Front Psychiatry. 2015 Apr 20; 6: 54. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2015.00054. eCollection 2015.
Weinstein AM1, I-Zolek R1, Babkin A1, UCohen K1, Lejoyeux M2.
abstract
Ukulutha ngokocansi okunye okwaziwa njengokuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezinkulu zengqondo nokuziphatha okubeka engcupheni. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise ukuhlolwa komlutha we-Cybersex, Ukulangazelela imibuzo yemibuzo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye ne-Questionnaire ngokusondelana phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abangama-267 (abesilisa abayi-192 nabesifazane abangama-75) kusho iminyaka yobudala kwabesilisa 28.16 (SD = 6.8) nakwabesifazane 25.5 (SD = 5.13) ababeqashiwe kusuka kumasayithi akhethekile anikezelwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye nocansi lwe-inthanethi kwi-Intanethi. Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-regression ikhombise ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili, kanye nocansi lwe-inthanethi lubikezele kakhulu ubunzima ekusondeleni futhi kwabalelwa ku-66.1% wokuhluka kwesilinganiso kuhla lwemibuzo olusondelene. Okwesibili, ukuhlaziywa kwe-regression nakho kukhombisile ukuthi ukulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili, nobunzima ekwakheni ubudlelwane obuseduze kwabikezela kakhulu imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngocansi futhi kwabalelwa ku-83.7% wokwehluka kwezilinganiso zokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Okwesithathu, amadoda ayenezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi kunabesifazane [t (2,224) = 1.97, p <0.05] kanye nezilinganiso eziphakeme zokulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunabesifazane [t (2,265) = 3.26, p <0.01] futhi azikho izikolo eziphakeme kubunzima bokulinganisa uhlu lwemibuzo ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuseduze kunabesifazane [t (2,224) = 1, p = 0.32]. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela ubufakazi bangaphambilini bokuhluka kocansi ekuziphatheni kocansi okuphoqelela.
IZIHLOKO: ukunxanela; i-cybersex; ukusondelana; izithombe zocansi; umlutha wobulili
Isingeniso
Umlutha wobulili owaziwa ngenye indlela njengokuziphatha okucindezelanayo kocansi, uhlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezinkulu zengqondo nokuziphatha okuyingozi. Lokhu kuziphatha akuzange kubonwe njengokuphazamiseka okufanela ukufakwa ku-DSM (1) bheka u-Ref. (2-4) ngezibuyekezo zakamuva. Yize kunemibono ehlukene mayelana nezimpawu zempilo yokulutha ngokocansi kunesivumelwano sokuthi lesi simo sokubuyela emuva ngokuqhubekayo, esingasho nje indlela yokuphila yezocansi ephambukayo emphakathini (2-4). Muva nje, i-American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustors yazenqaba iziphakamiso eziningana zalenkinga entsha yingakho umlutha wobulili ungaveli kwi-DSM-5. Noma odokotela bebelapha le nkinga, iBhodi Yama-Trustee ilinganisela ukuthi bekungekho ucwaningo olwanele lokucabanga ukungezelela lesi sifo kwiNgxenye 3 (ukuphazamiseka okufuna ucwaningo olwengeziwe) kwe-DSM-5 (5).
Umlutha wezocansi uhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okufana nokufuna njalo abalingani abasha bezemacansini, ukuhlangana njalo ngocansi, ukuzibandakanya ocansini oluphoqelelayo, nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi njalo. Naphezu kwemizamo yokwehlisa noma yokumisa ukuziphatha ngokweqile kwabantu abanomlutha wokuya ocansini bakuthola kunzima ukuyiyeka futhi benza izinto zobucansi eziyingozi, bakhokhela izinsizakalo zocansi, futhi bamelane nezinguquko zokuziphatha ukuze bagweme ubungozi be-HIV (6-9). Izimpawu eziqondayo nezingokomzwelo zifaka imicabango emangazayo yocansi, imizwa yecala ngokuziphatha ngokweqile kobulili, isifiso sokubalekela noma ukucindezela imizwa engathandeki, isizungu, isithukuthezi, ukuzithemba okuphansi, ihlazo, imfihlo ngokuqondene nokuziphatha kwezocansi, ukucabanga ngokuqhubeka kocansi Ukuziphatha, ukunganaki kumlingani ojwayelekile wezocansi, ukukhetha ubulili obungaziwa, ukuthambekela kokukhipha ubuhlobo obusondelene nobulili, kanye nokungabikho kokulawulwa ezicini eziningi zempilo (7, 8, 10, 11). Ekugcineni, ezinye izifundo zithola ukuthi umlutha wezocansi uhlotshaniswa noma ukuphendula ukuthinteka kwe-dysphoric (9, 12-16) noma izehlakalo zokuphila ezicindezelayo (17).
