Ukunamathela ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile? Ukusebenzisa ngokweqile noma ukunganakwa kwezimo zocansi zocansi esimweni esinabantu abaningi kuhlobene nezibonakaliso zokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi (i-2015)

J Behav Addict. I-2015 Mar 1;4(1):14-21. doi: 10.1556/JBA.4.2015.1.5.

Schiebener J1, Laier C1, I-Brand M2.

I-PDF ephelele

abstract

Ingemuva futhi ihlose

Abanye abantu basebenzisa okuqukethwe koxhumene ne-inthanethi, okufana nezindaba zobulili ezingcolile, ngendlela yokulutha, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu empilweni yangasese noma emsebenzini. Enye indlela eholela emiphumeleni engalungile inganciphisa ukulawulwa kokulawula phezu kokuqaphela nokuziphatha okungase kudingekile ukuqaphela ukushintshwa komgomo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nge-cyber kanye neminye imisebenzi kanye nezibopho zokuphila.

izindlela

Ukubhekana nalesi sici, siphenye abahlanganyeli besilisa be-104 nge-paradigm ephezulu ye-multitasking enamasethi amabili: Iqoqo elilodwa lalinezithombe zabantu, elinye laliqukethe izithombe zocansi. Kuwo womabili amasethi izithombe kwakudingeka zihlukaniswe ngokwezinto ezithile. Inhloso ecacile bekuwukusebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa ibe ngamanani alinganayo, ngokushintsha phakathi kwamasethi nemisebenzi yokuhlukanisa ngendlela enokulinganisela.

Imiphumela

Sithole ukuthi ukusebenza okulinganiselwe kancane kule paradigm eningi kakhulu kuhlotshaniswa nokuthambekela okuphezulu ekubhekaneni nocansi lwe-inthanethi. Abantu abanalo mkhuba ngokuvamile basebenzisa ngokweqile noma banganaki ukusebenzela izithombe ezingcolile.

Ingxoxo

Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuncipha kokuphathwa okuphezulu kokusebenza okuningi, lapho kubhekwana nezinto ezingcolile, kungahle kube nomthelela ekuziphatheni okungasebenzi nasemiphumeleni emibi ebangelwa umlutha we-cybersex. Kodwa-ke, abantu abathambekele ekubhekeni umlutha we-cybersex babonakala benokuthambekela kokukugwema noma ukusondela ezithombeni ezingcolile, njengoba kuxoxwa ngamamodeli agqugquzelayo wokulutha.

Amagama angukhiye: Umlutha we-Intanethi, i-cybersex, i-inthanethi engcolile, i-multitasking, ukuphinda usebenze kabusha, izimpawu zomqondo

ISINGENISO

Iningi labantu lisebenzisa i-Intanethi ngendlela esebenzayo. Isici esisodwa sokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okusebenzayo, okungekho inkinga ukuthi i-Intanethi ingasetjenziswa ukufeza nokufeza izidingo nezinhloso (Umkhiqizo, uYoung & Laier, 2014). Kuvele ukuthi abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abasebenza kahle bangaphazamisa izikhathi ze-Intanethi lapho ezinye izibopho zinxusa noma ukuthi bangaqeda kalula ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi lapho izinhloso zifinyelelwa. Ngamanye amagama, abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abasebenzayo bayakwazi ukushintsha phakathi kwe-Intanethi neminye imisebenzi ngendlela efanele. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yokugcina kwavela into ethile evame ukubizwa ngokuthi umlutha we-Intanethi. Isimanga asikakafakwa ezinhlelweni zokuhlukaniswa kwamazwe aphesheya (ICD-10; DSM-IV-TR; DSM-V; Dilling, Mombour & Schmidt, 1999; USaß, Wittchen noZaudig, ngo-1996), kepha i-Internet Gaming Disorder ifakiwe kwisithasiselo se-DSM-V. Yize ukwahlukaniswa njengokulutha kokuziphatha kusadingidwa (cf., I-Brand et al., I-2014; UCharlton noDanforth, 2007; UDavis, 2001; IKuss & Griffiths, 2012b; UKuss, uGriffiths, uKarila noBillieux, ngo-2013; ILaRose, iLin & Eastin, 2003; UMeerkerk, van den Eijnden, uVermulst & Garretsen, 2009; U-O'Brian, 2010; UPetry & O'Brien, 2013; Inkanyezi, 2013; Young, 2004), ababhali abaningi bathi izimpawu ziyafana nalezi zemilutha: Abantu abathintekile bazizwa benesifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa okuqukethwe kwe-Intanethi, banciphise ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-Intanethi, benza imizamo engaphumeleli yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, bakhombisa izimpawu zokuhoxa lapho ukungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ukunganaki imisebenzi yezenhlalo neyomsebenzi, bese uqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi ephindaphindwayo (isib Griffiths, i-2000; I-Morahan-Martin, i-2008; I-Weinstein neLejoyeux, ngo-2010; Intsha, i-1998).

