TCA emisebenzini yokuqonda. Ngokuya ngemodeli yezinqubo ezimbili zomlutha (UBrand et al., 2019; UDong & Potenza, 2014; I-Wiers et al., 2007; IZilverstand neGoldstein, 2020), izindlela zokuziphatha eziluthayo zingaphansi kwethonya lezinhlelo ezincintisanayo ezihambisana nokukhombisa. Ekuziphatheni okuluthayo, noma kunjalo, uhlelo lokukhombisa lucindezelwa uhlelo lokuxhamazela. Lobu budlelwano benza kube nzima kakhulu kubantu abane-TCA ukulawula ukuqonda imisebenzi ye-cyber naphezu kwemiphumela emibi. Njengoba ukucubungula okwenziwa yizithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zobuchopho ezihlobene nokunakwa nokuvuka (UPaul et al., 2008), izithombe zocansi emsebenzini we-Two-Choice Oddball zibonakala ziheha kakhulu iqembu le-TCA kuneqembu le-HC. Ngakho-ke, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokusebenza okubi kakhulu kwe-BIC, imikhondo yezocansi iholela ekutheni abantu abane-TCA baphazanyiswe ngokuqinile ezimfunweni zomsebenzi. Ngokwethiyori, ukunxanela kanye nokuthola ukwenziwa kwe-cue kufanele kuhambisane nokushoda ku-BIC esimweni sokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokulutha kwe-Intanethi (UBrand et al., 2019; UDong noPotenza, 2014). Ekucwaningweni okuzayo, ukuxhumana okungenzeka phakathi kwe-neural correlates ye-cue reactivity nokunciphisa kwe-BIC kufanele kuhlolwe ukuze kuqondwe kangcono izindlela ezisemqoka zokulahlekelwa ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngocansi. Isibonelo, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingahlola amazinga ababambiqhaza bokuvusa ucansi nokulangazelela ngaphambi nangemva kokwethulwa kwezithombe zocansi ukuthola ukuthi ziyaphazamisa yini amandla abahlanganyeli e-BIC (Laier et al., 2013).

Ukuthola kwethu lapha kubaluleke kakhulu emfundweni nakumtholampilo. Ngokwethiyori, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi ukuluthwa kwe-inthanethi ngocansi kufana nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokuphazamiseka kokulawula umfutho maqondana nokuxhonywa emazingeni e-electrophysiological kanye nokuziphatha. Ukuthola kwethu kungasusa impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba umlutha we-cybersex njengohlobo lwenoveli lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngokomtholampilo, imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi ama-ERP angaqashwa ukuphenya imisebenzi ye-neurocognitive (njenge-BIC), ngaleyo ndlela kugqamise ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zokuqonda okufanele kubhekwane nazo ekwelashweni kwezidakamizwa ze-inthanethi (ICampanella et al., 2019). Ngaphandle kosizo lwe-ERPs ekuboneni ukukhubazeka kweziguli, kwenziwa izifundo zokuhlola umphumela we-ERP ekwelashweni kwezifo zengqondo (ICampanella, ngo-2013). Emkhakheni wokulutha kwe-Intanethi, izifundo eziningana zisebenzise ukuqoshwa kwe-ERPs ukuhlola izinzuzo zomtholampilo ezingaba khona (UGe et al., 2011; UZhu et al., 2012). Lezi zifundo zikhomba ukuthi isilinganiso se-ERPs kungaba yindlela engaba namandla yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle nokuhlangana kobuchopho kokulungiswa kwengqondo kokuphazamiseka okuluthayo.