Izithombe zocansi zinendima ethathayo ekusunguleni imibono eyisisekelo mayelana nobunikazi, ubulili, ukubaluleka kwabesifazane, uhlobo lobudlelwano, nemiphumela yabo emide yokuthambekela. Ukutholakala okulula kokuqukethwe kocansi ku-Intanethi kudlula imicabango yabantu nokuqagela futhi kunika amandla ukuhlangana okubonakalayo okugcwalisa izifiso zobunqunu nokuhlangana ngokocansi nabesifazane abakhona ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa ngemiphumela emincane nokuhlangana kwesikhashana. Izinto zocansi eziku-inthanethi zifaka ukubuka kanye nokulanda izithombe ezingcolile, ukuvakashela izitolo zocansi ngezinsizakalo zocansi namathoyizi, ukukhangisa noma ukuqasha abathengisa ngocansi kwi-Intanethi, ukufuna ulwazi ngezifundo zocansi, ukuthola othintana ngocansi, kanye nokuxhumana ngezitho zobulili noma imiphakathi (18). Ukuchayeka kuzithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzethemba nokweneliseka kwesithombe somzimba, ukwanda kokuzibeka ebungozini kobudlova, kanye nomuzwa owengeziwe wokungavikeleki kubantu besifazane, nakubantu abesilisa abakhokhelwa ngokubonisa ubudoda obuqandayo kanye nokwenza udlame olubekeke kubantu besifazane (19). Le miphumela ibonakala hhayi emibonweni yabesifazane yabesifazane kepha nasemibonweni yabesifazane uqobo. Izimo zobulili ezingcolile zobudlelwano bobulili kanye nezocansi zifaka izinhlobo eziningi zemidiya, njengamavidiyo omculo, imibukiso yangempela yethelevishini, ngisho namathoyizi wezingane. Ngakho-ke, kuba nzima ukuhlukanisa imiphumela ethile yezithombe zocansi nalezo zesimo sezulu sokungalingani ngokobulili esikweni lezithombe zocansi (20).
I-cybersex imvamisa ifaka ukubuka, ukulanda, kanye nokuhweba okuku-inthanethi kwezithombe zocansi noma ukuxhuma ezingosini zengevu usebenzisa izindima nokudlala amadoda (21) futhi lesi sikhala sinika abantu ithuba lokuhlola nokuphenya izifiso zabo zocansi nemicabango eyimfihlo online (22). Imilutha ye-cybersex ithambekele ekuhluphekeni kokulawula okungafanele futhi imvamisa inomlando wokuluthwa kaningana kotshwala, ugwayi, izidakamizwa, ukugembula, ukudla, noma ubulili. Uma umsebenzisi ose-inthanethi esivele enenkinga yomlando wokuluthwa ngokocansi, i-cybersex isebenza njengenye indlela yokuthola ukwanelisa eyondla inkinga yangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olusha luthole ukuthi ngaphezulu kwe-65% yemilutha ye-cybersex ayinawo umlando wokulutha ngokocansi (23). Kukhona izifundo ezibonisa ukuthi i-cybersex ithinta kabi isiguli, umlingani kanye nomndeni (24, 25). Olunye ucwaningo lutholile ukuthi abesilisa basebenzisa i-cybersex ukuphathwa kwemizwa (26, 27). Yize i-cybersex ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuphuma yokwenza ucansi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi labo abayisebenzisayo bayimilutha yezocansi. Kubalulekile ukuphenya ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho kanye ne-cybersex kanye nokuthola imiphumela yabo ekhonweni lokwakha ubudlelwane obusondelene nabesilisa nabesifazane.
Izifundo zakamuva ezenziwe nguLaier noBrand (28, 29) chaza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cybersex njengezindlela zokuvuselela abanye ngokobulili kanye nokuzanelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLaier noBrand (30), ichaze imodeli ekwakhiweni nasekulondolozeni umlutha we-cybersex osuselwa kwimodeli yokulutha kwe-Intanethi kwethulwa nguBrand et al. (31). Lezi zinhlobo zisekela izimpikiswano zokuxhumanisa phakathi kwezithombe zocansi ne-cybersex.
Kuhlobene nezifundo ezedlule nemodeli yokuluthwa ngobulili (28-31), siphenyile imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex, isifiso sezithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho kanye nekhono lokwakha ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cybersex kwi-Intanethi. Ngokuya ngokutholwe ngocwaningo lwangaphambilini, sibikezele ukuthi imvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex, ukufisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzobikezela ubunzima ekusondelana kwabesilisa nabesifazane abasebenzisa i-cybersex. Okwesibili, sibikezele ukuthi ubulili, ukufisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobunzima obusondelana nabalingani kungabikezela imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex. Okwesithathu, sibikezele ukuthi kuzoba nokuhluka kobulili emvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex nokufisa kwezithombe zocansi.
Inqubo
Abahlanganyeli
Ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo baqashwa kwizithangami ezikwi-Intanethi ezinikezelwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cybersex ngenhloso yokwanelisa ilukuluku lokuya ocansini nelokuvuselela inkanuko.
