J Behav Addict. 2018 Aug 29: 1-6. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.66.
UZlot Y1, IGoldstein M1, UCohen K1, Weinstein A1.
abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
Kukhona ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-Intanethi kwezothando nezinjongo zocansi. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya ngegalelo lokukhathazeka komphakathi kanye nomuzwa wokufuna izilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa izingosi ze-Intanethi ezithandanayo.
izindlela
Isamba sababambiqhaza be-279 (abesilisa abangama-128 nabesifazane be-151), abaneminyaka eyi-25 (SD = 2.75) nobubanzi beminyaka ye-18-38, baphendule imibuzo ku-Inthanethi. Amaphepha emibuzo afaka imininingwane ephathelene ne-demographic, i-Leibowitz Social Anxcare Scale, i-Zuckerman Sension Ukufuna Scale, kanye ne-Test Adding Screening Test (SAST).
Imiphumela
Abasebenzisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqomisana nge-Intanethi bakhombisa izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ku-SAST kunabangasebenzisi. Okwesibili, ababambiqhaza ababenenqwaba yezinga lokuluthwa ngokocansi babenamazinga aphansi wokukhathazeka kakhulu kunabahlanganyeli abanenqwaba yezidakamizwa zocansi. Akukho mehluko wokufuna izifiso zemizwa phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abanenqwaba yezinga eliphansi neliphezulu lokuluthwa ngokocansi.
Ingxoxo neziphetho
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngomphakathi kunokufuna imizwa noma ubulili yinto enkulu ethinta ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo zokuxhumana nge-Intanethi zokuthola abalingani bezocansi.
IZIHLOKO: izicelo zokuqomisana; ukufuna umuzwa; umlutha wobulili; ukukhathazeka ngenhlalo
I-PMID: 30156117
I-DOI: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.66
Isingeniso
Umlutha wobulili noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual kubonakaliswa yisidingo esiphoqayo sokwanelisa ngokushesha izifiso zobulili (Amakhadi, i-2001). Kunezindlela eziningi zokuxilonga zokuxilonga umlutha wobulili kodwa azange zivunyelwe ngokwesayensi. Ukuntuleka kobufakazi obunamandla kokuluthwa ngokocansi kungumphumela wokungabikho ngokuphelele kwalesi sifo ezinhlotsheni ze Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo (DSM). Ukucwaninga okuphathelene nokuziphatha okuphathelene ne-hypersexual kukhule eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi lokhu kuholele intshisakalo enkulu yokuhlukanisa njengemikhuba yokuziphatha (UKarila et al., 2014). Umlutha wokuya ocansini ubandakanya uhla lwemisebenzi kufaka phakathi ukushaya indlwabu ngokweqile, ukubuka ezocansi okuku-inthanethi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwe-cybersex kuholele empilweni engemihle, kanye nemiphumela yezengqondo neyomnotho (UKarila et al., 2014). Noma kunesifiso esikhulayo sokuluthwa ngokocansi ocwaningweni nasekusebenzeni kwemitholampilo, akubonwa njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngohlobo lwesihlanu lwe-DSM (DSM-5; I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013). Zimbalwa izifundo zokuqashelwa izifo kanye neziphakamiso ezimbalwa zokuhlonza izindlela zokuxilonga ngakho-ke kunzima ukulinganisa ukwanda kwalesi simo. Isilinganiso sokudalwa kokuluthwa ngokocansi kuyehluka phakathi kwe-3% ne-16.8% ezifundweni ezihlukile, kanti ezifundweni eziningi kulinganiselwa phakathi kwe-3% ne-6% kubantu abadala abadala (UKarila et al., 2014). Ocwaningweni oluphenya abantu be-2,450 abavela emphakathini jikelele weSweden, i-12% yamadoda kanye ne-6.8% yabesifazane bahlukaniswa njenge-hypersexual (ULångström noHanson, 2006), kanti e-USA, ukwanda kokuluthwa umlutha wezocansi kulinganiselwa njenge-3% –6% (Amakhadi, i-1992).