Kunemikhawulo eminingana kulolu cwaningo. Okokuqala, siphenye kuphela abahlanganyeli besilisa ngoba ukubheja kocansi lwe-inthanethi kubonakala kuyinkinga enkulu yabesilisa. Isibonelo, izifundo zangaphambilini zithole ukuthi abesilisa bavezwa izithombe zocansi besebancane, badla izithombe zocansi eziningi (I-Hald, i-2006), futhi maningi amathuba okuthi ahlangane nezinkinga uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane (IBallester-Arnal, uCastro Calvo, uGil-Llario, neGilJulia, 2017). Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluqhathanisa amaphethini wokwenza abesilisa nabesifazane ekucubunguleni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lukhombisile ukuthi izindawo ezithile zobuchopho zisebenza kakhulu emadodeni kunakwabesifazane (isib. Wehrum et al., 2013). Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole umehluko wezocansi ku-BIC ngesikhathi kusetshenzwa izinkomba zocansi. Okwesibili, lolu cwaningo aluzange lubheke noma yisiphi isampula esiqondile somtholampilo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akukho ukuvumelana mayelana nencazelo yomtholampilo yokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lwenze ukuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswayo kwabaphendulayo ngokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi kanye nabaphenduli ngaphandle kokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi lwe-inthanethi ukuthola ukuthi ikhona yini indlela ejwayelekile yokuphendula. Okwesithathu, lesi yisifundo sokuqala ukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-Two-Choice Oddball kumongo wokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi. Ngenxa yalokho, le miphumela yocwaningo lokuqala kufanele iqhathaniswe neminye imisebenzi efana ne-Go / Nogo ne-Stop-Signal paradigms. Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonise ukuthi abantu abanesifo esiphakeme kakhulu sokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi benze kangcono emsebenzini we-Stop-Signal (I-Antons & Brand, 2020). Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izifundo ze-BIC ngokuluthwa ngocansi lwe-inthanethi azivamile futhi azihambisani; ngakho-ke, kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuqhubeka nokukhombisa lokhu. Ekugcineni, kusenempikiswano phakathi kwabafundi mayelana nokuthi ngabe izithombe zocansi ziyizinkomba (Ukudumisa, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, noHajcak, i-2016) noma imivuzo (IGola, i-Wordecha, iMarchewka, neSescousse, ngo-2016). I-incentive salience theory ihlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo "zokufuna" kanye "nokuthanda," futhi ukulutheka kubonakaliswa ngokwanda "okufunayo" okuhlobene nokucatshangelwa nokunciphisa "ukuthanda" okuhlobene nomvuzo (URobinson, uFischer, Ahuja, Omncane, noManiates, 2015). Ama-paradigms wokuhlola asethuthuke kakhulu, izinkomba zokuphazamisa, kanye nemivuzo ayadingeka ezifundweni ezizayo. Kuyasiza futhi ukuhlola isifiso sobulili nokuthanda izinto ezingcolile zobulili nokuhlola ubudlelwane babo nezimpawu ze-electrophysiological.

Ngokufingqa, sandise ekutholeni kwangaphambilini ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu abane-TCA babonisa ukusilela kwe-neural ikakhulukazi imikhombandlela yezocansi ngesikhathi sokuqala nasekupheleni kwesikhathi senqubo yokuvimbela. Idatha yokuziphatha nokuziphatha kwe-electrophysiological yalolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kungabelana ngezimpawu ze-neuropsychological kanye ne-ERPs zokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ukulutha kokuziphatha, okusekela umbono wokuthi ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi kungacatshangwa njengokulutha kokuziphatha.

Imithombo yokuxhasa ngezimali

Lo msebenzi ubusekelwa yiNational Natural Science Foundation of Chin (inombolo yesibonelelo: 31700980).

Umnikelo wabalobi

I-JW ne-BD babandakanyeka kumqondo wokutadisha nokuklama. I-JW ibandakanyeke ekulungiseleleni idatha, ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, futhi yabhala lo mbhalo wesandla. I-JW ne-BD babandakanyeka ekuqondisweni kwesifundo futhi bahlela lo mbhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali banokufinyelela okugcwele kuyo yonke idatha ekucwaningweni futhi bathathe umthwalo wobuqotho bemininingwane nokunemba kokuhlaziywa kwedatha.

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo

Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.

Izinto ezengeziwe

Imininingwane eyengeziwe kule ndatshana ingatholakala ku-inthanethi ku-https: //doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00059.

Okubhekwayo

  • de Alarcón, R., lesonto, JI, Casado, I-NM, & UMontejo, AL (2019). Ukulutha kwezidakamizwa eziku-inthanethi: Esikwaziyo nesingakwaziyo — Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile. I-Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010091.

  • Antons, S., & Brand, M. (2018). Isici kanye nokugxila kwesimo kwabesilisa abathanda ukuthambekela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi-ngezithombe zocansi. Izithako zokulutha, 79, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.029.

  • Antons, S., & UMatthias, B. (2020). Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela kanye ne-Intanethi enezinkinga-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi - Indima ebalulekile yokulinganisa i-insula, I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral, 9(1), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00010.

  • Antons, S., Mueller, SM, Wegmann, E., I-Trotzke, P., Schulte, MM, & Brand, M. (2019). Izici zokungafisi kanye nezici ezihlobene zihlukanisa phakathi kokuzilibazisa nokusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi. I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral, 8(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.22.