Abesilisa nabesifazane bathintwa kumawebhusayithi futhi bacelwa ukuthi bagcwalise amaphepha emibuzo bawathumele ngeposi kubaphenyi. Amaphepha emibuzo abengaziwa futhi zazingekho izindlela zokuhlola inkohliso ngabahlanganyeli. Izindlela zokufaka zokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo yayingamadoda nabesifazane abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngenhloso yezocansi. Kusampula yasekuqaleni ye-272, abahlanganyeli abahlanu abahlangabezananga nenqubo yokufaka futhi basuswa kusampula futhi abahlanganyeli be-267 bahlala. Isampula la lifaka phakathi abesilisa be-192 (i-72%) nabesifazane be-75 (i-28%) abaneminyaka yobudala yabesilisa iminyaka ye-28 nezinyanga ze-2 (SD = 6.8) kanye neyabesifazane iminyaka ye-25 nezinyanga ze-6 (SD = 5.13). Abesilisa babebadala kakhulu kunabesifazane kulesi sampula [t(2,265) = 3.61; p <0.01]. Ukutholwa kwezemfundo bekungu-6.7% ngeziqu zeMasters zaseyunivesithi, ama-40.4% ngeziqu zeyunivesithi, ama-27.7% imfundo yasesikoleni esiphakeme, ama-23.6% emfundo eqhubekayo ngemuva kwesikole esiphakeme, i-1.5% nemfundo yamabanga aphansi. Isimo sokuqashwa kwabahlanganyeli sifaka phakathi 40.4% ukuqashwa ngokugcwele, ama-35.6% amatoho, kanye nama-24% abangasebenzi. Isimo somshado besingu-14.2% sishadile, ama-bachelors angama-57.7%, ama-23.6% ebudlelwaneni kodwa engashadile, ama-4% ahlukene, ama-4.1% ahlukanisile. Iningi labahlanganyeli belihlala edolobheni (83.5%) kwathi elingu-16.5% lalihlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Iningi labahlanganyeli bekungamaJuda (91%), ama-2.2% amaSulumane, ama-4% amaKrestu, nabanye abangu-2.8%.
imibuzo
(1) Imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu kufaka phakathi izinto ezineminyaka yobudala, ubulili, imfundo, isimo somsebenzi, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila (emadolobheni noma emaphandleni), nenkolo.
(2) Ukuhlolwa komlutha we-cybersex (23), equkethe imibuzo ye-20 mayelana nokulutha kwe-cybersex kufaka phakathi izithombe zocansi. Isibonelo, ukukala imvamisa yokuthi ungayinaki imisebenzi yakho ukuze uchithe isikhathi esithe xaxa ku-cybersex, imvamisa oyithandayo ye-cybersex ekusondeni nomlingani wakho, imvamisa oyisebenzisa isikhathi esilinganisweni sezingxoxo nezingxoxo zangasese ukuze uthole abalingani bakho i-cybersex, imvamisa abantu abakhala ngayo ngesikhathi osichitha online, njll.
Isikali sisuka ku-0 siye kwi-5 lapho i-0 ingasebenzi "futhi i-5 is" njalo. Isilinganiso se-Cronbach sokwenza kwangaphakathi kwekhweshine yombuzo kwakuyi-α = 0.95. Abahlanganyeli bahlukaniswe baba ngamaqembu amane angenawo umlutha (amaphuzu 0-30), umlutha ngokulinganayo (31-49), umlutha ophakathi (50-79), futhi waba umlutha kakhulu (80-100).
(3) Ukunxenxa imibuzo yezithombe zocansi (32), equkethe imibuzo ye-20 mayelana nokulawulwa okubonakalayo ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izinguquko zesimo semizwa, umsebenzi wengqondo, kanye nenhloso yokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Isikali sisuka ku-1 ("angivumi nakancane") siye kwi-7 ("ngiyavuma kakhulu"). Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekiswe nguKraus (32) kubafundi base-US futhi inokuthembela kwangaphakathi kweCronbach kwe-α = 0.94. Izikolo ziyehluka kusuka kumazinga aphansi wokufisa i-porn (0-20) nokufisa okuphezulu kwezithombe zocansi (100-140).
(4) Uhlu lwemibuzo ngobunzima ukusondelana (33), equkethe imibuzo ye-12 kufaka phakathi imibuzo ye-4 ngokwesaba ukulahlwa, i-4 ngokwesaba ukuvezwa, kanye ne-4 ekuhlazekeni nasekwesabeni ukwenqatshwa. Uhlu lwemibuzo lusetshenziswe kabanzi ocwaningweni lokusondelana kwengqondo nokwelashwa kwezithandani. Isikali sisuka ku-0 ("akangichazi") siye kwi-4 ("ngokungichazayo uyangichaza"). Uhlu lwemibuzo lunokwethenjwa kwangaphakathi kweCronbach kwe-α = 0.85. Izikolo ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwe-0 = azikho izinkinga ekusondeleni nase-44 = izinkinga eziningi ngokusondelana.
