abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
I-Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD) ibonakala ukwehluleka okuqhubekayo ukulawula ukuthambekela kocansi okuvame kakhulu nokuqhubekayo, ukunxusa, kanye / noma imicabango, okuholela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili okubangela ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekile ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokusebenza. Naphezu kokufakwa kwayo kwakamuva kwi-ICD-11 ezayo, ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuhlolwa kwayo, ukutholwa, ukubonakala noma izici zomtholampilo kusale. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuthola ababambiqhaza ababonisa i-CSBD ngendlela yenqubomgomo edonswa yi-data kumasampula amabili azimele futhi babeke obala iphrofayili yabo yezenhlalo, ezocansi, neyomtholampilo.
izindlela
Isampula 1 ifaka abafundi abayi-1,581 basenyuvesi (abesifazane = 56.9%; Mage = 20.58) kanti isampula 2 lalinamalungu omphakathi ayi-1,318 (abesifazane = 43.6%; Mage = 32.37). Okokuqala, sakha inkomba entsha yokuhlanganisa ukuhlola lonke uhla lwezimpawu ze-CSBD ngokususelwa ezikalini ezintathu eziqinisekisiwe ngaphambili. Ngokususelwa kule nkomba entsha yokuhlanganisa, sakhomba kamuva abantu abane-CSBD ngendlela yokuhlaziywa kweqembu.
Imiphumela
Ukuqikelelwa kokuvela kwe-CSBD kwakungu-10.12% kusampula 1 no-7.81% kwisampula 2. Abahlanganyeli abane-CSBD babeyindoda engathandana kakhulu nabesilisa abancane, abancane kunabaphenduli ngaphandle kwe-CSBD, babike amazinga aphakeme wokufuna ukuzizwa ngocansi kanye ne-erotophilia, okuwukukhula okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi futhi ikakhulukazi ubulili be-inthanethi. , izimpawu ezicindezelayo nezikhathazayo, nokuzithemba okumpofu.
iziphetho
Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka obunye ubufakazi ngokuvela kwe-CSBD ngokususelwa kwenye indlela eqhutshwa yidatha, kanye nencazelo eningilizayo nethandwayo yephrofayili yezokuxhumana yabantu, ezocansi, neyokutholakalela yabantu abadala enalesi simo. Imiphumela yemitholampilo etholakala kulokhu okutholakele ixoxwa kabanzi.
Isingeniso
I-Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD), eyaziwa nangokuthi "umlutha wezocansi", "hypersexual disorder (HD)", noma "inkinga yokuziphatha kwezocansi", ifakiwe ekubuyekezweni kwe-11 kwe-International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) ngo le Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (2018). Kwathathwa indlela yokulondolozwa, futhi i-CSBD yaqashelwa njengengozi yokulawula umfutho (I-Kraus et al., I-2018). Ezingeni lomtholampilo, i-CSBD iboniswa ukwehluleka okuqhubekayo ukulawula ukuthambekela kocansi okuvama kakhulu, okuqhubekayo, kanye / noma imicabango, okuholela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili okudala ukuphazamiseka okumaki ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokusebenza (I-Kraus et al., I-2018). Le ndlela engalawuliwe yokuziphatha kobulili iholela ekuhlanganyeleni ezenzweni zocansi eziningi futhi ezingezona ezijabulisayo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi okuvame ukuhambisana nokushaya indlwabu (“bingeing porn”) (I-Wordecha et al., I-2018), ukuya ocansini nomuntu ozibandakanya naye ngokweqile, ukuzibandakanya kakhulu emisebenzini yezocansi ekhokhelwayo, noma ukuya ocansini okuphoqelekile ngaphakathi kobudlelwano obuzinzile (IDerbyshire & Grant, 2015; I-Kafka, i-2010; Karila et al., 2014; Reid, Umbazi, noLloyd, 2009, Reid et al., 2012). Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ziveza ubunzima obukhulu bomuntu siqu nangokomqondo (Reid et al., 2009), kanye nezinkinga ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke (UMcBride, uReece, noSanders, ngo-2008). Njengomphumela, abantu abahlushwa i-CSBD bavame ukudinga usizo lochwepheshe (ukwelashwa kwengqondo kanye / noma ukwelashwa kwengqondo) ukuze bakwazi ukulawula ukuthambekela kwabo kwezocansi, imicabango, nokuziphatha, kanye nokubuyisa ikhwalithi yabo yempilo nezojwayelekile (IDerbyshire & Grant, 2015; IGola & Potenza, 2016; I-Hook, i-Reid, i-Penberthy, i-Davis, ne-Jennings, ngo-2014). Yize kungekho izifundo ezinkulu zezifo ezenziwa, kubikwa ukuthi i-CSBD ithinta u-1%% wabantu abadala (I-Bőthe et al., 2019; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014; Kuzma & Mnyama, 2008), nabesilisa abakhiwa cishe ama-80% eziguli ezifuna ukwelashwa (IKaplan neKrueger, 2010). Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukubona abantu ababonisa i-CSBD ngendlela yenqubomgomo edonswa yi-data kumasampula amabili azimele, futhi babeke imininingwane yabo ngemininingwane yezenhlalo, ezocansi, kanye neyomtholampilo.
Uhlaka lokuhlonza i-CSBD kanye nenqubo
Noma ngabe i-CSBD ifakiwe ku-ICD-11, uhlaka olufanelekile lokuxilonga kanye nenqubo yalesi simo somtholampilo kusadingidwa ngayo (I-Kraus et al., I-2018; UWalton, uCantor, uBhullar, noLykins, 2017). Mayelana nesimo samanje se-nosological, inqwaba yezikhundla zemibhalo mayelana nokuthi i-CSBD kufanele ihlukaniswe kanjani kuhlongoziwe futhi lesi simo somtholampilo sithathwe njengomqondo wokuphazamiseka okuwumlutha (Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017), ukuphazamiseka kobulili (I-Kafka, i-2010; Walton et al., 2017), inkinga yokulawula ukuthatheka (Reid, eBerlin, naseKingston, 2015), noma akubhekwe njengengozi nhlobo (I-Moser, i-2013). Indlela ngayinye yethiyori iphakamisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxilongwa kwalesi simo, ibuye igcizelele izinxushunxushu emcabangweni futhi ivimbele ukukhonjwa kwephrofayili eyingqayizivele yeziguli ezikhombisa izimpawu zalesi simo somtholampilo (Karila et al., 2014; UWry noBillieux, 2017).
Ubufakazi bamanje obususelwa ocwaningweni lwabantu abasemtholampilo bukhombisa ukuthi i-CSBD yanelisa iningi lezindlela ezisezingeni eliphakanyisiwe zencazelo yokusebenza kokuluthwa kokuziphatha (Billieux et al., 2017; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017): (a) isikhathi esengeziwe / umzamo osetshenziswe ekuziphatheni kobulili; (b) ukuzithiba okungafanele; (c) ukwehluleka okuhleliwe ukufeza izibopho zomndeni, zenhlalo, noma zomsebenzi; kanye (d) nokuphikelela ekuziphatheni kwezocansi yize kube nemiphumela yako. Lezi zinqubo ziyahambisana nalezo eziphakanyiselwe ukufakwa kwe-CSBD ku-ICD-11 (I-World Health Organization, i-2018) kanye nezinye izindlela ezihlongozwe ngu I-Kafka (2010) yokwamukelwa kwe-Hypersexual Disorder (HD) ku-DSM-5. Ngokwengeziwe, isiphakamiso sikaKafka sifake umbandela obalulekile ongacatshangwa yi-ICD-11: okusho, ukubandakanyeka kaninginingi emibonweni yezocansi, ukunxusa, noma isimilo ekuphenduleni isimo sedysphoric state (isb., Ukukhathazeka noma ukudangala) noma ukuphendula imicimbi yokuphila ecindezelayo (umsebenzi izinkinga, ukufelwa, njll.). Izifundo ezahlukahlukene zisekela ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kocansi njengendlela yokubhekana nokungalungi ehlose ukukhokhela izifundazwe ezingezinhle noma izehlakalo zokuphila ezicindezelayo kubantu abane-CSBD (Reid, Umbazi, uSpackman, noWilles, ngo-2008; ISchultz, iHook, iDavis, iPenberthy, neReid, 2014).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinkomba ezingafakwanga ngokuqondile ku-DSM-5 noma ku-ICD-11 kepha zifaneleka ekubonisweni kwe-CSBD: okungukuthi, ukuzibandakanya ocansini, isisi, nezinkinga zobulili ozibonayo. Lezi zimpawu zibonisa ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwengqondo kwe-CSBD. Amamodeli wesemina anjengokuthi "isakhi sokumlutha"Griffiths, i-2005) noma ukuhlaziya kwenethiwekhi kwakamuva kugcizelele iqhaza elibalulekile lezimpawu zokuqonda ekuluthweni kwe-cybersex (UBaggio et al., 2018) noma i-HD (I-Werner, i-Štulhofer, i-Waldorp, ne-Jurin, i-2018). Njengoba kuchazwe ngu I-Griffiths (2005, ikhasi. 193), ubukhali bubhekisa “lapho umsebenzi othile [ucansi] uba umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu futhi ubuse ukucabanga kwabo (ukuthatheka nokuhlanekezelwa kwengqondo), imizwa (izifiso) nokuziphatha (ukonakala kokuziphatha okuhlangene)”. Ngokufanayo, izifundo ezahlukahlukene ziqokomisa indima ebalulekile yezinkinga zobulili ezizibonayo ekuhlonzweni kweziguli ezibonisa i-CSBD (I-Grubbs, i-Perry, i-Wilt, ne-Reid, i-2019c).
Izindlela eziphambili ekuboneni nasekuhlukaniseni abantu abane-CSBD
Ochwepheshe bemitholampilo nabaphenyi kufanele baqaphele kakhulu lapho bethola i-CSBD (Humphreys, 2018). Enye yezinkinga eziphazamisa ukuthembeka kwezifundo eziningi emkhakheni yindlela yokuthi lolu cwaningo lukhomba futhi luhlukanise ababambiqhaza nge-CSBD. Kusetshenziswe izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukubhekana nale nhloso. Olunye ucwaningo lukhombe abantu abane-CSBD ngokususelwa kwizikolo zabo ngezindlela ezahlukile zokuzibika (AmaParsons, iGrov, neGolub, 2012). Ngeshwa, iningi lesikali sokuhlola se-CSBD alinikezi ezethembekile izikali ezilinganiswa ezithathwe kumasampula omtholampilo (Umvukuzi, uRaymond, uColeman, noSwinburne Romine, 2017), imibundu ehlongozwayo imvamisa ivame ukungqubuzana futhi / noma isuselwa kwinqubo yezibalo (hhayi yezokwelapha). Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngu UBőthe et al. (2019) yakha isibonelo esibonisa okukhombisa: ngemuva kokuhlaziya izakhiwo ze-psychometric ze-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory kusampula enkulu engeyona eyemitholampilo, laba babhali abakwazanga ukuthola amaphuzu azwelayo nacacisiwe okusika i-CSBD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elihle lokuqagela le-cutoff elalisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa kobulili obufanayo (amaphuzu aluhlaza> 53) kwakungu-14% (okusho ukuthi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abathola ngaphezulu kwe-53 ku-HBI, yi-14% kuphela efanelekile ngempela ukuthola lokhu). Ngakho-ke, bancoma ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinkomba nezinyathelo zokutholakala kwalesi simo.
Ngenye indlela, abanye abacwaningi babheke ukuzazisa njengezinkinga zokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kobulili (USmith et al., 2014) noma ukufuna ukwelashwa kwe-CSBD (Scanavino et al., 2013) njengezinkomba ezithembekile ze-CSBD. Njengesibonelo, muva nje uGrubbs et al. (Grubbs, Grant, & Engelman, 2019a; IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019b) senze izifundo ezimbili lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile okunobunzima kukalwa ngezinto ezizodwa ezifana ne- “Ngingumlutha wezithombe zocansi"Noma"Ngangizibiza ngokuthi umlutha we-pornography we-intanethi”. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu abazibona njengabanenkinga ye-CSBD kungenzeka bangakhombisi noma yiziphi izici zokwelashwa noma ubukhali balesi sifo, kepha kungukungavunyelwa kokuziphatha kwabo kuphela kwezocansi (IGrubbs, uPerry, et al., 2019c; AmaGrubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; IKraus & Sweeney, 2019).