  • IBallester-Arnal, R., UCastro Calvo, J., UGil-Llario, MD, & UGil-Julia, B. (2017). Ukulutha kwe-cybersex: Isifundo sabafundi basekolishi laseSpain. Ijenali Yezokwelapha Nezocansi, 43(6), 567-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208700.

  • Brand, M., I-Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Schächtle, U., USchöler, T., & I-Altstötter-Gleich, C. (2011). Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-Intanethi: Indima yezilinganiso ezivusayo ezocansi nezimpawu zengqondo nezengqondo zokusebenzisa ngokweqile izingosi zezocansi ze-Intanethi. I-Cyberpsychology, Ukuziphatha, Nezokuxhumana Nezenhlalo, 14(6), 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0222.

  • Brand, M., Snagowski, J., I-Laier, C., & I-Maderwald, S. (2016). Umsebenzi we-Ventral striatum uma ubukela izithombe eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile zihambisana nezibonakaliso zokulutha kobulili ezingcolile zobulili. I-NeuroImage, 129, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.033.

  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., I-Wölfling, K., Amarobbins, TW, (2019). Ukusebenzelana komuntu-kwe-Afitive-Cognition-Ukwenza (i-I-PACE) imodeli yokuziphatha yokuziphatha okuluthayo: Vuselela, ukuguqulwa okujwayelekile kokuziphatha okuluthayo ngaphezu kokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi, kanye nokucaciswa kwesimo senqubo yokuziphatha okuluthayo. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral, 104, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.

  • Brand, M., Young, KS, & I-Laier, C. (2014). Ukulawulwa kwangaphambili kanye nokulutha kwe-inthanethi: Imodeli yethiyori kanye nokubuyekezwa kokutholakele kwe-neuropsychological kanye neuroimaging. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375.

  • Brand, M., Young, KS, I-Laier, C., I-Wölfling, K., & amandla, MN (2016). Ukuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwengqondo kanye neurobiological mayelana nokuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwezinkinga ezithile zokusebenzisa i-intanethi: Ukusebenzisana komuntu-Ukuthinta-Ukuqaphela-Ukusebenza (I-PACE) model. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral, 71, 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033.

  • UCampanella, S. (2013). Kungani sekuyisikhathi sokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono ahlobene nomcimbi ahlobene nokwelashwa kwezifo zengqondo. Izifo Ne-Neuropsychiatric Ne-Treatment, 9, 1835-1845. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S53687.

  • UCampanella, S., U-Pogarell, O., & Boutros, N. (2014). Amandla ahlobene nomcimbi ezinkingeni zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa: Ukubuyekezwa okulandwayo okususelwa kuma-athikili asuka ku-1984 kuya ku-2012. I-Clinical EEG neNeuroscience, 45(2), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059413495533.

  • UCampanella, S., Schroder, E., Kajosch, H., Christmas, X., & I-Kornreich, C. (2019). Kungani amandla ahlobene nomcimbi (ERPs) kufanele abe neqhaza ekuphathweni kwezinkinga zotshwala. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral, 106, 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.016.

  • Chen, LJ, Wang, X., Chen, SM, Jiang, ECHINA, & Wang, JX (2018). Ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwe-pornography enenkinga ye-intanethi zisebenzisa isikali kubafundi basekolishi laseChina. Ijenali Yempilo Yomphakathi YaseChina, 34(7), 1034-1038.

  • Davis, RA (2001). Imodeli yokucabanga kokuziphatha kokusebenzisa i-Internet. Amakhompiyutha ekuziphatheni komuntu, 17(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.

  • Dong, G., & amandla, MN (2014). Imodeli yokuziphatha kwengqondo yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi: Izisekelo zethiyori kanye nemithelela yomtholampilo. Journal of Research Psychiatric, 58, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.005.

  • Ama-donkers, I-FC, & UVan Boxtel, GJ (2004). I-N2 emisebenzini yokuhamba / yokungahambi ikhombisa ukuqapha ukungezwani hhayi ukuphendula ekuvinjelweni. Ubuchopho nokuqonda, 56(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.005.

  • Isigubhu, DC (2001). Imibono yokulangazelela izidakamizwa, zasendulo nezanamuhla. Addiction, 96(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961333.x.

  • ibhakede, M. (1993). Imiphumela yokunakwa namandla okuvuselela kuma-ERP emsebenzini weGo / Nogo. Psychology Biological, 35(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(93)90009-W.

