Imodi iyashintsha ngemva kokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet zixhunyaniswa nezimpawu ze-Inthanethi-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-ukubhekwa kwezifo (2016)

Imibiko Yokunciphisa Izingozi

Kutholakala online 8 Disemba 2016

• Christian Laier^a,, ,
• I-Brand Matthias^{a, b}

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.11.003

Amaphuzu avelele

• Ukuphenywa kwesimo esijabulisayo nesasasa lokuya ocansini ngaphambi nangemva kokuzisebenzisa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi endaweni yangasese
• Ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezenzweni kanye nezinkomba zokuthi uvuswa ngocansi
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi nangemva kokusebenzisa i-Internet nezithombe ezingcolile kanye nokushintshwa kwemizwa kuhlobene nezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokubuka-i-Internet-ukubuka izithombe zocansi

abstract

I-Intanethi-i-pornography-yokubuka ukuphazamiseka (i-IPD) ithathwa njengohlobo olulodwa lokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-IPD, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokungafanele kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukubhekana nokucindezeleka noma ukucindezeleka kungabhekwa njengengozi. Ukubhekana nomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi esimeni sengqondo, kwenziwa isifundo esiku-inthanethi esinezindawo ezintathu zokulinganisa nesampula labahlanganyeli besilisa. Ababambiqhaza baphenywa maqondana nokuthambekela kwabo kwi-IPD, ukusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi, imizwa ejwayelekile, ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo, kanye nezithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zisebenzisa isisusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza babuzwa mayelana nemizwa yabo yamanje, ukuvuswa kocansi, kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ngaphambi nangokulandela babukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ngokuzimela endaweni yangasese. Idatha ikhombisile ukuthi ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kuhlotshaniswa kabi nokuzizwa okuhle, ukuvuka, nokuzola futhi ngokuqinisekile ngokucindezeleka okubonakalayo empilweni yansuku zonke nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukufuna ukuzijabulisa nokugwema ngokomzwelo. Ukusetshenziswa kokuzimisela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi endaweni yangasese kwakuhambisana nezinguquko zemizwelo nezinkomba zokuvuka kocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kwakuhlobene kabi nemizwa yangaphambi nangemva kwe-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokwanda kwangempela kwemizwa emihle nezolile. Imiphumela ikhombise imiphumela yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kwemizwa kanye nokuvuswa kocansi okungabhekwa njengokuqinisa imiphumela yomsebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela ihambisana nokucabanga kwemibono ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IPD, lapho ukuqiniswa okuhle (nokubi) okutholwe yi-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlobene nokuthinta-ukucubungula nokusabela kokulangazelela.

Amagama angukhiye

• Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili;
• Umlutha;
• Mood;
• Ukuvusa ngocansi

1. Isingeniso

Imiphumela emihle nemibi yokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-Intanethi ixoxwa ngokuphikisana (UCampbell noKohut, 2016, Grubbs et al., 2016, IHald neMalamuth, 2008, IHarkness et al., 2015, UPeter noValkenburg, i-2014, Shaughnessy et al., 2014 futhi UStanley et al., 2016). Sekucacile ukuthi abanye abantu babika ukulahleka kokulawulwa mayelana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zocansi, okuvame ukuhambisana nokwanda kokusebenzisa izikhathi kanye nemiphumela emibi ezizindeni eziningana zempilo, njengokusebenza kwesikole / kwezemfundo / ekusebenzeni komsebenzi (UDuffy et al., 2016, Griffiths, i-2012 futhi UWryry noBillieux, 2015). Isimo somlutha wokuziphatha kobulili sisaphikiswa (Potenza, i-2014), kepha abacwaningi abaningi baphikisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha kocansi kungabhekwa njengokulutha (I-Brand et al., I-2014, UGarcia noT Thibaut, 2010, I-Kraus et al., I-2016 futhi Love et al., 2015). Ngenkathi abanye bethi ukubuka umlutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kungaba yindlela ethile yokulutha ngobulili noma i-hypersexuality (UGarcia noT Thibaut, 2010 futhi I-Kafka, i-2015), abanye bathi kufanele ihlukaniswe njengohlobo oluthile lokulutha kwe-Intanethi (I-Laier neBrith, i-2014 futhi Intsha, i-2008). Ngempela kwaboniswa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kube uhlelo lwe-Intanethi olusengozini yokuqhamuka nephethini yokusebenzisa umlutha (UMeerkerk, van den Eijnden, noGarretsen, 2006). Ngenxa yengxoxo eqhubekayo ku-phenomenology yethu sisebenzisa igama elithi Internet-pornography-wokubuka inkinga (i-IPD) ngokufaniswa ne-Internet-gaming disorder esetshenziswa eDSM-5 (I-APA, i-2013). Njengoba kungekho sivumelwano ngemigomo yokuxilongwa kwe-IPD, ukubikwa kwale nto kungenzeka kuphela. Ucwaningo olulodwa luhlolisise isampula elimele iSweden futhi lathola ama-2% abesifazane kanye ne-5% yababambiqhaza besilisa ababika izimpawu ze-IPD (URoss, Månsson, noDaneback, 2012).