Inqubo
Amaphepha emibuzo agcwaliswe ku-inthanethi esebenzisa ifomu elenziwe nge-Google Drayivu futhi yathunyelwa njengesixhumanisi kwimiyalezo ye-imeyili kumalungu ngamaqembu nezinkundla ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-cybersex. Labo abaphendulile bagcwalisa amaphepha emibuzo namafomu okuvuma ngenkathi kugcinwa ubumfihlo nokungaziwa. Lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yi-Institutional Review Board (ikomidi le-IRB-Helsinki) le-University of Ariel kwa-Israyeli.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
(1) Izibalo ezichazayo zabahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane emaphephweni okulinganisa imvamisa ye-cybersex, ukufiswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobunzima bokuzisondeza lapho kwenziwa.
(2) Ukuhlaziywa kokubhalwa phansi:
Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyela emuva kwesinyathelo kwenziwa ngezinyathelo zokusondelana njengokwehluka okuthembekile. Esinyatsweni sokuqala, ukufakwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwafakwa; esigabeni sesibili, ubulili bangena; futhi esinyathelweni sesithathu, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex ifakiwe njengokuguquguquka okuzimele.
(3) Ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokubuza imibuzo ngokuya ngobulili kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa i-cybersex:
(1) Ababambiqhaza besilisa nabesifazane babeqhathaniswa ngezinyathelo zemibuzo ekala imvamisa ye-cybersex, isifiso sezithombe ezingcolile nobunzima obusondelana kakhulu.
(2) Bonke ababambiqhaza bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu ngokuya ngezinga labo lokusebenzisa i-cybersex kusetshenziswa “phezulu,” “medium,” futhi “low.” Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluka (ANOVA) kwezici zokuvama kwe-cybersex, ezifisa ngezithombe zocansi , izilinganiso zokusondelana, nobulili benziwa. Thumela i-hoc ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokubuza imibuzo kuwo wonke amaqembu kwenziwa ngezimpawu zeBonferroni zokuqhathanisa okuningi.
(4) Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlobana kwePearson phakathi kwemvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex, isifiso sokuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nobunzima bokwakha izikolo zobudlelwano obusondelene nabo benziwa kubo bonke ababambiqhaza futhi abahlukanisiwe kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Imiphumela
Izibalo ezichazayo
Sekukonke, zisho izikolo kumvamisa yemibuzo ye-cybersex (n = 226) kwakuyi-22.65 (SD = 19.38) (ibanga lesikolo 0-100), elangazelela ukubuka ezocansi (n = 267) 52.47 (SD = 26.9) (ibanga lesikolo 20-140), kanye nemibuzo ebuzwaneni obusondelene (n = 267) bekuyi-14.59 (SD = 9.22) (ibanga lesikolo 0-44).
Ukuhlaziywa Kokulawulwa Kwazo Zonke Okuguqukayo
Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlenga usebenzisa izilinganiso zokusondelana njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile, iveze ukuthi okufana nokuhluka kocansi, ubulili, kanye ne-cybersex bekubalulekile futhi konke kubalwe nge-66.1% yokuhluka kwezilinganiso kwiphepha lemibuzo lokusondelana. Ukufisa ukubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubalwe nge-29.3% yokuhluka, imvamisa ye-cybersex kubalwe ngayo i-20% umehluko, kanti ubulili bubalelwa ku-16.8% umehluko.
Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kokusebenzisa imvamisa ye-cybersex njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile, iveze ukuthi okufana nokuhluka kocansi, ubulili, kanye ne-cybersex bekubalulekile futhi bonke babala i-83% yokuhlukahluka kwemibuzo yokusondelana. Ukufisa ukubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubalwe nge-58.8% yokuhluka, ukusondelana kubalwe nge-13.4% yokuhlukahluka, kanti ubulili buba yi-11.5% umehluko.
Bheka Ithebula 1 ngemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokucindezela.
Ithebula 1. (A) Ukuhlaziywa kokulawulwa kwemiphumela yezithombe zocansi, ubulili, kanye nemikhuba yokuluthwa kwe-cybersex ngokusondelana kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza (n = 267); (B) ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kwemiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili, nokusondelana kwezimpawu zokuluthwa kwe-cybersex kubo bonke abahlanganyeli (n = 267).
Ukuqhathanisa Izinyathelo Zemibuzo Ngokwezobulili
(1) Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinga lemvamisa lokusebenzisa i-cybersex phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuthola ukuthi amadoda anamaphuzu aphezulu (Kusho = 24.02, SD = 19.25) kunabesifazane (Kusho = 17.98, SD = 19.31); t(2,224) = 1.97, p <0.05.
