Ukuhlola indlela impahla ecacile ngokocansi ekwazisa ngayo izinkolelo, ukuqonda kanye nemikhuba yezinsizwa: inhlolovo ye-qualitative (2018)

UCharles, uP. futhi UMeyrick, uJ. (2018)

I-Journal of Health Psychology. I-ISSN 1359-1053

abstract

Injongo

Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukuvezwa ku-Ucansi olubonisa izinto ezibonakalayo (SEM) kunemiphumela emibi ezinkolelweni, ezimweni nasezenzweni zezinsizwa, kepha ucwaningo oluncane luhlola ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka kanjani. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukubhekana nale nkinga evelayo futhi kuhlolwe ithonya elizibikele lona lokuchayeka kwe-SEM kwabesilisa abasebasha ukuze baqonde kangcono imiphumela yokuphakanyiswa kwempilo yezocansi.

Indlela

Isampula 'leqhwa' labahlanganyeli besilisa abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-18-25 baqashwa endaweni eyodwa yokusebenza. Kwabangu-40 abamenyiwe, abali-11 baphendule kwinhlolovo yekhwalithi. Imininingwane yocwaningo ihlolwe kusetshenziswa i-Thematic Analysis.

Imiphumela neziphetho

Izingqikithi ezisemqoka ezivela emininingwaneni yilezi: - amazinga akhuphukile wokutholakala kwe-SEM, kufaka phakathi ukukhuphuka kokuqukethwe okwedlulele (Nomaphi Lapho Ubheka) ezibonakala zinsizwa kulolu cwaningo njengezinemiphumela emibi kuzimo zengqondo nasekuziphatheni (Imiphumela emibi - Lokho Akukuhle). Idatha iphakamisa ukubukwa okudidekile (Amavesi wangempela Umcabango) ukuzungeza kwezinsizwa impilo yempilo enempilo yocansi (Impilo Yezocansi enempilo). Izifundo zomndeni noma zocansi zinganikeza 'ukuvikela' okuthile (Ama-Buffers) ezimisweni eziyinkinga abantu abasha abazibona ku-SEM

Isingeniso

Udlame lwezocansi luyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi (Towl, 2018) ucwaningo lwamuva nje lwabantu abavela e-USA lukhombisa ukuthi i-81% yabesifazane kanye ne-43% ibika okuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (Kearl, 2018), nemiphumela emikhulu yempilo yabo izisulu nabenzi bokubi.

Ubufakazi bamuva nje buhlola imiphumela yezithombe zocansi ezinganeni nasebantwaneni (iQuadara, i-El-Murr neLatham, i-2017) ibika ukuthi “izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihamba phambili, ezithandwayo nezitholakala kalula ziqukethe imiyalezo nokuziphatha mayelana nobulili, ubulili, amandla kanye nobumnandi inenkinga enkulu ”.

Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kweminyaka engu-20 yocwaningo oluzungeze izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokuziphatha (uPeter noValkenburg, 2016) kukhombisa imiphumela kubo bobabili abashadikazi, futhi maqondana nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, bathola ulaka olukhulu kwezocansi, maqondana nokuphambuka nokuhlukunyezwa.

Ucwaningo lwase-Australia (Davis, Carrotte, Hellard kanye neLim, 2018) ye-N = 517 abantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile badonsela ukunakekela ezindleleni zakwabobantu abaziphatha kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babonwa futhi bakhonjwe ababukeli abancane.

Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile (Wright et al, 2016) ocwaningweni oluxhuma ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nezenzo zangempela zokuhlukumeza ngokocansi kutholakale ubufakazi obuhle kuzo zonke izifundo nokuthi okuqukethwe okunodlame kungaba yinto ebhebhethekisayo. Ucwaningo ludinga ukubhekana nenkinga evelayo yokwanda kokutholakala kwezithombe zocansi ikakhulukazi ngamapulatifomu edijithali (UDavis, 2018). Ucwaningo seluvele lukhombisile ukuthi kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwentsha namasiko wentsha ngezindlela eziningi ezingakaze zibonwe nangaphandle kwemingcele yamasiko neyomhlaba jikelele (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2016).