Isici esiyisihluthulelo somlutha we-Intanethi siyabonakala ekulahlekelweni kokulawula kokusebenzisa kakhulu (I-Brand et al., I-2014). Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukuqonda kangcono izindlela ezilandela ukulahleka kokulawula. Siphakamisa ukuthi enye yalezi zindlela ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa amandla okucabanga phezu kwengqondo nokuziphatha okudingekayo ukuze ushintshe phakathi kwe-Intanethi neminye imisebenzi yempilo ngendlela efanele. Lapha, sigxila kumlutha we-cybersex - uhlobo oluthile lomlutha we-Intanethi (bheka isib, UDavis, 2001; IKuss & Griffiths, 2012a; UMeerkerk, van den Eijnden noGarretsen, ngo-2006). Indlela yakamuva nje yokuchaza umlutha we-Intanethi yaphakanyiswa ngu I-Brand et al. (I-2014). Ngokusekelwe kwimodeli yokuqondisisa yokuziphatha kwe-Internet UDavis (2001), I-Brand et al. (I-2014) siphakamise amamodeli amathathu achaza izibikezeli nezinqubo zokusebenzisa i-Intanethi ezisebenzayo, umlutha we-Intanethi ojwayelekile, kanye nomlutha we-Intanethi ochaziwe, ngokulandelana. Umlutha we-cybersex ungolunye uhlobo oluyisiqalo esithile se-Intanethi (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Intsha, i-2008), ngaphandle kweMidlalo ye-Intanethi. I-Brand et al. (I-2014) phakamisa ukuthi izici ezimbili eziyinhloko zomuntu zinikeze umuntu osengozini yokuthuthukisa nokugcina umlutha othize we-Intanethi, njengomlutha we-cybersex. Isici somuntu wokuqala isibonakaliso esingesona esichazayo esinezimpawu zezengqondo nezengqondo. Izifundo eziningana zibonise ukuthi ukuthambekela ekuluthweni kwe-cybersex kuhlobene nezimpawu eziphoqayo, ukucindezelwa, ingqondo, ukukhathazeka, isizungu, noma inhlala-kahle yengqondo (isib. I-Brand et al., I-2011; IKuss & Griffiths, 2012a; IPawlikowski neBrand, 2011; I-Pawlikowski, uNader, et al., 2013; UPhilaretou, uMahfouz no-Allen, 2005; Putnam, 2000; ISchwartz neSouthern, 2000). Isici somuntu wesibili siyisandiso esithile sokuthola ukwaneliseka okuphezulu kokuqukethwe okuthile. Isibonelo, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi umuntu othile anganqunyelwa ukuthi abe umlutha we-cybersex yi-arousability ephezulu yezocansi (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004; ICooper, iDelmonico neBurg, ngo-2000; Cooper, McLoughlin & Campell, 2000; I-Kafka, i-2010; ISalbbury, 2008). Ukuqiniswa okuphindaphindwa okuhle (isib., Ngenxa yokuvuselwa ocansini) nokuqiniswa okungekuhle (isb., Ngenxa yokwehliswa kwemizwelo engemihle) kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuholele esimeni sokuma futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuphinda kusetshenziswe futhi kukhula ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, naphezu kwemiphumela emibi (I-Brand et al., I-2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bangaba nesimo sokuphendula ngokushesha ezinkambisweni ezihlobene nomlutha ngokuhlangabezana nokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-cue (= isipiliyoni esivele sesehlakalo sokuvuselela inkanuko) nokulangazelela (= isifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa impahla ye-cybersex). Lo mbono usekwe mayelana ne-cybersex ezifundweni ezedlule (I-Brand et al., I-2011; ILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iSchulte & Brand, 2013).

I-Brand et al. (I-2014) wathi ukulahleka kokulawulwa kokusetshenziswa okuyindlela enkulu ekuluthweni kwe-Intanethi. Ukuba nesimo sokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi "kwenza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe kumuntu ukulawula ngokwengqondo ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, noma ngabe imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusebenzisa kabi i-Intanethi itholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi" (iphe. 3; I-Brand et al., I-2014). I-Brand et al. (I-2014) liphakamise ukuthi ukulawula kwengqondo kuncishiswa ikakhulukazi lapho abantu bebhekene nezinto zabo eziqondene nomlutha (isib., izithombe zocansi).

Ngokuvamile, ukuqaliswa kokulawulwa kokuziphatha kanye nomcabango kuyikhono lokuqonda elisetshenziswe iqoqo lemisebenzi yokulawula okuphezulu (U-Anderson, Anderson noJacobs, 2008; Ama-Cools & D'Esposito, 2011) eqondiswa ikakhulukazi yi-cortex yangaphambi kokuqala (isib. ingxenye yedorsolateral) kanye nezinye izifunda ezingaphansi kwe-cortical (isib. izifunda ezise-basal ganglia) (bheka isib. I-Alvarez & Emory, 2006; UJurado noRosselli, 2007; IStuss & Knight, 2013). Imisebenzi yokulawula okuphezulu ngokwesibonelo ukunakwa, ukuvimbela, ukuguquguquka kokuhlela, ukuhlela, ukuqapha, ukulawula amasu, futhi nokusebenza kwememori nokwenza izinqumo (I-Baddeley, 2003; IBorkowsky neBurke, ngo-1996; UJurado noRosselli, 2007; UMiyake et al., 2000; UShallice noBurgess, 1996; USmith noJonides, ngo-1999).