  • Falkenstein, M. (2006). Ukuvimbela, ukungqubuzana kanye neNogo-N2. I-Neurophysiology yezokwelapha, 117(8), 1638-1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.002.

  • Ge, L., Ge, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, K., Zhao, J., & Kong, X. (2011). Ukuguqulwa kwe-P300 nokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo ezifundweni ezine-inthanethi yokulutha umlutha: Ucwaningo lokulandela izinyanga ezintathu. Ucwaningo lwe-Neural Regeneration Research, 6(26), 2037-2041.

  • I-Gola, M., IZwiecha, M., UMarchewka, A., & Sescousse, G. (2016). Izisusa zobulili ezibonakalayo - Ukuqagela noma umvuzo? Umbono wokuhumusha okutholakele ngemicabango yobuchopho ekuziphatheni kwabantu ngokocansi. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00402.

  • I-Gola, M., IZwiecha, M., Sescousse, G., Lew-Starowicz, M., UKossowski, B., I-Wypych, M., (2017). Ingabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba umlutha? Ucwaningo lwe-fMRI lwamadoda afuna ukwelashwa kokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ezinobunzima. I-Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(10), 2021-2031. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.78.

  • I-Groman, SM, James, NJENGOBA, & Jentsch, JD (2009). Ukuvinjelwa okungaphendulanga kahle: Ku-nexus phakathi kokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa kanye nokushoda kokunaka / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral, 33(5), 690-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008.

  • Okuhle, GM (2006). Ukwahlukana kobulili ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abadala abancane abesilisa nabesifazane baseDenmark. I-Archives yokuziphatha ngokocansi, 35(5), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9064-0.

  • UKertzman, S., I-Lowengrub, K., I-Aizer, A., I-Vainder, M., UKotler, M., & UDannon, I-PN (2008). Ukusebenza kweGo-no-go kubagembuli be-pathological. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, 161(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.026.

  • Klucken, T., Wehrum-Osinsky, S., Schweckendiek, J., I-Kruse, O., & Stark, R. (2016). Ukuguquka kwesimo esithintekayo nokuhlanganiswa kwe-neural kuzihloko ezinokuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi. I-Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(4), 627-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013.

  • UKober, H., I-Lacadie, CM, Wexler, YIBA, UMalison, RT, Sinha, R., & amandla, MN (2016). Umsebenzi wobuchopho ngesikhathi sokukhanuka kwe-cocaine nokugembula: Ucwaningo lwe-fMRI. I-Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(2), 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.193.

  • Pheka, A. (1988). Ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-P300 namandla ahlobene nokunyakaza: Impendulo kuVerleger. Psychology Biological, 27(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(88)90005-1.

  • Kor, A., UZilcha-Mano, S., U-Fogel, YA, UMikulincer, M., Reid, RC, & amandla, MN (2014). Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kwesilinganiso sezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izithako zokulutha, 39(5), 861-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.027.

  • UKowalewska, E., AmaGrubbs, JB, amandla, MN, I-Gola, M., Amaconsi, M., & Kraus, SW (2018). Izindlela zokusebenzisa ubuciko obucindezelayo ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili. Imibiko Yezempilo Yamanje Yezocansi, 10(4), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-018-0176-z.

  • I-Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2014). Ubufakazi obunamandla kanye nokucatshangelwa kwethiyori ezintweni ezibangela umlutha we-cybersex kusukela ekubukeni kokuziphatha. Ukulutha Kwezocansi Nokuphoqeleka, 21(4), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2014.970722.

  • I-Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., I-Pekal, J., Schulte, FP, & Brand, M. (2013). Ukulutha kocansi lwe-Cyber: Ukuvuswa kobulili okuhlangenwe nakho lapho ubheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi hhayi ngokoqobo-oxhumana nabo ngokocansi bawenza umehluko. I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral, 2(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.002.

  • I-Littel, M., I-Euser, NJENGOBA, I-Munafò, MR, & Franconia, IH (2012). Ama-indices e-Electrophysiological wokucubungula okucabangelayo kokuqondiswa kwezinto ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa: Ukuhlaziywa kwemeta. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral, 36(8), 1803-1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.001.

  • Luijten, M., UMachielsen, MW, UVeltman, UDJ, Hester, R., de Haan, L., & Franconia, IH (2014). Ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kwe-ERP kanye nezifundo ze-fMRI eziphenya ngokulawula inhibitory nokulungiswa kwamaphutha kubantu abanokuncikeka kwezidakamizwa nokulutha. Ijenali yePsychiatry & Neuroscience, 39(3), 149-169. .