Ucwaningo lwesigaba esiphambene luphakamise ukuthi abantu abasha bafunda indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi ngokubona kwe-SEM (Häggström-Nordin et al, 2006; Alexy, Burgess & Prentky, 2009) nokuthi lokhu kungaholela ekulindelweni okusontekile ngocansi (Tsitsika, Critselis, IKormas, Konstantoulaki, Constantopoulos & Kafetzis, 2009). UPeter & Valkenburg, (2010) bathola ukuvezwa kaningi kwe-SEM kuholele ekukholelweni okwandayo kokuthi kufana nobulili bomhlaba wangempela (ubuqiniso bezenhlalo) kanye nomthombo owusizo wolwazi ngocansi (ukusetshenziswa).

Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi osezingeni eliphakeme wokukhipha izindlela zokwenza lokhu kuhlangana kunqunyelwe (UPeter noValkenburg, 2016. ULöfgren-Mårtenson & Mansson, (2010) uqaphele ukuthi yintsha kuphela ebone isimo se-SEM esingelona iqiniso. Olunye ucwaningo lwekhwalithi lusikisela ukuthi abantu abasha basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa 'yokufundisa' nokuqeda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zizwa ingcindezi yokuzilingisa (Rothman et al 2015). Ukuba sengozini kungaqinisa lobu budlelwano njengoba kuboniswe ngemininingwane yezingxoxo ezivela kwi-BME MSM encane e-US (Arrington-Sanders et al 2015) ababenokuncane ukufinyelela emfundweni efanelekile yezocansi.

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ngakho-ke bekungukuqala ukubheka izinto ezilamulayo eziveza i-SEM ezinkolelweni zocansi, ukuqonda kanye nemikhuba yezinsizwa ngama-akhawunti abo.

izindlela

Ucwaningo lwekhwalithi lusetshenziselwe ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM. Ithuluzi lokuhlola elingaziwa ku-inthanethi lakhethwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe umhlanganyeli ukuthi angaziwa futhi kwehliswe ukufisa komphakathi ekuphenduleni. I-questionnaire ayisebenzisanga incazelo eyinhloko ye-SEM kepha yacela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bachaze abakubonile. Imibuzo lapho yakhelwe ukuthi ihlolisise ngenkathi isanikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngemithombo yokusetshenziswa, ukufundiswa ngocansi nokubona ukuthi iyini impilo yezocansi enempilo.

Kusetshenziswa indawo yokusebenza (isikhungo sezingcingo) kuqashwa ikakhulukazi izinsizwa, isu lesampula lihlose ukuqasha izinsizwa ezingabonisa ulwazi lwakamuva lwentsha lwe-SEM kepha futhi zibike nokuthi lokhu kubuthinte kanjani ubudlelwano bezocansi lapho usukhulile (18-25 yrs) Amanethiwekhi Wokujwayela baqashwa ngoxhumana nabo be-snowballing kanye nesampuli kwaqhubeka kwaze kwafika lapho kungabikho lwazi lwenoveli olwaluvela. Kwamenywa abesilisa abangama-40, abaphakathi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwengamashumi amabili nanhlanu ukuba babambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, kwathi abahlanganyeli abayi-11 baphothula lolu cwaningo (Bheka iSithasiselo A).

Ababambiqhaza bagcwalise amakhophi aphathekayo (abuyiswa ngemvilophu engaziwa) noma inguqulo eku-inthanethi (ibuyiswe nge-imeyili) yocwaningo olungaziwa, olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kwenziwa ngendlela yezigaba eziyisithupha yokuhlaziywa kwe-inductive thematic (IBraun & Clarke, 2006), kuhlolisiswa inani le-semantic yedatha ngokukhiqiza amakhodi okuqala ngaphambi kokufuna nokubona izingqikithi ezisemqoka, Isithasiselo B sinikeza umzila wokucwaningwa kwamabhuku kusuka kudatha ukwenza ingqikithi ngokukhishwa kwetafula lokufaka amakhodi nomdwebo oningiliziwe wamatimu nezindikimba ezingaphansi (Isithasiselo B). Ubungqabavu bokuhumusha buxhaswe ngokwakhiwa kwesitatimende somuntu siqu esivezwa ngumcwaningi nomphathi wokuqinisekisa izingqikithi (Meyrick, 2006)

Ukuhambisana Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ibhodi yokuziphatha yeYunivesithi yaseNtshonalanga yeNgilandi yezeMpilo kanye neLife Sciences inikeze imvume yokuziphatha kulolu cwaningo zonke izinqubo ezenziwe kulolu cwaningo zihambisana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha njengoba zibekwe eSimemezelweni SaseHelsinki sango-1964 kanye nezichibiyelo zaso zakamuva noma izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezifanayo. Imvume enolwazi itholwe kubo bonke ababambiqhaza abafakiwe ocwaningweni. Ukungqubuzana Kwezintshisekelo: Ababhali bamemezela ukuthi abanakho ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo.

