abstract
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuya ocansini okwangaphandle kanye nokunye ukuziphatha kubandakanya ukungathembeki okungokomzwelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokungathembeki kwe-inthanethi kubhekwa njengezenzo zokukhaphela. Kodwa-ke, imibono yokungethembeki eyenzeka emithonjeni yezokuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano bezothando bezinhlaka (izinhlangothi zothando ezihlanganyele ezakheke ngezibalo zabezindaba) azicwaningwanga kahle. Ezifundweni ezimbili zokuhlola, ngangihlola a) isilinganiso lapho abahlanganyeli bekala ngokungaziphathi kahle, ngokobulili, ngokomzwelo nangokwenhlalo njengokuziphatha kokwethembeka, kanye b) nokuthi lezindlela zokuziphatha zingalimaza kanjani uma umlingani engazibeka umthetho. Ngiphinde ngabheka ukuthi abahlanganyeli bavame kangaki ukubika ukuthi bathinteke kabi yimithandana ye-parasocial yathandana nabo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi imisebenzi efana nokuthumelelana imiyalezo yezithombe ezinjenge-inthanethi nokuthumelana nge-sexy snapchatting kuthathwa ngokufana kuzo zombili i-cybersex nokungathembeki kwezocansi ngokomzimba, nokuthi ukungathembeki kwe-parasocial kubonakala ngendlela efanayo nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Lokhu okufanayo kusebenza ekutheni lezo zenzo zibonwa njengokungathembeki yini, futhi maqondana nobuhlungu obungokomzwelo bezenzo obungabubangela. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi imidiya yezokuxhumana engaphandle kwe-extradyadic kanye nokuziphatha kwe-parasocial kungaqondwa kabi, futhi kungahle kube nomthelela omubi ebuhlotsheni bothando lwangempela.
Amagama angukhiye: ukungathembeki, ubudlelwano obunobu-parasocial, ubuzwe bokungathembeki, ukubheja
Okuqukethwe
OkuqukethweI-Interpersona, ngo-2019, Vol. 13 (2), https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.376
Kutholwe: 2019-07-08. Kwamukelwe: 2019-11-06. Kushicilelwe (VoR): 2019-12-20.
* Umbhali ohambelana nalokhu ku: I-4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150. Ucingo: 812-941-2163. I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
Le i-athikili yokufinyelela evulekile esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo yelayisensi ye-Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), evumela ukusetshenziswa okungavinjelwe, ukusatshalaliswa, nokuphinde kwenziwe kabusha kunoma yikuphi okuphakathi, inqobo nje uma umsebenzi woqobo ukhonjwe kahle.
Ukungathembeki kungachazwa njengokuphulwa kwezinkambiso zobudlelwano ngokusondelana ngokomzwelo noma ngokomzimba nabanye abangaphandle kobudlelwano bezothando (IDrigotas neBarta, 2001). Ukungathembeki kungaba nemiphumela emibi ebudlelwaneni, ngokwakha noma ngokwandisa usizi lomuntu siqu nobudlelwano, futhi kungenye yezizathu ezivame kakhulu ezikhonjwe zesehlukaniso (I-Amato & Previti, 2003). Yize ucwaningo oluningi luye lwagxila emiphumeleni yobulili bokungathembeki ngokomzwelo (bheka Umbazi, 2012, ngokuhlaziywa kwe-meta), kanye nokungathembeki ku-inthanethi (IGuadagno neSagarin, 2010; I-Whitty, 2003; 2005), ucwaningo oluncane luhlolile ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zibonwa kanjani ngokuya ngokungathembeki, njengalezo ezenziwa ngemithombo yezokuxhumana (isib. i-Facebook noma i-Snapchat) noma okunamathiselwe kwe-parasocial. Ubudlelwano be-Parasocial (PSRs) ubudlelwano obonwa ngasikhathi sinye nabalingiswa abezindabaUHorton noWohl, ngo-1956), engathandana nemvelo (U-Adam noSizemore, 2013; UTukachinsky, 2011). Kungenzeka ukuthi izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nabanye abangaphandle kobudlelwano ngemidiya yezokuxhumana zizobonwa ngokufanayo nangezinye izinhlobo zokungathembeki okuphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngoba ama-PSRs aseceleni linye, akucaci noma abantu babona ama-PSR athandana njengendlela yokungathembeki. Izinhloso eziphambili zesethi yamanje yezifundo bekuwukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ababambiqhaza babona noma ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha okuphathelene nemithombo yezokuxhumana kungukungathembeki, ukuthola ukuthi ababambiqhaza abalimazayo bangakubheka kanjani lokhu kuziphatha, futhi baqhathanise imicabango yalezi zindlela zokuziphatha ukungathembeki ngokobulili, ngokomzwelo, naku-inthanethi.
Imibono Yezimpawu Ezihlukile Zokungathembeki [TOP]
Phakathi kokunye, ukuthi ngabe isenzo esithile sithathwa njengokungathembeki kuya ngohlobo lokuziphatha okukhulunywa ngalo, kanye nezimpawu zabantu abasebudlelwaneni. Iningi locwaningo lidingida ukungathembeki eceleni kwezembe ezimbili eziphambili: ukukhwabanisa ngokocansi nangokomzwelo (IBlow & Hartnett, 2005), kubhekiswa ekuxhumaneni ngokomzimba ngokocansi okungaphezulu komuntu noma okuphathelene naye ngokomzwelo kothile ongeyena umlingani wakhe. Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi bahlole umehluko ekuboneni ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ngokungathembeki. Isibonelo, uWilson nozakwabo (UWilson, Mattingly, Clark, Weidler, & Bequette, 2011) wahlakulela isilinganiso sokuhlola imicabango yokuziphatha okungacabangi nokukhohlisayo, njengokudansa nomunye umuntu noma ukuqamba amanga kumlingani wakho, kanye nokuziphatha okucacile, njengokuya ocansini ngomlomo nomunye umuntu. Ukuthola kwabo kusikisela ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokuziphatha (ezifashisayo, ezikhohlisayo, nezinokucacisa) zonke zibonwa njengokungathembeki, kepha ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngezinhlobo ezihlukile zabantu. Phambilini, KwaMhlophe (2003) ithole ukuthi ababambiqhaza bahlukanise ukungathembeki baba izinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili, okubandakanya ukungathembeki kwezocansi, ukungathembeki emphefumulweni, kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Sekukonke, uWhitty uthole ukuthi ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabonwa njengokuncane okungenzeka kungukungathembeki, kepha izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlotshaniswa nekhompyutha ezinjenge-cybersex zithathwa ngokufana nokuziphatha kobuso nobuso, hhayi njengendlela ehlukile yokukhohlisa. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukungathembeki ngokomzimba noma ngokomzwelo akudingeki kwenzeke ezimweni zobuso ukuze kuthathwe njengokukhaphela. Ngempela, okungenani ama-80% abantu abanikezwe izigcawu mayelana nokungathembeki ku-inthanethi kubonise ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kuzabonakala njengesenzo sokukhaphela (ISchnarre no-Adam, 2017; I-Whitty, 2005). Kokunye isifundo, Schneider nozakwabo (2012) ithole ukuthi kwabahlanganyeli abangama-34 abake babona ukungathembeki ku-inthanethi, abangama-30 banomuzwa wokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kube nomthelela omubi ebudlelwaneni babo bangempela. Iningi lababambiqhaza libike ukulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa, ngoba abaningi babo bathinteka ekukhohliseni komlingani wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingxoxweni nabantu abalingani babo ababethembeke kuzo ngokungathembeki ku-inthanethi, USchneider (2000) uthole ukuthi cishe ikota yababambiqhaza selokhu yahlukanisa noma yahlukanisa nomlingani wayo.