Mayelana nentuthuko ye-IPD kwaxoxwa ukuthi izici zaphakathi nendawo (isib. Imiphumela egcizelelayo, ukungaziwa, ukufinyeleleka), zinomthelela ekugqugquzeleni ukubuka izithombe zocansi (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004). Mayelana nezimpawu zabasebenzisi, bekuphikiswana ngokuthi abantu bangahle bahliselwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu ze-IPD ngezimpawu zomuntu (isib. Ukuthokozela okukhulu kwezocansi) nokuthi lezi zici zihlangana nokuqonda okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isib. Ukulindela ukusetshenziswa okuhle ) (ILaier & Brand, 2014). Ngenxa yemiphumela eqinisayo ngokwemigomo yokwanelisa ngokocansi ngokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izinqubo zezimo kufanele ziholele ekuthuthukisweni kokuphindaphindeka kwengqondo futhi okuholele ekuphenduleni kokuxhamazela kokuhambelana kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle okuhlobene nokulutha. Ubufakazi bendima ebalulekile yempendulo evusa inkanuko yocansi nokulangazelela i-IPD ikhonjisiwe ezifundweni eziningana (I-Brand et al., I-2011, Laier et al., 2013, Laier et al., 2014, Laier et al., 2015, URosenberg noKraus, 2014 futhi Snagowski et al., 2015). Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nomcabango wokuthi ikakhulukazi labo bantu bathambekele ekuthuthukiseni i-IPD abasebenza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukubhekana nemizwa yokudangala noma ukucindezelwa (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999). Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuphinde kwaphakanyiswa kumodeli ye-I-PACE yokulutha okuthile kwe-Intanethi (i-I-PACE imele ukusebenzisana kwe-Umuntu-Aftif-Cognition-Rule)IBrand, Young, Laier, Wolfling, & Potenza, 2016). Umqondo owodwa wemodeli uthi isimo samanje singaba nomthelela esinqumweni sokusebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lwe-Intanethi (isb., Izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi) nokuthi imiphumela etholwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo oluthile kumele iqinise ukuqondisisa okuhlobene ne-Intanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo kanye nokulindela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lwe-Intanethi kuyasiza ukubhekana nengcindezi noma imizwa engajwayelekile kubhekwe nokuthi kuqinisiwe kanye nesitayela sokuphikisana okuvamile sokukhubazeka, futhi. Izici zobuntu kanye nezimpawu ze-psychopathological zingaqiniswa noma ziqiniswe yilokho okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokulutha. Yize ukukopela kungasebenzi kahle kukhonjisiwe kuhlobene ne-IPD (ILaier & Brand, 2014), iqhaza lokushintshwa kwemizwa nokuguquguquka kwamanje ngemuva kokubuka izithombe zocansi ku-Intanethi ngezimpawu ze-IPD azikaphenywa, kuze kube manje. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuba nesandla ekugcwaliseni igebe lokucwaninga ngokubhekisisa la ma-hypotheses alandelayo kwisampula labasebenzisi bezocansi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokocansi: 1.) Ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kuhlobene nemizwa ejwayelekile nokucabanga okubonakalayo, i-2. kuhlobene nemizwa yamanje kanye nokuvuselela ngokocansi ngaphambi nangemva kokusebenzisa i-Internet i-porn, i-3.) Ukuthambekela ngakwi-IPD kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezimweni zengqondo nasekuvuselelekeni ngokobulili ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet, kanye ne-4.) Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuthambekela okubheke kwi-IPD nesisusa sokusebenzisa Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zilungiswa imvuselelo yezocansi etholakala ngokubuka izithombe zocansi. Ukubhekana nalawa ma-hypotheses, kwenziwa ucwaningo lwensimu eku-inthanethi enamaphuzu amathathu okulinganisa.