Imiphumela

Abahlanganyeli bafaka abesilisa be-11 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-25 iminyaka yonke besebenza endaweni efanayo yokusebenza. Banikezwe ama-pseudonyms ukuze bangaziwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-inductive thematic okusetshenzisiwe kulezi zimpendulo zokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kuphakamise izingqikithi eziyisithupha eziyinhloko ezazikhona ngaphakathi kwedatha. Lezi zingqikithi zibonakala zibalulekile ekunqumeni izinkolelo, ukuqonda kanye nezenzo zabo bonke ababambiqhaza. Izindikimba zifakwe ilebula futhi zethulwa ngokulandelana okunengqondo “Nomaphi Lapho Ubheka","Imiphumela Emibi - Lokho Akukuhle","Ama-Buffers, imfundo yezocansi nomndeni","Amavesi wangempela Umcabango"Futhi"Impilo Yezocansi enempilo“. Izingqikithi zethulwe ngale ndlela ethize ukukhombisa indaba ebabazekayo edlulisa imininingwane nokwazisa izindlela ezingaba khona. Umdwebo 1, uhlela izingqikithi ezisemqoka (ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) maqondana nezinyathelo ezisendleleni futhi ubuye ubonise izingqikithi ezingaphansi ezifanele.

I-1. Nomaphi Lapho Ubheka

Le ndatshwayo ichazwa ngamaphethini wokuchayeka ku-SEM abikelwe abahlanganyeli futhi anikeze ubufakazi bokuthi kulula futhi kubanga lapho lokhu okuqukethwe kubonakala kufinyeleleka nge-intanethi njengomthombo okhonjwe kakhulu.

“Ngibonile ikakhulukazi i-porn-core porn engiyifinyelela kumawebhusayithi wamahhala kwi-inthanethi” - uSid

“Ikhasi 3, imilads (iZoo & Nuts)” - UTom

“Amavidiyo omculo aqhakazile, amantombazane e-TV lapho ufonela khona” - URichard

            I- “Instagram” - UMo      

Ababambe iqhaza babebonakala bekhombisa isilinganiso esithile sokwamukelwa komphakathi kokubukwa kwe-SEM ngabesilisa abasebasha emhlabeni wanamuhla, bebona ukuziphatha njengengxenye yenqubo evamile yokuthuthuka.

"Ngicabanga ukuthi kuyingxenye yokukhula". - URoss

Kodwa-ke, abanye babonakala sengathi bayayibona imiphumela eyingozi, inomthelela ekuhlolweni ngocansi kwabesilisa abasebasha.

"Ngikhathazeka ngokuthinteka okube nakho kubantu abasha, ngenxa yezocansi ngizame ngokocansi ukuzama ukukopisha izinto engizibonile futhi akuzona zonke ezibe nakho okuhle (amaqembu ezocansi, iqembu lezocansi njll)". - IGaz

"Ngenkathi ngingaqapheli kangako, ngazithola senginomlutha wezithombe zocansi ngenxa yokukhululeka engingazibamba kuzo kanye nomvuzo ovela kumakhemikhali asebuchosheni bami". - U-Alfie &

2. Imiphumela Emibi - Lokho Akukuhle

Ababambe iqhaza babonakala bekwazi ukuqaphela izinkinga ezingaba khona kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SEM.

“Ngingasho futhi ukuthi kuqinisa imibono eyingozi yokulandelana ngokobulili. Abesifazane bavame ukuboniswa njengokuzithoba futhi bathonywe kalula ngabesilisa. Abesilisa bavame ukuvezwa njengabalawulayo nanjengobulili obuqinile. Ngikholwa wukuthi lokhu sekuthinte abantu abangenzeka kalula emphakathini wethu, kwaqinisa ubukhokho emphakathini wethu, okwenza isimo sengqondo sabesifazane esiqinile singathandeki. ” - UBob

“Ubulili njengomkhiqizo ongafinyeleleka kalula futhi uthengwe. Ishintsha indlela ababheka ngayo amantombazane nabesifazane, ukuphikiswa, amantombazane hhayi njengabantu ”- Mo

Kuleli qembu, izingqinamba zobulili ezikhonjiswe ku-SEM nazo zibonakale zishintsha indlela amadoda amancane azibona ngayo.