Ekugcineni, ezinye izifundo zakhomba ababambiqhaza be-CSBD ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo zeklinikhi ezihleliwe noma ezihleliwe ngokwedlule (Reid et al., 2012). Noma ngabe le ndlela ibhekwa njenge "umthetho wegolide" lapho kuhlolwa ubukhona nobukhali be-CSBD (Hook, Hook, Davis, Worthington, & Penberthy, 2010; Womack, Hook, Ramos, Davis, & Penberthy, 2013), ikhwalithi yalokhu kuhlola kuvame ukuthembela kumigomo ethile yokuxilonga ehola le ngxoxo enezakhiwo ezinesisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa ngokuxoxisana nodokotela okuhleliwe kuthatha isikhathi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kwale nqubo ocwaningweni (okusho, izifundo ezinamasampula amakhulu) kuvame ukukhawulelwa.
Uma kungekho uhlaka oluqondile lokuxilonga lwe-CSBD (IKraus & Sweeney, 2019), enye indlela ukukhomba abantu abane-CSBD ngezindlela eziqhutshwa yidatha (isib. Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu). Le nqubo yalulekwa kakhulu ezimweni zocwaningo, lapho inani elikhulu lababambiqhaza kufanele lihlolwe ngohlelo olunqunyelwe kanye nokuhlukaniswa njengento ephoqelelwa ngokocansi noma kungenzeki i-post hoc. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngu U-Efrati & Gola (2018b) ikhombe ngokwentsha ngokwaneliseka nge-CSBD (12 kanye ne-14% yamasampula amabili azimele) ngendlela eqhutshwa yi-data (Latent Profileses, LPA). Ukuqina kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwale ndlela yokuhlangana kubonakaliswe ngokuhlaziya iphrofayili yobungqingili yentsha eqenjini le-CSBD (elibonakaliswa indawo engaphandle yokulawula, ukunamathisela ukukhathazeka, isizungu esikhulu, imvamisa ephezulu yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye neminye imisebenzi yocansi eku-inthanethi). Ngokufanayo, UBőthe et al. (2019) bakhombe abantu abadala abanobungozi obukhulu be-hypersexuality (cishe i-1% yesampula) besebenzisa i-LPA. Ngakho-ke, lapho kungekho khona uhlaka olufanele lokuxilonga kanye namathuluzi wokuhlola imfushane nawokuzwakalayo (IMontgomery-Graham, 2017), izindlela eziqhutshwa idatha zakha indlela ethembekile yokuhlola i-CSBD ezimweni zocwaningo eziqukethe amasampula amakhulu.
Isifundo samanje
Inhloso yocwaningo olukhona kwakuwukuhlola okwenzeka kanye nezimpawu zenhlalo yabantu, ezocansi, nezomtholampilo ze-CSBD kumasampula womphakathi amabili azimele. Kodwa-ke, silwe nemikhawulo emibili yocwaningo lwangaphambilini ngaphambi kokubhekana nale nhloso: (1) ukuntuleka kwamathuluzi wokuhlonza abekiwe wokuhlola lonke uhla lwezimpawu zokuqonda, zokuziphatha, nezomzwelo ze-CSBD kanye (2) nokunemba okuphansi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezimeni zocwaningo ukuthola iziguli ze-CSBD. Ngakho-ke, silandele inqubo yezinyathelo ezintathu ukubhekana nenhloso yocwaningo.
Okokuqala, sakha inkomba entsha yokuhlanganisa ukuhlola lonke uhla lwezimpawu ze-CSBD. Le nkomba ithembele ezikalini ezintathu eziqinisekiswe ngaphambilini zokuhlola i-CSBD: Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI, Reid, Garos, & Umbazi, 2011b), i-Scalivulsity Scale Scale (SCS, UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995), kanye nohlolo lwe-Screen Addiction Screening Test (SAST, Amakhadi, i-1983). Ngokuzimela, lezi zinyathelo zivame ukuba mncane ngokweqile ekuhlolweni kwe-CSBD, zingafaki uhla olubanzi lwezimpawu okufanele zihlolisiswe ukuhlola kahle lesi simo somtholampilo (Womack et al., 2013); kodwa-ke, lezi zikali zinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kakhulu kwezimpawu ze-CSBD kanye nobulukhuni. Ukubhekana nenkinga yokusebenzisa lezi zikalo ngokuzimela, senze ukubukeza okugcwele kokuqukethwe kwabo, sixhumanisa izinto zabo nezimpawu ezihlukile ze-CSBD futhi sakha inkomba yokuhlanganisa yokuhlola imibandela elandelayo: (a) ukulahleka kokulawula, (b) ukunganaki, ( c) angakwazi ukuyeka, (d) aqhubeke nokuzibandakanya yize ephazanyisiwe, (e) ukubekezelela, kanye (f) Ukuzindla, ukuqina, nezinkinga zocansi ezizibonayo (ukuthola incazelo egcwele yophawu ngalunye, bheka Ithebula A1 KuSithasiselo). Izinhlaka zemibono yokuxhumanisa izinto zesikali nophawu oluthile oluthile kwakuyindlela ye-ICD-11 CSBD (I-World Health Organization, i-2018), isiphakamiso se-DSM-5 sokuxilongwa kwe-hypersexuality (I-Kafka, i-2010), kanye nemodeli yokuhlanganiswa komlutha (Griffiths, i-2005). Inqubo leyo yayilingana nale eyayilandelwa U-Womack et al. (2013) ekubuyekezweni kwabo kwezinyathelo ze-hypersexourse: amakhodi amabili azimele axhumanise into ngayinye nesikhombisi sokuxilonga, bese ikhodi yesithathu ezimele ixazulule noma yikuphi ukungafani. Ngenjongo yokucacisa, izinto ezihlola uphawu olungaphezu kolulodwa lwe-CSBD noma ezingalihlolisisi kahle noma yiziphi izimpawu zazingafakwanga kwinkomba entsha yokuhlanganisa.
Ngokususelwa kule nkomba eyinhlanganisela, sakhomba abantu abathile abane-CSBD ngendlela yokuhlaziya iqembu. Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu kuvumela ukwembula amaqembu angenamuntu wabantu ngokobukhulu kanye nephethini yezimpawu ezisezinkombeni ezihlukile, futhi kusetshenziswe kakhulu ukuthola abantu abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezahlukahlukene (njengokusebenzisa okuyinkinga kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphola okuhambayo [IRochat, iBianchi-Demicheli, i-Aboujaoude, neKhazaal, i-2019] noma ukuzibandakanya ngokweqile kuma-videogames [UMusetti et al., 2019]). Ngale ndlela, sahlukanisa ababambiqhaza abangama-2,899 abavela kumasampula amabili azimele aba ngamaqoqo amabili (ababambiqhaza be-CSBD kanye ne-CSBD). Uma kucatshangelwa uhlobo lokuqala lwenqubo ehlongozwayo ye-CSBD kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuthe xaxa kwama-cutoff scores, le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha inezinzuzo ekubonakalweni kwalesi sibalo sabantu abasemtholampilo, njengokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokuphikisana noma ukuncika ekuziboneni kwezinkinga zocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya kweqembu kusebenziseka ukuqonda amandla asondelene nomuntu ngamunye, esikhundleni sokuhlukahluka okufana (okufana nezindlela eziguquguqukayo) (IBergman neMagnusson, 1997). Okokugcina, uma kuqhathaniswa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqhutshwa idatha ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kwesoftware yezibalo ethuthukisiwe ekubalweni kwazo (isib. I-LPA), ukuhlaziya kweqembu kungenziwa kalula ngokusebenzisa isoftware edumile (isib, i-SPSS), ngesilinganiso esiphakeme phakathi koku imiphumela yazo zombili izinqubo zezibalo (IDiStefano neKamphaus, 2006; Eshghi, Haughton, Legrand, Skaletsky, & Woolford, 2011).
Ekugcineni, saqasha amaqembu asuselwa ekuhlaziyeni okwedlule ukuhlola ukwenzeka nezimpawu zabahlanganyeli abafaneleka njengezimpoqo zocansi. Kwahlolwa ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kwe -oriori. Ngoba ubufakazi bamanje buveza ukuthi ukwanda kwe-CSBD kubanga phakathi kuka-1 no-6% (I-Bőthe et al., 2019; Walton et al., 2017), bekucacisiwe ukuthi ukutholakala kwe-CSBD kumasampula ethu kuzowela kuleli banga, ngabesilisa okubandakanya ingxenye enkulu (∼80%) yababambiqhaza kuleli qembu. Ngokuphathelene nezocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi noku-inthanethi, silindele ukuthola imvamisa enkulu, ukuhlukahluka, nobukhali bezimo zocansi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli be-CSBD (UKlein et al., 2014; U-Odlaug et al., 2013; Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2010). Kuxhumene nalokhu kukhula komsebenzi wezocansi, silindele ukuthi abahlanganyeli be-CSBD bazothola amaphuzu aphezulu ezimpawu zokuziphatha zocansi njengokufuna umuzwa wokuya ocansini (UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995; UKlein et al., 2014) noma i-erotophilia (I-Rettenberger, iKlein, ne-Briken, ngo-2015). Ekugcineni, kuze kufike lapho iziguli ze-CSBD zivame ukusebenzisa ubulili njengendlela yokuphilisa, siphinde sakhombisa ukuthi izikolo ezikalini kuhlolwa ukudana (I-Schultz et al., 2014), ukukhathazeka (ICarvalho, iGuerra, iNves, neNobre, ngo-2014; Reid, Bramen, Anderson, & Cohen, 2014; I-Voon et al., I-2014), nokuzithemba (Chaney & Burns, 2015; Reid, Umbazi, Gilliland, & Karim, 2011a) izonyuswa kubahlanganyeli be-CSBD.
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli nenqubo
Ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo baqashwa kabusha ezifundweni ezimbili ezizimele ze-CSBD. Ukutholwa kwedatha yesampula yokuqala kwenziwa phakathi konyaka we-2012 nowe-2015. Ngalesi sikhathi, sisebenzise indlela yokuhlola eyingxenye yesitaladi yokuqoqa imininingwane kwisampula enkulu yabafundi basekolishi laseSpain. Ikakhulu, ithimba labacwaningi libeka itafula lolwazi ekungeneni okuyinhloko kwezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ehlukahlukene nelungu leqembu likhulume ngokuzikhandla kulabo ababambe iqhaza. Abafundi bacelwe ukuthi basebenzisane ngokuzithandela ocwaningweni lokuziphatha kobulili. Labo abavuma, baqedela ukuhlolwa komuntu osehhovisi lapho udokotela onolwazi ngokomqondo elawula khona imibiko eyahlukahlukene. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuqeda isifundo sasiseduze nehora elingu-1 nemizuzu engama-45 futhi ababambiqhaza bathola i-10 € njengesinxephezelo sokuzibandakanya kwabo.
Ukutholwa kwedatha yesampula lesibili kwenziwa phakathi konyaka we-2016 nowe-2018. Inhloso yokuhlunga kwakungukuhlola i-CSBD kusampula enkulu yamalungu omphakathi akhuluma iSpanishi. Ucwaningo lwenziwe online nge-inthanethi evikelekile ye-inthanethi okuhloswe ngalo ukunikeza ulwazi nokuhlola nge-CSBD (https://adiccionalsexo.uji.es/). Ababambiqhaza babhaliswa besebenzisa inhlanganisela yamasu wokuqasha asebenzayo futhi angenzi lutho. Ukuqashwa okusebenzayo kufakiwe: (1) ukuqhuma kwe-imeyili ngokusebenzisa uhlu lwezikhungo ezahlukahlukene (amanyuvesi, izinhlangano, njll.); (2) ukusatshalaliswa kocwaningo kumawebhusayithi emisakazo nakumaphephandaba; (3) ukuthumela ama-banner ku-Facebook ngokusebenzisa «izincwadi eziphakanyisiwe» isevisi yezokumaketha kanye; (4) ukuthumela amaflaya ezinyembezi endaweni ezinabantu abaningi (izikhungo zokuthenga, izitolo ezinkulu, njll.). Ucwaningo lokutadisha lwalutholakala nganoma iyiphi injini yokusesha ngokusebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "ukuluthwa ngokocansi" kanye / noma "ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zocansi" (ngeSpanishi) (ukuqashwa kokungenzi lutho). Ngesikhathi isifundo sifinyeleleka, ababambiqhaza abangu-3,025 bathole ucwaningo. Idatha yokuqala etholwe kwipulatifomu eku-inthanethi ihlolwe ukugwema izimpendulo eziphindiwe, ezingahambelani, kanye / noma ezingezona (isib., Ababambiqhaza ababikayo> abaneminyaka eyi-100 ubudala). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi esinye sezikali ze-CSBD ebesizisebenzisela ukubamba iqhaza kwabahlanganyeli (iHypersexual Behavior Inventory, i-HBI) sabekwa ekugcineni kocwaningo oluku-inthanethi, kuphela labo ababambe iqhaza abaphothula i-100% yocwaningo abafakiwe esifundweni. Ngemuva kokususwa, inani labahlanganyeli be-1,318 lifakiwe kudathasethi yokugcina. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuqedela isifundo bekuyimizuzu engama-27.82 (SD = 13.83) futhi ababambiqhaza abayitholanga isinxephezelo ngokuzibandakanya.