Ingabe Abezindaba Zokuziphatha Kwezenhlalo Abathembekile? [TOP]
Selokhu kwenziwa ucwaningo lukaWhtyty ngokungathembeki kwe-computer (I-Whitty, 2003), izindlela abantu abangaqhuba ngazo ubudlelwano be-extradyadic zande, ngenxa yamapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anjenge-Facebook ne-Snapchat. Amawebhusayithi ezokuxhum ayizinkundla ezisebenzayo ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhiqize futhi bakuthumele okuqukethwe kwabo futhi bakhe futhi balondoloze ubudlelwano cishe (U-Obar noWildman, 2015). Lawa amapulatifomu athandwa ngendlela emangalisayo: I-Facebook isanda kubika abasebenzisi abangu-2.45 basebenza njalo ngenyanga (I-Facebook, i-2019), ne-Snapchat ibike abasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingama-210 abasebenza njalo ngenyanga (I-Snapchat, i-2019). Kodwa-ke, ngamathuba akhulayo woxhumano olusobala angafika ngamathuba akhulayo wokungathembeki. Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi cishe i-10% yabahlanganyeli ababesebudlelwaneni bempilo yangempela babehlanganyele ekuziphatheni okuhlobene nokungathembeki ngokusebenzisa imidiya yezenhlalo (UMcDaniel, uDrouin, noCravens, 2017). Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Facebook okwandisiwe kuhlobene nokwanda kwamathuba emiphumelo yobudlelwane bempilo yangempela, okubandakanya ukukopela kumlingani wakho nomuntu ovela ku-Facebook (UClayton, uNagurney, noSmith, ngo-2013). Kubukeka sengathi izindlela zokuziphatha ngokungahambisani nokungathembeki ezenziwe ngemithombo yezokuxhumana zizobonwa ngokufanayo nangezinye izindlela zokungathembeki ku-inthanethi. Enye inhloso yezifundo ezikhona manje bekuwukuhlola ukuthi indlela yokuziphatha ihlobene kanjani nokungathembeki nge-media social kuqhathaniswa nokunye ngokwesiko okuphathelene nekhompiyutha kanye nokungathembeki kwezocansi.
Ngabe Ukuphamba Kwezinhlaka Zokuphamba Kungukungathembeki? [TOP]
Ukuthi ama-PSR wothando lomlingani noma awathathani abhekwa njengokwethembekile akakutholanga ukunakwa okuningi. Ukuphahlazeka kwe-Parasocial kubukeka sengathi kuvame kakhulu. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, abesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-90% bakhumbula ukuthi babethandana nomuntu othile osaziwayo noma umlingiswa oqanjiwe ngenkathi besakhula. Yize kuma-PSR angaphezulu kungenzeka angabonakali njenge-extradyadic, angasebenza ngokufanayo ebudlelwaneni bangempela bezothando, ngokunikeza ubungani futhi andise ukuthinta okuhle, ngokwesibonelo, ngenkathi enezindleko zobudlelwano obuphansi (U-Adam noSizemore, 2013). Kungenzeka ukuthi ubudlelwano be-parasocial, ke, bungabonakala njengosongela ubudlelwano bempilo yangempela. Kokunye ukuhlola okuhlole umthelela wobudlelwano be-extradyadic okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, eku-inthanethi kanye nasekuziphatheni kobudlelwano be-hypothetical, abacishe babe yingxenye yababambiqhaza abaningi ababonisa ukuthi ubudlelwane bezithandani bezothando bekuyizenzo zokukhaphela (i-76%) njengokungathembeki kwe-inthanethi (80%), yize kunezizathu ezahlukahlukene (ISchnarre no-Adam, 2017). Zombili lezi zenzo ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi neze-inthanethi zazibonakala kakhulu njengabathengi bokuthembana, kanti nokuziphatha okubucayi bekubonwa njengokukhaphela ngenxa yendima yayo yokwenza umlingani azizwe engafanele ebudlelwaneni. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi abantu bangabona ngokweqiniso ama-PSR wothando njengokwephula izinkambiso zobudlelwano, nokungathembeki.
Isici sokungathembeki esifana kakhulu nobudlelwano be-parasocial kungaba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, lapho ukusebenzisana nakho kukodwa. Abanye abacwaningi baphikisana ngezinzuzo zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi, njengokukwaneliseka okwengeziwe ngokuxhumana ngocansi okungenani lapho behlangana njengombhangqwana (IHarkness, 2014). Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi komuntu siqu kuhlobene ngokungafanele nokuzibophezela kobuhlobo (ULambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, noFincham, 2012) nokusondelana (IHarkness, 2014), nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi komlingani kuhlobene nokungethembeki nokwaneliseka kobuhlobo futhi kuhlobene kahle nokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo (USzymanski, Feltman, & Dunn, 2015). Kungahle kube nemiphumela eyinzuzo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njengombhangqwana, kepha ukusetshenziswa wedwa ngumlingani oyedwa kubonakala kuthathwa njengendlela yokukhaphela (IBergner & Bridges, 2002), futhi uma uhlanganyele ngaphandle kwezindlela zobudlelwano, kungalimaza ubuhlobo lokho. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zomlingani kungaholela ekucindezelekeni futhi kunciphise imibono yokuzibona ungelutho (IBergner & Bridges, 2002). Kungenzeka ukuthi ubudlelwano be-parasocial bubonwa ngendlela efanayo nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwesimo sokungathembeki, uma ama-PSR enzeka ngaphandle kwezindlela zobudlelwano, futhi kubandakanya ukubethelwa okungathinta umuzwa wokuzibona wethembekile ngaphakathi kobudlelwano (ISchnarre no-Adam, 2017). Enye inhloso yezifundo ezikhona bekuwukubheka ukuthi indlela yokuziphatha kwe-parasocial ibonwa kanjani uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokungathembeki.
Umehluko Ongafani Emibonweni Yokungathembeki [TOP]
Imibono yokungathembeki ibuye incike ezimweni ngazinye. Olunye ucwaningo lutholile ukuthi sekujwayelekile, abesilisa bavame ukuthola ukungathembeki kwamukeleka kakhulu kunabesifazane, kepha ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane babheka ukungathembeki kocansi kanye nangokomzwelo ngokufanayo (USheppard, uNelson, no-Andreoli-Mathie, ngo-1995). Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi bathole ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane babheka izinhlobo ezihlukile zokungathembeki ngendlela ehlukile, kangangokuba amadoda athambekele ekutholeni ukungathembeki kocansi kukhathaza ngokwedlulele, kanti abesifazane bona bathola ukungathembeki ngokomoyaBrase, Adair, & Monk, 2014; UBuss et al., 1992; ICann, iMangum, neWells, 2001; UKruger et al., 2015; UShackelford, uBuss, noBennett, 2002; ITreger & Sprecher, 2011). KwaMhlophe (2003) Kutholwe ukuthi ubulili nobudala buba nomthelela emibonweni yokuthi ngabe ukuziphatha kuthathwa njengokungathembeki kwezocansi. Ngokuvamile, abancane, ababambiqhaza besifazane babevama ukubona izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi zangaphandle (kufaka phakathi ukuzibandakanya ocansini nokuziphatha kocansi) njengokungathembeki. Ezifundweni zamanje, umehluko weminyaka nobulili ekuboneni ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungathembeki wahlolwa.