"Kungenza amanye amadoda azizwe engavikelekile ngekhono lawo locansi njengoba engakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside njengamanye ama-pornstars wesilisa". - URichard

"Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingenze ngazizwa ngingelutho njengendoda - zinomthelela omubi ekuboneni kwami ​​uqobo." - UTom

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli bakhulume ngamazinga okhulayo okwedlulele ngaphakathi kwe-SEM okuqukethwe kwe-intanethi. I-SEM ingabonakala njengamandla amakhulu ekubunjweni okuthandwa kakhulu kocansi.

"Ngenxa yokutholakala kwezithombe zocansi ezikhulayo njalo, ama-video aya ngokuya ethuka futhi eshaqisa ukuze ahambisane nokufunwa kwawo ukuze kuthathwe njengokuthokozisayo". - UJay

“Cishe kungenze ngaba lukhuni icala. Kuthatha okuningi ukungishaqisa manje, Ngenxa yenani engilibonile alisangithinti kakhulu njengakuqala ”- UTom

Lesi sidingo esandayo sezinga eliphakeme lokukhuthaza singase siholele okulindelwe kumuntu ngamunye ukuvumelana nalokho okungathathwa njengesiqhelo.

I-3. Ama-Buffers

Ukulinganisa noma ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezinikezwe isb. Ukuziphatha komndeni noma imfundo yezocansi kwabikwa maqondana nokuba negalelo elihle noma njengethuba elilahlekile.

“Imfundo yami yezocansi esikoleni yayiyimbi. Izithombe zocansi bezingafakwanga nhlobo futhi kubukeka sengathi zazenza okuncane…. Babheka eminye imininingwane engakunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo lokuthi ukulala nomuntu ocansini empeleni kuzoba njani ”- uJay

“Isimo somuntu sasingeyona into engavumelekile ekhaya lapho ngisakhula, ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kunginike ithuba okungeke kube yibo bonke. Umsebenzi wobuciko kamama unginikeze umbono omuhle wokuthi abesifazane besifazane babukeka kanjani ”. - UBob

Isimo sengqondo somndeni esivulekile kwezocansi singasebenza njenge `` buffer '' ngokumelene nemiphumela emibi engaba yinkinga yokubukwa kwe-SEM kanye nemfundo yezocansi ithuba elilahlekile lokunikeza umthombo wokulinganisa 'wezinkambiso' ezinempilo. Indlela yokusebenza 'kwama-buffers' anjalo ingasiza ekusizeni abantu abasha bahlukanise phakathi kokuziphatha ngokocansi kwangempela nokuyiqiniso.

I-4. Amavesi wangempela Umcabango

Ababambiqhaza babike ukubuka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njengamanje okungekho stigathe, futhi njengengxenye yempilo ejwayelekile, okuxoxwe ngakho obala ebudlelwaneni.

            “Manje sekujwayelekile. Ngaphansi kwethabhu. Kungakhulunywa ngabalingani bethu ”. - UTom

I-SEM ibonwa njengomthombo wolwazi othembekile 'othembekile,' kepha ababambiqhaza babike ngethonya elihlukile le-SEM 'kuma-Norms'.

            "Ngifunde okuningi ku-porn - uhamba - okulindeleke kimi njengowesilisa". - UTom

"Ngingasho ukuthi kunikeza izinsizwa umbono oyingozi kakhulu wokuthi luyini ucansi nokuthi luhlinzekani". - UBob

"Kubuye kuthinte nomzimba womzimba kanye nombono wami wokuthi umuntu kufanele abukeke kanjani nokuthi ucansi kufanele lubukeke kanjani futhi lube". - UHarry

"Lezi zinto ezisobala zibe nomthelela omncane kakhulu embonweni wami wesimo somuntu futhi ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yokwazi ukuthi kukhombisa umhlaba oqanjiwe, lapho abantu ababoniswa khona cishe bengabalingiswa bomhlaba wangempela". - UBob

I-SEM edliwe njengokujwayelekile ingahle ibe nomthelela ekudidekeni maqondana nokulindelwa kwezocansi. Kuleli qembu, amazinga ahlukene okuqonda noma ukuqonda ukuthi ngabe i-SEM imele indlela yokuziphatha `` yangempela '' yezocansi.

I-5. Impilo Yezocansi enempilo

Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi impilo yezocansi enempilo ingaba yini. Imvamisa nekhwalithi kwakuyizintambo ezivamile ngaphakathi kwetimu yedatha.         