(2) Ukuqhathaniswa kokulangazelela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuthola ukuthi amadoda ayenamaphuzu aphezulu (Kusho = 55.77, SD = 27.35) kunabesifazane (Kusho = 44.03, SD = 23.86); t(2,265) = 3.26, p <0.01.
(3) Ukuqhathaniswa kwemibuzo ebuzwa ngobunzima ekwakheni ubudlelwane obusondelene phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane abutholanga mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwenqwaba yamadoda (Kusho = 15.56, SD = 8.86) nabesifazane (Kusho = 13.85, SD = 9.45); t(2,224) = 1, p = 0.32.
Ithebula 2 imibukiso kusho futhi (i-SD) yabesilisa nabesifazane kuyo yonke imibuzo nokuqhathanisa phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane abasebenzisayo t-ivivinyo kuzo zonke izindlela.
Ithebula 2. Kusho futhi (SD) kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuzo zonke izinhlu zemibuzo.
Figure 1 kukhombisa umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngezindlela zokuluthwa yi-cybersex, isifiso sokuthola izithombe zocansi, nobunzima bokwakha ubuhlobo obusondelene.
Umdwebo 1. Izilinganiso zemibuzo nge-cybersex, ezocansi kanye nokusondelana - ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. *p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinyathelo Zemibuzo Ngokwezinga Lokusetshenziswa Kwe-cybersex
Bonke ababambiqhaza bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu ngokuya ngezinga labo lemvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex: ababambiqhaza abanokuphambuka okujwayelekile kwe-1 ngenhla kusho ukuthi amaphuzu we-cybersex afakiwe "eqenjini eliphakeme kakhulu le-cybersex" (n = Amaphuzu angama-54 ngenhla kwama-36), ababambiqhaza abane- <1 SD ngenhla basho amaphuzu e-cybersex futhi ngaphezu kwe-1 SD ngezansi kusho ukuthi amaphuzu we-cybersex afakiwe "eqenjini le-cyber frequency le-medium" (n = 172 <1 score <36) futhi ababambiqhaza abane- <1 SD ngezansi basho ukuthi amaphuzu e-cybersex afakiwe "eqenjini le-cyber-frequency eliphansi" (n = 41 0 <amaphuzu <1).
I-ANOVA yezici zokuvama kwe-cybersex, ukuthanda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izilinganiso zobunzima bokuzisondeza nobulili kwenziwa. Ukuhlaziywa kukhombisa imvamisa ebalulekile yomphumela we-cybersex F(2,266) = 314.84; p <0.001, F(2,266) = 76.28; p <0.001 nobunzima kumthelela wokusondelana F(1,266) = 12.18; p <0.001. Thumela i-hoc ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokubuza imibuzo kuwo wonke amaqembu kwenziwa. Ukuhlaziywa kukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababenenombolo ephezulu kwimvamisa ye-cybersex baba nezinga eliphakeme lokufisa ukubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile namazinga aphezulu obunzima ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuseduze kunalabo abanemvamisa ephansi yokusebenzisa i-cybersex.
Ithebula 3 kukhombisa izilinganiso zemibuzo ebucayi nokuqhathanisa usebenzisa t-Izilinganiso zokulinganisa ze-cybersex, izithombe zocansi nobunzima obusondelana ngokusho kwamazinga wokusetshenziswa kwe-cyberpace (abasebenzisi bemvamisa ephansi uma beqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bemvamisa ephakathi nendawo nemvamisa ephezulu).
Ithebula 3. Ukulinganisa ngemibuzo ngokuya ngamazinga wokusetshenziswa kwe-cyberpace (abangasebenzisi, abasebenzisi abakhanyayo, abasebenzisi abalinganiselayo, nabasebenzisi abasindayo).
Figure 2 kukhombisa ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okusebenzisa i-cyberpace ayehlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu wokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi namazinga aphezulu wobunzima ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuseduze.
Umdwebo 2. Izilinganiso zemibuzo yemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex, isifiso sezithombe zocansi, nobunzima bokuzisondeza kubo bonke ababambiqhaza. *p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuxhumanisa kwePearson phakathi kwemvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex, ukufisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nobunzima ekwakheni izikolo zobudlelwano obuseduze kwenziwa futhi kwatholakala ukuthi imvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex yayihlotshaniswa kahle nokunxanela izithombe zocansi (r = 0.68, p <0.01). Okwesibili, imvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex yayihambisana kahle nobunzima ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuseduze (r = 0.33, p <0.01). Okwesithathu, ukulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhambisana kahle nobunzima ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuseduze (r = 0.39, p <0.01).
Ebantwini, izilinganiso zobunzima ekusondeleleni zazihlotshaniswa kahle nezilinganiso ze-cybersex r = 0.47, p <0.01 kanye nezilinganiso zezithombe zocansi r = 0.48, p <0.01 kanti kwabesifazane, ukulinganiswa kobunzima ekusondeleni akuzange kuhambisane nezilinganiso ze-inthanethi zocansi r = 0.11, p = NS kanye nezilinganiso zezithombe zocansi kubonise kuphela ukuthambekela kokuvumelana okuhle r = 0.22, p = 0.06.