Ngenxa yalokho, bangu-2,899 abavela kumasampula amabili azimele abambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Idatha yokuqala ifake isampula elula yabafundi abangu-1,581 baseyunivesithi yaseSpain (abesifazane besifazane abangama-56.9%) abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-18 no-27 (M = 20.58; SD = 2.17). Idatha yesibili ifaka isampula elihluke kakhulu lamalungu omphakathi ayi-1,318 (abesifazane abangama-43.6%) abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-18 kuye ku-75 ubudala (M = 32.37; SD = 13.42). Ithebula 1 ikhombisa izici zabahlanganyeli kuwo womabili amasampula.
| Isampula 1 (n = 1,581) % noma M (SD) | Isampula 2 (n = 1,318) % noma M (SD) | Isibalo esingafani nalutho | Isayizi yethonya | |
| Ubulili (owesilisa) | 43.1% | 56.4% | χ2 = 51.23 *** | V = 0.13 |
| Ubulili (ngowesifazane) | 56.9% | 43.6% | ||
| Ubudala | 20.58 (2.17) | 34.11 (16.74) | t = −7.68 *** | d = 1.13 |
| Umlingani Steady (yebo) | 52.3% | 69.6% | χ2 = 93.18 *** | V = 0.18 |
| Izinkolelo zenkolo (ongakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona) | 54.7% | 68.5% | χ2 = 73.00 *** | V = 0.16 |
| Izinkolelo zenkolo (okholwayo) | 38.7% | 24.9% | ||
| Izinkolelo zenkolo (okholwayo ongazenzi) | 6% | 6.7% | ||
| Ukucabanga ngokobulili (abathandana nabesilisa) | 92.0% | 73.7% | χ2 = 185.54 *** | V = 0.31 |
| Ukucabanga ngocansi (bisexual) | 3.3% | 13.7% | ||
| Ukuthanda ukuya ocansini (ubungqingili) | 4.5% | 12.6% |
Note. ***P <0.001
Izindlela
Izici zokubamba iqhaza
Abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuthi babike ubulili babo, ubudala babo, ukuthi ngabe babambisene noma cha ebudlelwaneni obuzinzile, ubulili kanye nezinkolelo zenkolo.
Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-CSBD
Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-CSBD zahlolwa ngokusebenzisa inguqulo yaseSpain yezikali ezintathu: Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI, I-Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Julià, Giménez-García, & Gil-Llario, 2019; Reid, Garos, et al., 2011b), i-Scalivulsity Scale Scale (SCS, IBallester-Arnal, iGómez-Martínez, iGil-Llario, neSalmerón-Sánchez, ngo-2013; UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995), kanye nohlolo lwe-Screen Addiction Screening Test (SAST, UCastro-Calvo, uBallester-Arnal, uBillieux, uGil-Juliá, noGil-Llario, ngo-2018; Amakhadi, i-1983). I-HBI isikali sezinto ezingama-19 eziklanyelwe ukukala izilinganiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo ze-hypersexourse: okuwukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi ekuphenduleni kwizimo zemizwa ezinesizungu, izinkinga zokulawula noma ukunciphisa imicabango yocansi, ukunxusa, nokuziphatha, nokuphikelela naphezu kwemiphumela emibi. I-SCS isikali sezinto eziyi-10 ezihlola imicabango ecashile nengathandeki yokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okungalawuleki. Okokugcina, i-SAST yisikali sento engama-25 eklanyelwe ukuhlaziya ubukhona bezimpawu zokuziphatha ezihlukile zokuziphatha kwezocansi nezimpawu (isib. Ukuzikhathaza ngokocansi, ukulawulwa okungalungile kokuziphatha kobulili, noma izinkinga ezivela ekuziphatheni kobulili).
Inkomba eyinhlanganisela yezimpawu ze-CSBD yathuthukiswa okukhethekile ngoba lolu cwaningo luhlanganise ukukhethwa kwezinto ezivela kulezi zikali ezintathu (bheka Ithebula A1 KuSithasiselo). I-SCS ne-HBI zikalwa esikalini sama-4 no-5 wamaphuzu we-Likert, kanti i-SAST ikalwa ngesilinganiso se-dichotomous. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi esikalini sabelana nge-metric ejwayelekile, izikolo ezingavuthiwe zaguqulwa z. Ukwethembeka kwale nkomba yokuhlanganiswa kubikwa esigabeni semiphumela.
Iphrofayili yobulili: Ukuziphatha kobulili okuku-inthanethi
Abahlanganyeli kuzo zombili lezi amasampula bazibike bona ngokwesilinganiso isikhathi abasichitha isonto ngalinye ezenzweni zezocansi ezikwi-inthanethi (ngemizuzu) futhi baqeda inguqulo yaseSpain ye-Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST, IBallester-Arnal, iGil-Llario, iGómez-Martínez, neGil-Julià, ngo-2010; UDelmonico, uMiller, noMiller, 2003). I-ISST ihlola izinga lapho ukuziphatha komuntu ngokocansi ku-inthanethi kungenayo inkinga. Izinto ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngezinga le-dichotomous (0 = Amanga; I-1 = Yiqiniso) hlinzeka ngamanani aphelele kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-25. I-Ballester-Arnal et al. (2010) kubikwe ukuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi (α = 0.88) nokuqina kokuhlola okuphindayo (r = 0.82) kusampula yabafundi basekolishi. Esifundweni sethu, ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi bekufanele (α = 0.83 isampula 1; α = 0.82 isampula 2).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza kusampula 2 baphendule imibuzo emibili ngokubona kobuntu obukhulu: (1) Wake wakhathazeka ngokudla kwakho kwe-cybersex? (Yebo Cha) kanye (2) Ucabanga ukuthi usebenzisa isikhathi esithe xaxa kunokwelulekwa online ngezinhloso zocansi? (Yebo Cha).
Iphrofayli yezocansi: Ukuziphatha kobulili okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi
Abahlanganyeli kuzo zombili lezi zampula bagcwalise uchungechunge lwemibuzo behlola izici eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kwabo kocansi, njengokuthi: (1) ukuthi bake bazibandakanya yini noma cha ekuzibandakanya ocansini nomuntu wobulili obuhlukile noma umuntu athandana naye wobulili obufanayo (Yebo Cha); (2) inombolo yempilo yabalingani bezocansi (ebuzwa kuphela kubabambiqhaza kudatha 1); (3) imvamisa yokuya ocansini; futhi (4) uma bebezibandakanya ekuziphatheni okubi kobulili obuhlukile (ie ukushaya indlwabu, ubulili bomlomo, ubulili besitho sangasese sowesilisa, kanye nobulili obuhlangene)Yebo Cha).
Izici zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili
Abahlanganyeli kuzo zombili izampula baqedela ukuzivumelanisa kweSpain kwe-Sension Selling Searching Scale (SSSS), IBallester-Arnal, iRuiz-Palomino, i-Espada, iMorell-Mengual, neGil-Llario, i-2018; UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995), isilinganiselo sezinto eziyi-11 sikalwe esikalini samaphuzu angu-4 (1 = Akunjalo neze kimi; 4 = Kakhulu njengami) ehlola "ubungako bokuthola amazinga aphuphumayo wenjabulo yezocansi nokubandakanya ezenzweni zocansi ezingatheni zocansi" (Kalichman et al., 1994, ikhasi. 387). Ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kwalesi sikali kwakungu-.82 ekuguqukeni kwaso kwaseSpain. Esifundweni sethu, inani le-alpha likaCronbach laliyi-.83 kusampula 1 naku-.82 kusampula 2.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza kusampula yokuqala baqedela inguqulo yeSpanish ye-Opinion Survey (SOS, UDel Rio-Olvera, uLópez-Vega, noSantamaría, 2013), ubukhulu bezinto ezingama-20 ezihlola i-erotophobia-erotophilia (ie, isimo sokuphendula ezincwadini zocansi ngokwesilinganiso esingesihle sokuthinta nokuhlola). Izinto zikalwe ngefomethi yokuphendula ngamaphuzu ayi-7 (1 = Vuma kakhulu; 7 = Ngiphikisana kakhulu). Ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kwalesi sikali kwakungu-.85 ekuguqukeni kwaso kwaseSpain. Esifundweni sethu, inani le-alpha likaCronbach lalingu-.83.
Iphrofayili yomtholampilo
Ngokwesampula 1, ukuba khona kwamanje kanye nobunzima bezimpawu zokuxineka nokukhathazeka kuhlolwe ngezinhlobo zaseSpain ze-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, U-Beck, uSteer, noBrown, ngo-2011) kanye nenguqulo yesimo se-State-Trait Anxcare Inventory (STAI, USpielberger, uGorsuch, noLushene, 2002). I-BDI-II ingesinye sezikali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwamazinga wamanje we-Symbomatology edabukisayo, zombili kuzilungiselelo zokwelashwa nokucwaninga (UWang & Gorenstein, 2013). Lesi sikali siqukethe izinto ezingama-21 ezikalwe esikalini samaphuzu ama-4, kusukela ku-0 kuye ku-3 (izigaba zezimpendulo ziyehluka entweni ngayinye). I-STAI (state-version) iyisetshenziswa esetshenziswa kabanzi, esime isikhathi eside samazinga wamanje wokukhathazeka (UBarnes, uHarp, noJung, 2002), enezinto ezingama-20 eziphendulwe esikalini se-Likert ngezindlela ezine zokuphendula (0 = Vuma kakhulu; 3 = Ngiphikisana kakhulu). Ocwaningweni lwamanje, i-alpha kaCronbach ye-BDI-II ne-STAI-State yayingu-.89 no-.91 ngokulandelana.
Ngokwesampula 2, ubukhona kanye nobunzima bokucindezeleka kwezimpawu zamanje nezimpawu zokukhathazeka kuhlolwe nge-Spanish version ye-Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (UTejero, uGuimera, uFarré, noPeri, ngo-1986). I-HADS isikali sezinto ezi-14 zokuhlola ekuqaleni ezenzelwe ukuhlonza ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka nokudangala phakathi kweziguli ezimeni zesibhedlela okungezona ezengqondo. Izinto zaziphendulwa kusikali samaphuzu ama-4 ama-Likert aqala ku-1 kuye ku-4 (izigaba zezimpendulo zihlukile entweni ngayinye). Kusukela ekukhuleni kwayo, lesi sikali sisetshenziswe kabanzi futhi ekuhlolweni kweziguli ezithile zengqondo, nezifo zengqondo, kanye neningi labantu (UBjelland, Dahl, Haug, noNeckelmann, 2002). Esifundweni sethu, ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-HADS-ukukhathazeka (α = 0.83) kanye nokudangala-kwe-HADS (α = 0.77) bekufanele.
Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza kuzo zombili isampula 1 no-2 baqeda inguqulo yaseSpain yeRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES, UMartín-Albo, uNúñez, uNavarro, noGrijalvo, ngo-2007), isilinganiso esingajwayelekile sezinto ezi-10 zokuzithemba. Abahlanganyeli baphendule esikalini samaphuzu ama-4, ukusukela aphikisani kakhulu kuya kuvuma kakhulu. Esifundweni samanje, i-alpha yeCronbach kuyo yonke i-dataset 1 (α = 0.89) no-2 kwakufanele (α = 0.89).
ukuhlaziywa kolwazi
Senze ukuhlaziywa ngezinyathelo ezine. Okokuqala, kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa okuchazayo ukubonisa ababambiqhaza ngokwemininingwane yezenhlalo kusetshenziswa iphakethe lezibalo le-SPSS (inguqulo 25.0). Ukuqhathanisa izici zabahlanganyeli kusampula 1 no-2, senze t izivivinyo (okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo) nokuhlolwa kwe-chi-square (okuguqukayo ngokwezigaba). Izinkomba ezimbili zosayizi womphumela (amaCohen's d noCramer V) zabalwa ngokusebenzisa i-G * Power (inguqulo 3.1). OkweCohen's d, ukusebenza kwesayizi cishe .20 kuthathwe njengento encane, eduze ne- .50 ngokulinganayo futhi kukhulu kune- .80 enkulu (Cohen, 1988); kweCramer V, la masayizi ahambelana namanani we .10, .30 no-.50 (U-Ellis, i-2010).
Okwesibili, i-Confirmatory Factor Analysis (i-CFA) yenziwa ukuvivinya ukufaneleka kwe-psychometric yokuhlukaniswa kwethu kwezimpawu zezimpawu ze-CSBD. Isoftware ye-EQS (inguqulo 6.2) isetshenziselwe ukwenza i-CFA. Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile kwedatha, kusetshenziswe izindlela zokulinganisa ezinamandla. Ukulunga kokulingana kweCFA kwahlaziywa ngezinkomba ezilandelayo: ISatorra-Bentler chi-square (χ2), isihlobo sik-chi-skwele (χ2/df), ukubaluleka kwemodeli ejwayelekile (P), izimpande zisho iphutha lesikwele zokusondela (i-RMSEA), izinkomba zokuqhathanisa nezikhuphukayo (i-CFI ne-IFI), ne-standardized Root Kusho Square Residual (SRMR). Kwakufanele kubhekwe okufanelekile2 bekungabalulekile (P > .05), χ2/df yayiphakathi kuka-1 no-2, i-CFI ne-IFI kwakungu-≥.95, kanti i-RMSEA ne-SRMR kwakungu ≤.05 (IBagozzi & Yi, 2011). Ngokuya ngezindlela ezinganqunyelwe, amanani phakathi kuka-2 no-3 we-χ2/df, ≥ .90 ye-CFI ne-IFI, ≤ .08 ye-RMSEA, kanye ne-≤.10 ye-SRMR kuthathwe njengemukelekile (UHooper, uCoughlan, noMullen, 2008). Izinkomba ezimbili zokuthembeka zabalwa kwisibalo ngasinye sezimpawu ze-CSBD: i-alpha kaCronbach (α) noMcDonald's Omega (ω). Iphakethe le- "userfriendlyscience" R (Peters, 2014) isetshenziselwe ukulinganisa le ma-indices.
Okwesithathu, sisebenzise amasu okuhlanganisa idatha ukukhomba amaqenjana wabahlanganyeli anamaphrofayli afanayo e-CSBD. Izinkokhelo eziyisithupha zezimpawu ze-CSBD eziqinisekiswe ngesikhathi sesigaba sangaphambilini sokuhlaziya zisetshenziselwe ukulinganisa ukutholakala kwamaphrofayili ehlukene we-CSBD. Njengoba kunconyiwe (Izinwele, Okumnyama, neBabin, 2010; UHenry, Tolan, noGorman-Smith, 2005), le nhloso yalungiswa ngokuhlanganisa amasu okuqoqwa kwezikhundla nokungekho esigabeni kanye nokuqinisekisa ukunemba kwamaqoqo avelayo ngamasu ahlukene. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kweqoqo lezikhundla (indlela kaWard, ukulinganisa ibanga le-Euclidian) ukuphakamisa ukulinganiselwa kokulinganisa kwenani lamaqoqo afanayo kudathasethi ngokwesheduli ye-agglomeration kanye ne-dendogram. Ngemuva kwalokho, inani elilungile lamaphrofayili we-CSBD nobulungu beqoqo lanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlukanisa izigaba ezimbili. Ama-indices amabili asetshenziselwe ukuhlola ubuhle besisombululo seqoqo elihlongozwayo uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli ancintisanayo asukela ku-1 kuya ku-10 clusters: i-Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) kanye neBayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Yize ilula, le nqubo "ye-auto-cluster" ikhombise ukuphakama kwayo kunezinye izindlela zokulinganisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ekutholeni inani eliphelele lamaqoqo okufanele agcinwe (U-Eshghi et al., 2011; UGelbard, uGoldman, noSpiegler, 2007). Ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwalesi sixazululo seqoqo, sisebenzise amasu alandelayo: (a) sihlaziye kabusha imininingwane evela kudatha 1 kuya ku k-izindlela (icacisa inani lamaqoqo asuselwa ekuhlaziyweni okwedlule) futhi alinganise ukuhlangana phakathi kwezindlela zombili (UFisher & Rhleng, 1995); (2) sihlukanisa isampula ngokungananazi kusuka kudathabheyidi 1 saya kuma-subsamples amabili alinganayo, sasihlaziya isigamu ngasinye ngokwahlukana futhi siqhathanisa nekhambi (UMichaud & Proulx, 2009); (3) sisebenzise isixazululo esifanayo samaqoqo ku-database ezimele ngokuphelele (isampula 2); futhi (4) sihlole ukuqinisekiswa okuhlobene nenqubo yesisombululo seqembu (okusho, uma iziqu eziphumela zingafani ngokuguquguqukayo kwesithakazelo ngezindlela ezihambelana nomqondo). Ukuqinisekiswa-kokuqinisekiswa kwamaqembu ahlongozwayo kuhlolwe ngokuqhathanisa izikolo kuma-subscales ayisithupha we-CSBD (ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphakathi); ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle kuhlolwe ngokuqhathanisa amaqoqo maqondana nezinkomba zezenhlalo, ezocansi, nezomtholampilo (izikolo ze-SSS, isikhathi ku-inthanethi ngezinhloso zocansi, njll.).
Ethics
Inqubo yokufunda yenziwa ngokuya ngeSimemezelo saseHelsinki. Isikhungo Sokubuyekezwa Kwezikhungo zeJaume I University sivume lolu cwaningo. Abahlanganyeli bokuvolontiya ocwaningweni baziswa ngenhloso yocwaningo futhi banikeza imvume enolwazi.
Imiphumela
Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Factor Analysis (CFA) yezimpawu ze-CSBD
Ukuze uqinisekise ubuhle be-psychometric bokufaneleka kwesigaba sethu esenziwa yi-CSBD izimpawu ()Ithebula 1), i-CFA yenziwa kuwo wonke amasampula woku-1 no-2. Ukuhlolwa kwamamodeli amabili okungenzeka kwavivinywa: imodeli lapho izici eziyisithupha zoku-oda zokuqala (okusho, izimpawu ze-CSBD) zahlanganiswa (M1) kanye nemodeli lapho lezi zinto zazikhona ihlelwe ngaphansi kwento yesibili ye-oda (M2). Le ndlela yesibili ibihambisana namamodeli ahlongoza ukuvezwa okungathandeki kwezimpawu ze-CSBD (UGraham, Walters, Harris, & Knight, 2016) futhi ithole ukuxhaswa yimisebenzi yakamuva ngesakhiwo seqiniso lesilinganiso sokuhlola se-CSBD (UCastro-Calvo et al., 2018). Njengoba Ithebula 2 imibukiso, i-M1 ithole imodeli enhle kakhulu kuzo zombili isampula 1 no-2 Ukulayisha ama-factor asuselwa ku-CFA kufakwa njengokuqukethwe okwengeziwe kuma-appendices (Ithebula A2 esithasiselweni).
| χ2 | df | P | χ2/df | I-RMSEA (CI) | I-SRMR | CFI | IFI | |
| Izici ezi-oda ezihlanganisiwe eziyisithupha (i-M1, isampula 1) | 1,202.14 | 758 | 1.58 | 0.019 (017; 0.021) | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
| Izici eziyisithupha zoku-oda kuqala ngaphansi kwe-oda lelesibili (M2, isampula 1) | 2,487.97 | 766 | 3.24 | 0.038 (036; 0.039) | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.85 | |
| Izici ezi-oda ezihlanganisiwe eziyisithupha (i-M1, isampula 2) | 1,722.08 | 758 | 2.27 | 0.031 (0.029; 0.031) | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |
| Izici eziyisithupha zoku-oda kuqala ngaphansi kwe-oda lelesibili (M2, isampula 2) | 2,952.61 | 766 | 3.85 | 0.047 (0.045; 0.048) | 0.03 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
Note. I-CFA = ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlaziywa kwesici; χ2 = Satorra-Bentler chi-sikwele; df = amadigri enkululeko; P = ukubaluleka kwemodeli ejwayelekile; χ2/df = ejwayelekile chi-sikwele; I-RMSEA = iphutha lesikwele lokusondela; I-CFI = inkomba yokufanisa efanele; I-IFI = Inkomba yokuqina ekhuphukayo.
Mayelana nokuvumelana okungaphakathi (Ithebula 3), i-ordinal Cronbach's α kanye noMcDonald's ω ngobuningi bokubhaliselwe kwe-CSBD kubonise ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi okufanele (α futhi ω phakathi .67 – .89 kusampula 1 no .68- .91 kusampula 2).
| Ukuxhaswa kwesifo | Isampula 1 (n = 1,581) | Isampula 2 (n = 1,318) | ||
| α (CI) | Ω (CI) | α (CI) | Ω (CI) | |
| Ukulahlekelwa ukulawula | 0.82 (0.81; 0.83) | 0.85 (0.83; 0.86) | 0.85 (84; 0.86) | 0.87 (0.86; 0.88) |
| Ukunganaki | 0.75 (0.73; 0.77) | 0.78 (0.76; 0.80) | 0.77 (76; 0.79) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| Ayikwazi ukuyeka | 0.67 (0.65; 0.68) | 0.67 (0.64; 0.70) | 0.76 (75; 0.78) | 0.79 (0.77; 0.81) |
| Ukuqhubeka kokuzibandakanya yize kuphazanyisiwe | 0.69 (0.68; 0.71) | 0.73 (0.70; 0.75) | 0.78 (77; 0.80) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| Ukukopisha | 0.88 (0.87; 0.89) | 0.89 (0.88; 0.90) | 0.90 (0.89; 0.91) | 0.91 (0.90; 0.92) |
| Ukugxila, ukuqina, kanye nobucayi bokubona | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.72 (0.70; 0.74) | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.69 (0.66; 0.72) |
Ukwakhiwa kwamaqoqo
Ukuhlonza amaqenjana abahlanganyeli anamaphrofayli afanayo e-CSBD, senze uhlalutyo lwamaqoqo ezikhundla kusampula 1. Izinsizakalo eziyisithupha ze-CSBD eziqinisekisiwe phakathi nesinyathelo esedlule bezisetshenziswa njengezinto ezihlanganayo kulokhu kuhlaziywa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu okuguqukayo kwabelana ngemethrikhi efanayo, izikolo zabo zishintshiwe z. Ukuhlaziywa kweqoqo lezikhundla okwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela kaWard ngesilinganiso sebanga le-squared Euclidian, kwembula ukuthi inani elifanele lamaqoqo azobhekwa lalimbili. Indlela eyizinyathelo ezimbili eyalandela kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamanani we-BIC ne-AIC kuqinisekise isixazululo esifanayo seqoqo. ICluster 1 (ebhalwe “okungeyona i-CSBD”) inabahlanganyeli abangu-1,421 (89.88%) ababonisa iphrofayili yobungozi obuphansi be-CSBD; iqoqo 2 (“CSBD”) lifake ababambiqhaza abayi-160 (10.12%) ngephrofayili yengozi ephezulu ye-CSBD.
Ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwalesi sixazululo sezinhlaka ezimbili, senze ukucubungula kokuqinisekisa ezintathu. Okokuqala, idatha kusuka kusampula 1 ihlaziywe kabusha kusetshenziswa enye indlela, engahambisani nobukhosi, indlela yokuhlangana: k-izindlela. Lapho sesikwenzile, saqhathanisa ukuhlangana kobulungu bokuhlangana phakathi kwezixazululo zombili, sathola ukuthi ama-100% alabo ababambe iqhaza ekuqaleni afakwe eqenjini elingelona i-CSBD kanye nama-86.3% alabo ababelwe i-CSBD bahlukaniswe ngokweqoqo elifanayo ngale ndlela ehlukile. Indlela yesibili yokuqinisekisa ibandakanya ukuhlukanisa isampula ngokungananazi kusuka kudathabheyidi 1 kuya kokubhalwe kabili okulinganayo, hlaziya ingxenye ngayinye ngokwahlukana ngendlela yezinyathelo ezimbili, bese uqhathanisa nokunemba kwesabelo sobulungu besigaba. Ukuhlangana ngale ndlela bekuphakeme ngisho nangokwengeziwe, kwathi abangama-98.4 kanye ne-100% lababambiqhaza ababelwa ama-non-CSBD kanye namaqoqo e-CSBD ahlukaniswe kumaphrofayili okuqala. Ekugcineni, siphinde sayiphindaphinda indlela yokuqala yokuhlanganiswa kusampula ezimele ngokuphelele (isampula 2), sathola nesixazululo esifanayo sokuhlanganisa amaqoqo amabili. Kulesi simo, iqembu elingelona i-CSBD liqukethe ama-92.19% esampula (n = 1,215) kanti iqoqo le-CSBD lifaka elinye i-7.81% (n = 103).
Ukuhlaziywa kwamaqembu aqubukayo
Ukuqinisekiswa okuhlobene nenqubo yesisombululo se-cluster ezimbili kuhlolwe ngokuqhathanisa ababambiqhaza kuzinkomba eziqondile ze-CSBD (ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphakathi) kanye nokuhlaziya iphrofayili yezenhlalo, ezocansi, kanye nokwelashwa kwabahlanganyeli be-CSBD (ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle). Njengoba kukhonjisiwe Ithebula 4, ababambiqhaza eqenjini le-CSBD lihlukahluka kakhulu kubabambiqhaza be-non-CSBD kwizikolo zabo kokubhaliselwe okuyisithupha kwe-CSBD, bobabili kusampula 1 no-2 (wonke umehluko obalulekile P <0.001 nosayizi omkhulu womphumela). Izimpawu ze-CSBD ezibandlulula kangcono phakathi kwamaqoqo womabili kwaba ukulahleka kolawulo (d = 2.46 [isampula 1]; d = 2.75 [isampula 2]), ukunganakwa (d = 2.42; d = 2.07), nokubheka phambili (d = 2.32; d = 2.65). Inani lababambiqhaza elithole inani elingaphezulu kwe-HBI, SCS, ne-SAST cut-offs lifike phakathi kuka-30.1 no-63.1% eqenjini le-CSBD, uma liqhathaniswa ne-0.1-2.6% eqenjini elingeyona i-CSBD.
| Izimpawu ngezinga | Isampula 1 (n = 1,581) | Isampula 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| I-Cluster 1 (i-non-CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) noma% | I-Cluster 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) noma % | Isibalo esingafani nalutho | Isayizi yethonya | I-Cluster 1 (i-non-CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) noma% | I-Cluster 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) noma % | Isibalo esingafani nalutho | Isayizi yethonya | |
| Izimpawu ze-CSBD (inkomba yezinhlanganisela)a | ||||||||
| Ukulahlekelwa ukulawula | -0.16 (0.43) | 1.42 (0.80) | t = −39.18 *** | d = 2.46 | -0.15 (0.43) | 1.76 (0.88) | t = −38.25 *** | d = 2.75 |
| Ukunganaki | -0.17 (0.51) | 1.56 (0.87) | t = −37.46 *** | d = 2.42 | -0.15 (0.46) | 1.83 (1.27) | t = −33.97 *** | d = 2.07 |
| Ayikwazi ukuyeka | -0.13 (0.57) | 1.16 (0.96) | t = −25.07 *** | d = 1.63 | -0.12 (0.61) | 1.61 (0.89) | t = −26.40 *** | d = 2.26 |
| Ukuqhubeka kokuzibandakanya yize kuphazanyisiwe | -0.11 (0.34) | 1.06 (0.73) | t = −34.99 *** | d = 2.05 | -0.11 (0.42) | 1.38 (0.77) | t = −31.61 *** | d = 2.40 |
| Ukukopisha | -0.12 (0.62) | 1.14 (0.82) | t = −23.71 *** | d = 1.73 | -0.10 (0.67) | 1.22 (0.86) | t = −18.87 *** | d = 1.71 |
| Ukukhathalela, ubukhali, nobukhulu bokuzibona | -0.13 (0.46) | 1.22 (0.68) | t = −33.04 *** | d = 2.32 | .0.12 (.49) | 1.41 (0.65) | t = −29.50 *** | d = 2.65 |
| Ukusondela kwe-CSBD ngokuya ngokusika okuhlukile | ||||||||
| Abahlanganyeli ngenhla kwesikolo sokunqunywa kwe-HBI (HBI ≥53)b | 0.7% | 58.3% | χ2 = −759.32 *** | V = 0.70 | 0.7% | 63.1% | χ2 = −707.74 *** | V = 0.73 |
| Abahlanganyeli ngenhla kwesikolo sokunqunywa kwe-SCS (SCS ≥2 4)c | 1.5% | 59.0% | χ2 = −690.85 *** | V = 0.66 | 1.2% | 43.7% | χ2 = −393.86 *** | V = 0.54 |
| Abahlanganyeli ngenhla kwesikolo sokunqunywa se-SAST (SAST> 13)d | 0.1% | 30.1% | χ2 = −426.50 *** | V = 0.52 | 2.6% | 52.4% | χ2 = −385.97 *** | V = 0.54 |
Note. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Izindlela ze-Cluster zivezwa njengezikolo ze-z.
UParsons, Bimbi, kanye noHalkitis (2001) bahlongoza ukuthi amanani ≥24 kwi-SCS angakhombisa ukukhuthazeka kocansi okunzima njengezimpawu.
Mayelana nokuxhumeka kwangaphandle (Ithebula 5), Ababambiqhaza be-CSBD iningi labo yayingabesilisa (69.4 no-72.8% kusampula 1 no-2) futhi babebandakanya ukwanda okuphezulu kwababambe iqhaza kwabobulili obuhlukile (82.5 no-66%). Esampula 2, abahlanganyeli be-CSBD babemncane kunababambiqhaza be-non-CSBD (d = 0.22) kanti kusampula 1, ukubikwa kokuxhaphaka kokuba nomlingani oqinile bekuphansi (V = 0.10). Abahlanganyeli be-CSBD babefuna imizwa yezocansi ngokwengeziwe (d = 1.02 [isampula 1]; d = 0.90 [isampula 2], kuboniswe ukuthambekela okukhula kancane kwe-erotophilic (d = 0.26 kusampula 1), futhi kubonise okwandayo kwezocansi online. Ikakhulu, ababambiqhaza be-CSBD basebenzise isikhathi eside kabili ku-Intanethi ngezinhloso zocansi (d = 0.59; d = 0.45), kufakwe amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ngesilinganiso kuhlola ukuzibandakanya ngokweqile nokuyinkinga kulokhu kuziphatha (ISST, d = 0.98; d = 1.32), futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yaphendulwa ngokuqinisekisiwe emibuzweni ephathelene nokuqonda kobunzima (ama-50% abaphendulwayo kusampula 2 abheka ukuthi bachitha isikhathi esiningi ku-inthanethi ngezinhloso zocansi futhi abangama-60% bakhathazeka ngale ndlela yokuziphatha). Ukuziphatha kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kwabahlanganyeli be-CSBD kusampula 1 kuboniswe ngenani eliphakeme labalingani bezothando (d = 0.37), imvamisa ephezulu yokuya ocansini (V = 0.11), kanye nokwanda kokuziphatha okuhlukile kocansi. Ukuziphatha kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kwabahlanganyeli be-CSBD kusampula 2 kuhluke kuphela kwabangenele kwe-CSBD ekuvamweni kokuya ocansini (V = 0.10) nokuxhaphaka kokuya ocansini kwabantu bobulili obufanayo (V = 0.07). Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza be-CSBD kuzo zombili amasampula babonise amazinga amakhulu okucindezeleka nokukhathazeka kunababambiqhaza be-non-CSBD, njengoba kuvezwe ngamanani abo anda e-BDI-II nase-STAI-state (d ka-0.68 no-0.33 ngokulandelana) kanye ne-HADS-Depression and HADS-Anxiety (d ka-0.78 no-0.85 ngokulandelana). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ababambiqhaza be-CSBD babonise amazinga aphansi wokuzethemba (d ka-0.35 kusampula 1 no-0.55 kusampula 2).
| Izimpawu ngezinga | Isampula 1 (n = 1,581) | Isampula 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| I-Cluster 1 (i-non-CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) noma% | I-Cluster 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) noma % | Isibalo esingafani nalutho | Isayizi yethonya | I-Cluster 1 (i-non-CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) noma% | I-Cluster 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) noma % | Isibalo esingafani nalutho | Isayizi yethonya | |
| Iphrofayili ye-Sociodemographic | ||||||||
| Ubulili (owesilisa) | 40.1% | 69.4% | χ2 = 50.22 *** | V = 0.18 | 55.1 | 72.8% | χ2 = 12.17 *** | V = 0.09 |
| Ubudala | 20.58 (2.16) | 20.53 (2.82) | t = 0.287 | d = 0.01 | 34.55 (17.02) | 30.87 (15.58) | t = 2.11 * | d = 0.22 |
| Umlingani Steady (yebo) | 54% | 37.5% | χ2 = 16.81 *** | V = 0.10 | 69.5% | 69.9% | χ2 = 0.36 | V = 0.02 |
| Ukucabanga ngokobulili (abathandana nabesilisa) | 93% | 82.5% | χ2 = 29.84 *** | V = 0.14 | 74.5% | 66% | χ2 = 7.27 * | V = 0.07 |
| Ukucabanga ngocansi (bisexual) | 2.5% | 10% | 12.9% | 22.3% | ||||
| Ukuthanda ukuya ocansini (ubungqingili) | 4.4% | 7.5% | 12.7% | 11.7% | ||||
| Izici zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili | ||||||||
| Isikali Sokufuna Ukuzwela Ngokobulili (SSSS, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-11–44) | 24.86 (6.37) | 30.89 (5.37) | t = −7.19 *** | d = 1.02 | 24.17 (6.27) | 29.82 (6.20) | t = −8.78 *** | d = 0.90 |
| Ucwaningo Lwemibono Yezocansi (i-SOS, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-20-140) | 109.99 (13.47) | 113.93 (16.42) | t = −1.27 | d = 0.26 | ||||
| Iphrofayli yezocansi: Ukuziphatha Kobulili Ku-inthanethi | ||||||||
| Amaminithi ngeviki anikelwe kwi-inthanethi yocansi | 65.29 (90.85) | 152.37 (185.40) | t = −5.47 *** | d = 0.59 | 118.54 (230.54) | 263.50 (340.06) | t = −5.84 *** | d = 0.49 |
| Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlolwa Kocansi nge-Inthanethi (i-ISST, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-0-25) | 4.91 (3.76) | 8.97 (4.45) | t = −7.73 *** | d = 0.98 | 6.27 (3.95) | 11.93 (4.60) | t = −13.76 *** | d = 1.32 |
| Wake wakhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwakho kwe-inthanethi ngocansi? (yebo) | 30.5% | 59.4% | χ2 = 35.10 *** | V = 0.17 | ||||
| Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi uchitha isikhathi esiningi kunokululekwa ku-inthanethi ngezinjongo zocansi? (yebo) | 12.5% | 50.5% | χ2 = 105.42 *** | V = 0.29 | ||||
| Iphrofayli yezocansi: Ukuziphatha okuya ocansini okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | ||||||||
| Ukuya ocansini impilo yonke (yebo) | 96.8% | 95.7% | χ2 = 0.21 | V = 0.02 | 82.3% | 82.5% | χ2 = 0.04 | V = 0.006 |
| Ubulili obufanayo bobulili (yebo) | 11.7% | 29% | χ2 = 13.30 *** | V = 0.18 | 28.6% | 40.8% | χ2 = 6.71 ** | V = 0.07 |
| Inombolo yempilo yonke yozakwethu | 5.53 (5.52) | 9.77 (15.14) | t = −3.85 *** | d = 0.37 | ||||
| Ukuya ocansini: ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezintathu ngesonto | 20.5% | 33.3% | χ2 = 5.31 * | V = 0.11 | 37.1% | 54.9% | χ2 = 11.82 *** | V = 0.10 |
| Ukushaya indlwabu (yebo) | 84.8% | 98.6% | χ2 = 9.83 ** | V = 0.16 | 92% | 93.2% | χ2 = 0.18 | V = 0.01 |
| Ubulili bomlomo (yebo) | 89.5% | 94.3% | χ2 = 1.49 | V = 0.06 | 88.2% | 86.4% | χ2 = 0.30 | V = 0.02 |
| Ubulili besitho sangasese (yebo) | 92.1% | 92.9% | χ2 = 0.05 | V = 0.01 | 81.9% | 80.6% | χ2 = 0.10 | V = 0.01 |
| Ukuya ocansini (yebo) | 34.3% | 51.4% | χ2 = 7.18 ** | V = 0.13 | 52% | 56.3% | χ2 = 0.70 | V = 0.02 |
| Iphrofayili yomtholampilo | ||||||||
| I-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-0-63) | 7.20 (6.61) | 12.49 (8.65) | t = −5.59 *** | d = 0.68 | ||||
| I-State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-0-60) | 11.77 (15.69) | 15.69 (9.09) | t = −3.65 *** | d = 0.33 | ||||
| Ukukhathazeka Kwezibhedlela Nokucindezeleka (HADS-Depression, range between 7-28) | 10.79 (3.18) | 13.36 (3.36) | t = −7.73 *** | d = 0.78 | ||||
| Ukukhathazeka Kwezibhedlela Nesilinganiso Sokucindezeleka (HADS-Anxiety, range between 7-28) | 13.83 (3.75) | 17.35 (4.48) | t = −9.02 *** | d = 0.85 | ||||
| Isikali Sokuzethemba seRosenberg (RSES, ibanga eliphakathi kuka-10-40) | 31.54 (5.45) | 29.50 (5.88) | t = 2.79 ** | d = 0.35 | 31.74 (5.92) | 28.33 (6.42) | t = 5.57 *** | d = 0.55 |
Note. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Ingxoxo
Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola okwenzeka kanye nezimpawu zenhlalo yabantu, ezocansi, nezomtholampilo ze-CSBD kumasampula womphakathi amabili azimele. Sekukonke, lolu cwaningo (a) lucingela ukuthi kwenzeka kwe-CSBD phakathi kuka-8 no-10% no (b) kwatholakala ukuthi ababambiqhaza abane-CSBD iningi labo ngabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, abancane kunabaphendulile ngaphandle kwe-CSBD, babike amazinga aphezulu emizwa yezocansi afuna kanye ne-erotophilia, kukhule okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi futhi ikakhulukazi ubulili be-inthanethi, izimpawu ezicindezelayo nezikhathazayo, nokuzithemba okumpofu.