E-USA, i-45% yabantu baseMelika isebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kumakhalekhukhwini kanye ne-7% yabo bayisebenzisela injongo yokuthandana (USmith & Duggan, 2013). Ababhali bacacisile ukuthi ngenkathi benza isifundo sabo sokuqala sokuthandana online, ukukhishwa kwe-iPhone kwakuseminyakeni eyi-2 ngokuzayo. Namuhla ngaphezu kwengxenye yabo bonke abantu abadala baseMelika bangabanikazi bama-smartphone, futhi ukuqomelana kwenziwa ku-smartphone. Izicelo ezenziwa nge-Intanethi zithandwa kakhulu ngabantu abakuma-20's kuze kube ma-30's abo (USmith & Duggan, 2013). Muva nje, kukhona ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezicelo ezenziwa nge-Intanethi kuma-Smartphones ngezinhloso zocansi, okuyisikhulumi sokuthola abalingani bezocansi. Siphenye ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqomisana kwe-inthanethi nokuluthwa ngocansi. Okwesibili, kunobufakazi obungaqondakali nobumtholampilo bokuthi abantu abanomlutha wobulili ngokufanayo nabantu abathembele ezidakamizweni bakwenza lokho ukuthola umuzwa bafuna nokuphishekela injabulo (Fong, 2006; I-Perry, i-Accordino, ne-Hewes, ngo-2007). Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luphenye iqhaza lokuzwa kwemizwa phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana nge-inthanethi. Ekugcineni, ukukhathazeka kwezenhlalo kuhlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-Intanethi (USheper & Edelmann, 2005; U-Weinstein, uDorani, et al., 2015). Ngakho-ke siphenye ukuthi ngabe ukukhathazeka ngezenhlalo kunomthelela yini kumlutha wobulili phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana nge-inthanethi. Ngokubona ubufakazi obukhulayo bokwehluka kocansi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abayimilutha yezocansi (I-Weinstein, iZolek, iBabkin, iCohen, neLejoyeux, 2015), bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bafakiwe kulolu cwaningo ukuze kuhlolwe umehluko wobulili phakathi kwalesi sizwe. Kwacatshangelwa ukuthi ukufuna imizwa, ukukhathazeka ngezehlalakuhle, kanye nezocansi kuzoba nomthelela ekungafani kwezikolo zokuluthwa ngokocansi kubantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthandana kwi-Intanethi nama-Smartphones.
izindlela
Ingqikithi yabahlanganyeli be-284 babizelwa esifundweni, kodwa abahlanganyeli abahlanu abazange bafeze imigomo yokufaka futhi abafakwa ngaphandle. Ababambiqhaza bebengabandakanywa ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubandakanya nomlando wokuqapheleka we-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) owelashwa nge-methylphenidate, ukulimala kwemizwa, ukuthatha imishanguzo ethinta i-CNS, ukulimala kwemizwa, ukutheleleka okungathinta i-CNS (i-HIV, i-syphilis ne-herpes ), ukukhulelwa, noma iminyaka engaphansi kweminyaka ye-18. Izindlela zokufaka zaziyiminyaka yobudala yabesilisa nabesifazane be-18-45 abesilisa nabesifazane abavame ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi. Isampula yokugcina ifake abahlanganyeli be-279, ama-128 ayengamadoda (i-45.9%) ne-151 kwakungabesifazane (54.1%). Iminyaka yobudala ebanzi yayiyiminyaka ye-25 (SD = 2.75) kanye nobubanzi beminyaka kwakuyiminyaka eyi-19-38. Iminyaka yobudala besilisa yayiyiminyaka engama-25.75 (SD = 2.83) futhi kwabesifazane bekuyiminyaka engama-24.5 (SD = 2.55). Amaphesenti angama-60 ababambiqhaza asebenzise izicelo zokuphola esikhathini esedlule nesamanje kanti ama-50.8% awasebenzisanga. Kwabesilisa, u-49.2% usebenzise izicelo zokuphola kanti u-68.2% akazisebenzisanga. Kwabesifazane, ama-31.8% asebenzise izicelo zokuphola kanti ama-89.2% awazisebenzisanga. Iningi labahlanganyeli lizichaze njengabantu abathandana nobulili obuhlukile (4.7%), kuyilapho u-5.7% bekungongqingili kanti u-70.2% bekungabobulili obufanayo. Ingxenye enkulu yesampula yamanje yayinemvelaphi yokufunda noma elinganayo yemfundo (12%) kanti sonke isampula okungenani sasineminyaka engu-30.1 yokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye encane yabahlanganyeli ibingasebenzi (48.7%), iningi labahlanganyeli kungenzeka ukuthi lisebenze ezikhundleni ezithile (21.1%), noma emisebenzini yesikhathi esigcwele (XNUMX%).
