Aviv Weinstein, Ph.D. kanye noMichel Lejoyeux, Ph.D.,
I-American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Early Inthanethi: 1-7, 2010
Okucaphuna okuvela ekutadisheni okugcwele
ISINGENISO
Inkinga Incazelo
Ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngengozi, noma ukulimala, kubhekene nokukhathazeka ngokweqile noma okulawulwa kahle, kukhuthaza noma ukuziphatha ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuholela ekutheni ukukhubazeka noma ukucindezeleka. Lesi simo sikhangele ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo emithonjeni ethandwayo nakwabacwaningi, futhi lokhu kuqhathaniswa nokukhula kokusetshenziswa komshini nokufinyelela kwe-intanethi (i-1). Ngokwemvelo, kubonakala sengathi okungenani ama-subtypes amathathu: ukudlala ngokweqile, ukukhathazeka ngocansi (i-inthanethi yocansi), kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo nge-e-mail.
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Izilingo zingase zisebenzise i-Inthanethi isikhathi eside, zihlukanise nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana nabantu, futhi zigxile cishe kwi-Internet kunemicimbi ebanzi yokuphila.
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Akucaci ukuthi ukukhwabanisa kwe-intanethi kuvame ukumelela ukubonakaliswa kwesifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, noma ngempela isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubukeka njalo kokulutha kwe-intanethi kumongo wezimo eziningana ezivuthayo kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhathazeka. Kuye kwachazwa (i-5) ukuthi, ngokusekelwe kwedatha elinganiselwe etholakalayo ngokuphathelene nenkambo, ukubikezela, ukuzinza okwesikhashana, nokuphendula ukwelashwa, kubonakala kungakapheli ukubheja ukulutha kwe-intanethi njengenhlangano ephikisayo yesifo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olukhulayo lubonisa ukuthi abanye abantu abanomlutha we-inthanethi basengozini enkulu futhi banakekelwa ukunakekelwa kochwepheshe kanye nokwelashwa. Izifundo ezilawulwa ngokucophelela ziyadingeka ukuze zixazulule lezi zinkinga. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kusesha izihloko ezishicilelwe phakathi kwe-2000 ne-2009 ku-Medline no-PubMed, besebenzisa igama eliyisihluthulelo esithi "ukulutha kwe-inthanethi" ngezihloko zokuxilongwa, izimo ze-epidemiology, kanye nokwelapha.
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UKUPHILA KANYE NOKUPHILA
Ukutholakala kokulutha kwe-inthanethi (ukuxhomeka) kuqhubeka kunenkinga. Akubonakali kunoma yisiphi isimiso sokuxilongwa esisemthethweni, kufaka phakathi i-DSM-IV, futhi ayikho indlela yokuxilongwa eyamukelwa kabanzi.Kuye kwaphakanyiswa izingxenye ezine ezibalulekile ekuxilongweni (6): 1) ukusetshenziswa kwe-Inthanethi ngokweqile, okuvame ukuhambisana nokulahlekelwa kwesikhatsi noma ukungahoxiswa kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ukuxoshwa kwe-2), kufaka phakathi imizwa yentukuthelo, ukungezwani, kanye / noma ukucindezeleka lapho ikhompyutha ingafinyeleleki, ukubekezelelana kwe-3), kuhlanganise nesidingo semishini engcono yekhompiyutha, isofthiwe esengeziwe, noma amahora amaningi okusebenza, kanye nemiphumela emibi ye-4, kufaka phakathi izingxabano, amanga, isikole esingahle noma ukufeza umsebenzi, ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kanye nokukhathala.
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Okwamanje azikho izinsimbi zokuxilonga kwe-Inthanethi eziluthayo ezikhombisa ukuthembeka okuphelele nokuqinisekiswa kuwo wonke amazwe. Ukuhlaziywa okucubungula okwakamuva kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zokuxilonga kwatholakala ukuthi izifundo zangaphambilini zasebenzisa izindlela ezingavumelani ukuchaza izilonda ze-Inthanethi, izindlela zokuqashwa ezingabangela ukuhlaziywa okubaluleke kakhulu, nokuhlola idatha ngokusebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlolisisa kunokuba kuqinisekiswe izindlela zokuhlaziya idatha ukuphenya izinga lokuhlangana kunalokho kunobudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwezinguquko (7). Ngakho, ukusabalala Idatha ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intanethi ye-pathological ishicilelwe ubunzima bokusebenza ngokuphathelene nokuxilongwa nokuhlushwa kwezinsimbi zokuxilonga. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqhathanisa amazinga okukhula kuwo wonke amazwe.
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Kukhona nokukhathazeka okujwayelekile okuhlobene nokusebenzisa imibiko yokuzimela, ukuphendula ngezimpendulo ezingathembeki, abahlanganyeli bangase bangaqondi imibuzo ehlukahlukene noma baphendule kabi izinto ezihlukahlukene zokuhlolwa. Ukwengeza, kunenkinga yokukhethwa kokukhethwa nge-pool ehlanganyele etholakala kumawebhusayithi noma izifundo ze-undergraduate futhi ayikho iqembu elanele lokulawula. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhasi leWeb kungathonya indlela abantu abasabela ngayo kanye nenombolo yezimpendulo ezivumelekile ezitholakalayo. Okokugcina, umuntu angabonisa ukuziphatha okuluthayo kwesicelo esisodwa, kodwa hhayi abanye.