I-2. Izinto ezibonakalayo nezindlela

I-2.1. Inqubo

Ababambe iqhaza baqashwa kabusha ngohlu lwe-imeyili, izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nokukhangiswa e-University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany). Le ncazelo ikhombise ngokusobala ukuthi ucwaningo oluku-inthanethi luphenya ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi-nezithombe zocansi nokuthi abantu besilisa kuphela ababemenyiwe ukuthi babambe iqhaza. Abantu abathakazele ukubamba iqhaza bacelwa ukuba baphendule isimemo nge-imeyili base bezwa ngokuchazwa okuningiliziwe ngocwaningo. Ucwaningo lwethulwe njengocwaningo olunamaphuzu amathathu okulinganisa. Engxenyeni yokuqala, ababambiqhaza banikeze imininingwane mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwezenhlalo, ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu kwe-Intanethi ekuziphatheni okuphathelene nezocansi, ukucindezelwa okubonakalayo nezimpawu ze-IPD (t1). Kwachazelwa ababambiqhaza ukuthi uma bengazibheka ngokuzibona bebukela i-Internet ezingcolile endaweni eyimfihlo ngokuzayo, bacelwa ukuba baphendule imibuzo maqondana nemizwa yabo yamanje nokuvuswa kocansi ngaphambi (iphuzu lokulinganisa lesibili, tI-2) nangemva (iphuzu lokulinganisa lesithathu, t3). Ngemuva kokuthi ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume ebhaliwe ebhalwe phansi bathola amathokheni ukufanisa imininingwane yabo namaphuzu wokulinganisa. Bonke abavolontiya bamenywa ukuthi babambe iqhaza kwi-lottery ukuzuza ivawusha elilodwa kusuka ku-BestChoice (izaphulelo ze-3 á 50 €, izaphulelo ze-5 á 20 €, izaphulelo ze-5 á 10 €). Idatha ihlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini futhi azikho izinkinga ezibonakalayo eziye zabonwa. Ucwaningo luvunyelwe yikomidi lendawo yokuziphatha.

I-2.2. Abahlanganyeli

Isampula yayiqukethe abantu besilisa be-80 (M_age = Iminyaka engu-26.41, SD = 6.23, ububanzi: 18-55). Imfundo engasho lutho yayiyiminyaka eyi-12.90 (SD = 0.45), abantu abangu-43 (53.8%) bakhonjiswe ukuthi banophathina. Abantu abangamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye bazichaze njengabantu "abathandana nabobulili obufanayo", abayi-12 "njengabathandana nabobulili obufanayo", 5 ngokuthi "abesilisa nabesifazane", 2 "njengongqingili", nabangu-12 "njengongqingili". Inani lababambiqhaza abasebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile ze-Intanethi ezikhuthazwa ngokocansi nesikhathi esichithwa kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza sibonisiwe ku Ithebula 1. Abathathi-nxaxheba besampula abangamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha baphothula inhlolokhono lapho t2 futhi tI-3. Iminyaka yobudala yalesi sampuli yi-25.91 (SD = 5.43). Bonke abantu besampula ekhonjisiwe basebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi njalo.

Ithebula 1.

Incazelo yemisebenzi yesampula ye-inthanethi yocansi. Izikolo ezishoyo nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kubhekisele esikhathini (iminithi / isonto) esetshenziswa ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lwe-inthanethi yocansi.

Qaphela. Uyacelwa ukuthi uqaphele inani lababambiqhaza besebenzisa eyodwa (n = 8), okubili (n = 14), abathathu (n = 8), ezine (n = 25), abahlanu (n = 12), abayisithupha (n = 10), noma eziyisikhombisa (n = 3) yezicelo ezithile zocansi lwe-inthanethi ezibuzwayo. Zonke izilinganiso ezishiwoyo nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kubhekiswa kuphela kubantu abasebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lwe-inthanethi masonto onke.