“Ukuvama futhi wanelise nomuntu onezintshisekelo zobulili ezifana nezakho” - uJay

Umuzwa ohlukahlukene wokuya ocansini wabikwa abahlanganyeli njengobalulekile ekugwemeni impilo yobulili yesicefe,

            “Ukuphaphama egumbini lokulala nokwenza ucansi njalo” - URichard

Ngokuphambene, abanye abaphendulile baphakamise izici ezacabangana nabalingani nobudlelwano.

"Ukuxhumana kuyisihluthulelo socansi futhi i-porn ivame ukufundisa izindlela zokubangela ubumnandi ezingakhombisi ukuthi umlingani ufunani". - UHarry

“Ukuba kubudlelwano obuzinikele noma ukuthembeka mayelana nokuthi ungubani uma kuziwa ekuzibandakanyeni kwezocansi. Kukhombisa ukuthi unenhlonipho enempilo komunye umuntu wobulili ”. - URoss

            "Lapho kunokuthintana okungokomzwelo - ngikhohlwa ucansi olungenanjongo". - UTom           

Ukuxhumana, ukwethembeka, inhlonipho kanye nesidingo sokunamathiselwa ngokomzwelo konke kubikwa ekuchazeni impilo yezocansi enempilo kepha hhayi izici ezijwayelekile ze-SEM. Izinga izinsizwa kuleli qembu elikuqonda ngalo lokhu lihlukile.

Ingxoxo

Imiphumela iphakamisa ezinye izindlela ezingaba khona ebudlelwaneni phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM nezinkolelo zocansi, ukuqonda nemikhuba yezinsizwa, kufaka phakathi ukungafani kwemiphumela emibi ye-SEM kanye nezici ezingabumba lokho. 

Umthelela walolu cwaningo ukuthola ukuthi izinsizwa zibona kanjani ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM nokuziphatha futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, lokho abakubona njengokuvikela ngaphakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.

Ukusetshenziswa nokwamukelwa kwe-SEM kubikwe njengokukhulayo, lokhu kuqinisekiswa yizifundo zokudlanga (Mattebo et al 2013). Ababambiqhaza babike ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kokuqukethwe okwedlulele futhi bangasenandaba nalokhu okuqukethwe. Ngalokhu kutholakala okwandayo kubonakala sengathi idatha iphakamisa ukujwayela noma ukufaka ngaphakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM njengoba nje 'kuyingxenye yesimanje' (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Ingabe lokhu kuyinkinga?, Ukuqonda kwe-SEM njenge 'kwangempela' kuhlukahlukene kuleli qembu, ezinye izinsizwa zingase zenze izinkambiso zocansi ze-SEM zangaphakathi. . URothman et al, (2015) uqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abasha basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile 'ngezinjongo zokufundisa' nokuthi sebeqedile izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazizwa becindezelekile ukuzilingisa. Ngakho-ke, siyabona ukuthi ukusetshenziswa nokwanda kokuqukethwe okwedlulele kungaholela ekudidekeni nasekulindeleni okungenangqondo okungahle kuchaze izixhumanisi zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwabesilisa (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2016)

Noma kunjalo, lo mphumela ungahluka kakhulu. Izinsizwa ezikulesi sifundo, zivumile imiphumela emibi engaba khona ye-SEM ekuziphatheni kepha kuphela kokungabonakali, hhayi maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwabo .. Idatha iphakamisa imibono ephikisanayo noma edidekile ngokulindelwe kwabantu abasha ngempilo yezocansi enempilo nezinkolelo ezifanele futhi isimilo. Ukuhluka kokuqonda kokuthi i-SEM 'yangempela' kanjani, etholakala kulesi sampula kungachazwa ngokulamula kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-SEM ngokusebenzisa ukuba sengozini kwasekuqaleni (isb. Ukuwohloka komndeni) kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho 'kwama-buffers' avikelayo. Ukuwohloka komndeni kuxhunyaniswe nodlame lwezocansi ezincwadini eziningi zomhlaba (Hielman, et al, 2014) kanye nokubuyekezwa okunzulu kocwaningo kwaphinde kwakhomba umsebenzisi ojwayelekile “njengomuntu wesilisa, ophambili kakhulu, ofuna ukuzwa, onomndeni obuthakathaka noma onezinkinga ubudlelwane ”(Peter + Valkenburg, 2016). Ukwehliswa kokulimala okungenzeka kungadinga ukungenelela okubhekiswe kulabo abasengozini enkulu.