Ku-athikili yamanje, ngibika ezifundweni ezimbili engizenzile ukucubungula eminye imibono yokungathembeki. Inhloso yeSifundo 1 kwakuwukuqhathanisa izilinganiso zokubamba iqhaza kokuziphatha kwe-parasocial kanye nokuziphatha kwe-extradyadic okwenziwa kumidiya wokuxhumana nomphakathi (njenge-Snapchatting nokuthumelana imiyalezo yocansi) nokukhohlisa ngocansi, ngokomzwelo, nangokwe-inthanethi (I-Whitty, 2003).
Funda i-1 [TOP]
Indlela [TOP]
Abahlanganyeli [TOP]
Abafundi basekolishi abavela eyunivesithi ephakathi nendawo entshonalanga ne-United States (N = 114) nababambe iqhaza abayi-101 abavela e-Amazon's Mechanical Turk bahlanganyele kulolu cwaningo. Abahlanganyeli babafundi bahlanganisa abesifazane abangama-94 nabesilisa abangama-20 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 kuye kwengu-44 (M = 19.33, SD = 3.24). Ababambiqhaza baqashwa ngohlelo lwe-SONA lwenyuvesi, uhlelo lokulawulwa kocwaningo lwe-inthanethi, futhi bahlawuliswa ngezikweletu zocwaningo ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza, okungasetshenziswa ngokubhekela izidingo zenkambo noma isikweletu esengeziwe. Abahlanganyeli beMTurk bahlanganisa abesifazane abangama-48 nabesilisa abangama-52 abahlala e-US abaneminyaka yobudala engama-20 kuye kwengu-61 (M = 33.34, SD = Iminyaka engu-9.06), futhi kunxephezelwe ama- $ 2.00 ngesikhathi sawo. Iningi lababambe iqhaza kusampula ye-MTurk (N = 73) kubikwe ukuthi basebudlelwaneni abazinikele, kanti abahlanganyeli abangama-58 kwisampula yasekolishi babesebudlelwaneni abazinikele.
Design / Izinyathelo [TOP]
Ngenze inhlolovo eku-inthanethi ngisebenzisa iSurveyMonkey. Ngaphezu kwemibuzo eyisisekelo yokwanda kwabantu, ababambiqhaza balinganise izimilo eziyi-10 ezazicwaningwe ngaphambilini ngokuya ngokungethembeki (I-Whitty, 2003). Isikali sokuqala sika-Whitty sokungathembeki sifaka phakathi izinto ezintathu nezinto eziyi-15, ezihlobene nokungathembeki kwezocansi, ukungathembeki okungokomoya, kanye nokungathembeki kocansi. Ngisuse imibuzo mayelana “nengxoxo esishisayo” njengegama elingasasetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi ngabuza umbuzo owodwa kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Nginwebise ezintweni zokungathembeki kwabezindaba zenhlalo ukuze ngithumele ukubona ukuthi kuthunyelwa kanjani imiyalezo yocansi, ukuthumelana ngomzimba, nokuthumela noma ukuthola ama-selfies anqunu, alinganiselwe ngokungethembeki. Bengifuna nokwazi ukuthi lezi zindlela zokuziqhathanisa nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zangempela zibhekwe kanjani, kwesinye isikhathi, ukungathembeki, ngakho-ke ngibuze nangokuziphatha okungu-12 okuvela emcabangweni we-Perceptions of Dating infidelity Scale (PDIS: U-Wilson et al., I-2011). Ngokuxakayo, izici ze-PDIS (Okucacisiwe nokukhohlisayo) zidlulela ezingxenyeni zezocansi nezomzwelo zesilinganiso sokungathembeki kukaWhitty, kodwa futhi benginesifiso sokuthi indlela yokuziphatha kwezindaba zokuxhumana iqhathaniswa nokuziphatha okuhlobene nokukhishwa okuyi-Ambincous subscale kwe-PDIS, njengoku hugging noma ukudansa nomunye umuntu. Ekugcineni, ngicele ababambiqhaza ukuthi balinganise izindlela zokuziphatha eziyisikhombisa ezihlobene nokungathembeki kobuntu (isib. Ukuthenga / ukuthumela izipho zomuntu osaziwayo, ngicabanga ngalolo hlaka, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile), futhi ngifaka nezici zangempela zalezo zinqubo (ngiphuphe ngicabanga omunye umuntu, ukuthenga / ukuthola izipho komunye umuntu), izinto ezi-34 zizonke. Njengasesifundweni sokuqala seWhitty (futhi ngokufanayo neSifundo 1 sikaWilson et al.), Ababambiqhaza balinganise ukuziphatha ngakunye ngezinga lamaphuzu amahlanu ukusuka kokungathembeki ngokuphelele kuya kokungathembeki okukhulu. Ukuhleleka kokwethulwa kwezindlela zokuziphatha kwahlelwa ngokungahleliwe kumhlanganyeli ngamunye.
Imiphumela [TOP]
Ukuhlola ukuthi lezi zinto ezingama-34 zihlobana kanjani nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungathembeki, ngahambisa imibono yabahlanganyeli bezenzo ezingama-34 ekwehlukaniseni izikhulu ezisebenza nge-axis ngokuyinhloko ezisebenzisa ngokuqondile ukujikeleza kwe-obliqu ku-SPSS (izibalo ezichazayo zikwe Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1
Kusho Ukulinganisa Kwindlela Yokuziphatha Nganye Njengokungathembeki
| Into | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuya ocansini ngomlomo nomunye umuntu | 4.91 | 0.53 |
| Ukuya ocansini nomunye umuntu | 4.90 | 0.54 |
| Ukuqomisana omunye umuntu | 4.79 | 0.71 |
| Ukuthumela ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | 4.74 | 0.68 |
| I-cybersex njalo nabantu abaningi | 4.73 | 0.72 |
| Ukusinda / ukusondelana kakhulu nomuntu othile | 4.71 | 0.71 |
| Ukuthumela imiyalezo nge-SMS | 4.70 | 0.76 |
| Ukuqabula omunye umuntu | 4.62 | 0.79 |
| I-cybersex nomuntu ongaziwa - kanye nje | 4.62 | 0.87 |
| Snapchatting Sexy | 4.60 | 0.80 |
| I-cybersex njalo nomuntu ofanayo | 4.56 | 0.94 |
| Ukuthola ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | 4.43 | 0.94 |
| Ukudlala ngothando ngomunye umuntu | 3.61 | 1.18 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa online | 3.42 | 1.26 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 3.42 | 1.24 |
| Ukukhohlisa | 3.33 | 1.18 |
| Thenga / thola izipho komunye umuntu | 3.30 | 1.26 |
| Ukuya kumaklabhu wokuhlubula ngaphandle kwakho | 3.20 | 1.30 |
| Ukugodla imininingwane kuwe | 3.15 | 1.13 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano obungeyona ubulili okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 3.03 | 1.37 |
| Ukucabanga ngomunye umuntu | 3.01 | 1.44 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano obungeyona ubulili online | 3.00 | 1.42 |
| Ukuya ukuyodla / ukuphuza nomunye umuntu | 2.84 | 1.23 |
| Thenga / thumela izipho zokudumisa usaziwayo | 2.79 | 1.34 |
| Buka i-porn yezidumi ezichotshoziwe | 2.69 | 1.42 |
| Ukudansa nomunye umuntu | 2.65 | 1.17 |
| Ukubuka i-porn ngaphandle kwakho | 2.44 | 1.46 |
| Ukuya kwenye indawo nomunye umuntu | 2.37 | 1.22 |
| Izama ukuhlangana nosaziwayo abacindezelwe | 2.17 | 1.17 |
| Ukuzama ukuxhumana nosaziwayo | 2.11 | 1.18 |
| Ukugcina isikhumbuzo sosaziwayo sichotshoziwe | 2.03 | 1.13 |
| Ukuba nesikhathi eside sosaziwayo sokuchotshozwa | 2.03 | 1.16 |
| Ukuhlikihla omunye umuntu | 2.00 | 1.06 |
| Ukucabanga ngedumela lokuqothuka | 1.76 | 1.04 |
Yize izici eziyisithupha zazine-Eigenvalues ngenhla kweyodwa, ukubikezela okungu-71% komehluko, ngokweqiniso, isixazululo sezinhlanu- noma eziyisithupha besingafanelekile. Isixazululo esinezinto ezine sibikezele ngamaphesenti angama-63 wokuhlukahluka, ngezinto ezihlukanisayo ezihlukaniswe ekuziphatheni okungokoqobo emhlabeni (Parasocial Behaviour) nokuziphatha kwe-solo (Iphutha leParasocial), kushiya ezinye izimilo zilayisha ezintweni ezimbili - Ukungathembeki kwezocansi nezemizwa. Ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo okuvela ku-PDIS kuhambisane ne-Emotional (Inkohliso) factor. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufakiwe kwiParasocial Fantasy factor, noma ukuthumela or ukwamukela I-selfies eyinqunu yayiqoqiwe ngokusobala ngokungathembeki kwezocansi (bheka Ithebula 2 for factor ukulayisha). Isilinganiso sezinto ngesici ngasinye sibaliwe.