Izindlela
| (1) | Umbuzo wemininingwane yabantu abandakanya izinto eziphathelene nocansi, iminyaka, ubulili, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila, inkolo, imfundo, ukuqashwa, kanye nokusebenzisa isicelo sokuthandana. |
| (2) | Isikali Sokukhathazeka Kwezenhlalo Liebowitz (ILiebowitz, 1987) wumbuzo wemibuzo wokuzibika olinganisa ukwesaba nokugwema izimo zomphakathi. Kufaka izinto ezingama-24, eziyi-13 kuzo ezichaza izimo zenhlalo (isb.,ukubheka abantu ongabazi kahle emehlweni”) No-11 bachaza ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza (isb.,“uchama endlini yangasese"). Kwinto ngayinye, izifundo zacelwa ukuba zigcwalise izikali ezimbili: (a) isikali sokukhathazeka noma ukwesaba okuvela kwi-1 (lutho neze) ku-4 (kakhulu) kanye (b) nezilinganiso zokugwema zesimo ezisukela ku-1 (ungalokothi) ku-4 (ngokuvamile). Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekiswe nguHeimberg (1999) Ibonisa ukuthembeka kweCronbach's α ye-.951. Kulolu cwaningo, i-Cronbach's α yayiyi-.96. |
| (3) | Isikali Sokufuna Isikali (i-SSS; UZuckerman, Kolin, Intengo, & Zoob, ngo-1964) ifaka izinto ze-40 lapho ababambiqhaza kwadingeka bakhethe phakathi kwezinto ezimbili eziphikisanayo. Kwakunezici zobuntu ezine ezibandakanya: i-Disinhibition, i-Boredom Susceptibility, i-Thrill ne-Adventure Ukufuna, kanye Nesipiliyoni Ukufuna. Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekiswe ngu-Arnett (1994) kuboniswa ukuthembeka kwe-Cronbach's α kwe-.83-.86. Kulolu cwaningo, bekukhona i-cy kaCronbach's .80. Ukuthembela kweCronbach's í subscale ngakunye kwakuyi-α = .35 yokuxaka isithukuthezi, α = .80 yokuthokozisa nokufuna i-adventure, α = .57 yokufuna isipiliyoni, kanye ne-α = .66 yokuthola isipiliyoni. |
| (4) | Isivivinyo Sokuhlolwa Kokuluthwa Kwezocansi (SAST; Amakhadi, i-1991) kufaka izinto ezingama-25 eziqukethe imibuzo ethi yebo-cha. Kunezigaba ezine, okungukuthi Ukuthinta Ukuphazamiseka (isb., “Ngabe unomuzwa wokuthi indlela oziphethe ngayo ayisijwayelekile?"), Ukuphazamiseka kobudlelwano (isib, “Ngabe indlela ozibandakanya ngayo ocansini ike yakudalela izinkinga wena nomndeni wakho? ”), Ukugxila (isib, “Ingabe uvame ukuzithola ugxiliwe yimicabango yocansi?"), Ukulahleka Kwokulawula (isib. “Ngabe uyenzile imizamo yokuyeka uhlobo oluthile lwezocansi wehluleka?"), Nezici Ezihambisana Nazo (umlando wokuhlukunyezwa, izinkinga zobulili zabazali, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwezingane). Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekiswe nguHook, uHook, uDavis, uWorthington, noPenberthy (2010) kuboniswa ukuthembeka kwe-Cronbach's α kwe-.85-.95. Kulolu cwaningo, bekukhona i-cy kaCronbach's .80. I-SAST ayigunyaziwe ukwethula noma iyiphi idatha yesigaba, futhi isetshenziswe njengokuhlukahluka okuqhubekayo kepha hhayi ukufakwa esigabeni sabantu abayimilutha yezocansi. |
Inqubo