Izinketho zethebula

I-2.3. Imibuzo

At t1, izimpawu ze-IPD, imizwa ejwayelekile, ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo, kanye ne-Intanethi-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa isisusa sahlolwa. Ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kukalwe nge-short-version ye-Internet Addiction Test eguqulwe kwezocansi (s-IATsex, Cronbach's α = 0.83) ( Laier et al., 2013 futhi UWryry et al., 2015), equkethe ama-subscales amabili "ukulahlekelwa ukulawula / ukuphathwa kwesikhathi" (s-IATsex-1) kanye "nezinkinga zenhlalo / ukunxanela" (s-IATsex-2). Izinto eziyishumi nambili zaphendulwa esikalini kusuka ku-1 (= never) kuya ku-5 (= kaningi kakhulu), efingqelwa amaphuzu aphelele ngamanqaku aphezulu amele ukuthambekela okuphezulu maqondana noma izimpawu eziphezulu ze-IPD, ngokulandelana. Isimo esivamile sahlolwa ngeMultidimensional Mood State Questionnaire (MDMQ, eCronbach's α = 0.94) (USteyer, uSchwenkmezger, uNotz, no-Eid, ngo-1997). Izinto ezingamashumi amabili nane ziphendulwe esikalini kusuka ku-1 (= hhayi nakancane) 5 (= kakhulu), futhi kusho amanani amaningi we-subscales "okuhle-okubi" (MDMQ-okuhle), "ukhathele-ukhathele" (MDMQ-woke) , futhi "ukuzola-ukuzizwa" (MDMQ-calm) kubaliwe. Izikolo eziphakeme zimelela okuhle kunokubi, kunalokho ziphapheme kunokukhathala, futhi kunalokho zizolile kunemizwa yokwethuka. I-Pornography Consumption Inventory (i-PCI, iCronbach's α = 0.83) isetshenziselwe ukukala izilinganiso ezine ezishukumisayo zokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kocansi (Reid, Li, Gilliland, Stein, & Fong, 2011). Izinto eziyishumi nanhlanu zaphendulwa esikalini kusuka ku-1 (= angikaze ngithande) kuye ku-5 (= kaningi njengami), futhi kusho izikolo zemixhaso “yokugwema imizwa” (PCI-EA), “Ilukuluku Locansi” (PCI-SC) , Kubalwe “Ukufuna Injabulo” (PCI-ES), kanye “Nenjabulo Yezocansi” (PCI-SP). Izikolo eziphakeme zimele ukuhambisana okuphezulu kokugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Ukukhombisa ukuba sengozini kwengcindezi, inguqulo yokuhlola i-Trier Inventory ye-Chronic Stress (TICS, Cronbach's α = 0.92) kusetshenzisiwe (USchulz, uSchlotz, noBecker, 2004). Uhlu lwemibuzo lucela ukuvezwa kwengcindezi ebonakalayo ezinyangeni ezintathu ezedlule ngezinto eziyishumi nambili okufanele ziphendulwe esikalini kusuka ku-0 (= never) kuye (= kaningi). Isilinganiso sesibalo sabalwa. Izikolo eziphakeme zimele ukucindezeleka okubonakalayo okuphezulu. Kuyahambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini ( Laier et al., 2014 futhi Laier et al., 2015), abantu babuzwa ukuthi bayazisebenzisa yini noma cha izicelo ezithile ze-Intanethi ngefomu lokuphendula elithi “yebo / cha”. Uma kunjalo, sibuze kangaki (“ngaphansi kwesisodwa ngonyaka”, “okungenani kanye ngonyaka futhi ngaphansi kwesisodwa ngenyanga”), okungenani kanye ngenyanga futhi ngaphansi kwesonto ngalinye "," okungenani kanye ngesonto futhi ngaphansi kwesisodwa ngosuku ”,“ okungenani kanye ngosuku ”) futhi isikhathi esingakanani (“ imizuzu yokusebenzisa ”) basebenzisa uhlelo lwe-cybersex. Izikolo ezishisiwe zesikhathi esichithwe yisonto emaminithini ngesicelo ngasinye se-cybersex zazibalwa.