Izinto ezibonakalayo zokwehlisa ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokulawula ephezulu edinga ukusebenza kokubonakalayo noma ukusabela okusheshayo (okusho ukunakwa / ukunqandwa) (Macapagal, Janssen, Fridberg, Finn & Heiman, 2011; Iningi, uSmith, uCooter, uLevy noZald, 2007; Ukudumisa, uJanssen noHetrick, i-2008; UWright & Adams, 1999), inkumbulo yokusebenza (I-Laier, Schulte & Brand, 2013), noma ukwenza izinqumo (ILaier, iPawlikowski neBrand, 2014). Ukusebenza okunciphisiwe ekunakekeleni / ekuvinjelweni nasekwenzeni imisebenzi yememori yokusebenza kutholakele kuhlotshaniswa nokuvusa okungaphezulu kocansi (IMacapagal et al., 2011) noma isidingo ngasinye sokushaya indlwabu (I-Laier, Schulte et al., 2013). Lokhu okutholakele kuguqukela ekubukeni kokulawulwa kwengqondo nemisebenzi yesigungu esiphezulu kungaphazanyiswa ngokucubungula isifiso sobulili.

Isizinda esisodwa esidinga ukuphathwa okuphezulu ukuphathwa kwe-multitasking. Isibonelo, umsebenzisi we-cybersex angaxakwa ngokushweza kuma-webhusayithi ezithombe zocansi ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye eminye imisebenzi yempilo ecabanga ngayo engeke yenziwa ngokufana, kodwa kuphela lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex sekuphelile. Ukwazi ukusebenza ngokulandelana kwemisebenzi ngendlela esekwe emgomweni, futhi ngendlela esebenzayo kungafaka izici ezimbalwa zokulawulwa okuphezulu, njengokuhlola inani lokuqedelwa kwemisebenzi ehlukile, ukuyeka izinto ezibonakalayo zobulili, nokuguqukela kweminye imisebenzi (bheka isib, Burgess, 2000; Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy Costello & Shallice, 2000; Manly, Hawkins, Evans, Woldt & Robertson, 2002; UShallice noBurgess, 1996).

Ngokunikezwe ukuthi i-multitasking idinga izinqubo zokulawula eziphezulu futhi inikezwe ukuthi izithombe zocansi nezinto ezithize ezihambelana nomlutha zingaphazamisa ukulawulwa okuphezulu, sathola ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwekhono lokwenza izinto eziningi ezindaweni ezibandakanya ukuvusa inkanuko yezocansi kuyinto yokuhlobisa umlutha we-cybersex. Besilindele ukuthi abasebenzisi abathanda kakhulu umlutha we-cybersex "babambeke" ngesifiso sobulili yize inhloso ecacile yokunakekela eminye imisebenzi isilingana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sinikezwe indima ebalulekile yokuqagela kwe-psychopathological for umlutha we-cybersex, sathola ukuthi abantu abanezinkinga ezinkulu ze-psychopathological kuhlangene nekhono elibuthakathaka lokulawula okuningi nge-pornograx stimuli kufanele bahlupheke ngezimpawu eziningi zokulutha kwe-cybersex.

INDLELA

Abahlanganyeli

Siphenye abesilisa abalingani be-104 - baqashwa ngumkhangiso wendawo - eMnyangweni we-General Psychology: Ukuqashelwa eYunivesithi yaseDuisburg-Essen. Isikhangiso siveza ukuthi lolu cwaningo lumayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuyi-Internet nokuthi kuzokwethulwa izinto ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Abahlanganyeli bathole i- € 10 / ihora noma amakhredithi ezifundo. Ithebula 1 ikhombisa izici zezenhlalo zesampula.

Ithebula 1. 

Izici ze-Sociodemographic zesampula (bonke: abesilisa abathandanayo)

Izindlela

I-Multitasking - I-Balanced switching Task porn (BSTporn)

Ocwaningweni lwamanje, i-BST - i-paradigm esebenza ngamakhompiyutha enezinombolo nobukhulu, ithuthukiswe yithina ngaphambili njengesilinganiso sokuqapha (Schiebener et al., 2014; UGathmann, Schiebener, Wolf & Brand, 2015) - - yayinezithombe.

Kwi-BSTporn, ababambiqhaza banenhloso yokuqhubeka nokuthola inani elilinganayo emisebenzini emine ngokushintsha phakathi kwabo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesikhuthazo:

“Izithombe zabantu”: Izithombe zendoda nowesifazane behamba noma begijima futhi ngakwesobunxele noma ngakwesobunxele obuqondile obudwetshwe ngemigqa emnyama ezithombeni.

"Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili": Inezithombe ezivamile zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ezibonisa ukuhlangana kobulili noma ubulili bomlomo phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, okwenzeka egumbini noma ngaphandle.

Imisebenzi emine yile:

Umsebenzi 1 (izithombe zabantu): Khombisa ukuthi ukubopha kuya ngakwesobunxele phezulu (cindezela u- “d”) noma kwesokudla (“f”).

Umsebenzi 2 (izithombe zabantu): Khombisa ukuthi ngabe laba bantu ababili bahamba ngezinyawo yini (“j”) noma ukugijima (“k”).