Imibuzo ikhangiswe online ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kanye nezinhlaka ezazinikezelwe zithandani nangocansi. Abahlanganyeli baphendule imibuzo ku-Intanethi. Bazisiwe ukuthi lolu cwaningo luphenya umlutha wobulili nokuthi amaphepha emibuzo azohlala engaziwa ngenhloso yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nedatha
Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ku-Statistical Package yeSayensi Yezenhlalo kanye ne-AMOS yama-windows v.21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Ukuhlaziywa kwangaphambilini kweKolmogorov-Smirnov ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwenzelwa ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukufuna umuzwa, nezikolo zokuluthwa ngokocansi. Njengoba ukufuna umuzwa kanye nezikolo eziluthayo ngokobulili bezingasatshalaliswa ngendlela ejwayelekile, lezi zinto eziguqukayo zaziguqulwa. Idatha ebhekisele kwezocansi, iminyaka, ubulili, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila, inkolo, imfundo, ukuqashwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezicelo zokuphola zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa Pe uPearson's χ2 ukuhlolwa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathazeka ngokwezenhlalo nokuluthwa ngocansi kuphenywe kusetshenziswa ukucubungula kokwehlukahluka nenqwaba yezinkathazo zenhlalo ezihlukaniswe izigaba ezine zezikolo, njengokuthi akukho ukulutha ngokobulili, umlutha wobulili obuncane, umlutha wobulili ophakathi nendawo, kanye nokulutha okukhulu kobulili. Ukulandela ukuqhathanisa kwe-post-hoc, t-Izivivinyo zazisetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa izikolo zokukhathazeka komphakathi nezikolo ezifuna ukubona umuzwa phakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu abahlanganyeli.
Ethics
Lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yi-Institutional Review Board (IRB, Helsinki Committee) ye-University of Ariel. Bonke ababambiqhaza basayine ifomu lokuvuma elinolwazi.
Imiphumela
Izikolo ezikhathazekile emphakathini zazingokwabiwa okuphakathi nendawo okujwayelekile (kusho = 1.84, SD = 0.5), kepha amaphuzu ekufuneni kwemizwa (kusho = 55.52, SD = 6.14) nokulutha kocansi (kusho = 4.59, SD = 3.72) imibuzo yemibuzo yayilingana futhi yayizimpande eziguqulwe ukuze zikwazi ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile.
Kwakungekho miphumela yobulili [t(1, 282) = 0.75, p = NS], amazinga ezemfundo [t(1, 277) = 0.68, p = NS], isimo sokuqashwa [t(2, 279) = 1.28, p = NS], uhlobo lokuphila [t(1, 280) = 0.19, p = NS], noma iminyaka (r = −.10, p = NS) kwizikolo zokulutha ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekungekho ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo phakathi kokuxhaswa kwe-SSS kwe-disinhibition (M = 14.4, SD = 2.4, r = .07, p = NS), injabulo nokuzijabulisa (M = 15.5, SD = 2.95, r = −.10, p = NS), nokufuna ulwazi (M = 15.18, SD = 2.11, r = .04, p = NS) ngezikolo ze-SAST. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlangana okuhle kutholakele phakathi kokuthambekela kwesithukuthezi (M = 13.16, SD = 1.71) ngenani eliphelele le-SAST (r = .10, p <.05).