Ithebula 2
I-Factor Pattern Matrix Study 1
| Into yokungathembeki | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Emot | Sex | PB | PF | |
| Ama-Eigenvalues | 12.79 | 5.48 | 2.14 | 1.48 |
| Kuchazwe umehluko | 37.64 | 16.10 | 6.29 | 4.36 |
| Ukuya kwenye indawo nomunye umuntu | 0.789 | 0.116 | 0.089 | 0.096 |
| Thenga / thola izipho ze / ezivela komunye umuntu | 0.776 | -0.006 | 0.069 | 0.058 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa nothile ku-inthanethi | 0.767 | -0.050 | -0.161 | -0.070 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa nothile ungaxhunyiwe kwi-inthanethi | 0.763 | -0.073 | -0.081 | -0.003 |
| Ukuya ukuyodla noma ukuphuza nomunye umuntu | 0.688 | -0.010 | 0.106 | -0.034 |
| Ukugodla imininingwane kuwe | 0.683 | -0.033 | 0.070 | 0.023 |
| Ukuqamba amanga kuwe | 0.680 | -0.075 | 0.129 | 0.098 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano be-inthanethi obungebona ubulili | 0.526 | -0.070 | -0.002 | -0.084 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano bezocansi obungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 0.505 | -0.027 | 0.038 | -0.046 |
| Ukuhlikihla omunye umuntu | 0.448 | 0.072 | -0.020 | -0.281 |
| Ukudansa nomunye umuntu | 0.433 | -0.066 | -0.081 | -0.309 |
| Ukudlala ngothando ngomunye umuntu | 0.397 | -0.223 | -0.051 | -0.296 |
| I-cybersex njalo nabantu abaningi | -0.042 | -0.907 | -0.012 | -0.006 |
| Ukuthumela ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | -0.037 | -0.905 | -0.005 | -0.069 |
| Ukuya ocansini ngomlomo nomunye umuntu | -0.057 | -0.868 | 0.075 | 0.154 |
| Ukuya ocansini nomunye umuntu | -0.035 | -0.858 | 0.077 | 0.159 |
| Ukuthumela imiyalezo nge-SMS | 0.021 | -0.845 | 0.056 | 0.029 |
| Ukubheja / ukusondelana okusindayo | -0.009 | -0.809 | 0.091 | 0.135 |
| Snapchatting Sexy | 0.079 | -0.803 | 0.052 | -0.035 |
| Ukuqomisana omunye umuntu | 0.010 | -0.790 | 0.000 | -0.032 |
| I-cybersex nezihambi - kanye | 0.013 | -0.764 | -0.079 | -0.168 |
| Ukuqabula omunye umuntu | 0.100 | -0.725 | -0.046 | -0.041 |
| I-cybersex njalo nomuntu ofanayo | 0.033 | -0.640 | -0.067 | -0.092 |
| Ukuthola ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | 0.073 | -0.567 | -0.144 | -0.210 |
| Ukuzama ukuxhumana nosaziwayo | 0.081 | -0.056 | 0.787 | -0.047 |
| Izama ukuhlangana nosaziwayo | 0.084 | -0.028 | 0.772 | -0.086 |
| Ukuthenga / ukuthumela izipho kosaziwayo | 0.232 | -0.073 | 0.550 | -0.091 |
| Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabasaziwayo | 0.057 | -0.067 | 0.154 | -0.764 |
| Ukubuka izithombe zocansi ngaphandle kwakho | 0.081 | -0.061 | 0.054 | -0.736 |
| Ukucabanga ngomunye umuntu | 0.239 | -0.082 | -0.084 | -0.647 |
| Ukucabanga ngomuntu osaziwayo / umlingisi | -0.109 | -0.003 | 0.406 | -0.609 |
| Ukugcina isikhumbuzo sosaziwayo / umlingisi | 0.073 | 0.048 | 0.380 | -0.581 |
| Ukuba nesikhathi eside kumuntu osaziwayo / umlingiswa | 0.047 | 0.066 | 0.455 | -0.539 |
| Ukuya kumaklabhu wokuhlubula ngaphandle kwakho | 0.308 | -0.089 | 0.009 | -0.460 |
Note. I-Boldface ikhombisa ukulayisha okuphezulu kakhulu kwesici.
Njengangaphakathi KwaWhitty's (2003) cwaningo, isici sokungathembeki kocansi kufaka phakathi isimilo se-cybersexual kanye nokungathembeki ngokomzimba ngokocansi. Njengoba kubikezelwe, izindlela zokuziphatha zokuxhumana ezinjengokuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi, ukuthumelana nge-sexy Snapchatting, kanye nokuthumela noma ukuthola ama-selfies anqunu nako kufakwe kwisici sokungathembeki kocansi, ekuziphatheni okungu-12 (α = .946). Njengoba kungabonakala ngaphakathi Ithebula 1, izimilo zokuziphatha zocansi ezenziwa ngemidiya yokuxhumana nabantu zilinganiswe ngokufanayo ekuziphatheni kobulili kwangempela ngokoMthetho ngokuya kokungathembeki. Ukungathembeki okungokomzwelo kufaka phakathi izimilo eziyi-12, ezibuye futhi zingaguquguquki ngaphakathi (α = .908). Iphutha leParasocial lifaka phakathi izimilo eziyisikhombisa (α = .908), kufaka phakathi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi, kanti ne-Parasocial Behavier ifaka phakathi izindlela ezintathu ezibandakanya ukuzama ukuxhumana nosaziwayo bangempela (ukubathengela izipho, ukuzama ukuxhumana noma ukuhlangana nabo; α = .831).
Ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ikhona yini imiphumela yobulili emibonweni yezinhlobo ezihlukile zokungathembeki, ngenza i-ANVOA ehlanganisiwe kwa-SpSS, nezinhlobo ezine zokungathembeki njengezobulili obuzimele, ozibona buzimele (owesilisa noma owesimame) phakathi kwezihloko okuzimele okuguquguqukayo, nokukalwa kokungathembeki njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Kube nomphumela omkhulu wohlobo lokungathembeki kwizilinganiso zokungathembeki, F(3, 639) = 510.46, p <.001, η2 = .706. Ukuqhathaniswa kukaPairwise kubonise ukuthi isilinganiso esiphakathi sokungathembeki kwezocansi sasiphezulu kakhulu (M = 4.69, SD = 0.60) kune-Emotional infidelity (M = 2.98, SD = 0.87), Iphutha le-Parasocial (M = 2.45, SD = 1.04) noma i-Parasocial Behaeve (M = 2.35, SD = 1.06). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Emotional infidelity nayo yalinganiswa kakhulu ngokubhekelwa kokungathembeki kunasiphi isigaba sombuso.
Kube nomphumela omkhulu wobulili ekuboneni kokungathembeki, F(1, 213) = 8.42, p = .004, η2 = .038. Sekukonke, abesifazane balinganise izimilo njengokukhombisa ngokwengeziwe kokungathembeki (M = 3.22, SD = 0.74) kunamadoda (M = 2.93, SD = 0.58). Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kohlobo lokuziphatha nobulili nakho bekubalulekile, F(3, 624) = 2.46, p = .062, η2 = .012. Amasampula azimele t Ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi ikakhulukazi, abesifazane kungenzeka bavame ukukala i-Parasocial Fantasy ne-Emotional infidelity njengokungathembeki (bona Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3
Ukuqhathanisa kwe-Def infidelity Scores ngohlobo nobulili, Ucwaningo 1
| Uhlobo Lokungathembeki | Abesifazane M (SD) | Men M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuziphatha Kwe-Parasocial | 2.36 (1.13) | 2.35 (0.93) | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Umcabango weParasocial | 2.60 (1.06) | 2.17 (0.93) | I-2.92 ** | 0.43 |
| Ubulili | 4.76 (0.62) | 4.56 (0.55) | 2.29 * | 0.34 |
| Uzwela | 3.16 (0.88) | 2.65 (0.74) | I-4.27 *** | 0.63 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Enye i-ANOVA exubekile yasetshenziselwa ukuhlola umphumela wobudala ekuboneni kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungathembeki. Ubudala bufakwe njenge-covariate ephakathi kwezifundo. Kube nomphumela omkhulu weminyaka kukalwa kokungathembeki, F(1, 209) = 5.41, p = .021, η2 = .025. Ubudala babikezele kakhulu ngendlela ababambe iqhaza abayilinganise ngayo i-Parasocial Fantasy, β = -.026, t = -3.59, p <.001, nokungathembeki ngokomzwelo, β = -.023, t = -3.73, p <.001. Njengoba iminyaka yanda, ababambiqhaza babencane amathuba okulinganisa lezi zimilo njengokukhombisa ukungathembeki.
Ekugcineni, imiphumela yesimo sobudlelwano emibonweni yezinhlobo ezihlukile zokungathembeki yahlolwa. Imiphumela ye-ANOVA ehlanganisiwe ikhombisile ukuthi kube nomphumela obalulekile wesimo sobudlelwano (ebudlelwaneni obuzinikele vs. hhayi) ekuqondeni kokungathembeki, F(1, 213) = 6.33, p = .013, η2 = .029. Amasampula azimele t izivivinyo zikhombise ukuthi ababambiqhaza ebudlelwaneni abazinikezele balinganiselwe ngokuziphatha okuphathelene nokuziphatha okuphathelene nokukhubazeka nokuphakama okukhulu kakhulu kokungathembeki kunabahlanganyeli abekho ebudlelwaneni abazibophelele (bona Ithebula 4).
Ithebula 4
Ukuqhathanisa kwe-Def infidelity Scores ngohlobo Nesimo Sobudlelwano, iSifundo 1
| Uhlobo Lokungathembeki | Single M (SD) | Ubuhlobo M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuziphatha Kwe-Parasocial | 2.12 (0.95) | 2.51 (1.11) | -2.68 ** | 0.38 |
| Umcabango weParasocial | 2.33 (0.88) | 2.53 (1.13) | -1.43 | 0.20 |
| Ubulili | 4.65 (0.75) | 4.72 (0.48) | -0.82 | 0.11 |
| Uzwela | 2.80 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.90) | -2.54 * | 0.36 |
Note. Para. Beh. = Ukuziphatha okuyisisekelo; Para. Umcabango. = Iphutha leParasocial.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Ingxoxo [TOP]
Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola luqhubekisela phambili lokho okwaziwayo ngokuthi abantu babona kanjani izimilo zangaphandle. Sekukonke, ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokungathembeki okwenzeka nge-media social (njenge-Snapchatting ye-sexy) kubonwe ngendlela efanayo nezenzo ezifundwe ngaphambilini zokuziphatha ngokungathembeki kwe-cyber (njengokuba ne-cybersex nomuntu ongamaziyo; I-Whitty, 2003), futhi yomibili imithombo yezokuxhumana kanye nokuziphatha kwe-cyber kwahlukaniswa nge-Ukwephulwa Kwezokuziphatha Kwezocansi ngokuya ngasokeni. Ngempela, uma kuqhathaniswa nocwaningo lwasekuqaleni lukaWhitty, abantu bakala ukuthumela nokwamukela ama-selfies anqunu ngemithombo yezokuxhumana noma ezinye izindawo zobuchwepheshe kwabanye abantu njengokungathembeki ngokweqile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize iziphathimandla zaziphatha kabi kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nabalingani bezindaba zenhlalo, bona, njengoba bekucatshangwe, babonwa ngokufana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokwesimo sokungathembeki. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi uma umuntu ebona ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zomlingani kuyisenzo sokukhaphela, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi babone ubudlelwane bezothando bezothando njengokungathembeki, futhi ngokufanayo bangakhathazeka ngale ndlela yokuziphatha.
Kube nokuhlukahluka endleleni abantu ababona ngayo ukungathembeki. Ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane balinganise ukuziphatha kwezocansi okuphezulu kakhulu kokungathembeki, kepha akukho thonya lobudala noma isimo sobudlelwano ekutheni le nto ibonwa kanjani. Abesifazane nababambiqhaza abasebancane babekwazi ukukala isimilo esiphathelene ne-parasocial fantasy njengokungathembeki, ngokufanayo nemiphumela KwaMhlophe (2003). Ukuthi ababambiqhaza abasebancane bakala lezi zindlela njengokuphakeme ekungathembeki kungenzeka ngenxa yokuntula isipiliyoni ngobudlelwano bezwe langempela, noma ngenxa yesiko eliguqukayo maqondana nobudlelwano obufanele be-extradyadic. Kwezinye izimo, lapho-ke, ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha okubucayi komlingani wakho zingabonakala njengokukhaphela, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zingaba nomthelela omubi kulobo budlelwano, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abasebasha. Njengoba izindlela zokuxhumana nabantu zanda, kufanele futhi ukuthi ingxoxo ezungeze lokho kwamukeleke ebudlelwaneni obuthile. Okungahle kuthathwe njengento engenabungozi kumlingani oyedwa kungabonakala njengokungathembeki kocansi komunye umlingani.