Umsebenzi 3 (izithombe zocansi): Khombisa ukuthi isigameko senzeka ngaphakathi (“d”) noma ngaphandle (“f”).

Umsebenzi 4 (izithombe zocansi): Khombisa ukuthi isithombe sikhombisa ubulili besitho sangasese sowesifazane (“j”) noma ngomlomo (“k”).

Ngomugqa wesikhala abahlanganyeli bangashintsha phakathi kwamasethi amabili. Ngaphakathi kusethi, ababambiqhaza bangashintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi, ngokushintsha phakathi kwezinkinobho zokuphendula (“d”, “f” / “j”, “k”). Kuvuselelwa okukodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Munye kuphela wemisebenzi emine okufanele wenziwe ngethonya ngalinye.

Ababambiqhaza banikezwa izinhloso ezintathu: Sebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi ngokulinganayo kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, hlukanisa ukukhuthaza ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka, bese usebenza onamandla amaningi (ngokwenza izimpendulo ezisheshayo). Bayaziswa ukuthi ukushintshwa phakathi kwamasethi kunesikhala semali yesikhala sesikhathi. Lo mthetho wasetshenziselwa ukwandisa isikhathi abahlanganyeli abahlala ngaphakathi kwesethi eyodwa okufanele ikhuphule umthwalo ekuqapheni.

Yonke imibhalo engezansi nemisebenzi yonke iyenziwa. Abahloli benze isiqiniseko sokuthi umsebenzi uyaqondakala. Umsebenzi unikezwa imizuzu emine, amahlandla amabili. Ngemuva kwesikhathi ngasinye kunikezwa impendulo ngokusebenza mayelana nezinhloso ezintathu. Ngemuva kokokuqala ababambiqhaza bakhunjuzwa ngemisebenzi emine nokwabiwa kwezinkinobho. Izinyathelo zomphumela yilezi:

I-1:% setPersonPype (= [inani lezithombe ezivezwe kusethi nabantu / inani lezithombe ezivezwe phakathi nawo wonke umsebenzi] * 100).

I-2:% setPornographicPype (= [inombolo yezithombe ezethulwe kusethi enezithombe zocansi / inombolo yezithombe ezethulwe kuwo wonke umsebenzi] * 100).

I-3: Ukuphambuka kubhalansi esele. Ukuphambuka kubhalansi esethiwe kusetshenziswa njengokuhlukahluka okukhulu kokulinganisa ukusebenza kwe-BSTporn. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uphambuke kangakanani ekusebenzeni kwisethi ezimbili ukuya ngamanani alingana ngokuphelele. Amanani aphezulu akhombisa ukuphambuka okuningi kusuka kulo mgomo. Ifomula isuselwa kwifomula yezibalo yokuhlanganisa ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kwesampula. Okokuqala, bekubalwa ukuthi yiliphi iphesenti lenani eliphelele lesisusa esinokwethulwa esilethwe ngaphakathi kwesethi ngayinye (ekhonjiswe ngezansi ngo-% setPersonPype kanye ne-% setPornographicPisode). Kusuka kuleli nani inani elifanelekile lokusebenza okulinganayo (50% kusethi ngayinye) kukhishwe. Umphumela waba kukalwa. Imiphumela ibifingqiwe bese ihlukaniswa ngababili. Kwabe sekuthathwa impande. Imiphumela engenzeka isukela ku-0% iye kwi-50%.

ukuphambuka esele esele = √ [((% setPersonPype - 50) 2 + (% setPornographicPisode - 50) 2) / 2]

I-4: Inkomba yokuphambuka: Inkomba yokuphambuka ichaza ukuthi iyiphi iqoqo lezithombe umhlanganyeli ayevame ukuphambuka kuzo esele. Ukuhlukahluka kusuka ku-–100 kuya ku-100. Inani le-0 lisho ukuthi kuzo zombili isethi inani elilinganayo lezithombe lasetshenziswe kuzo. Inani le -XXUMUMX lisho ukuthi zisetshenziswe kuphela izithombe zabantu, i-100 isho ukuthi kusetshenziswe kuphela izithombe zocansi. Okwakudala:

Inkomba yokuphambuka =% setPornographicPype -% setPersonPype.

I-Psychopathological predisposition - Okumfishane kwezimpawu zezimpawu (BSI)

Ku-BSI (IBoulet & Boss, ngo-1991) ababambiqhaza bakhombisa ukuthi bahlupheke kangakanani ngama-53 ngezimpawu zengqondo noma zomzimba phakathi nezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokugcina ("0 = not" to “4 = kakhulu”). Kunobukhulu bezimpawu ze-9: Izimpawu eziphoqelela kakhulu, ukucindezelwa, ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka kwe-phobic, i-psychoticism, ukukhathazeka ngokweqile, ubutha, umbono we-paranoid, ukuzwela komuntu. Isilinganiso: Njengesilinganiso esikhulu sisebenzise i-Global Severity Index (BSI-GSI), emelela ubukhulu bezimpawu ze-psychopathological.