Ithebula 4 ikhombisa ukuxhumana kuwo wonke amaphepha emibuzo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.
Ithebula 4. (A) Ukuxhumana kukaPearson kuwo wonke amaphepha emibuzo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli; (B) Ukuxhumana kukaPearson kuwo wonke amaphepha emibuzo emadodeni; (C) Ukuxhumana kukaPearson kuwo wonke amaphepha emibuzo kwabesifazane.
Ingxoxo
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisile ukuthi abesilisa babenamazinga aphezulu ezenzweni zokufisa ukubuka ezocansi nobuningi bokusebenzisa i-cybersex kunabesifazane. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela ubufakazi bangaphambilini bokwehluka kocansi ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okuphathelene nezocansi okuku-inthanethi phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane ukubona u-Ref. (30, 34) ukubuyekeza.
Ucwaningo lwedlule lutholile ukuthi bobabili abesifazane kanye nabesilisa basebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zezinto zocansi eziku-inthanethi kepha abesifazane babenentshisekelo kakhulu kwezokuxhumana nge-inthanethi ezisebenzisanayo ngenkathi abesilisa bethanda kakhulu ukwenza okubonakalayo kokuya ocansini okwenziwe online.21, 35-38). Ngokuvamile, abesifazane bathola lokhu kusebenzisa imidiya yezocansi kwamukeleka noma kukuhle uma kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wezocansi owabiwe. Kodwa-ke, amadoda abike ukuthokozela okuthe xaxa kwezocansi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabodwa; kulezo zimo, abesifazane babike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komlingani yedwa kuyasusa okuthile ebudlelwaneni (39, 40).
Ubulili butholakele buyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sezimo zengqondo nezocansi nokuziphatha okuhlobene nezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi ezitholakala online (21, 41-44). Abesilisa kungenzeka kakhulu kunabesifazane ukubuka izinto ezi-erotic online kanye nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi futhi abesilisa baya ku-inthanethi besemncane kakhulu ukubuka okokusebenza kocansi (45-48). Abesilisa bavame ukubika izinto ezisobala ezocansi online ukuthi ziyavuka. Ngenkathi abanye besifazane bethola ukuthi lezi zinto zokwakha zivusa amadlingozi, abaningi babike ukuthi izinto ezibonakalayo zocansi ziyaphazamisa futhi ziyisinengiso (48). Abesifazane babike ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko abasebenzisa ngaso imithombo yezokuxhumana ngocansi njengengxenye yokwenza uthando nabalingani babo noma ukuphendula izicelo zozakwethu. Ngokuvamile, abesifazane bathola lokhu kusebenzisa imidiya yezocansi kwamukeleka noma kukuhle uma kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wezocansi owabiwe. Kodwa-ke, amadoda abike ukuthokozela okuthe xaxa kwezocansi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabodwa; kulezo zimo abesifazane babika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komlingani yedwa kuyasusa okuthile ebudlelwaneni (39, 40). Abesifazane babuye bazwakala benomuzwa wokuthi bathukuthele ngezinto zobulili online (42), baziqhathanise kabi nezithombe eziku-inthanethi (22), futhi imvamisa ibika imizwa yokukhashelwa ngabalingani babo (49). Umehluko kumvamisa yokubikwa kokusebenzisa i-cybersex phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane esifundweni sethu kungenzeka ukuthi abesifazane bazizwe besaba ukudalulwa futhi bezizwa bengakhululekile ngokwamukela lowo msebenzi. Okwesibili, njengoba ukusondelana kuyisithako esibalulekile ku-cybersex okungefani nezithombe zocansi ngokuvamile okubonakala ngokuxoxa nomlingani, abahlanganyeli bangaba nomdlandla wokugcina ukuqonda ngalomsebenzi kusuka kumlingani wabo.