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Inselele enkulu kulezi zifundo ukuthi zisebenzisa amagama angacacile ukuchaza amazinga okusebenzisa i-intanethi, njengokuthi "umngcele," "ngokweqile," "engozini," nangokuthi "umlutha," okungaqondwanga kahle noma ukuqinisekiswa ngokomtholampilo. Izinga lokusakazeka kwe-inthanethi liye lahlolwa kwenye indawo (12, 36).
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I-COMORBIDITY
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngeziphambano ngamasampula weziguli libika ukuxilongwa okuphezulu kwe-Inthanethi yokulutha kwezidakamizwa ezinenkinga yokugula kwengqondo, njengokukhathazeka kokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka kokukhathazeka (kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka okwenzeka jikelele, ukukhathazeka komphakathi), nokukhathazeka kokukhathazeka kwengqondo (ADHD). Kuphakanyisiwe (i-37) ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kokulondeka nokuthandana kokuxhumana kwe-intanethi kuhlambalaza nokuthi ukukhathazeka kwezenhlalakahle kuyinkinga ephazamisayo.
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I-NEUROBIOLOGY NE-BRAIN IMAGING
Okwamanje, kuye kwaba nezifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu kwi-neurobiology ye-Inthanethi yokulutha. Kube nokucwaningwa okubikiwe kukhompyutha nokulutha kwevidiyo (bheka iWeinstein, kwenye indawo kulo magazini). Phakathi kokucwaninga kokuqala kokucubungula ubuchopho (i-13) kubike abahlanganyeli be-10 abanomlutha wokudlala we-intanethi owethulwe ngezithombe zokudlala kanye nezithombe zomdwebo ezinezintambo ngenkathi bekhishwa ukuskena kwe-imagination magnetic resonance (fMRI). Eqenjini eliluthayo, i-cortex e-orbito-frontal efanele, i-nucleus accumbens, i-cortax yangaphambili kanye ne-medial cortex yangaphakathi, i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex kanye ne-right caudate nucleus yenziwa ngokungafani neqembu lokulawula. Ukuqaliswa kwezifunda-zenzalo (i-ROI) kuhlelwe ngokuhambisana nesimo sokuzibiza sokudlala futhi sikhumbule isipiliyoni sokudlala esicashunwe yizithombe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-neural substrates wokugqugquzela ukudlala / ukuthanda ukugembula ku-intanethi ukulingana nokugembula kwakufana nokwenqatshelwe ukukhwabanisa ekuxhasweni kwezidakamizwa. Ngakho, imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ukuthanda / ukufisa ukugembula ku-inthanethi yokulutha nokulwela ukuxhaswa kwezidakamizwa kungabelana ngendlela efanayo neurobiological.
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KUNGANI ABANTU BABAZWA KUNYE
OKUFANELE?
Ukuthembela kwe-intanethi kwathinteka kakhulu ezinyathelweni eziningi ezibonisa ukuxazulula okuphumelelayo kwalezi zinhlekelele, futhi zahola ngaphezulu kwezinyathelo ezibonisa ukuxazulula okuphumelelayo kwalezi zinhlekelele (48).
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I-cybersex ephoqelekile ye-cystic ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yokulutha kwe-intanethi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abaningi abaye bawela phansi ukutholakala, ukutholakala, nokungaziwa kwemikhuba yezocansi e-intanethi (i-49). Ezinye iziguli zakha izinkinga ngokucindezela i-cybersex ngokucindezela ngenxa yezinto ezenzeke ngaphambili noma okuhlangenwe nakho okuyimpumelelo, kuyilapho abanye abasebenzisi abacindezelayo benenkinga yokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka noma ukulutha. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane abanenkinga yokuxilongwa nge-inthanethi kubonisa ukubhekana nokuhlukumeza, ukuziphatha okunempilo, ukuguqulwa kwe-dissociative yokuhlukunyezwa kokuphila, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlukumezeka kokusondelana, nokuziphatha komlutha (49). Iqembu lokusebenzisa i-intanethi elinenkinga libonisa izikolo eziphakeme emaphrofayilini we-Self-Directed and Cooperativeness namanothi aphansi emaphrofayli we-Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence we-JTCI, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingasebenzisi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi, ngemuva kokulawula izimpawu ze-ADHD.
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Lezi zindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga ezingathandabuzeki zibonakala zihlangana nomlutha wezocansi (bheka iT Thibaut kwenye indawo kule nkinga), kodwa zisebenzisa imithombo ethize ye-Intanethi. Endabeni yokucindezela ngocansi kwe-cyber, okuqukethwe kokuboniswa, ikakhulukazi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, uhlobo oluthile lwezokwelapha zokusiza ukuziphatha komuntu ocansini. Abahlengikazi babika inani elikhulayo leziguli ezinomlutha kulo msebenzi, ifomu lokubili ukulutha kwe-Inthanethi nokulutha ngokobulili, ngezinkinga ezijwayelekile ezihambisana nokuziphatha okuluthayo.