At t2 futhi tI-3, sihlole imizwa yamanje kanye nokuvusa ngocansi ngaphambi nangemva kokubuka izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Ngakho-ke, siguqule imiyalo ye-MDMQ isuka ku- “Ngokuvamile ngizwa…” yaya ku- “Njengamanje, ngizwa…” futhi ngacela ababambiqhaza ukuthi baphendule uhlu lwemibuzo e- t2 (yeCronbach's α = 0.91) naku- t3 (yeCronbach's α = 0.93). Sibale amanani amaningi we-MDMQ-good, MDMQ-woke, kanye ne-MDMQ-calm at t2 futhi tI-3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikolo zedatha ("t3 ”-“t2 ”) kubalwe ukumela ukwanda kwemizwa emihle (Δ-good), imood mood (Δ-woke), kanye nemood mood (Δ-calm). Izikolo eziphakeme zimelela ukwanda okuqinile kwemizwa emihle, evukile, noma ezolile. Njengezinkomba zokuvuswa kocansi, ababambiqhaza bakhombise ukuvusa kwabo konke ngokocansi esikalini kusuka ku-0 = "akuvuswanga ngokocansi" kuya ku-100 = "kuvuswe kakhulu ngokocansi" kanye nesidingo sabo sokushaya indlwabu kusuka ku-0 = "asikho isidingo sokushaya indlwabu" kuya ku-100 = "Isidingo esinamandla sokushaya indlwabu" ku- t2 futhi tI-3. Izikolo kusho t2 futhi tAma-3 abalwa, izikolo eziphakemeyo zimelela ukuvuswa kocansi okuqinile noma isidingo sokushaya indlwabu. Izikolo ezimbili zisho udoti ("t2 ”-“t3 ”) kubalwe ukumela ukwehla kokuvusa inkanuko (ar-ukuvuswa kocansi) kanye nokwehla kwesidingo sokushaya indlwabu (Δ-isidingo sokushaya indlwabu). Izikolo eziphakeme zimele ukwehla okuqinile kokuvusa ucansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza babuzwa ukuthi ngabe babhekana ne-orgasms eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nokuthi baneliseke kangakanani lapho bebona ama-orgasm / s (isikali esivela ku-0 = "asenelisi nhlobo" siye ku-100 = "sanelisa kakhulu"). Ukwaneliseka okubonakalayo nge-orgasm / s kusetshenziswe njengenkomba yokwenelisa ("ukuzanelisa ngokocansi").

I-3. Imiphumela

Imiphumela echazayo yamaphepha emibuzo yethulwe Ithebula 2. Inani eliphelele le-s-IATsex laliyi-21.09 (SD = 0.69, ububanzi: 12-42). I-s-IATsex ixhumene kakhulu ne-MDMQ-good (r = - 0.32, p = 0.004), ukuvuka kwe-MDMQ (r = - 0.29, p = 0.009), ukuthula kwe-MDMQ (r = - 0.30, p = 0.007), i-PCI-EA (r = 0.48, p <0.001), i-PCI-ES (r = 0.40, p <0.001), kanye ne-TICS (r = 0.36, p ≤ 0.001). I-s-IATsex yayingahlobene kakhulu ne-PCI-SC (r = 0.01, p = 0.91) ne-PCI-SP (r = 0.02, p = 0.85).

Ithebula 2.

Amanani achazayo wamaphepha emibuzo ahlolwe ku t1.

Izinketho zethebula

Kusuka ekusekelweni kwabahlanganyeli be-66 abaphothule futhi inhlolovo ku- t2 futhi tI-3, i-65 iveze ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zocansi online kuhambisana nokushaya indlwabu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-61 yababambiqhaza ithole okungenani i-orgasm eyodwa ngenkathi ibuka izithombe zocansi futhi ihlaya indlwabu. Abantu abathathu bakhonjiswe ukuthi banokuhlangenwe nakho okubili, kwathi abantu ababili bakhonjwa ukuthi bathole ama-orgasms amathathu (M = 1.11, SD = 0.41). Laba bantu abane okubikwe ukuthi kabazange babhekane ne-orgasm abakhishiwe ekuhlaziyweni okuqhubekayo. Kwisampula esele yabahlanganyeli abangama-61, isilinganiso esishoyo samaphuzu we-s-IATsex jikelele ayekhona M = 20.59, SD = 6.59. Amaphuzu ashiwo we-s-IATsex-1 ayenjalo M = 11.12 (SD = 4.70), isilinganiso esishoyo se-s-IATsex-2 sasikhona M = 9.39 (SD = 2.79). Izilinganiso eziningi ze-MDMQ-good, MDMQ-woke, MDMQ-calm, ukuvusa inkanuko kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu t2 futhi tI-3 kanye nemiphumela ye t-Izivivinyo zamasampula athembekile zivezwa Ithebula 3.