Ngokunikezwe ukuthi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini belukhawulelwe ukuntuleka kwamathuluzi wokuhlonza abekwe emgangathweni wokuhlola lonke uhla lwezimpawu nezimpawu ze-CSBD kanye nokunemba okuphansi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwaninga ukukhomba iziguli ezibonisa lesi simo, silandela enye indlela yokubhekana le nhloso: sithuthukise inkomba entsha yokuhlanganisa esekelwe ezikalini ezintathu eziqinisekiswe ngaphambilini esabe siziqashele ukuthola ababambiqhaza ababhekene ne-CSBD ngendlela eqhutshwa yidatha (ehlaziya imininingwane yamaqoqo). Ngale ndlela, u-10.12 no-7.81% wababambe iqhaza kumasampula amabili azimele akhonjwe njengalawo aphethwe yi-CSBD. Lezi zibalo ziyefana nalezo ezibikiwe ebusheni ngendlela efanayo eqhutshwa yidatha (Efrati & Gola, 2018b) noma kubantu abadala ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukile zokuhlola (UDickenson, uGleason, uColeman, noMiner, 2018; UGiordano noCecil, 2014; ULångström noHanson, 2006; I-Rettenberger et al., 2015; USkegg, uNada-Raja, uDickson, noPaul, 2010), kepha ephakeme kulabo ezitholakala ngezindlela zokuhlola ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu ngokomtholampilo (U-Odlaug et al., 2013; isb. izingxoxo ezihleliwe, Odlaug & Grant, 2010). Incazelo engaba khona yalokhu kwanda kwesibalo ukuthi indlela yethu yokuhlangana ayitholanga amazinga afanelekile we-CSBD kuphela, kodwa futhi nokubonakaliswa okungajwayelekile kwalesi simo (okusho, abantu ababonisa ukuziphatha okunobungozi kodwa okungaxhunyiwe kokuziphatha okungavamisile okuhambisana nokwejwayelekile. amazinga wokonakala nosizi). Leli phuzu lisekelwa yiqiniso lokuthi phakathi kuka-41 no-69.9% (isampula 1) no-36.9% -51.3% (isampula 2) lababambe iqhaza eqenjini le-CSBD alihlangabezanga ezinye zezimpawu zokuncishiswa eziphakanyiswe yi-HBI, I-SCS, noma i-SAST yokuxilongwa kwalesi simo. Ezingeni lomtholampilo, lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi abantu ababika izimpawu ze-CSBD bakha iqembu elinamandla okubalwa kuzo zombili iziguli ezibonisa ukungaziphathi kodwa okucindezelayo kokuziphatha okungahambi kahle kokuya ocansini kanye neziguli ezilungele sonke isimo somtholampilo. Lesi sikhundla sivumelana ngokuphelele namamodeli wakamuva aphakamisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukile zokusebenzisa inkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: indlela eyodwa yabasebenzisi ebonisa izinkinga zangempela zokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kwabo kwezocansi (okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa okuphoqayo) nokunye okusetshenziselwa abasebenzisi ababhekene nosizi lwengqondo ngoba izindlela zabo zokuziphatha zocansi zenza akuhambisani namagugu abo siqu / wokuziphatha / enkolo (IGrubbs, uPerry, et al., 2019c; IKraus & Sweeney, 2019). Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo kufanele baqaphele lapho behlola iziguli ezibika izibonakaliso ze-CSBD ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokwethulwa kwezifo zokwelapha nezingaphansi kwalesi simo futhi zeluleke ukungenelela okuhambisana nokusebenza kwengqondo kanye / noma kwengqondo ngokusho kobunzima nezimpawu zesithombe somtholampilo (IDerbyshire & Grant, 2015; UHook et al., 2014).
Ngokuphathelene nephrofayili yezenhlalo yababambiqhaza eqenjini le-CSBD, okutholakele kithi kukhombisa ukuthi ubulili kanye nokuthambekela kwezocansi kuyabonakala ekubonakalisweni kwalesi simo, kepha akubalulekile kangako kunalokho okwake kwahanjiswa ngaphambili. Ngokwedlule, abacwaningi baphikise ukuthi abesilisa babe sengozini enkulu yokwakha i-CSBD, benikezwe izisusa zabo zobulili obucashile, ukuvuka kwabo, kanye nezimo ezivumayo zokuya ocansini nomuntu ongathandani naye (I-Kafka, i-2010; UMckeague, 2014). Kulayini, I-Kaplan ne-Krueger (2010) siphakamise ukuthi abesilisa bamele cishe ama-80% eziguli ze-CSBD. Ngokufanayo, abacwaningi baveze ukuthi izitabane nama-bisexcript, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, bavame kakhulu ukuthuthukisa i-CSBD ngenxa yokutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezindawo zokuthengisa ngocansi nobunzima bawo bokwenza inkambiso ejwayelekile yokuqomisana (I-Parsons et al., I-2008). Ukusekelwa leli phuzu, izifundo ezahlukahlukene zithole ukwanda kokucindezelwa ngokocansi kufika kuma-30% kumasampula omphakathi wabantu abangalingani abobulili obuhlukile (Kelly et al., 2009; I-Parsons et al., I-2012) no-51% kusampula yamadoda enza ucansi kakhulu alala nabesilisa (MSM) (AmaParsons, uRendina, Moody, Ventuneac, & Grov, 2015). Ngokufanayo, UBőthe et al. (2018) ithole ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane be-LGBTQ banezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ku-HBI nezinye izinkomba ze-hypersexight. Ocwaningweni lwethu, yize iningi lababambe iqhaza eqenjini le-CSBD lalingabesilisa, ingxenye enkulu yayingabesifazane (30.6% kusampula 1; 27.2% kusampula 2). Ngokuqondene nokuya ocansini, ukwanda kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili ku-CSBD cluster bekuphakeme nje kancanyana (isampula 1) noma ngisho ephansi (isampula 2) kulokho okubonwe eqenjini le-non-CSBD, kanti isilinganiso se-bisexinyorwa kusigaba se-CSBD sanda kuphela kwisilinganiso I-7.5 ne-9.4% ngokuqhathaniswa ne-non-CSBD cluster. Sekukonke, lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi kuyilapho i-CSBD kubantu besifazane ibukelwe phansi noma icatshangelwe njengokuboniswa kwezinye izindaba zomtholampilo, ukwethulwa kwayo phakathi kwabangewona abobulili obuhlukile (ikakhulu i-MSM) kutholile ukunakwa okuningi, ikakhulukazi njengoba kunikezwe inani eliphelele lamacala e-CSBD (17.5% kusampula 1; 34% kusampula 2) kuyafana noma kuphansi kakhulu kulokho okufanekiselwa ngabesifazane. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuhambisana kwezinkinga zesifo esihlobene ne-CSBD phakathi kwabangewona abesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo (Rooney, Tulloch, & Blashill, 2018), ucwaningo oluthe xaxa mayelana nokuvezwa kwalesi simo kulesi sakhamuzi luvunyelwe; kodwa-ke, futhi kufanelekile ukukhulisa ulwazi lwethu ku-etiology, ukubonakaliswa, kanye nezimpawu zokwelapha ze-CSBD kwabesifazane (UCarvalho et al., 2014).
Njengoba kwenziwa i-hypothesised, umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwabahlanganyeli ne-CSBD utholakale ekubonakalisweni kwezici ezimbili zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili. Ikakhulu, ababambiqhaza nge-CSBD babefuna kakhulu imizwa yezocansi futhi kungenzeka babike ukuthambekela okukhulayo kwe-erotophilic. Izifundo ezahlukahlukene zithole ukuhlelelana okuhlelekile phakathi kokucindezelwa ngokobulili nokufuna umuzwa wezocansi (UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995; UKlein et al., 2014), kepha ngezinga esikwazi ngalo, kungokokuqala ukuthi ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kwe-CSBD ne-erotophilia kuqiniswe. Zombili izinzwa zokufuna imizwa yocansi kanye ne-erotophilia zithathwa njengezici zobuntu (UFisher, uMhlophe, uByrne, noKelley, ngo-1988; UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995): ie, isimo esizinzileyo nesibekezelelayo esizimele kwezinye izakhiwo zesikhashana (njenge-CSBD). Ezingeni lokucabanga, lokhu okutholakele kuhambelana nemodeli yokulawula ehlangabili, okuphakamisa ukuthi i-CSBD ingahle ivele ngokuhlanganiswa kokuvinjwa okuncishisiwe kwezocansi kanye nokukhuphuka okucashile kocansi (okunemikhakha efana nokufuna ukuzwa ngezocansi noma i-erotophilia) (IBancroft, uGraham, iJanssen, neSanders, ngo-2009; I-Kafka, i-2010).