Yize ababambiqhaza bebebonakala sengathi babona konke ukuziphatha kwezokuxhumana kanye nokuziphatha okuyizimfihlo njengezindlela zokungathembeki okuqhathaniswa nokungathembeki kocansi kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungenzeka ukuthi umthelela obonakalayo walezi zindlela uzoba mncane, ikakhulukazi ebudlelwaneni bokuhlaselana. Abahlanganyeli bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi indlela yokuziphatha ethile yokwephula umthetho izokwephula izinkambiso zobudlelwano bempilo yangempela, kepha bangathinteka kokwephulwa okujwayelekile kunakwezinye izindlela zokuziphatha, noma banomuzwa wokuthi bangaba nelungelo elincane lokuzwa ukuphulwa yilokho kwephula umthetho. Kwenziwe ucwaningo lwesibili lokuqinisekisa ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha obekufundwe ngayo phambilini, ikakhulukazi yokuziphatha kwe-parasocial, impela ibonwa njengokungathembeki futhi ngaleyo ndlela icindezela ebudlelwaneni, kanye nokuqhathanisa umthelela obonakele wokungathembeki kocansi, we-Emotional kanye ne-Parasocial, kanye nokubheka ukwanda komphumela kanye nomphumela yokungathembeki kwe-parasocial.
Funda i-2 [TOP]
Indlela [TOP]
Abahlanganyeli [TOP]
Ababambe iqhaza baqashwa kabusha ngeMTurk futhi bavela eyunivesithi yaseMidwestern e-United States. Abahlanganyeli bezitshudeni zasekolishi babehlanganisa abesifazane abangama-68 nabesilisa abangama-29 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 kuye kwengu-28 (M = 18.91, SD = 1.69). Ababambiqhaza baqashwa ngohlelo lwe-SONA lwenyuvesi, uhlelo lokulawulwa kocwaningo lwe-inthanethi, futhi bahlawuliswa ngezikweletu zocwaningo ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza, okungasetshenziswa ngokubhekela izidingo zenkambo noma isikweletu esengeziwe. Ababambiqhaza be-MTurk bafaka abesifazane abangama-34 nabesilisa abangama-66 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-19 kuye kwengu-59 ubudala (M = 31.60, SD = Iminyaka engu-8.15), futhi kunxephezelwe ama- $ 1.00 ngesikhathi sawo. Iningi lababambe iqhaza kusampula ye-MTurk (N = 62) kubikwe ukuthi basebudlelwaneni abazinikele, kanti abahlanganyeli abangama-43 kwisampula yasekolishi babesebudlelwaneni abazinikele.
Design / Izinyathelo [TOP]
Ngiphinde ngenza inhlolovo eku-inthanethi ngisebenzisa iSurveyMonkey. Ngokungeziwe embuzweni oyisisekelo wokuphikisana kwabantu, izinyathelo zifaka nokuziphatha ukuthi ababambiqhaza bake bakala ngaphambili ngokwemibandela yokungathembeki. Kuhlanganwe nokuziphatha okusha okumbalwa, okubandakanya uzakwethu ukuthumela izithombe zeFacebook ezikhombisa ukuthi umuntu othile unothando lokuthandana naye, ene-akhawunti yezokuxhumana nabantu abatshelekayo, futhi etshela abalingani babo ukuthi bafisa sengathi babukeka njengodumo lwabo. Ukuziphatha ngakunye kulinganiswe ngebha yokuslayida kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-100 ngokuya ngokuthi kanjani okulimazayo indlela yokuziphatha kungaba yilapho umlingani womhlanganyeli ezokwenza isenzo ngasinye. Ukuhleleka lapho izindlela zethulwe khona kwahlelwa ngokungahleliwe kumhlanganyeli ngamunye. Ababambe iqhaza babuye babuzwa ukuthi bake baba yini ebudlelwaneni lapho umlingani wabo ethandana nomuntu othandana naye, nokuthi lokho kubuthinta kanjani ubudlelwano babo.
Imiphumela [TOP]
Ngithumele imibono yababambiqhaza yokulinyazwa kokuziphatha ekuhlaziyeni kwe-factor factor besebenzisa ukujikeleza okuqondile kwe-SPSS (izibalo ezichazayo zikwe Ithebula 5). Yize izinto eziyisithupha zazine-Eigenvalues ngenhla kweyodwa, izici ezine ziphinde zabikezela ukwehluka kwamaphesenti angama-64. Kodwa-ke, isixazululo sesici ezine asizange sisho kahle ezintweni ezedlule - izici ezaziphawulwa ngaphambili njengokungathembeki emphefumlweni zangena ezicini ezimbili ngaphandle kokucaca okucacile kwezinkolelo, futhi nokuziphatha okubuthakathaka kulayishwe entweni eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, kwahlolwa ikhambi lezici ezintathu, elachaza ngamaphesenti angama-60 wokuhlukahluka (bheka Ithebula 6), nezinto ezihambelana kakhulu ne-Sexual, Emotional, ne-Parasocial infidelity, ngokungabikho komehluko phakathi kokuziphatha kokuphathelene neparasocial. Ngakho-ke, ekuhlaziyeni okwalandelayo, ukungathembeki kweParasocial kwahlolwa njengesici esisodwa.