Izikolo ezikuMibuzo yokuLuthwa Kwezocansi ziveze ukuthi ababambiqhaza be-28 (10%) bakhombisile ukungabi nalutho lwezocansi, ababambiqhaza be-101 (36.2%) bakhombise izinga elincane lokuluthwa ngocansi, ababambiqhaza be-52 (18.6%) bakhombise izinga eliphakathi lokuluthwa ngocansi, nababambiqhaza be-98 (35.1 I-%) ikhombise izinga eliphezulu lomlutha wobulili olandela imibandela echazwe yiCarnes (1991). Ngokwezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngobulili, abahlanganyeli be-24 babonise ukugxila, abahlanganyeli be-9 bakhombise ukulahleka kokulawula nokuphazamiseka kobudlelwano, futhi ababambiqhaza be50 babike bathinta ukuphazamiseka. Amaphesenti angama-90 abahlanganyeli abike ukuthi akukho okuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi esikhathini sabo esedlule. Kwabesifazane, i-17.9% ibike ukuthi ihlukunyezwa ngokocansi ebuntwaneni noma ebusheni, kanti kwabesilisa inani lelo laliphansi kakhulu (0.8%).
Ukuqhathaniswa kwezimpawu zokuluthwa ngokocansi phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthandana (kusho = 5.15, SD = 3.49) nalabo abangazange basebenzise (mean = 4.21, SD = 3.83) ikhombise umehluko phakathi kokuhlukana kweqembu ezikolo zokulutha ngokocansi [t(1, 277) = 2.086, p <.05]. Okwesibili, ababambiqhaza ababenezibalo eziphansi zokulutha ngokocansi babenezinga eliphansi lokukhathazeka kwezenhlalo kunababambiqhaza abanezibalo eziphezulu zokulutha ngokocansi [t(1, 228) = −3.44, p <.01]. Ithebula 1 kukhombisa inqwaba yezinkathazo zenhlalo nokufuna ukuzwa maqondana nokuluthwa umkhuba wokuya ocansini.
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Ithebula 1. Izikolo eziningi zokukhathazeka ngomphakathi [zisho (SD)] nokuzwa kwemizwa [SD)] maqondana nomlutha wobulili
Phezulu (n = 101) | Okuphakathin = 52) | Omncane (n = 101) | Akukho (n = 28) | Amazinga wokulutha ngobulili | F-ukuhlolwa (F) | p Inani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amazinga wokulutha ngobulili | 1.73 (0.47) | 1.72 (0.41) | 1.84 (0.49) | 1.98 (0.55) | 5.28 | .001 |
| Ukufuna | 56.85 (6.79) | 57.89 (5.85) | 59.73 (6.64) | 58.35 (6.03) | 1.59 | .190 |
Qaphela. I-SD: ukuphambuka okujwayelekile.
Ingxoxo
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa izilinganiso eziphezulu zokulutha ngokocansi phakathi kwalabo ababesebenzisa izinhlelo zokuthandana ngenhloso yocansi kwi-Intanethi. Kwakungekho ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezilinganiso zokufuna umuzwa kanye nomlutha wezocansi. Ekugcineni, asitholanga mehluko wokuya ocansini ekuluthweni kobulili phakathi kwesampula yethu, ngokungafani nesifundo sethu sangaphambilini mayelana ne-cybersex kanye nezithombe zocansi (U-Weinstein, uZolek, et al., 2015).