Imiphumela etholakele ibuye yavela ngenkathi sihlaziya iphrofayili yezocansi evela kubahlanganyeli be-CSBD. Ngokuphikisana ne-hypothesis yethu yokuqala, ababambiqhaza eqenjini le-CSBD bebengehlukile kakhulu kubabambiqhaza be-non-CSBD mayelana nokuziphatha kwabo kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Eyisampula 1, abahlanganyeli be-CSBD babike inani eliphakeme labalingani bezocansi, imvamisa ephakeme yokuzibandakanya ocansini, kanye nokwanda kwesimilo sokuziphatha kocansi okunjengokushaya indlwabu noma ukuya ocansini; Eyisampula 2, abahlanganyeli be-CSBD bahluke kuphela kwabaphenduli okungeyona i-CSBD ngokuya ngemvamisa yokuya ocansini. Yonke le mehluko ifinyelele ngosayizi omncane womphumela (d <.50 futhi V <.30). Kunezincazelo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona zalo mehluko omncane. Eyokuqala ihlobene nemikhawulo ngendlela iphrofayili yezocansi eyahlolwa ngayo. Ocwaningweni lwethu, ukuziphatha kwezocansi ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kuhlolwe ngezinkomba zokuphila (isb.Wake wenza ucansi lwe-anal?”); unikezwe ukuthi i-CSBD ivame ukuba njenge-episodic futhi inyuke ngobunzima njengoba isikhathi sihamba (Reid et al., 2012), izindlela zokuhlola kufanele zizwele ekuguqukeni kwesikhashana kokuziphatha kobulili (isib.Ngenyanga edlule, uke wahlanganyela ocansini oluhlangene?"). Ukusekela lencazelo, UStupiansky et al. (2009) abatholanga mehluko phakathi kwabesifazane abaphakeme nabaphansi ekuziphoqeleleni ngokocansi lapho behlola ukwanda kokuphila kobulili obudluliswa ngomlomo, ngomlomo, nangobulili; kepha umehluko omkhulu ngesikhathi bebuza ngalezi zindlela zokuziphatha kulezi zinsuku ezingama-30 ezedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sokuvama kokuziphatha kokuya ocansini okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi esikhundleni sokwenzeka kwawo singukuthi kube yinkomba ezwela kakhulu ye-CSBD. Enye incazelo engahle yenzeke ukuthi izinguquko zakamuva zesiko ezikhuthaza ukuvumela kanye nezimo zengqondo ezinhle ngocansi olungathandani (isib., "Isiko lokucobelelana ngolwazi") zibe nomthelela ekwandeni nasekuvameleni kokuziphatha okuhlukile kobulili (UGarcia, Reiber, Massey, noMerriwether, 2012), ngaleyo ndlela yokufihla imiphumela engaba khona ye-CSBD ekuziphatheni kobulili okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Ekugcineni, enye incazelo ebonakalayo ukuthi ukufinyeleleka nokwanda kwama-OSA ahlukahlukene kuguqule indlela yokuthi iziguli ezine-CSBD ziyanelisa izifiso zazo zobulili, ngaleyo ndlela zithanda i-Intanethi njengendawo ephambili yokuthengisa ngocansi. Ocwaningweni lwethu, sithole ukuthi abantu abane-CSBD bachitha isikhathi esiningi kwi-Intanethi ngezinhloso zocansi, bashaya amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ngesilinganiso behlola ukuzibandakanya okuthe xaxa nokuyinkinga kuma-OSAs, futhi ingxenye ephawuleka (ngaphezulu kuka-50%) ikhathazekile ngale ndlela yokuziphatha futhi babheka ukuthi bachitha isikhathi esiningi benza kanjalo. Kulokhu, umehluko phakathi kwe-CSBD kanye ne-non-CSBD ababambiqhaza bafinyelele osayizi omkhulu womphumela (d kufika ku-1.32). Sekukonke, le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi abantu abane-CSBD bakhombise ukukhetha okucacile kwama-OSAs njengendawo yabo yokuncamela abathandayo, esikhundleni sokuzibandakanya ngokocansi ngokoqobo. Le miphumela ihlangana naleyo ebikwe UWryry et al. (2016) kusampula yeziguli ezingama-72 eziziveze njenge "imilutha yezocansi". Kulolu cwaningo, ama-53.5% abantu abayimilutha yezocansi akhombisile ukuthi i-Intanethi kwakuyindlela yabo abayithandayo kakhulu yokuzibandakanya ezenzweni zocansi, phambi kwama-46.5% abathanda ukuhlangana ngokoqobo ngokocansi.
Njengoba kubikwe ngokuhlelekile ezifundweni ezedlule, ababambiqhaza be-CSBD ocwaningweni lwethu bahlinzeka iphrofayili yomtholampilo ebonakala ngamazinga aphezulu yamanje okuxhalaba nokudangala, kanye nokuzithemba okumpofu. Ocwaningweni lwethu, ukukhathazeka nokudangala kukalwa ngezikali ezihlukile (i-BDI ne-STAI kusampula 1; i-HADS kusampula 2), ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswa ukuthi lokhu okutholakele bekuzimele kusilinganiso esisetshenziselwe ukukala lezi zinto eziguqukayo. Le miphumela igcizelela ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kocansi njengendlela engalungile yokuphamba eyenzelwe ukunxephezela izifundazwe ezingathandeki ezingezinhle, izehlakalo zokuphila ezicindezelayo, noma ukuzithemba okungaxhunyiwe kubantu abane-CSBD (U-Odlaug et al., 2013; Reid et al., 2008; ISchultz, iHook, iDavis, iPenberthy, neReid, 2014). Ezingeni lomtholampilo, ukuba khona kwalezi zinto ezingabeka engcupheni isiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza amasu okulawula imizwa anempilo ngokungenelela okusekwe ngokwengqondo (IBlycker & Potenza, 2018), ukwelashwa okuphathelene nokuqonda, noma ukwelashwa kokuhlaziya okuqondayo (Efrati & Gola, 2018a). Kulokhu, ukungenelela kwengqondo okuhlose ukukhuthaza amasu wokulawulwa kwemizwelo kukhombisa imiphumela ethembisayo yokwehlisa izimpawu ze-CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018a; UHook et al., 2014).
Ukulinganiselwa nezinkomba zesikhathi esizayo
Yize kuningi okutholakele okuthokozisayo nokukhona, lolu cwaningo belunqunyelwe ngezindlela ezihlukile. Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo luhambelana futhi ngenxa yalokho, ungabheki ukuthi ngabe i-CSBD inquma ukuvela kwephrofayili yezocansi neyomtholampilo okuvame ukubonwa kulesisimo noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona kokucushwa okuthile kwangaphambilini kwengqondo (isib. I-erotophilia ephezulu, umuzwa wokuya ocansini ofuna , noma izinkinga ezingokomzwelo) kukhulisa ubungozi bokuthuthukisa i-CSBD. Okwesibili, ukuvela kwe-CSBD okubikwe kulolu cwaningo kungenzeka kube nokukhetha (kukhuphuke) ngenxa yendlela yethu yokuthola izibonelo. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwakhangiswa njengocwaningo lwezocansi; Ngakho-ke, abantu abanentshisekelo yokuya ocansini (othambekele kokuhlushwa i-CSBD) banganikezwa ngaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ababambiqhaza ocwaningweni lwesibili baqashwa nge-Intanethi, bakhangisa lolu cwaningo njengocwaningo lwezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlolovo ibitholakala ngaphansi kwamagama wokusesha anjengokuthi "umlutha wezocansi", ngaleyo ndlela ikhulisa amathuba wokuthi abantu ababhekene nezimpawu ze-CSBD bafinyelele kwinhlolokhono.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrofayili ye-CSBD inqunywe ngenkomba yenhlanganisela yenoveli ethathwe kwizinyathelo zokuzibika ezakhiwe kahle. Le nkomba yakhelwe ngokuya ngemibandela efanelekile nethembekile yokuthola i-CSBD (I-Kafka, i-2010; I-Kraus et al., I-2018; UWry noBillieux, 2017). Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe imibiko yokuzimela ibhekwa njengendlela yokuqala enezinhloso ezinhle yokuhlolwa kwe-CSBD, ukuxilongwa kwayo empeleni kudinga ukuhlolwa okujule kakhudlwana kohlobo nesimo sezinkinga zomuntu ngamunye zocansi. Ngaleso sizathu, esikhundleni (noma sihlanganiswe) nezinyathelo zokuzibika, ukusetshenziswa kwezingxoxo zomtholampilo ezihlelekile noma ezihleleke kancane kugxile ekuziphatheni kocansi okweqile nokungalawulwa (isb. I-HD Diagnostic Clinical Interview [HD-DCI]) ngokuvamile welulelwe ukuxilongwa okufanele kwe-CSBD (Womack et al., 2013). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwangomuso kufanele lubheke ukufakwa kokuhlola okuningana kobukhona nobulukhuni be-CSBD ngenqubo yokuhlola ethembekile (isib, eyalandelwa ekuhlolweni kwensimu ye-DSM-5 nge-hypersexual disorder) (Reid et al., 2012).
iziphetho
Kusukela ukufakwa kwe-CSBD ku-ICD-11, lesi simo somtholampilo siyafundwa kabanzi. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe futhi kuhlanganiswe okutholakele emkhakheni. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yenqubo eqhutshwa yi-inoveli, lolu cwaningo lukhanyisa ukwenzeka kwayo kanye ne-socialodemographic, ezocansi, kanye nephrofayili yezokwelapha. Okunye kokutholakele okuphakathi kulolu cwaningo ukuthi izibonakaliso nezimpawu ze-CSBD zivame kakhulu kubantu jikelele, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa kepha nasengxenyeni ebonakalayo yabesifazane. Lababantu bavame ukukhombisa amazinga aphakeme wokufuna imizwa yocansi kanye ne-erotophilia, beqokomisa izimbangela eziyisisekelo ezichaza ukuqala kwayo kanye nokugcinwa kwayo. Ngokuphikisana nomqondo wethu wokuqala, abantu abane-CSBD futhi abahluke ngokwahlukahluka maqondana nokuziphatha kokuya ocansini okungaxhunyiwe; ngokuhlukile, abantu abane-CSBD baveza i-OSA ekhulayo ephawuleka. Lokhu kuthola ukuthi ukufinyeleleka nokwanda kwama-OSA ahlukahlukene kuguqule indlela yokuthi iziguli ze-CSBD zanelisa izifiso zazo zobulili, zincamela i-Intanethi njengendawo ephambili yokuthengisa ngocansi. Ekugcineni, iziguli ezine-CSBD zabonisa izimpawu ezicindezelayo nezinexhala, kanye nokuzithemba okumpofu.
Imithombo yokuxhasa ngezimali
Lolu cwaningo lusekelwa yisibonelelo i-P1.1B2012-49 kanye ne-P1.1B2015-82 yeYunivesithi i-Jaume I yaseCastellón, APOSTD / 2017/005 yoMkhandlu Wenhlangano Yezemfundo, Amasiko Nezemidlalo we-Valencian Community, futhi yanikeza i-PSI2011- 27992/11 I 384 yoMnyango Wezesayensi Nobuciko (Spain).
Umnikelo wabalobi
I-RBA ne-MDGL bafake isandla ekwakhiweni kokutadisha, ekutholeni imali, kanye / noma ukuqashwa kokufunda. I-RBA, MDGL, JCC, CGG ne-BGJ babambe iqhaza ekuqesheni ababambiqhaza, ukuqoqa imininingwane, ukuhlaziya / ukutolika imininingwane, kanye / noma ukubhala iphepha.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.