Ithebula 5
Izibalo ezichazayo zokulimaza ama-Behaviors, iSifundo 2
| Into | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuya ocansini nomunye umuntu | 95.09 | 13.37 |
| Ukunikeza ubulili bomlomo | 93.01 | 16.55 |
| Ukuthola ubulili bomlomo | 92.75 | 15.98 |
| Ukuthumela ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | 88.79 | 21.24 |
| Ukuqomisana omunye umuntu | 88.10 | 23.69 |
| I-cybersex njalo nomuntu ofanayo | 87.44 | 21.43 |
| Ukuqabula omunye umuntu | 86.22 | 19.10 |
| I-cybersex njalo nabantu abaningi | 86.04 | 23.53 |
| Ukuthumela imiyalezo nge-SMS | 85.54 | 21.11 |
| Ukusinda / ukusondelana kakhulu nomuntu othile | 85.02 | 19.42 |
| Kuthunyelwe izithombe i-Facebook zithinta omunye umuntu | 79.86 | 23.26 |
| Snapchatting Sexy | 78.73 | 25.32 |
| Ukukhohlisa | 74.69 | 21.77 |
| I-cybersex nomuntu ongaziwa - kanye nje | 73.83 | 30.19 |
| Ukuthola ama-selfies anqunu komunye umuntu | 72.37 | 32.40 |
| Banama-Tinder / Bumble / akhawunti efanayo | 72.31 | 31.08 |
| Ukugodla imininingwane kuwe | 69.84 | 26.20 |
| Ukudlala ngothando ngomunye umuntu | 67.91 | 28.69 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 64.62 | 30.47 |
| Utshele ukuthi ufisa ukubukeka njengosaziwayo | 63.06 | 30.50 |
| Ukwabelana ngemininingwane ejulile yemizwa online | 58.71 | 30.99 |
| Ukucabanga ngomunye umuntu | 57.07 | 34.09 |
| Ukuya kumaklabhu wokuhlubula ngaphandle kwakho | 50.24 | 36.00 |
| Thenga / thola izipho komunye umuntu | 50.08 | 35.16 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano obungeyona ubulili online | 47.31 | 35.74 |
| Ukuba nobudlelwano obungeyona ubulili okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 44.07 | 35.27 |
| Thenga / thumela izipho zokudumisa usaziwayo | 39.08 | 31.87 |
| Ukudansa nomunye umuntu | 38.72 | 29.58 |
| Ukuya ukuyodla / ukuphuza nomunye umuntu | 37.93 | 32.42 |
| Ukuzama ukuxhumana nosaziwayo | 34.15 | 31.42 |
| Izama ukuhlangana nosaziwayo abacindezelwe | 32.16 | 30.88 |
| Buka i-porn yezidumi ezichotshoziwe | 29.75 | 32.69 |
| Ukubuka i-porn ngaphandle kwakho | 25.34 | 33.59 |
| Ukuba nesikhathi eside sosaziwayo sokuchotshozwa | 21.78 | 26.56 |
| Ukucabanga ngedumela lokuqothuka | 20.87 | 25.43 |
| Ukuhlikihla omunye umuntu | 18.87 | 23.66 |
| Ukugcina isikhumbuzo sosaziwayo sichotshoziwe | 18.69 | 25.43 |
Ithebula 6
I-Factor Pattern Matrix Study 2
| Into yokungathembeki | F1 | F2 | F3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubulili | I-Parasoc. | Uzwela | |
| Ama-Eigenvalues | 14.90 | 5.85 | 1.92 |
| Kuchazwe umehluko | 39.22 | 15.38 | 5.05 |
| Uthole ubulili bomlomo komunye umuntu | 0.928 | -0.097 | -0.120 |
| I-cybersex njalo umuntu ofanayo | 0.909 | -0.061 | 0.011 |
| Uthole ubulili bomlomo obuvela komunye umuntu | 0.907 | -0.080 | -0.099 |
| I-cybersex njalo nabantu abaningi | 0.906 | 0.035 | -0.033 |
| Kuthunyelwe ubuwena obunqunu komunye umuntu | 0.895 | -0.005 | -0.045 |
| Kuthunyelwe omunye umuntu imiyalezo | 0.882 | 0.051 | -0.021 |
| Ukuya ocansini nomunye umuntu | 0.856 | -0.180 | -0.067 |
| I-Sexy Snapchatted | 0.830 | 0.106 | 0.051 |
| Baqabule omunye umuntu | 0.723 | -0.081 | 0.170 |
| I-cybersex nezihambi - kanye | 0.680 | 0.205 | 0.013 |
| Wazibandakanya ekubambeni / ekuthandeni kanzima | 0.676 | 0.020 | 0.049 |
| Ithole ama-selfies anqunu nge-imeyili / ingxoxo / umyalezo | 0.540 | 0.127 | 0.247 |
| Kuthunyelwe izithombe ezinemininingwane ehlekisayo nomunye umuntu ku-Facebook | 0.530 | 0.087 | 0.281 |
| Ukufikelwa ngumuntu othile | 0.502 | 0.092 | 0.340 |
| I-Tinder / Bumble / i-akhawunti efanayo | 0.501 | 0.221 | 0.122 |
| Kufakwe omunye umuntu | 0.497 | 0.008 | 0.020 |
| Gcina imemorandamu yosaziwayo / yokuchotshozwa komlingiswa | -0.144 | 0.827 | 0.038 |
| Izamile ukuhlangana nosaziwayo | 0.116 | 0.812 | -0.124 |
| Ukuchotshozwa isikhathi eside kosaziwayo / umlingiswa | -0.103 | 0.775 | 0.118 |
| Izame ukuxhumana nokuchobozekwa | 0.109 | 0.759 | -0.173 |
| Kufikelwa umcabango mayelana nechobozekile | -0.054 | 0.753 | 0.061 |
| Uthenge / uthumele izipho zokuchotshozwa | 0.116 | 0.735 | -0.007 |
| Kubuke i-porn yokuchotshozwa | -0.014 | 0.628 | 0.201 |
| Ubuke i-porn ngaphandle kwakho | -0.051 | 0.462 | 0.177 |
| Ubambe omunye umuntu | -0.117 | 0.448 | 0.410 |
| Ufuna ukukhumula amaklabhu ngaphandle kwakho | 0.096 | 0.389 | 0.274 |
| Ukutshele ukuthi bebefisa sengathi ubukeka sengathi uzodonsa umoya | 0.289 | 0.359 | 0.153 |
| Imininingwane eyabiwe yemizwa nomunye umuntu oku-inthanethi | 0.003 | -0.045 | 0.767 |
| Imininingwane eyabiwe yemizwa nomunye umuntu okungaxhunyiwe kwi-inthanethi | -0.070 | -0.022 | 0.702 |
| Uphume ukuyodla nomunye umuntu | -0.005 | 0.194 | 0.669 |
| Ulwazi oluvinjiwe kuwe | 0.035 | -0.020 | 0.613 |
| Uthenge / uthole izipho ze / ezivela komunye umuntu | 0.090 | 0.170 | 0.601 |
| Ubudlelwano obungeyona ubulili online | 0.122 | 0.153 | 0.498 |
| Ukuqamba amanga kuwe | 0.258 | -0.156 | 0.494 |
| Udansa omunye umuntu | 0.059 | 0.266 | 0.445 |
| Kufikelelwe ngomunye umuntu | 0.333 | 0.224 | 0.380 |
| Ubudlelwano obungeyona ubulili okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi | 0.093 | 0.230 | 0.348 |
Note. I-Boldface ikhombisa ukulayisha okuphezulu kakhulu kwesici.
Ukungethembeki kwezocansi kuphinde kufake phakathi isimilo se-cybersexual, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Facebook noma amasayithi wokuphola kwezenhlalo, kwezindlela zokuziphatha eziyi-16 (α = .952). I-Emotional infidelity ifaka izimilo eziyi-10, ezibuye futhi zingaguquguquki ngaphakathi (α = .882). Ukungathembeki kweParasocial kufaka phakathi izimilo eziyi-10, futhi kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (α = .905). I-Hugging ihambelana nazo zombili izici zokuhlaselana ngokomzwelo futhi yaphonswa ekuhlaziweni okwengeziwe.
Ngenze i-ANOVA exubekile nezinhlobo ezintathu zokungathembeki njengokuguquguquka okuzimele okungaphakathi kwezifundo, ubulili (owesilisa noma nowesifazane) njengokuhlukahluka okuphakathi kwezifundo, ngabona ukulimala njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Kube nomphumela omkhulu wohlobo lokungathembeki kuzilinganiso ezilimazayo, F(2, 344) = 590.27, p <.001, η2 = .774. Ukuqhathanisa nge-Pairwise kukhombisile ukuthi inani lilonke, izikolo ezijwayelekile zokungathembeki kwezocansi beziphakeme kakhulu (M = 82.56, SD = 18.29) kune-Emotional infidelity (M = 53.64, SD = 21.52) noma ukungathembeki kwe-Parasocial (M = 32.20, SD = 21.37), nokuthi ukungathembeki kwe-Emotional kwabonwa njengokulimaza kakhulu kunokungathembeki kweParasocial.