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UKUKHULUMA
Ukulutha kwe-inthanethi, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziselwa ngokweqile kwe-Intanethi ngemiphumela emibi, okungaveli kunoma yisiphi isimiso sokuhlola sokusemthethweni, kuhlanganise ne-DSM-IV. I-Block ibike ukuthi ukulutha kwe-inthanethi kuyisifo esivamile esifanele ukufakwa ku-DSM-V (5). Ngokucabangela, ukuxilongwa kuyinkimbinkimbi ye-spectrum-impulsive spectrum disorder eyenza ukusetshenziswa kwekhompyutheni kanye / noma okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi. Okungenani ama-subtypes amathathu atholakale: ukudlala ngokweqile, ukukhathazeka ngokocansi, kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo nge-e-mail / umbhalo. Zonke izinhlobo ezilandelayo zihlanganisa izinto ezine ezilandelayo: 1) ukusetshenziswa okudlulele, okuvame ukuhambisana nokulahlekelwa kwesikhatsi noma ukunganaki ukushayela okuyisisekelo, ukuhoxiswa kwe-2), kufaka phakathi imizwa yentukuthelo, ukuxhaswa, kanye / noma ukucindezeleka lapho ikhompyutha ukungatholakali, i-3) ukubekezelelana, kuhlanganise nesidingo semishini engcono yekhompyutha, isofthiwe engaphezulu, noma amahora amaningi okusebenzisa, kanye nemiphumela emibi ye-4), kufaka phakathi izingxabano, ukuqamba amanga, ukuphumelela okuncane, ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kanye nokukhathala. Abanye baye bathi ukulutha kwe-intanethi akuyona ukulutha kwangempela futhi kungase kungabi ngaphezu kwesibonakaliso sezinye, izifo ezikhona njengokhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, i-ADHD noma izifo zokulawula ukucindezeleka (70). Idatha encane iyatholakala ukuxazulula lo mbuzo, futhi izindlela zokuziphatha ngokwe-intanethi ezingaphansi kokulutha kwe-intanethi azikaziwa. Ukungazi okuhlobene nesizwe kufinyelela ekwelapheni. Izifundo ezimbalwa ezishicilelwe ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ze-Inthanethi zisekelwe ekungeneni kanye namasu asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuncoma noma yikuphi ukwelashwa okusekelwe ebukhosini be-Inthanethi.
abstract
Ingemuva: Ukulutha ngokweqile kwe-intanethi noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-intanethi kubonakala ngokukhathazeka ngokweqile noma okulawulwa kahle, ukukhuthaza, noma ukuziphatha ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwekhompiyutha nokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi okuholela ekukhubazeni noma ekucindezelekeni. Njengamanje, akukho ukuqashelwa kokulutha kwe-intanethi ngaphakathi kwezingqinamba zokuphazamiseka komlutha ngakho-ke, akukho ukuxilongwa okuhambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe ku-version elandelayo ye-Manual Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorder (DSM).
Injongo: Ukuze ubuyekeze izincwadi ezinokulutha kwe-intanethi ngezihloko zokuxilongwa, izimo ze-phenomenology, i-epidemiology, kanye nokwelapha.
Izindlela: Ukubukeza kwezincwadi ezishicilelwe phakathi kwe-2000-2009 ku-Medline no-PubMed ngokusebenzisa igama elithi "ukulutha kwe-intanethi.
Ezenye: Ucwaningo lwase-United States naseYurophu lubonise izinga lokukhula phakathi kwe-1.5% ne-8.2%, nakuba izinqubo zokuhlola nokuhlolwa kombuzo okusetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwamazwe. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngezansi ngezibonelo zeziguli luchaza ukuhlaselwa okuphezulu kwe-Inthanethi yokulutha kwezidakamizwa ezinezifo zengqondo, ikakhulukazi izifo ezibangelwa ukucindezeleka (kufaka phakathi ukucindezeleka), ukukhathazeka kokukhathazeka (ukukhathazeka okuvamile okwenziwe ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka komphakathi), nokukhathazeka kokukhathazeka kwengqondo (ADHD). Izici eziningana zibikezela ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga ze-inthanethi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi izici zobuntu, ukubeletha nezici zomndeni, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, nokukhathazeka komphakathi.
Iziphetho nokubaluleka kwesayensi: Nakuba abantu abanomlutha we-intanethi banenkinga yokucindezela ukuziphatha kwabo ngokweqile ku-intanethi empilweni yangempela, okuncane aziwa ngezindlela zokuphila ezingenangqondo nezokuqonda ezibhekene nokulutha kwe-intanethi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kocwaningo olwanele, okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukuncoma noma yikuphi ukwelashwa okusekelwe ebufakazini bokulutha kwe-intanethi.
Ukulutha Kwe-Intanethi noma Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Inthanethi Okweqile - Abstract kulayini
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