Kungaba nezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ukunxanela izithombe zocansi bekuphakeme kubantu besilisa kunabesifazane kulolu cwaningo. Abesifazane bathanda imicabango emnandi yothando futhi babheka ukusondelana nokuxhumeka okunganikezwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenkathi abesilisa bebheka okwesikhashana okubukwayo nokubonakalayo okuvusa inkanuko yobulili futhi bathande izithombe zocansi. Le ndlela isekelwa izifundo zocwaningo lwengqondo zobuchopho zakamuva eziveze umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kokuvuka kocansi (50, 51). Hamann (51) ihlole ukusebenza kobuchopho nge-fMRI emadodeni nakwabesifazane ngenkathi bebuka izithombe ezivusa ucansi nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi. Ukutholwa okuyinhloko ukuthi i-amygdala ne-hypothalamus zibonisa ukusebenza kakhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane lapho bebuka isikhuthazo esifanayo sobulili esivusa inkanuko, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesifiso esijulile sokukhuthazeka noma isifiso esikhuliswe isisusa sobulili obonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza ucansi kubantu besilisa kuhlobene kakhulu nezinkinga zengqondo empilweni yansuku zonke (28). Brand et al. (28) sithole ukuthi kwabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abazibika bezinkinga zabo zokuphila kwansuku zonke baxhunyaniswa nezenzo zocansi eziku-inthanethi futhi lokhu kwabikezelwa ngezilinganiso zokuzithokozisa zocansi ezithatha izinto zobulili ezingcolile, ubukhulu bomhlaba wezimpawu zengqondo, kanye nenombolo yezicelo zocansi ezisetshenziswayo lapho zisasebenza Izingosi zezocansi ze-Intanethi empilweni yansuku zonke. U-Laier et al. (29) futhi ngithole ukuthi izinkomba zokuvusa inkanuko yocansi nokulangazelela ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zibikezela ukuthambekela okubhekiswe kwi-cybersex. Abasebenzisi abanenkinga ye-cybersex babike ukusabela okukhulu okuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili nangesifiso sokuphendula isethulo sezocansi. Kodwa-ke, inombolo kanye nekhwalithi enezingcingo ezingokoqobo zokuphila ngokocansi bezingahlotshaniswa nomlutha we-cybersex. Okokugcina, isifiso, ukukala okuvusa inkanuko kwezocansi kwezithombe, ukuthambekela kokuya ocansini, ukuzibandakanya ocansini okuyinkinga, kanye nobunzima bezimpawu zengqondo kubikezela ukuthambekela kokulutha kwe-cybersex kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kanti lapho besebudlelwaneni, inani labantu oxhumana nabo ngocansi, ukwaneliseka ngoxhumana nabo ngocansi, kanye ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex exhumanayo bekuhlotshaniswa nomlutha we-cybersex (30).
Ukutholwa kwenhlangano phakathi kokulangazelela ukubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemvamisa yokusebenzisa i-cybersex kubonakala ngoba labo abaqale ukubuka izithombe zocansi baye bathuthela kwi-cybersex nakokuphambene nalokho futhi lawo mawebhusayithi azikhangisa zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindaba zocansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima ekwakheni ubudlelwane obuseduze kusukela lapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zigcwalisa igebe emhlabeni wangempela, futhi kudala iqiniso elingokoqobo lapho abesifazane bahlala beneliseka futhi bengalokothi bakhononde. I-cybersex inika amandla labo abanezinkinga zokunamathiselwe futhi bagweme ukusondelana ukwakha ubuhlobo obukhona lapho imfudumalo nothando nokuzinikela kungafuneki. Isici esikhangayo se-cybersex ukuthi asikho isidingo sokwenza isenzo sobulili ndawonye ngakho umuntu akesabi ukukhathazeka kokusebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo zocansi kwi-Intanethi kuthinta umsebenzi wezocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi futhi kunobufakazi bokuthi abanye abasebenzisi be-Intanethi bakulahlile noma banciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ngenkathi abasebenzisi abaphoqelela ezocansi bandisa ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunokwenza kwabobulili obuhlukile. kuyaphoqa (52).
Ekugcineni, izinto zocansi eziku-inthanethi zithinte kabi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuyi-Internet kusongela ukuqina kwezomnotho, ezomzwelo nezokuhlobana kwemishado nemindeni (40, 53-61) bheka u-Ref. (25) ukubuyekeza. Lezi zifundo ziveze ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufaka phakathi i-cybersex, kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuncipha kokugculiseka komshado nobudlelwano bezocansi. Abesilisa nabesifazane babone ukuthi ucansi oluku-inthanethi lusongela umshado njengokungathembeki okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi (56, 62).