Ithebula 3.

Imiphumela echazayo yamaphepha emibuzo alinganiswe ku- t2 futhi tI-3 kanye nemiphumela ye t-Izivivinyo zokuguquguquka ezincike.

a

Ama-Cohen's d amasampula athembekile.

⁎⁎

p ≤ 0.01.

Izinketho zethebula

Ngokwesilinganiso, ukwehla kwe-arousal yezocansi (Δ-sexousousous) kwaba M = 24.00 (SD = 38.42), ukwehla kwesidingo sokushaya indlwabu (Δ-isidingo sokushaya indlwabu) kwaba M = 68.06 (SD = 26.08). Lapho ukhipha tI-2 kusuka tI-3, ukwanda kwesimo esihle (Δ-kuhle) kwaba M = 0.23 (SD = 0.54), ukwanda kwemizwa yokuvuka (Δ-Wake) kwaba njalo M = 0.12 (SD = 0.59), kanye nokwanda kwemizwelo ezolile (Δ-calm) kwaba njalo M = 0.45 (SD = 0.68). Ukuhlangana kwePearson phakathi kwezikolo ze-s-IATsex nezinkomba zokuvusa imizwa nezocansi ku t2 futhi tI-3 ikhonjisiwe ku Ithebula 4.

Ithebula 4.

Ukuxhumeka kwe-Pearson kwezinkomba zokuphazamiseka kokubukwa kocansi kwe-inthanethi kanye nezinkomba zokuthi kuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili nemizwa ngaphambili (tI-2) nokulandelayo (tI-3) ibuka i-Intanethi endaweni yangasese.

⁎

p ≤ 0.05 (ukuhlanganisa kuhluke kakhulu kunoziro nge-alpha = 5%, enemisila emibili).

⁎⁎

p ≤ 0.01 (ukuhlanganisa kuhluke kakhulu kunoziro nge-alpha = 1%, enemisila emibili).

Izinketho zethebula

Ukuhlola imiphumela yokuxhumana phakathi kwezizathu ezishukumisayo kanye noshintsho izinkomba zokuthi kuvusa inkanuko yobulili nemizwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-Intanethi ekubikezeleni ukuthambekela ku-IPD, kubalwe ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kwemodi okuhlosiwe okuguquguqukayo okuphakathi nendawo (ICohen, Cohen, West, ne-Aiken, 2003). Isikolo sesamba se-s-IATsex bekungukuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-PCI-ES ichaze i-8.90% ye-s-IATsex, F(1, 59) = 5.79, p = 0.02. Ukungeza ukwaneliseka ngokocansi (ukwaneliseka okubonakalayo nge-orgasm) esinyathelweni sesibili, umehluko awukhuphukanga kakhulu, ushintsho ku R² = 0.006, izinguquko ku- F(1, 58) = 0.36, p = 0.55. Lapho ungena ekusebenzisaneni kwe-PCI-SE nokuzithokozisa ngokocansi, incazelo ye-s-IATsex inyuke kakhulu, izinguquko ku- R² = 0.075, izinguquko ku- F(1, 57) = 5.14, p = 0.03. Incazelo ephelele ye-s-IATsex ngokusebenzisa izibikezelo ezintathu yahlala ibalulekile (R² = 0.17, F(3, 57) = 3.89, p = 0.01). Ukuthola amanye amanani, bheka Ithebula 5.

Ithebula 5.

Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiselwa kwe-Hierarchical ne-s-IATsex sum isikolo njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile.

Izinketho zethebula

Ngokunikwa komphumela obalulekile wokusebenzisana we-PCI-ES nokuzanelisa ngokocansi, sihlaziye ukuthambeka okulula ukubhekana nomphumela wokulinganisa ngemininingwane ethe xaxa. Umthambeka womugqa wokulawula omelela "ukwaneliseka okuphansi ngokobulili" (ukulinganisa okususelwa ekucindezelweni kwezifundo zokuqala SD ngezansi kwesilinganiso seqembu) behluke kakhulu kunoziro (t = 3.67, p = 0.001). Umthambeka wolayini wokubuyela emuva omele "ukuvuswa okuphezulu kocansi" (ukulinganisa okususelwa ekuhlelweni kwezifundo zokuqala SD ngenhla kwencazelo yeqembu) ibingahlukile kakhulu kunoziro (t = 0.48, p = 0.64). Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi amaphuzu aphelele we-s-IATsex ayephakeme uma abantu bebenesisusa esiphakeme sokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi ukufuna ukuzijabulisa ngaphandle kokuthi ukuthokozisa ngokocansi bekuphakeme noma kuphansi (bona I-Fig. 1).