Izimpawu zokulutha kwe-cybersex - s-IATsex

I-s-IATsex inguqulo emfushane yohlolo lwe-inthanethi lwe-Internet Addiction (IPawlikowski, i-Altstötter-Gleich neBrand, ngo-2013) modified kumasayithi wezocansi we-Intanethi. Amagama anjenge- "online" ne "Internet" athathelwa indawo yi "inthanethi sex online" kanye "nezindawo zocansi ze-Intanethi" (isib., "Uvame kangaki ukuthi uhlale ezingosini zezocansi ze-Intanethi isikhathi eside kunalokho obekuhlosile?") I-s-IATsex inezinto eziyishumi nambili nesilinganiso samaphoyinti amahlanu ukusuka ku-1 (= never) kuya ku-5 (= kaningi). Ukuhlolwa kuqukethe imixhaso emibili: "ukulahleka kokulawulwa / ukuphathwa kwesikhathi" kanye "nokulangazelela / izinkinga zenhlalo". Izinyathelo: Besinesifiso sobukhulu obujwayelekile bemiphumela emibi etholwayo evela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cybersex. Ngakho-ke, sisebenzise isilinganiso se-s-IATsex sum, ngokunokwenzeka sisukela ku-12 kuya ku-60, njengesilinganiso esiyinhloko (i-Cronbach's alpha = .84). I-s-IATsex isetshenzisiwe ezifundweni eziningana ezedlule futhi ichazwa lapho ngemininingwane ethe xaxa, ngokwesibonelo I-Laier, i-Pawlikowski, uPekal et al. (2013).

Ukuhlaziya kwesitatimende

Imininingwane ihlaziywe ne-IBM, i-SPSS Statistics Version 21.0. Ukuhlangana kukhona ukuhlobana kukaPearson, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuhlukahluka okubili njengoba abikezeli benguquko eyodwa behlaziywa ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlaziywa kwe-hierarchical moderated (ababikezeli bamaphakathi ngokusho ICohen, Cohen, West & Aiken, 2003).

Ethics

Bonke ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume ebhaliwe ebhaliwe ngaphambi kophenyo futhi ucwaningo luvunyelwe yikomidi lezimilo lasendaweni.

IZIPHUMA

Ngokwesilinganiso, amasampula e-s-IATsex amaphuzu kanye ne-BSI-GSI abakwebangeni elijwayelekile, njengoba kwaziwa kumasampula we-analogue wangaphambilini (I-Brand et al., I-2011; I-Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal et al., 2013). I-S-IATsex ne-BSI-GSI babenobubanzi obuhlonishwayo kufaka phakathi izifundo ezinokuthambekela kokulutha kwe-cybersex kanye nezinkinga ze-psychopathological ezinzima. E-BSTporn, ukusebenza okujwayelekile bekusondele kakhulu kepha futhi bekukhona umehluko omkhulu (bheka Ithebula 2).

Ithebula 2. 

Amanani achazayo we-BST, i-BSI-GSI, ne-s-IATsex

 

I-s-IATsex yahlotshaniswa kahle nokuphambuka kusuka ekulinganiselweni okusethiwe ku-BSTporn kanye ne-BSI-GSI. Kodwa-ke, izikolo ze-BSTporn ezimele indlela yokuphambuka bezingaxhunyaniswa ne-s-IATsex. Konke ukuxhumana kungatholakala ngaphakathi Ithebula 3.

Ithebula 3. 

Ukuhlangana phakathi kwamanani we-BST, i-BSI-GSI ne-s-IATsex

 

Ukuze uvivinye i-hypothesis yokuthi ikakhulukazi abantu abahlangana nokuhlangana kwengqondo kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-multitasking banokuthambekela okuphezulu kokulutha kwe-cybersex, sibhalise ukuhlaziywa kwe-hierarchical moderated regression ukuhlaziywa (Cohen et al., 2003). Esinyathelweni sokuqala semodeli yokubuyeketa, ngesilinganiso se-s-IATsex isilinganiselo sokuguquguquka okuthembekile, i-BSI-GSI (psychopathological predisposition) ichaze kakhulu i-11% yokuhluka kwe-s-IATsex, R2 = .11, F(1, 102) = 12.35, p <.001. Esinyathelweni sesibili, ukuphambuka okuguqukayo kusuka kubhalansi ebekiwe (ukusebenza kwemisebenzi eminingi) kuchaze kakhulu i-6% eyengeziwe yokwehluka kwe-s-IATsex, ∆R2 = .06, ∆F(1, 101) = 7.76, p = .006. Esinyathelweni sesithathu, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwababikezeli ababili (i-BSI-GSI iphindaphindwe ngokuphambuka kusuka kusethi esele) kuchaze kabanzi i-4% ye-s-IATsex, ∆R2 = .04, ∆F(1, 100) = 4.88, p = .030. Amanye amanani wokuphinda atholakale ku Ithebula 4. Umphumela wokusebenzisana uboniswa ngokuhlaziywa okulula kwesithambeka, ku Umfanekiso we-1.

Ithebula 4. 

Amanani we-regression ehlaziya nge-s-IATsex njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile
I-Fig. 1. 

Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa okulula kwethambeka lokubuyiswa okulungisiwe nge-s-IATsex njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile kanye ne-BSI-GSI kanye ne-BST ukuphambuka kusuka kubhalansi esethiwe

 

Umugqa ompunga kulesibalo ukhombisa ukuthi abantu abanokuphambuka okuphansi kusuka kusethi esele babenezikolo eziphansi ze-s-IATsex ezimele ukuthi zazinezikolo eziphakeme noma eziphansi ze-BSI-GSI. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ukuthambeka bekungasho lutho, t = 0.75, p = .457. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, umugqa omnyama ukhombisa ukuthi ikakhulukazi abantu abanokuphambuka okuphezulu kusuka kusethi esele, kuhlangene nezikolo eziphakeme ze-BSI-GSI, babenezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-s-IATsex, t = 4.03, p <.001. (Sicela wazi: Amaphoyinti “aphezulu” futhi “aphansi” amelela amanani alinganiselwe abahlanganyeli abanamaphuzu wokuphambuka okujwayelekile ngaphezulu ngenhla noma ngaphansi kwencazelo yesampula. Kulokhu kuhlaziywa akudingekile ukuhlukanisa isampula (Cohen et al., 2003).)

Ngenkathi amaphuzu wokuphambuka ajwayelekile ahlanganiswa ne-s-IATsex, okuguquguqukayo okubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi ophakeme ngelinye lamasethi amabili wawungekho. Ngamanye amagama, izinkinga abasebenzisi abanamazinga aphezulu we-s-IATsex babenokusebenza okuxubile zazingenzeki ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi kodwa futhi hhayi ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile nezithombe zomuntu. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo usasele, ngendlela abasebenzisi abasebenzisi abane-s-IATsex ephakeme kakhulu baphenduka ngayo esele.

Kokuhlaziya okungeziwe kokuhlola, sihlole ukuthi ngabe ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwendlela yokuphambuka ne-s-IATsex kwakungelona olokulinganisa yini kepha babumbekile. Ukuze uvivinye lo mqondo sibheke ukuhlaziywa kwe-curve-linear regression nge-s-IATsex njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, ukuqondiswa kokuphambuka kufakiwe njengokuhlukahluka okuzimeleyo, kepha akuzange kuchaze kakhulu ukwahluka kwe-s-IATsex, R2 <.01, F(1, 102) <0.01, p = .930. Esinyathelweni sesibili, kwafakwa inkombandlela yokuphambuka eyisikwele eyachaza kakhulu i-11% yokuhluka kwe-s-IATsex, ∆R2 = .11, ∆F(2, 101) = 12.41, p <.001. Ubudlelwano obumiswe u-U buyakhonjiswa kuMdwebo 2, amanye amanani wokubuyela emuva angatholakala ku- Ithebula 4. Ijika elilinganisiwe libonisa ukuthi abantu abane-s-IATsex ephezulu kakhulu bathande ukusebenza kakhulu kungaba ezithombeni zomuntu noma ezithombeni zocansi.

I-Fig. 2. 

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-s-IATsex nokuqondiswa kokuphambuka ekusebenzeni ngokulinganayo kumasethingi womsebenzi womsebenzi wokuxubha okuningi

UKUKHULUMA

Siphenya ukuthi ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokuxilongwa kwe-inthanethi ku-inthanethi kuhlobene nezinkinga ekusebenziseni ukulawulwa kwengqondo kunesimo se-multitasking esithinta izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sasebenzisa i-paradigm ye-multitasking lapho abahlanganyeli babe nomgomo ocacile ukuze basebenze ngokulingana okulinganayo kwezinto ezingahambisani nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sithole ukuthi abahlanganyeli ababika ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nocansi lwe-inthanethi bahlukumezeka kakhulu kulo mgomo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwaziwa ocwaningweni olwedlule, ukuthambekela ekuluzweni kwe-cybersex kwabikezelwa yizimpawu ze-psychopathological (bheka isib, I-Brand et al., I-2011; I-Brand et al., I-2014; IKuss & Griffiths, 2012a; Putnam, 2000; Intsha, Cooper, Griffiths-Shelley, O'Mara & Buchanan, 2000). Ikakhulu abantu lapho ukuphambuka okuphezulu kwengqondo nokuphambuka okuqinile kusuka egoli lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi we-multitasking kukhombisa izimpawu ezinzima zokulutha kwe-cybersex.