  • I-Meerkerk, GJ, Eijnden, RJVD, & Garretsen, HF (2006). Ukubikezela ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okuphoqelekile: Konke kumayelana nocansi!. ICyberPsychology nokuziphatha, 9(1), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.95.

  • UMeule, A., Lutz, A., I-Vögele, C., & UKübler, A. (2012). Izifiso zokudla zibandlulula ngokuhlukile phakathi kwama-dieters aphumelele nalawo angaphumelelanga kanye nama-non-dieters. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemibuzo Yemibuzo Yokufisa Ukudla ngesiJalimane. Iphango, 58(1), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.010.

  • UMiedl, SF, E-Büchel, C., & Peters, J. (2014). Ukulangazelela okwenziwe nge-cue kwandisa ukungabi namandla ngokushintshwa kwamasiginali wenani le-striatal ezinkingeni zokugembula. I-Journal ye-Neuroscience, 34(13), 4750-4755. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5020-13.2014.

  • INieuwenhuis, S., U-Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, JD (2005). Ukwenza izinqumo, i-P3, kanye nohlelo lwe-locus coeruleus – norepinephrine. Bulletin yengqondo, 131(4), 510-532. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.510.

  • INieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., UVan Den Wildenberg, W., & I-Ridderinkhof, KR (2003). Ama-electrophysiological correlates we-anterior cingulate function emsebenzini we-go / no-go: Imiphumela yempikiswano yokuphendula nobuningi bohlobo lwesivivinyo. Ukuqonda, Ukuthinta, nokuziphatha kwe-Neuroscience, 3(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.3.1.17.

  • Patton, JH, Stanford, MS, & U-Barratt, I-ES (1995). Isakhiwo senkinga yezinga lokunyuka kwe-Barratt. I-Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6%3C768::AID-JCLP2270510607%3E3.0.CO;2-1.

  • Paul, T., Schiffer, B., Zwarg, T., Kruger, TH, Karama, S., ISchedlowski, M., (2008). Impendulo yobuchopho ezenzweni zobulili ezibukwayo kwabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Ibalazwe le-Brain Mapping, 29(6), 726-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20435.

  • amandla, MN (2008). I-neurobiology yokugembula kwe-pathological nokulutha kwezidakamizwa: Ukubuka konke nokutholakele okusha. Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society B: Sciences Biological, 363(1507), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0100.

  • Ukudumisa, N., Steele, VR, Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D., & I-Hajcak, G. (2016). Prause et al. (I-2015) i-falsification yakamuva yokubikezela izidakamizwa. Psychology Biological, 120, 159-161.

  • Robinson, I-TE, & I-Berridge, KC (2008). Umbono wokukhuthaza ukuzwela umlutha: Ezinye izindaba zamanje. Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society B: Sciences Biological, 363(1507), 3137-3146. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093.

  • Robinson, MJF, Fischer, AM, Ahuja, A., Mncane, EN, & AmaManiates, H. (2015). Izindima “zokufuna” kanye “nokuthanda” ekuziphatheni okukhuthazayo: Ukugembula, ukudla, kanye nokuluthwa yizidakamizwa, e I-Behaeveal neuroscience yesisusa (kk. 105-136). I-Cham: Springer.

  • Ross, MW, UMsennsson, SA, & Daneback, K. (2012). Ukusondela, ubukhali, kanye nokuxhumanisa kokusebenzisa okunobungozi kwe-inthanethi kwezocansi kwabesilisa nabesifazane baseSweden. I-Archives yokuziphatha ngokocansi, 41(2), 459-466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9762-0.

  • Seok, IJW, & Sohn, JH (2015). Izingxenye ezingaphansi zesifiso sobulili kubantu abanenkinga yokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual. Imingcele Yokuziphatha Neuroscience, 9, 321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00321.

  • USokhadze, E., Stewart, C., IHollifield, M., & Tasman, A. (2008). Ukutadisha okungahle kube khona okuhlobene nomcimbi kokungasebenzi okuphezulu emsebenzini wokuphendula osheshayo ekuluthweni yi-cocaine. Ijenali ye-Neurotherapy, 12(4), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10874200802502144.

  • Spechler, PA, I-Chaarani, B., Hudson, KE, Umbumbi, A., UFoxe, JJ, & Igalari, H. (2016). Impendulo yokuvimbela kanye neyomlutha: Ukusuka ekusetshenzisweni kuya ekuziqedeni, e Intuthuko ocwaningweni lobuchopho (Vol. 223, amakhasi. 143-164). Elsevier.

