ULeonhardt, uNathan D., noBrian J. Willoughby. "Ukuxhumana okude phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukubaluleka komshado, nokuziphatha okuvunyelwayo ngokocansi ngesikhathi sokukhula." Umshado & Ukubukeza Komndeni isanda kwamukelwa (i-2017).
UNathan D. Leonhardt & UBrian J. Willoughby
Umshado & Ukubukeza Komndeni, 14 Aug 2017
UKUQALA
Ucwaningo olulinganiselwe lukhona mayelana nethonya lezithombe zocansi kubantu abasha abasafufusa, ngaphandle kocwaningo oluhlola ukuthi izithombe zocansi zisebenzisa kanjani izinkolelo zabantu abadala ngomshado. Lolu cwaningo lubandakanya imiphumela yesigaba sabantu abadala abasafufusa be-568 kanye nemiphumela emide yababambiqhaza be-142 abalandelwa ukusuka kusampula yasekuqaleni. Ukuhlaziywa kokucwaninga kutholakele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa ngokwengxenye ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kokubekwa ngokulungela ubulili ngaphambi kokushada kanye nezimo zengqondo ezivumayo zobulili. Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kwe-Longitudinal kubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubikezela ukubekelwa okuncane koshado nezimo zengqondo ezivumayo zocansi. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi akuxhunyiwe hhayi nje kumbhalo wabantu abadala abasafufusa, kepha futhi kungahle kube nomthelela emibhalweni ebanzi yobudlelwano.
UKUKHULUMA
Yize izinhlangano eziyisisekelo ziveze ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nakho konke ukuhlukahluka okuthembekile, ngemuva kokufaka okuguquguqukayo kokulawula, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kuphela nenqubo yokulungela ukuya ocansini kanye nemvume yokuya ocansini. Iminyaka yobudala, ubulili, ubuhlanga, inkolo, kanye nesimo somshado sabazali konke kwakuyizilawuli ezibalulekile zendlela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuhambisana ngayo nokuhlukahluka okuhlukile okuthembekile.
Ukudelela kwakuwukulawulwa okubonakale kunomphumela oqinile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezinkolelo zomshado ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kuphakamisa umphumela onamandla wokukhetha phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezinkolelo zomshado lapho abantu abadala abasafufusa bezenkolo beba khona kakhulu ekugwemeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi bazise umshado.
Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangokulawula, ubudlelwane buye bahlala phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nemibhalo ethile yezocansi, kufaka phakathi imibhalo yezocansi maqondana nomshado ngezinkolelo ezithile endaweni yomongo womshado, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokubaluleka kwesilinganiso sokulungela ukuya ocansini.
Lokhu kuthola okusha kusikisela ukuthi abantu abadala abasafufusa ababuka kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bavame ukukholelwa ukulungela ubulili kanye namakhemikhali ezocansi abaluleke kakhulu ukulungela umshado kunalezo ezingabukeli izithombe zocansi. Ngoba abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babheka ukubaluleka kokulungela ukuya ocansini namakhemikhali, lokhu kulindelwa kungaholela kubantu abadala abasafufusa ukuba bafune abantu abathandana nabo abaningi abangaziphathi ngokomzimba, okungenza ngehlise amathuba amathuba abantu abadala abasafufusa ukuthola eminye yemiphumela emihle yomshado eshiwo ngenhla.
Njengolwazi lwengxenye eseceleni, isinyathelo sokuqala samamodeli wokuphinda uveze ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nakho konke ukuhlukahluka okuthembekile, noma ngabe kulawulwa ukubukwa kwe-Time 1. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokungeza izilawuli ezingeziwe ekubukeni kwe-Time 1, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuxhunywe kuphela ngokuningana nezinguquko kokubumbana kwezomshado kanye nobulili obuvumelekile.
Nakulokhu, njengoba kulindeleke ngenxa yocwaningo lwangaphambilini (iBraithwaite et al., 2015), ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaxhunyaniswa kakhulu nokuziphatha okuvumayo kocansi. Lokhu kunezela ubufakazi obunamandla embonweni weskripthi, kusekela umbono wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunomthelela ezindimeni zokuziphatha zocansi, hhayi ukuxhumana nje kwenhlangano.
Ngoba isimilo esivumayo sezocansi sibonakala sixhumene nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwezocansi (iBraithwaite et al., 2015), kufaka phakathi inani eliphakeme labalingani bezocansi (uWilloughby et al., 2014), ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kunganciphisa namathuba emiphumela emihle yomshado ngokusebenzisa ithonya layo ezindabeni zokuziphatha ezivumelekile zocansi (UBusby et al., 2010; UBusby, uWilloughby, noCarroll, 2013; USassler et al., 2012).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngasikhathi sinye kwehlulekile ukuqagela ngokubalulekile ushintsho emalungeni omshado lapho kusetshenziswa izinto eziwulawulayo, kepha kwabikezela okukhulu ushintsho ekuhlukaniseni umshado ukuthola okuhle. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngenkathi ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokukhula kokuba ngumuntu omdala kungagudluli umbono wabantu abasafufusa bomhlaba jikelele ngokubaluleka komshado, kuhlotshaniswa nokubaluleka okuncishisiwe okunikezwe endimeni yomshado yesikhathi esizayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala
banethonya elikhulu emibonweni yabantu abadala abasafufusa ngomshado maqondana nezinye izici empilweni, ngokungafani nokuthonya imibono yabo ngokubaluleka kwesikhungo. Labo abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babonakala benenkolelo yokuthi umshado ubalulekile; kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi baqala ukubuka umshado njengongabalulekanga uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezibalulekile empilweni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini oluye lwaphakamisa ukuthi ubungani bomshado nobungqayizivele bomshado bumele ukwakhiwa okuhlukile okungahle kuthambekele ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi sokukhula okudala (I-Willoughby, iMedaris, uJames, neBartholomew, i-2015).
Ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izinkolelo zomshado, kanye nezimo ezivumela ukuya ocansini kuyaxhunyaniswa, ngesimo semininingwane emide esibonisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi kunomthelela oqondile ekuvumeleni umshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kunethonya elisebenzayo kubafundisi abalungiselela abantu abasafufusa abasafufusa ukushada, uma bebheka izinto eziqukethe ezocansi kungazisa imibhalo yezocansi. Ukuqwashisa okukhulu ngokuthi okuqukethwe ngocansi kuveza kanjani okulindelwe emshadweni, ikakhulukazi ezocansi emshadweni, kungasiza othisha ukuthi banikeze imininingwane ehambisana nezifiso zabantu abasafufusa bomshado wabo, ikakhulukazi ubudlelwano babo bocansi emshadweni.
Sekukonke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibonakala zinomthelela ocashile endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo ngocansi nobudlelwano ngokuvamisile, okungase kudlulele emugqeni obanzi wamanani amasiko (Schumm, 2015). Ngokubambisana, inkolelo-mbono yokubhalwa ngocansi, kanye nomqondo wokushadiswa kwemishado kunikeza isizinda semibhalo esetshenziswayo futhi kwakhiwa okudingeka ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okuphelele kakhulu kwethonya lezithombe zocansi ezinkolelweni zomshado kanye nemibhalo ehlobene nobuhlobo. Lokhu kungasiza ekwaziseni ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo nezinqumo zenqubomgomo maqondana nokulawulwa kwezithombe zocansi.
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