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombise amanye ama-comorbidities weengqondo zokulutha ngokocansi, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo, ukudangala nokukhathazeka (UGarcia & Thibaut, 2010; UMick & Hollander, 2006; ISemaille, 2009), ukukhathazeka komphakathi, i-dysthymia, i-ADHD (IBancroft, 2008), thinta ukwahlukanisa (I-Weiss neSamenow, ngo-2010) kanye ne-post-traumatic stress disorderAmakhadi, i-1991). Ukudangala nokukhathazeka kuvamile kwezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, njengokugembula kwe-pathological (AmaLorain, uCowlishaw, noThomas, 2011), ukuthenga okuphoqayo (UMueller et al., 2010; I-Weinstein, Mezig, Mizrachi, neLejoyeux, 2015), Umlutha we-Intanethi (UKaess et al., 2014; UKo et al., 2014; U-Weinstein, uDorani, et al., 2015), nokuzivocavoca umlutha (I-Weinstein, Maayan, ne-Weinstein, 2015). Akucaci noma ukuluthwa umkhuba wokuziphatha kuyindlela engalunganga yokubhekana nokudangala noma ukukhathazeka noma ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kokuxineka nokukhathazeka kwenzeka ngenxa yokuluthwa kokuziphatha. Kusungulwe ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathazeka, ukudangala, nokulutha kwe-Intanethi esikhathini esizayo kwabesilisa baseSouth Korea (Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013) kanye nokwanda kokucindezeleka, ubutha, nokukhathazeka komphakathi ohlelweni lokuthola umlutha we-Intanethi phakathi kwentsha kuye kwabikwa (UKo et al., 2014). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudangala, ubutha, kanye nokukhathazeka kwezenhlalo kwehle enkambisweni yokuxolelwa. Asitholanga mehluko wokuya ocansini umlutha wobulili phakathi kwesampula yethu, ngokungafani nesifundo sethu sangaphambilini nge-cybersex nezithombe zocansi (U-Weinstein, uZolek, et al., 2015). Kusobala ukuthi phakathi kwabantu abathandanayo kwi-Intanethi, kunokulingana okwengeziwe phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kuyabonakala futhi ukuthi i-stereotype, amadoda aqine kakhulu futhi ayaphoqelela ukuya ocansini, ayimeleli isizukulwane esencane esilinganayo nenenkululeko.
Isimo sokubonana esithandekayo silula futhi sitholakala kalula ukwedlula umhlaba wangempela futhi sigcwele amathuba amasha abantu abahlukahlukene abanesifiso sobudlelwano ngenhloso yezocansi kufaka phakathi labo abanomlutha wobulili. Isibonelo, enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphola inika amandla umsebenzisi ukuthola abasebenzisi bohlelo lokusebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile futhi lokho kungasiza uma uhamba ngesitimela ufuna umlingani wakho kwezocansi. Umlutha wokuya ocansini kwi-Intanethi ufaka ukubuka, ukulanda ukuthenga kwe-inthanethi kwezithombe zocansi, noma ukusebenzisa izingosi zengevu ukuze udlale indima kanye nokuqagela kubantu abadala (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004; U-Weinstein, uZolek, et al., 2015; Intsha, i-2008). I-Intanethi yindawo ephephile yocwaningo lwezocansi nomsebenzi wokuya ocansini ephephile ngokomzimba kunokwenza ucansi empilweni yangempela (Griffiths, i-2012). Abantu abayimilutha yezocansi banobunzima bokulawula izifiso zabo futhi bavame ukuba nomlando wezidakamizwa, utshwala, nokuluthwa yi-nicotine (UKarila et al., 2014), enemiphumela emibi emndenini wabo nasempilweni yomndeni (Schneider, 2003; I-Manning, i-2006). Carnes (2001) wathi i-Intanethi yabantu abayimilutha yezocansi ifana ne-crack cocaine yabahlukumezi be-psychostimulant. Cooper et al. (2004) ababengamaqembu aphayona abaphenyi bokulutha ngokocansi online bathola ukuthi imilutha yezocansi ingachitha i-11 hr online ngeviki futhi ibhekane nezinkinga kwezinye izici zokuphila. Abanye abakatholi ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinkinga zokuphila kwansuku zonke nesikhathi abasichithe ku-inthanethi kumasayithi wezithombe zocansi. Ekugcineni, ukuthatha izingozi zocansi (IBancroft et al., 2003; IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004; UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995, 2001) kanye nokufuna injabulo yecansi (UKalichman noRompa, ngo-1995; Zuckerman, 1979) zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuphoqelelwa ngokobulili (UHoyle, uFefjar, noMiller, 2000). Lezi zakhi zisetshenziselwe ekuziphatheni okuhambisana nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, ukuba nabalingani abaningi, ubulili obungavikelekile, ukukhulelwa okungakahlelwanga, nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okusebenza ngokwengqondo (UHayaki, Anderson, & Stein, 2006; UJustus, uFinn, noSteinmetz, 2000; Lejuez, Simmons, Aklin, Daughters, & Dvir, 2004; UTeese noBradley, ngo-2008; Seal & Agostinelli, 1994). Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukungahambisani phakathi kokufuna umuzwa nezinyathelo zokuluthwa ngokocansi kulabo abasebenzisa izicelo zokuthandana. Kungenzeka ukuthi idrayivu enkulu kubahlanganyeli bethu bekuwukunciphisa ukukhathazeka komphakathi kunokukhulisa injabulo noma ukufuna umuzwa. Umlutha wokuya ocansini enkundleni yokuqomisana kungenzeka ube ngumzamo wokuthola ukusondelana nabantu abanezinkinga zokusondelana kunokuba uthokoze. Kubukeka sengathi abasebenzisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphola online bavinjelwe kakhulu emphakathini futhi abaphethi ukuzifaka engcupheni kakhulu kunowumlutha ojwayelekile wobulili osebenzela ezenzweni zobulili ezingcolile nezingokoqobo.