Ngasohlangothini oluhle, ukuvuleleka komndeni ngokuya ngocansi noma ngemfundo yezocansi kwaklanywa ngabahlanganyeli njengokunikeza 'ukuvikelwa' okuthile noma ibhalansi kuzethulo ze-SEM zocansi. Lokhu okutholakele kukhomba ukubaluleka kokubhekana nokungalingani emfundweni yamanje yezocansi (UBrown et al, 2009). Imininingwane kulolu cwaningo ibuye ibukeke njengobudlelwano obabusunguliwe ngaphambili bokulingiswa komndeni noma ukuvuleleka kokuziphatha okufanele, izimo zengqondo nemibono yabanakekeli abayinhloko ezindabeni ezinjengokuzibeka engcupheni kwezocansi kwentsha (UMnyango Wezempilo, 2013).

Inani lemfundo yezocansi libhalwe kahle kuyo yonke imibhalo yamanje (UMnyango Wezempilo, i-2013) futhi ababambiqhaza babike ukuthi imfundo yabo yezocansi ayenele ngokujwayelekile kepha ikakhulukazi ayibandakanyi inkinga ye-SEM. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo ezinjengokuthi 'Isikhathi sazo sikhulume' (UCrabbe et al, 2011) okhuluma ngqo nezithombe zocansi nabantu abasha badinga ukuhlolwa kwesayensi.

Ucwaningo olwengeziwe

 Yize izici ezigqanyiswe umsebenzi maqondana nokusetshenziswa okunenkinga kwe-SEM ziqinisekisiwe ezincwadini ezibanzi, izindlela zokufakwa ngaphakathi kwezinkambiso nobungozi obukhona noma ama-buffers zizozuza kuphenyo oluthile lokulinganisa. Umsebenzi wokungenelela okhuluma ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile emfundweni yezocansi udinga ukwakha ubufakazi obuqinile ngokuhlola okuqinile. Ngokwesimo sezincomo zeKomidi Elikhetha Abesifazane Nokulingana (House of Commons, 2016) sokwenza imfundo yezocansi ibe yimpoqo embikweni wabo Ngokuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi Esikoleni, uhulumeni ukwenzile lokho futhi njengamanje ubonisana ngokuqukethwe. Izinhlelo ezintsha kudingeka ukuthi zihlolwe ngokwesayensi kuhambisana nezinyathelo zemiphumela yokuqongelela ubufakazi obuningi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezifundo

Ngaphakathi kokulinganiselwa kwesampula esezingeni futhi engajwayelekile, izingqikithi zizozuza kusiqinisekiso esikhulu sobuningi. Abahlanganyeli baphinde bakhonjwa ngokushaywa kweqhwa koxhumana nabo ngomfundi / umcwaningi endaweni eyodwa yokusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela okungaholela ekwehlukaneni okuncane. Lokhu bekungeke kube nomphumela obonakalayo wezindawo eziswele kanye nobudoda obuyinkinga (uLorimer, McMillian, McDaid, Milne noHunt, 2018) Imibuzo ekulo cwaningo kungenzeka ukuthi yakha ezinye izingqikithi ezikhonjwe futhi mhlawumbe isitayela esivulekile sokuxoxisana sasizoba inike amandla ukuhlola okukhulu. Okutholakele kuyadluliswa kunokuba kwenziwe okungajwayelekile.Ukuchazwa kwamatimu avela kulwazi kungathonywa ngabaphenyi okwenzeka kubo impilo yabo, ngakho-ke, ukusungula umkhuba ongaguquguquki, unxantathu nokusebenzisa ukugada ukuqinisekisa ukutolika yizo zonke izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bekhwalithi (Meyrick, 2006).

Amazinga abanzi okuhlukumeza ngokocansi angajwayelekile angaxhunyaniswa nokutholakala okwandayo nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibeka obala ezocansi. Sebenzela ukubhekana nalokhu kudinga ukuhlola ukuqonda kwezinsizwa ngendima yokusetshenziswa kocansi okujwayelekile futhi uthole izindlela zokunciphisa imiphumela enobuthi. Lesi sifundo sokuhlola sihlanganisa ndawonye indlela yokubangela futhi siqinisekise indima engaba khona yemfundo yezocansi evikelayo.

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Isithasiselo A:

Isithasiselo B: Ukulandela umkhondo wezingcaphuno kuya kuzindikimba - ukukhishwa kwethebula lokufaka amakhodi / imephu ebanzi yezindikimba ezingaphansi kwazo.