Imiphumela ihambisana nemibono ngo I-Brand et al. (I-2014) oveze ukuthi izinqubo zokulawula ukuqonda, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yokulawulwa okuphezulu, njengoba zibandakanyeka ngenkathi kwenziwa izinto eziningi, ziyisici esibalulekile ekusebenziseni i-cybersex. Ngasohlangothini olusebenzayo lokusebenzisa i-cybersex, abalawuli abaphezulu bangaba nesibopho sokubona ukusebenza okumiselwe imigomo nokugwema ukulahleka kokulawula ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa i-cybersex. Ngasohlangothini olungasebenzi kahle, izinkinga zokulawulwa okuphezulu, njengalezo ezingaba yimbangela yokwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuningi, zingaba nomthelela kwizimpawu zokulutha kwe-Intanethi. Ikakhulu, abasebenzisi be-Inthanethi abanenkinga babika ukuthi banezinkinga zokuyekisa izinto zabo abazithandayo, yize ezinye izibopho zilindile (isib. IKuss & Griffiths, 2012a; UMorahan-Martin noSchumacher, 2000; I-Widyanto & McMurran, 2004; Intsha, i-1998). Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphakamise ukuthi imilutha ye-Intanethi ayihlupheki ngenxa yokushoda okuphezulu (UDong, uLin, uZhou noLu, 2013; UDong, uLu, uZhou noZhao, ngo-2010; I-al et al., I-2009) kepha uma bebhekene nezinto ezihlobene nokuthambekela kwabo okuthile (I-Brand et al., I-2014; UZhou, Yuan & Yao, 2012). Iziphetho ngalo mphumela zingadonswa ngokuthatha umqondo wokuphinda usebenze kabusha (bheka UCarter noTiffany, ngo-1999) ku-akhawunti: Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-cybersex ngokweqile bangahle bahlushwe ngemizwa noma balindele umvuzo lapho bebona impahla futhi le mpendulo enesimo iphazamisa izinqubo zokulawula kokuqonda. Njengomphumela, kungahle kube nzima ukulawula ukusebenza nokuqonda ngokuhambisana nenjongo ebekiwe ngaphambili.

Kepha imuphi umsebenzi wokuphatha ophethe iBSTporn ofuna ngokukhethekile? Ukulandela umsebenzi wethu wangaphambilini (Schiebener et al., 2014), siphikisana ukuthi umsebenzi kufanele ulayishe ngokuyinhloko ukuqapha, ngoba kudinga ababambiqhaza ukuthi ngokuqhubekayo babheke inhloso yomsebenzi (benza ngamanani alinganayo kuyo yonke imisebenzi) maqondana nokuziphatha komuntu (kukangaki futhi kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi kuze kube nini? kuze kube manje). Njengoba kunikezwe ukubaluleka kokugcina lolu lwazi lusebenze futhi luvuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenza kwe-BSTporn kungahle kufake ingxenye enkulu yememori yokusebenza. Imemori yokusebenza isebenza kutholakele ukuthi iphazanyiswe ukwethulwa kwesikhuthazo sobulili (I-Laier, Schulte et al., 2013). Sekukonke, amandla okucutshungulwa kwezithombe zocansi ukuze aphazamise inkumbulo yokusebenza nokulawulwa okuphezulu ezimweni zokuxubha okuningi kungabonakala njengento ebalulekile ekulahlekelweni kokulawula njengoba kubikwa ngabasebenzisi abayinselele be-cybersex.

Indlela enjalo yokuphazamisa ingachazwa izinqubo ezenzeka ezingeni lobuchopho. Izingxenye ze-cortex yangaphambi kokuqala, njenge-dorsolateral preortal cortex, zikulawulo olukhulu ezinqubweni zokulawulwa kwengqondo, kufaka phakathi inkumbulo yokusebenza, imisebenzi ephezulu, futhi ngakho-ke i-multitasking (isib. I-Alvarez & Emory, 2006; Burgess, 2000; Burgess et al., 2000; UClapp, uRubens, uSabharwal noGazzaley, ngo-2011; IHill, iBohil, uLewis neNeider, ngo-2013; UShallice noBurgess, 1991; USmith noJonides, ngo-1999; IStuss & Knight, 2013). Ngakho-ke okubizwa ngokuthi ama-loonto ase-fronto-striatal axhumanisa i-cortex yokuqala nezindawo ezingaphansi kohlelo lwe-limbic olucubungula imizwa, ugqozi nomvuzo, ikakhulukazi ama-amygdala kanye ne-nucleus accumbens (U-Alexander & Crutcher, ngo-1990; IChudasama & Robbins, 2006; UHeyer, uShisan noDaum, ngo-2004; IHoshi, 2013). Ekucwaningweni kokuluthwa kwezidakamizwa kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ukwethula abantu abayimilutha (iziqu, isithombe sesiphuzo esinotshwala) kusiza ukuvela okuqinile kwezindawo zokulungisa imivuzo kepha kunciphisa ukulawulwa kwangaphambili (U-Bechara, i-2005; UGoldstein et al., 2009; bona futhi I-Brand et al., I-2014). Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kubukwa, izifundo zokucabanga kobuchopho kumlutha we-Intanethi futhi zithole ukwenziwa kusebenze kwezindawo zokulungiswa kwemivuzo (isb, i-nucleus accumbens; Ko et al., 2009) nezinguquko ekusebenzeni kwangaphambi kokuqala ngesikhathi kwethulwa kwezinto eziphathelene nomlutha (bheka isib, Han et al., 2011; UHan, Kim, Lee, Min & Renshaw, 2010; U-Lorenz et al., 2013). Umshini onjalo ungachaza imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje: Kubantu abanamazinga aphezulu ku-s-IATsex, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka ukuthi ziholele kusebenze kohlelo lomvuzo kodwa zinciphise ukulawulwa kwezindawo zangaphambili ezazingaba zibalulekile ekufezeni inhloso ukusebenza.