I-Fig. 1. 

Ukuboniswa kokuhlaziywa kokuhlehliswa kokuhlola okulinganiselwe lapho inani eliphelele le-s-IATsex lalihlukile. Abantu ababone ukwaneliseka okuphezulu kwezocansi lapho bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi bashaya phezulu ku-s-IATsex ngokuzimela kwabo ngaphandle kokubakhuthaza ukuba babukele izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Abantu abathole ukuvuswa okuncane kocansi bashaya phezulu ku-s-IATsex uma bebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi befuna injabulo.

Izinketho zesithombe

I-4. Ingxoxo

I-4.1. Iziphetho ezijwayelekile

Imiphumela eyinhloko yocwaningo yukuthi ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kwakuhlotshaniswa kabi nokuzizwa kahle okuhle, ukuvuka, nokuzola kanye nokuqiniseka ngokucindezeleka okubonakalayo empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nesisusa sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ngokufuna ukuzivikela nokugwema ngokomzwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaboniswa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ngokuzimela endaweni yangasese kwakungahambisani ngokumangazayo nokunciphisa okunamandla kokuvusa ucansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu, kepha futhi nokwanda kwemizwa yokuzwa ungcono, uphapheme futhi uzolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kwakuhlobene kabi nemizwa ngaphambi nangemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kanye nokwanda kwangempela kwemizwa emihle nokuzola. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuthambekela kwe-IPD nenjabulo efuna ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlolwe ngokuhlolwa kokweneliseka kwe-orgasm. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela yocwaningo ihambisana nombono wokuthi i-IPD ixhunyaniswe nesisusa sokuthola ukwaneliseka ngokocansi nokugwema noma ukubhekana nemizwa ephikisayo kanye nokucabanga ukuthi ukuguquka kwemizwelo kulandela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuxhunyaniswe ne-IPD (Cooper et al., 1999 futhi I-Laier neBrith, i-2014).