Ukulinganiselwa
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise inhlolovo esekwe kwi-Intanethi engaziwa kakhulu kepha elawula ukuthembeka kwemibuzo. Kusobala ukuthi ngenxa yengcindezi yezenhlalo nokwesaba, ababambiqhaza babengethembekile ngokuphelele noma bevulekile ngezimpendulo zabo. Okwesibili, asikuhlolanga ukusetshenziswa okuvame ukusetshenziswa kwesicelo sokuphola futhi lokho kungahlukahluka okudumazayo.
iziphetho
Lolu cwaningo luzame ukungeza kulwazi lwethu olukhona ngokuluthwa ngokocansi, ulwazi mayelana nencazelo yesimanje yobudala bokuthi izicelo zokuthandana ku-Intanethi zisebenzisa ama-Smartphones. Kwatholakala ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngenhlalo kunokufuna imizwa yinto ebaluleke kakhulu enomthelela kulomlutha wezocansi phakathi kwalesi sizwe. Kusekhona izingqinamba okufanele zicaciswe njengokuqomisana kwe-inthanethi phakathi kwalabo abanabalingani abaningi bezocansi noma abathandi, abantu abaningi, njengongqingili, abantu abathandana nabesilisa nabesilisa nabathengisi be-transgender, kanye nabantu ekwelashweni lokuluthwa umlutha wokuya ocansini njengokubizwa ngocansi. Ezinye izingqinamba ezivela kulolu cwaningo zi-comorbidity nezinye izimo zengqondo, njengokuphazamiseka kobuntu (umngcele, i-antisocial narcissistic, nezinye). Ngokungafani nezidakamizwa notshwala, kubonakala kunzima ukuthi ugweme ukwenza ucansi njengemodeli yokwelashwa ngokungagodli; ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kokulutha ngezocansi kudinga ukucabanga ngobunkimbinkimbi nokubaluleka kwesidingo sokufeza i-sex drive emphakathini wanamuhla.
Umnikelo wabalobi
Bonke abantu kubandakanya ababhali bocwaningo baba negalelo elikhulu kwinqubo yesayensi eyaholela ekubhaleni iphepha. Ababhali babe nomthelela ekuqambeni nasekwenziweni kwephrojekthi, ukusebenza kwezivivinyo, ukuhlaziya kanye nokutolika kwemiphumela, kanye nokulungiswa kombhalo wesandla ozoshicilelwa.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Ababhali abanazintshisekelo noma imisebenzi engabonakala njengokuthonya ucwaningo (isb., Izintshisekelo zezezimali esivivinyweni noma enkambisweni nasekuxhasweni yizinkampani ezithaka imithi zocwaningo). Ababiki ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo maqondana nalolu cwaningo.
Ukubonga
Lolu cwaningo lwethulwe emhlanganweni we-3rd ICBA eGeneva Switzerland ngoMashi 2016.
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