  • Stark, R., Klucken, T., amandla, MN, Brand, M., & IStrahler, J. (2018). Ukuqonda kwamanje kwe-neuroscience yokuziphatha kokukhubazeka kokuziphatha kocansi nokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imibiko Ye-Neuroscience Yamanje Yokuziphatha, 5(4), 218-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9.

  • USussman, CJ, ihabhu, JM, entshontshiwe, JL, & Weigle, P. (2018). Ukulutha komdlalo we-Intanethi kanye nevidiyo: Ukuxilongwa, isifo sezifo, kanye ne-neurobiology. Imitholampilo Yengqondo Yezingane Nezintsha, 27(2), 307-326.

  • Su, B., Yang, L., Wang, GY, Wang, S., Li, S., Cao, H., (2017). Umphumela wezimpawu ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ekuvimbeleni ukuphendula ngokuyeka: Isifundo somshayeli kuma-heroin abesilisa abalahla. I-American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(6), 664-670. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1283695.

  • Tiffany, ST, & Bopha, JM (2012). Ukubaluleka komtholampilo kokulangazelela izidakamizwa. Izimemezelo zeNew York Academy of Science, 1248(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x.

  • I-Verbruggen, F., & Logan, GD (2008). Ukuvinjelwa kwempendulo ku-stop-signal paradigm. Amathrendi eSayensi Yezobuchwepheshe, 12(11), 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.005.

  • I-Voon, V., UMole, I-TB, I-Banca, P., Porter, L., Morris, L., Mitchell, S., (2014). Ukuhlangana okungaphakathi kokuziphatha kocansi okuphathelene nomuntu ngamunye futhi ngaphandle kokuziphatha okucindezelayo kocansi. PloS One, 9(7), e102419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102419.

  • Wehrum, S., Klucken, T., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Hermann, A., I-Vaitl, D., (2013). Ukufana kobulili nokwehluka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-neural kwesimo socansi esibukwayo. I-Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(5), 1328-1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12096.

  • Izinduna, RW, IBartholow, BD, van den Wildenberg, E., Ukuduma, C., Ama-Engels, I-RCME, Sher, KJ, (2007). Izinqubo ezizenzakalelayo nezilawulwayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuziphatha umlutha kwintsha: Isibuyekezo kanye nemodeli. Pharmacology Biochemistry kanye nokuziphatha, 86(2), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.021.

  • Zhao, X., Liu, X., & Ma, JH (2017). Izimpendulo zokuziphatha nezobuchopho zabesilisa ababhemayo ezintweni ezihlobene nosikilidi eziphambukayo ku-paradigm ekhethwe ngababili. Ijenali yePsychophysiology, 32(4), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000195.

  • UZhou, ZH, yuan, GZ, Yao, JJ, Li, C., & UCheng, ZH (2010). Uphenyo oluphathelene nomcimbi oluhlobene nokuhluleka kokulawula i-inhibitory control kubantu abasebenzisa i-inthanethi ye-pathological. I-Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 22(5), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00444.x.

  • UZhu, I-TM, Li, H., Jin, RJ, UZheng, Z., Luo, Y., Ye, H., (2012). Imiphumela yokuhlangana kwe-electroacupuncture ihlangene nokungenelela kwengqondo kokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nokuphathelene nomcimbi okuhlobene ne-P300 nokunganaki okungalungile ezigulini ezinomlutha we-inthanethi. Ijenali YaseChinese Yomuthi Ohlanganayo, 18(2), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-012-0990-5.

  • Zilverstand, A., & IGoldstein, I-RZ (2020). Izinhlobo ezimbili zokulutha izidakamizwa: Imodeli yokuphendula engakhubazekile kanye nemodeli yokunikezwa kwesibindi, e Ukuqaphela nokulutha (kk. 17-23). I-Academic Press.

  • UZung, WW (1971). Ithuluzi lokulinganisa lezinkinga zokukhathazeka. I-Psychosomatics: Ijenali Yokubonisana Nokuxhumana Ngengqondo, 12(6): 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0.

  • UZung, WW, Richards, I-CB, & Short, MJ (1965). Isikali sokuzikala sokuzikala emtholampilo wabangalaliswa ngaphandle: Ukuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-SDS. Izingobo zomlando ze-General Psychiatry, 13(6), 508-515. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730060026004.