Ngenkathi abasebenzisi abathanda kakhulu umlutha we-cybersex baphambuka kakhulu kunhloso ejwayelekile yomsebenzi we-multitasking njengoba kwenziwa i-hypothesised, azange 'babambeke' ngezithombe zocansi. Esikhundleni salokho, kwakukhona ubudlelwano obakhelwe u-phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamasethi amabili nokuthambekela ekubhekiseni umlutha we-cybersex. Kube nomphumela omncane obonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi abanezimpawu eziningi zomlutha we-cybersex bathambekele ekusebenzeni ngokweqile noma ekuthini budedengu izithombe ezingcolile.

Lo mphumela ungaxoxwa maqondana nomqondo wokuthi ungasondela kanjani ekugwemeni isisusa (I-Elliot, 1999, 2006). Isisusa sokusondela emcimbini sicatshangelwa ukuthi siqhutshwa ukulindelwa kwemiphumela emihle (isib. Umvuzo osheshayo), ngenkathi isisusa sokugwema umcimbi siqhutshwa ukulindelwa kwemiphumela emibi (isib. Ukulimala isikhathi eside). Ngakho-ke, ezincwadini zokuluthwa yizidakamizwa (isib. Umlutha wotshwala) kuye kwavezwa ukuthi izinkomba zomlutha zingavusa ukuthambekela kokusondela ekusetshenzisweni kanye nokuthambekela kokugwema ukusetshenziswa (UBreiner, uStritzke noLang, ngo-1999). Isinqumo sokugcina sokusondela noma sokugwema ukusetshenziswa kuthiwa sincike kwisisindo esivumelanayo umuntu ongumlutha okwamanje abeka imiphumela emihle nokubi yokusebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, umuntu angaqagela ukuthi abanye abasebenzisi abangajwayela umlutha we-cybersex basondela ezithombeni ezingcolile ngoba babeka isisindo esiphakeme emiphumeleni elindelwe ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, abanye bagwema izithombe zocansi ngoba babeka isisindo esiphezulu emiphumeleni emibi obekulindelekile. Ngasohlangothini lwemiphumela emihle, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili kungabonakala njengokugqugquzela okuvelele kakhulu. Ngasohlangothini lwemiphumela emibi umuntu angathatha laba abagqugquzeli abalandelayo: Ukulindela ukulahleka kokulawulwa, ukulindelwa okuhlangenwe nakho okungajabulisi kokufuna, kanye nokwesaba ukutholakala enecala / okuhlolwe ngokungafanele ngumhloli ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinto ezingcolile.

Eminye imikhawulo yocwaningo lwamanje kufanele ishiwo. Okokuqala, uma ucwaningo olukhona manje ne-multitasking paradigm kungenzelwanga ukuthi kuphenywe indlela yokugwema nokugwema, izifundo ezizayo zizodingeka kuqala ukuze ziphindaphindwe bese ziqonda kangcono indlela ebonwa ngayo ngokugwema izehlakalo. Okwesibili, i-BST kuwumsebenzi omusha. Yize kubukeka sengathi kunobuso obusezingeni elifanele bokulinganisa ukuqapha, idatha yamandla izodingeka ukuqinisekisa lokhu kucatshangwa. Okwesithathu, ukuqashwa kwalolu cwaningo lwamanje kungenzeka kube nokubandlululwa ngoba kwathiwa ngokusobala ukuthi ucwaningo lumayelana futhi lufaka nezinto zocansi.

ISIPHETHO

Imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje olubhekele indima yemisebenzi yokulawula okuphezulu, okungukuthi isebenza nge-prefrontal cortex, ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi nge-inthanethi (njengoba kuphakanyiswe I-Brand et al., I-2014). Ikakhulu amandla ancishisiwe wokuqapha ukusetshenziswa nokushintsha phakathi kokuqukethwe kocansi nokunye okuqukethwe ngendlela eyenele kungaba yindlela eyodwa ekwakhiweni nasekulondolozeni umlutha we-cybersex. Lokhu kubonakala kunjalo ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezimpawu eziphakeme ze-psychopathological ezibabeka phambili ekuthuthukiseni umlutha we-cybersex.

Isitatimende Sezimali

Imithombo Yezimali: Akukho lutho olubikiwe.

Imibhalo yaphansi

Iminikelo yabalobi: I-JS, i-CL, ne-MB yaklama lolu cwaningo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha okuhleliwe. Iqoqo lokuqapha idatha I-JS yenze ukuhlaziya kwezibalo, i-CL ne-MB ukusekela ukutolikwa kwemiphumela. UJS ubhale umbhalo wesandla, i-CL ne-MB kubuyekezwe umbhalo wesandla futhi wanikeza impendulo.

 

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo: Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.

Ulwazi Lomnikeli

UJOHANE SCHIEBENER, 1UMnyango Wezejwayelekile Zengqondo: Ingqondo, Inyuvesi yaseDuisburg-Essen, eDuisburg, eJalimane.

UMKHOLO WAMAKRISTU, 1UMnyango Wezejwayelekile Zengqondo: Ingqondo, Inyuvesi yaseDuisburg-Essen, eDuisburg, eJalimane.

UMATISIAS BRAND, 1UMnyango Wezejwayelekile Zengqondo: Ingqondo, Inyuvesi yaseDuisburg-Essen, eDuisburg, eJalimane. 2Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.

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