| Isibonakaliso | Incazelo | Scale | Into |
| Ukulahlekelwa ukulawula | I-ICD-11: Iphethini ephikelelayo yokwehluleka ukulawula ukuthambekela kobulili okukhulu, okuphindaphindayo noma ukunxenxa okuholela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili. | HBI | Ukuziphatha kwami kobulili kulawula impilo yami. |
| HBI | Izifiso zami nezifiso zami zocansi zizizwa zinamandla kunezeyami. | ||
| I-SCS | Kwesinye isikhathi ngiba novalo olukhulu ngize ngihluleke nokulawula. | ||
| I-SCS | Nginomuzwa wokuthi imicabango nemizwa yezocansi inamandla kunami. | ||
| I-SCS | Kufanele ngilwele ukulawula imicabango kanye nokuziphatha kwami kwezocansi. | ||
| SAST | Ingabe unenkinga yokumisa isimilo sakho lapho wazi ukuthi ayifanele? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe uzizwa ulawulwa yisifiso sakho sobulili? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi isifiso sakho sobulili sinamandla kunawe? | ||
| Ukunganaki | I-ICD-11: Imisebenzi yezocansi ephindaphindwayo iba yinto esemqoka empilweni yomuntu kuze kufike ezingeni lokunganaki ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nokunakekelwa komuntu noma ezinye izintshisekelo, imisebenzi nezibopho. I-DSM-5: Isikhathi esichithwa yimicabango yokuya ocansini, ukunxusa noma isimilo esiphindaphindayo siphazamisa ezinye izinhloso ezibalulekile (ezingezona ezocansi), imisebenzi kanye nezibopho. | HBI | Ngincama izinto engizifuna ngempela empilweni ukuze sizenze ucansi. |
| HBI | Imicabango yami yezocansi nemibono engiphatha kabi kuyangiphazamisa ekufezeni imisebenzi ebalulekile. | ||
| HBI | Imisebenzi yami yezocansi iyaphazamisa izici zempilo yami, njengomsebenzi noma isikole. | ||
| I-SCS | Kwesinye isikhathi ngiyayehluleka ukufeza izibopho zami nezibopho zami ngenxa yokuziphatha kwami ocansini. | ||
| Ayikwazi ukuyeka | I-ICD-11: Imizamo eminingi engaphumeleli yokunciphisa kakhulu ukuziphatha okuphindaphindayo kwezocansi. I-DSM-5: Imizamo ephindaphindayo kodwa engaphumeleli yokulawula noma yokunciphisa kakhulu le micabango yezocansi, ukunxusa noma isimilo. | HBI | Noma ngazethembisa ukuthi ngeke ngiphinde isenzo sobulili, ngizithola sengibuyela kaninginingi kukho. |
| HBI | Imizamo yami yokuguqula indlela yami yokuziphatha kobulili ayiphumeleli. | ||
| SAST | Uyenzile yini imizamo yokuyeka uhlobo lwezocansi futhi wehluleka? | ||
| SAST | Uzamile ukumisa ezinye zezinto zakho zocansi? | ||
| SAST | Uzwile isidingo sokuyeka uhlobo oluthile lokuzibandakanya ocansini? | ||
| Ukuqhubeka kokuzibandakanya yize kuphazanyisiwe | I-ICD-11: Ukuqhubeka kokuziphatha ngokobulili okuqhubekayo okuphindayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi noma ukuthola ukwaneliseka okuncane noma kungenakuthola I-DSM-5: Ukuzibandakanya kaningi ezindabeni zokuziphatha zocansi kuyilapho unganaki ubungozi bokulimala ngokomzimba noma nangokomzwelo wena noma kwabanye. | HBI | Ngibandakanyeka emacansini ocansi engaziyo ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngizosola |
| HBI | Ngenza izinto zocansi eziphikisana nezindinganiso nezinkolelo zami. | ||
| HBI | Yize noma ukuziphatha kwami kobulili kungasabeli noma kunganaki, ngikuthola kunzima ukuyeka. | ||
| I-SCS | Imicabango yami yokuziphatha nokuziphatha kwami kubangela izinkinga empilweni yami. | ||
| I-SCS | Izifiso zami zokuya ocansini ziphazamise impilo yami yansuku zonke. | ||
| SAST | Wake wazizwa udelelekile yini ngokuziphatha kwakho kocansi? | ||
| SAST | Lapho uya ocansini, ingabe uzizwa udangele ngemuva kwalokho? | ||
| SAST | Ukhona yini umuntu olinyazwe ngokomoya ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakho kocansi? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe indlela oziphatha ngayo ocansini ike yakudalela izinkinga noma zomndeni wakho? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe ubulili bakho buye baphazamisa impilo yomndeni wakho? | ||
| Ukukopisha | I-DSM-5 (inqubo A2): Ukuzibandakanya kaninginingi emibonweni yezocansi, ukunxusa noma isimilo ekuphenduleni kwizimo zemood dysphoric (isib. Ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, isithukuthezi, ukungabekezeleleki). I-DSM-5 (nenqubo A3): Ukuzibandakanya okuphindaphindiwe emcabangweni wobulili, ukunxusa noma ukuziphatha ngokuphendula imicimbi esexinzekayo yempilo. | HBI | Ngisebenzisa ubulili ukukhohlwa ngokukhathazeka kwempilo yansuku zonke. |
| HBI | Ukwenza okuthile ngocansi kungisiza ngizizwe nginesizungu. | ||
| HBI | Ngiphendukela emisebenzini yezocansi lapho ngizwa imizwa engathandeki (isib, ukukhungatheka, ukudabuka, ulaka). | ||
| HBI | Lapho ngizizwa ngingaphumeleli, ngiphendukela ebulilini ukuze ngizinze. | ||
| HBI | Ukwenza okuthile ngocansi kungisiza ukubhekana nengcindezi. | ||
| HBI | Ucansi luyindlela kimi yokubhekana nobuhlungu obungokomzwelo engibuzwayo. | ||
| HBI | Ngisebenzisa ubulili njengendlela yokuzama nokungisiza ngibhekane nezinkinga zami | ||
| SAST | Ngabe ukuya ocansini kube yindlela yokuthi ubalekele izinkinga zakho? | ||
| Ukugxila, ukuqwasha, kanye nezinkinga zocansi ozibonayo | Ubuqhawe: "Lapho umsebenzi othile [ucansi] uba umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu futhi ulawula ukucabanga kwabo (ukuthatheka nokuhlanekezelwa kwengqondo), imizwa (izifiso) nokuziphatha (ukuwohloka kokuziphatha okuhlangene)" (Griffiths, i-2005, iphe. I-193). | HBI | Nginomuzwa wokuthi ukuziphatha kwami kocansi kungithatha ngendlela engingafuni ukuya kuyo. |
| I-SCS | Ngizithola ngicabanga ngocansi ngisesemsebenzini. | ||
| I-SCS | Ngicabanga ngocansi kakhulu kunendlela engingathanda ngayo. | ||
| SAST | Ingabe uvame ukuzithola ubhekene nemicabango yocansi? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe unomuzwa wokuthi indlela oziphethe ngayo ayisijwayelekile? | ||
| SAST | Ngabe uke uzizwe kabi ngokuziphatha kwakho kwezocansi? |
| Into | I-Factor 1 (Ukulahleka kokulawula) | Isici 2 (Unganaki) | I-Factor 3 (Ayikwazi ukuma) | I-Factor 4 (Ukubandakanya okuqhubekayo) | I-Factor 5 (Ukukopisha) | I-Factor 6 (ukugxila) | |
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 1) | Ukuziphatha kwami kobulili kulawula impilo yami. | 0.56 (0.56) | |||||
| Izifiso zami nezifiso zami zocansi zizizwa zinamandla kunezeyami. | 0.68 (0.82) | ||||||
| Kwesinye isikhathi ngiba novalo olukhulu ngize ngihluleke nokulawula. | 0.68 (0.81) | ||||||
| Nginomuzwa wokuthi imicabango nemizwa yezocansi inamandla kunami. | 0.75 (0.79) | ||||||
| Kufanele ngilwele ukulawula imicabango kanye nokuziphatha kwami kwezocansi. | 0.74 (0.83) | ||||||
| Ingabe unenkinga yokumisa isimilo sakho lapho wazi ukuthi ayifanele? | 0.56 (0.64) | ||||||
| Ngabe uzizwa ulawulwa yisifiso sakho sobulili? | 0.48 (0.58) | ||||||
| Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi isifiso sakho sobulili sinamandla kunawe? | 0.59 (0.67) | ||||||
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 2) | Ngincama izinto engizifuna ngempela empilweni ukuze sizenze ucansi. | 0.59 (0.69) | |||||
| Imicabango yami yezocansi nemibono engiphatha kabi kuyangiphazamisa ekufezeni imisebenzi ebalulekile. | 0.64 (0.68) | ||||||
| Imisebenzi yami yezocansi iyaphazamisa izici zempilo yami, njengomsebenzi noma isikole. | 0.71 (0.75) | ||||||
| Kwesinye isikhathi ngiyayehluleka ukufeza izibopho zami nezibopho zami ngenxa yokuziphatha kwami ocansini. | 0.75 (0.80) | ||||||
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 3) | Noma ngazethembisa ukuthi ngeke ngiphinde isenzo sobulili, ngizithola sengibuyela kaninginingi kukho. | 0.71 (0.74) | |||||
| Imizamo yami yokuguqula indlela yami yokuziphatha kobulili ayiphumeleli. | 0.68 (0.79) | ||||||
| Uyenzile yini imizamo yokuyeka uhlobo lwezocansi futhi wehluleka? | 0.69 (0.74) | ||||||
| Uzamile ukumisa ezinye zezinto zakho zocansi? | 0.70 (0.76) | ||||||
| Uzwile isidingo sokuyeka uhlobo oluthile lokuzibandakanya ocansini? | 0.63 (0.70) | ||||||
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 4) | Ngibandakanyeka emacansini ocansi engaziyo ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngizosola | 0.60 (0.76) | |||||
| Ngenza izinto zocansi eziphikisana nezindinganiso nezinkolelo zami. | 0.65 (0.75) | ||||||
| Yize noma ukuziphatha kwami kobulili kungasabeli noma kunganaki, ngikuthola kunzima ukuyeka. | 0.55 (0.67) | ||||||
| Imicabango yami yokuziphatha nokuziphatha kwami kubangela izinkinga empilweni yami. | 0.56 (0.53) | ||||||
| Izifiso zami zokuya ocansini ziphazamise impilo yami yansuku zonke. | 0.64 (0.70) | ||||||
| Wake wazizwa udelelekile yini ngokuziphatha kwakho kocansi? | 0.75 (0.64) | ||||||
| Lapho uya ocansini, uzizwa ucindezelekile yini kamuva? | 0.61 (0.50) | ||||||
| Ukhona yini umuntu olinyazwe ngokomoya ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakho kocansi? | 0.61 (0.52) | ||||||
| Ngabe indlela oziphatha ngayo ocansini ike yakudalela izinkinga noma zomndeni wakho? | 0.54 (0.48) | ||||||
| Ngabe ubulili bakho buye baphazamisa impilo yomndeni wakho? | 0.56 (0.46) | ||||||
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 5) | Ngisebenzisa ubulili ukukhohlwa ngokukhathazeka kwempilo yansuku zonke. | 0.66 (0.69) | |||||
| Ukwenza okuthile ngocansi kungisiza ngizizwe nginesizungu. | 0.60 (0.66) | ||||||
| Ngiphendukela emisebenzini yezocansi lapho ngizwa imizwa engathandeki (isib, ukukhungatheka, ukudabuka, ulaka). | 0.71 (0.79) | ||||||
| Lapho ngizizwa ngingaphumeleli, ngiphendukela ebulilini ukuze ngizinze. | 0.73 (0.77) | ||||||
| Ukwenza okuthile ngocansi kungisiza ukubhekana nengcindezi. | 0.67 (0.73) | ||||||
| Ucansi luyindlela kimi yokubhekana nobuhlungu obungokomzwelo engibuzwayo. | 0.81 (0.84) | ||||||
| Ngisebenzisa ubulili njengendlela yokuzama nokungisiza ngibhekane nezinkinga zami | 0.77 (0.82) | ||||||
| Ngabe ukuya ocansini kube yindlela yokuthi ubalekele izinkinga zakho? | 0.63 (0.58) | ||||||
| Ukulayisha kwe-Factorial (isici 6) | Nginomuzwa wokuthi ukuziphatha kwami kocansi kungithatha ngendlela engingafuni ukuya kuyo. | 0.61 (0.58) | |||||
| Ngizithola ngicabanga ngocansi ngisesemsebenzini. | 0.60 (0.63) | ||||||
| Ngicabanga ngocansi kakhulu kunendlela engingathanda ngayo. | 0.66 (0.78) | ||||||
| Ingabe uvame ukuzithola ubhekene nemicabango yocansi? | 0.56 (0.58) | ||||||
| Ngabe unomuzwa wokuthi indlela oziphethe ngayo ayisijwayelekile? | 0.49 (0.52) | ||||||
| Ngabe uke uzizwe kabi ngokuziphatha kwakho kwezocansi? | 0.58 (0.67) | ||||||
| Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezici | I-Factor 1 (Ukulahleka kokulawula) | ||||||
| Isici 2 (Unganaki) | 0.85 * (0.87 *) | ||||||
| I-Factor 3 (Ayikwazi ukuma) | 0.65 * (0.81 *) | 0.72 * (0.75 *) | |||||
| I-Factor 4 (Ukubandakanya okuqhubekayo) | 0.90 * (0.87 *) | 0.92 * (0.90 *) | 0.74 * (0.85 *) | ||||
| I-Factor 5 (Ukukopisha) | 0.78 * (0.68 *) | 0.60 * (0.69 *) | 0.50 * (0.65 *) | 0.62 * (0.70 *) | |||
| I-Factor 6 (ukugxila) | 0.94 * (0.94 *) | 0.91 * (0.87 *) | 0.68 * (0.88 *) | 0.90 * (0.95 *) | 0.82 * (0.72 *) |
Note. Izibalo zokuqala kuseli ngalinye zihambelana nemiphumela evela kusampula 1, kanti imiphumela kusampula 2 isezindabeni zabazali; *P <0.001.
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