Kubhalwe phambilini ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-inthanethi-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukubhekana nesimo sokuxineka noma ukucindezelwa kungabhekwa njengento eyingozi yokuthuthukisa i-IPD (Cooper et al., 1999). Kusukela siphenye isampula okungeyona eyasemitholampilo, imiphumela echazayo ikhombisa ukuthi laba bantu babika izilinganiso eziphansi kakhulu zezimpawu ze-IPD, ukucindezelwa kanye nesimo esijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba bekulindelekile, ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kuholela ekwandeni kwesimo sokwehla kwesimo sokuvusa inkanuko yezocansi, noma kusampula engeyona eyomtholampilo. Imiphumela ethambekele ku-IPD yayihlotshaniswa kabi nesimo sangaphambi nangemva kokusebenzisa i-Internet-izithombe ezingcolile futhi kahle nezinguquko ezihambisanayo zesimo sokuziphatha ziyahambelana nesixhumanisi esisetshenzisiwe sokuphikisana okungeyona ne-IPD (Cooper et al., 1999). Ukufana kokungasebenzi kahle kokukhiqizwa kwe-IPD nakho kwaqokonyiswa kumodeli wakamuva we-I-PACE (Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWolfing, et al., 2016). Imodeli ye-I-PACE icabanga ukuthi abantu abanezici eziningana ezibekiwe ezibekiwe bangazithola besesimweni lapho bezizwa becindezelekile, benokungqubuzana komuntu siqu, noma bezizwa benemizwa engavamile. Lokhu kufanele kuholele ekuphenduleni okuthinta ingqondo, isib. Ngokwesidingo sokulawulwa kwemizwelo kanye nesinqumo sokusebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lwe-Intanethi njengezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Ukucabanga ukuthi ukwaneliseka okutholwe yi-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqinisa isitayela sokubhekana nakho, kepha ngaphezu kwalokho izinhloso ezithile zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-Intanethi-ukubandlulula okuhlobene nezocansi. Ukusebenzisana kwesisusa esithile sokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kanye nokweneliseka okubonakalayo kokuchaza izimpawu ze-IPD kuboniswa ekuhlelweni okulinganiselwe, lapho ubudlelwane phakathi kwesisusa se-Intanethi-ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yenjabulo yokufuna kanye nezimpawu ze-IPD kwalinganiswa ukuhlolwa kokwaneliseka kwe-orgasm enolwazi. Abantu abanesasasa eliphansi abafuna ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kanye nokweneliseka kocansi okubonakalayo okuphansi babike ukuthambekela okuphansi kwe-IPD. Kodwa-ke, abantu ngabanye bathole amaphuzu aphezulu ebukhulwini besibonakaliso se-IPD uma benesizathu esikhulu sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi maqondana nenjabulo efuna ngokuzimela ukuthi ngabe empeleni babona ukubukela izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi njengokwanelisa noma cha. Lo mphumela ungahle uhlobene nokunye ukucabanga kwesimo se-I-PACE, okuwukuthi ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwe-Intanethi kufanele kuholele ekuthokoziseni ngesikhathi esifushane, kepha ukuthi abanye abantu basengozini yokuthola ushintsho ekuthokoziseni baye enxephezelweni njengomlutha indingilizi iyaqhubeka iholela ekwakhiweni kwe-cue-reactivity nokulangazelela kanye nokwehla kokulawulwa okunciphisiwe kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemiphumela emibi empilweni yansuku zonke (Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWolfing, et al., 2016). Njengoba ukuvuswa kocansi kungaqondakala njengento eyisisekelo futhi ngakho-ke ukuqinisela okuqinile (UGeorgiadis noKingelbach, i-2012 futhi IJanssen, 2011) kanye nokuphikisana nesendlalelo senqubo yokulinganisa kumongo womlutha (IBerridge, iRobinson, ne-Aldridge, ngo-2009), kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kungaqondwa njengesikhuthazo esingenamibandela esingathintaniswa nezindlela zangaphandle nezangaphakathi zangaphakathi ezingathathi hlangothi eziholela ekubhekeni kokuphinde kwenzeke futhi okuholela ekuphenduleni okulangazelayo. Lokhu kuyahambelana nezifundo ezihlola ukuhlobana kobuchopho bezinkinga eziqondiwe zokulawula ukusebenza kocansi okubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi wezakhi zobuchopho ezihlobene nomvuzo kanye nokunxanela okuqondwe ngokuqondile kuhlobene nokwethulwa kwezinkomba zocansi ezihlobene nomlutha (I-Brand et al., 2016a futhi I-Voon et al., I-2014). Kuze kube manje, imiphumela ihambisana nesibikezelo sokuthi ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukubhekana nemizwa yokudangala noma ukucindezelwa kungathathwa njengesici esiyingozi sokuthuthukisa i-IPD. Imiphumela isekela okunye ukucabanga okuyinhloko kohlaka lwe-theoretical lokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, kepha lezi zinhlaka zidinga ukucaciswa mayelana nezinqubo ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcinweni kokusebenzisa umlutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi.

I-4.2. Ukulinganiselwa kanye nezifundo zesikhathi esizayo

Sibhekane ne-hypothesis yomtholampilo ngokuphenya ngesampula engeyona eyomtholampilo. Futhi kube nokuhluka okuphawulekayo ekuthambekeni kwesampula kwe-IPD, imiphumela idinga ukuqinisekiswa kusampula yokufuna usizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba saqasha kuphela abantu abavuma ukuphenywa ngaphambi nangemva kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ekhaya, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona ukukhetha okukhethiwe. Yize sibuze ababambiqhaza ukuthi ngabe bahlala ebudlelwaneni, kepha hhayi ukuthi bahlala ndawonye nomlingani wabo. Ngokukhetha okungaba khona lokhu kudinga ukulawulwa ezifundweni ezizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwasana okungaba khona endaweni yangasese akukwazanga ukulawulwa. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungahle lubhekane nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwimizwa ngokuningiliziwe (isb., Ngezifundo zesikhathi eside) noma maqondana nabasebenzisi besifazane bezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi.

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Umbhali ohambelana nalokhu kwi: General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen kanye ne-Center for Behaisheral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Forsthausweg 2, 47057 Duisburg, Germany.

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