Ukuthola ukuthi omunye wabalingani ubandakanyeka ezenzweni zocansi online kuholela ekuhlolweni kabusha kobudlelwano. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ucwaningo olususelwa kuwebhu lwabesifazane be-100 abalingani babo ababesebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile kukhombisa ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ibike ngokulingana emazingeni aphezulu okuxineka ngokusetshenziswa komlingani wabo lezo zinto (53). Babike ukuthi bazizwa sengathi abalingani babo abanasifiso sokwenza uthando kubo, kepha ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini bebefanekisela abesifazane abababone ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile. Babuye bazibona sengathi ababalingani babo abethembekile, imvamisa ngoba wayezogcina ukusebenzisa imfihlo kubo (noma ngabe bengazange bayiphikise). Cishe ikota ezintathu zibike zinomuzwa wokuthi ukusetshenziswa okukubi kuthinte ukuzethemba kwabo. Abanye babenomuzwa wokuthi bahlulekile abalingani babo ngocansi; ukube bebengabalingani abangcono bezemacansini, abalingani babo bebengeke baphendukele kulokho kuneliseka ngocansi. Ngale ndlela ubulili kwi-Intanethi buvame kakhulu isibuko sobudlelwane bezindaba zobulili ezingasebenzi ekhaya nase-inthanethi futhi (63). Schneider (24ichaze ukuthi umlutha wobulili nokuthinteka kuzithinte kanjani iziguli, umlingani kanye nawo wonke umndeni. Abaphendulile kwinhlolovo (abesifazane be93 kanye nabesilisa be-3) bezwa ubuhlungu, ukukhashelwa, ukulahlwa, ukulahlwa, ukucekeleka phansi, isizungu, amahloni, ukuhlala bodwa, ukuthotshiswa umhawu, umhawu nentukuthelo kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuzithemba. Ukuqanjwa amanga kaningi kwakuyimbangela enkulu yosizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlutha we-cybersex bekuyinto enkulu efaka ukuhlukana nesehlukaniso semibhangqwana kulolu cwaningo. Mayelana nomthelela ongaqondile ezinganeni zokuhlala ekhaya lapho umzali esebenzisa khona ezocansi, kunobufakazi bokuthi iyayandisa ingozi yengane yokuchayeka kokuqukethwe okubeka obala ezocansi kanye / noma nokuziphatha (57). Izingane nentsha edla noma ehlangabezana nezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ingaba nemiphumela ebuhlungu, ehlanekezayo, ehlukumezayo, kanye / noma yokulutha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kanye / noma ukuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni ze-Intanethi ezenzelwe ukuya ocansini kungalimaza intuthuko yentsha nezobulili futhi kunciphise namathuba okuphumelela ebudlelwaneni obusondelana obuzayo (57). Schneider (24) futhi ibike imiphumela emibi ezinganeni kufaka phakathi ukuchayeka kuma-cyber porn nokuzibona abesifazane, ukubandakanyeka ezingxabanweni zabazali, ukunganakwa ngenxa yokubandakanyeka komzali oyedwa nekhompyutha kanye nokugxila komunye umzali ngokulutha kwe-cybersex, ukuhlukana komshado . Ngenxa yalobu bufakazi obuningi ngomonakalo wezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kanye nokuxhumana kwe-intanethi kwabashadikazi nempilo yomndeni olunye ucwaningo lufanele ukuphenya ngokuthi ungasiphatha kanjani lesi sikhungo sanamuhla sokuziphatha kobulili.
Ukulinganiselwa
Ukulinganiselwa, lolu cwaningo luthembele kwizilinganiso zamibuzo emibuzo angahle aholele ekuphenduleni kwezimpendulo. Yize kunesithembiso sokungaziwa nokungaziwa ukuthi ziyimfihlo kangakanani kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi abanye babaphenduli abakaludalulanga ngokuphelele lolu lwazi luphelele. Okwesibili, kungenzeka kube nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ekunqumeni imiphumela yezithombe zocansi nobulili ebuhlotsheni nasebuhlungwini be-cybersex obungaphenwanga kulolu cwaningo. Okwesithathu, bekukhona isibalo esingalingani samadoda nabesifazane abanobudala beminyaka phakathi kwamasampula futhi lokhu kungakhawulela ukubonwa kwemiphumela jikelele. Ekugcineni, iphepha lemibuzo ngobunzima bokuzisondelana nguMarenco (33) isetshenziswe kabanzi ocwaningweni lokusondelana kwengqondo nokwelashwa kombhangqwana kepha idinga ukuqinisekiswa okuthe xaxa kokwethembeka nokuba sematheni ezifundweni ezikhudlwana.
Isiphetho
Ekuphetheni, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombise ukungafani kobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokufisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobuningi bokusebenzisa i-cybersex nokuthi izifiso zombili zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemvamisa ye-cybersex kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima ekwakheni ubudlelwane obusondelene. Izizathu zokuthi kungani abantu baphendukela ku-cybersex zibalulekile, noma ngabe kungenxa yokuthi uthando seludlulile kuyo yonke le minyaka, noma ngabe kulula, ukudumazeka kusuka ebudlelwaneni bezothando obudlule obuholela ekuzihlukaniseni nokuningi. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi izizathu ezenza ukuba abantu baguquke kusuka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuya ku-cybersex kanye okuphambene nalokho, noma ngabe kuyisidingo somlingani noma isidingo sokukhuthaza nokuvusa okunamandla. Ucwaningo olulandelayo futhi lungabheka lokho okuthandwa ngabesilisa nabesifazane ngocansi okungachaza ukuthi kungani ngokwesibonelo amanye amadoda noma abesifazane besebenzisa i-cybersex ukufeza umsebenzi wobungqingili. Okokugcina, lezi zifundo zinemiphumela yokwelashwa nokwelashwa ngokobulili ngoba ukuqonda okuningana kwezindlela nezinqubo ezidingayo zokuziphatha kobulili okuphoqelekile kubalulekile ekwelapheni le nkinga.
Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzalo
Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.
Okubhekwayo
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