Kube nomphumela omkhulu wobulili wokuthi ababambiqhaza abalimaze kanjani babone zonke izinhlobo zokungathembeki, F(1, 172) = 42.91, p <.001, η2 = .200. Sekukonke, abesifazane babona ukungathembeki kuyalimaza kakhulu (M = 63.82, SD = 15.29) kunamadoda (M = 48.62, SD = 15.30). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nomphumela wokuxhumana omncane kodwa obalulekile phakathi kohlobo lokungathembeki nobulili kokulimala okubonakalayo, F(2, 344) = 3.45, p = .033, η2 = .02. Amasampula azimele t izivivinyo zikhombisile ukuthi yize abesifazane bebengakwazi ukukala zonke izinhlobo zokungathembeki njengezilimaza kakhulu, umehluko awuzange ubonakaliswe ekuziphatheni kwe-parasocial (bona Ithebula 7).
Ithebula 7
Ukuqhathanisa iZimpawu Zokulimaza Ngohlobo Nobulili, Ucwaningo 2
| Uhlobo Lokungathembeki | Abesifazane M (SD) | Men M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Parasocial | 37.94 (21.14) | 26.59 (20.17) | I-3.63 *** | 0.55 |
| Uzwela | 63.29 (19.10) | 44.21 (19.55) | I-6.51 *** | 0.99 |
| Ubulili | 90.22 (11.73) | 75.07 (20.39) | I-5.99 *** | 0.91 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Enye i-ANOVA exubekile isetshenziselwe ukuhlola umphumela wobudala ekutholakaleni kokulimala kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungathembeki. Ubudala bufakwe njenge-covariate ephakathi kwezifundo. Kube nomphumela omkhulu weminyaka kukalwa kokungathembeki, F(1, 172) = 6.88, p = .010, η2 = .038. Ubudala babikezela kakhulu ukuthi ababambiqhaza bakulinganise kanjani ukungathembeki kwezocansi, β = -.578, t = -3.84, p <.001, nokungathembeki ngokomzwelo, β = -.397, t = -2.18, p = .030. Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, ababambiqhaza babenamathuba amancane okulinganisa ukungathembeki ngokobulili nangokomzwelo njengokulimazayo.
Imiphumela ye-ANOVA yokugcina ibonise ukuthi kunomphumela omkhulu obalulekile wesimo sobudlelwano (ebudlelwaneni obuzinikele obuphambili hhayi) ekuqondeni kokulimala, F(1, 172) = 8.88, p = .003, η2 = .049. Amasampula azimele t Ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ebudlelwaneni abazinikele kungenzeka bavame ukukala zontathu lezi zindlela zokungathembeki njengezilimaza kakhulu kunababambiqhaza abangenabo ebudlelwaneni abazibophelele (bona Ithebula 8).
Ingxoxo [TOP]
Sekukonke, lokhu okutholakele kuqinisekisa futhi kunweba imiphumela yeSifundo 1, futhi kusikisela ukuthi ngokufanayo ekuziphatheni kwe-cybersex, ekuziphatheni okubi kobulili noma okufana nokwenzeka ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuthathwa njengokulimaza njengokungathembeki kocansi ngokomzimba. Ngoba lokhu kuziphatha akwenzeki ubuso nobuso akubenzi babe nomthelela omncane ebudlelwaneni, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ziphinde zifundwe ngokuya ngobukhona kanye nomthelela wazo ebudlelwaneni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokungathembeki kwe-parasocial kwabonwa njengokulimaza okufanayo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nokuzimela, kungaba nemiphumela emibi ebudlelwaneni bempilo yangempela (Schneider et al., 2012), futhi kuhlobene nokuzibophezela kumlingani wakho futhi kuhlobene nokuthembekile (ULambert et al., 2012). Imiphumela yocwaningo 2 iqinisekisa ukuthi yize uhlangothi olulodwa, indlela yokuziphatha ethintekayo nayo ingaba nomthelela omubi ebudlelwaneni bezothando, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane nalabo abasebudlelwaneni abazinikele.
Ingxoxo Jikelele [TOP]
Kuneziphetho ezimbili ezibalulekile zocwaningo lwamanje. Okokuqala, ukuziphatha kocansi noma ukudlala ngothando okuqhutshwa ngemidiya yezenhlalo kubonwa ngokufanayo hhayi kuphela ekuziphatheni kobulili be-cyber kepha futhi nasekuthembekeni kokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili, futhi kubonakala njengokulimaza ngendlela efanayo ebudlelwaneni bezothando. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambelana nalokho kwe UWhitty (2003; 2005), futhi siphinde siphakamise ukuthi ukuziphatha kwe-extradyadic akudingeki kube ngokomzimba ngoba kuthathwa njengokungathembeki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize ubudlelwano be-parasocial bungabhekwa njengobudlelwane beqiniso be-extradyadic ngenxa yesimo sabo esisodwa, imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje ikhombisa ukuthi romance parasocial romance kulinganiswa ngokufanayo futhi kubuhlungu njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwesimo sokukhashelwa kwezothando. okulindelwe ebudlelwaneni. Ukuzibandakanya kulobu budlelwano kungahle kwephule izinkambiso zobudlelwano obukhona noma obonakele, futhi ngalokho kungalimaza ubudlelwano. Imiphumela yezifundo ezikhona iveza ukuthi lokhu kwephula umthetho kungabonakala ikakhulukazi futhi kuthinte abesifazane abasebasha. Ngeshwa, njengoba abantu bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa kwizingcingo zabo ezi-smart phone nasezikhala ezihlanganayo, ithuba lokuthi bobabili ukungathembeki kwezokuxhumana kanye nokungathembeki kwe-parasocial kukhuphuke, njengoba kwenza amandla obudlelwano kungalimala. Indawo eyodwa yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele ihlole ukusetshenziswa kwe-social media kwabalingani maqondana nokuziphatha okuyi-extradyadic virtual and parasocial behaviour. Akukacaci futhi ukuthi abalingani banezingxoxo yini mayelana nokuthi yikuphi ukungathembeki. Abaphenyi bangaphambilini bathole ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwabalingani kuhlobene kahle nokwaneliseka kobuhlobo (I-Litzinger & Gordon, 2005). Njengokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi, ukuxhumana mayelana nokuziphatha okwamukelekayo okungokomzwelo noma kocansi, kufaka phakathi imithombo yezokuxhumana noma ngobuntu, kungaholela ekwanelisekeni kobudlelwano. Abaphenyi bakusasa bangahle bangafuni nje ukubona ukuthi abantu bancuma ukuthi bangathembeki, kepha futhi nokuthi yiziphi izici zokungathembeki abakhuluma nabalingani babo ngazo.
Kungani abantu benza ukungathembeki? Ucwaningo lokungathembeki lukhombisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kokugculiseka kobuhlobo (ikakhulukazi abesifazane) nokweneliswa kwezocansi (ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa) kuhlobene nokukhula kokungathembeki (IBlow & Hartnett, 2005). Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baphinde bazibandakanye ekuziphatheni okucacile ngemidiya yezenhlalo noma bahlanganyele emibonweni yokuhlaselana ngezizathu ezifanayo. Ngempela, izinzuzo ezitholwa ebudlelwaneni bezothando zothando zibonakala zifana nalezo ezitholwe ubudlelwano bezothando bangempela (U-Adam noSizemore, 2013). Noma kunjalo, kungahlukahluka okubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuthi kungani abantu beziphatha ngale ndlela, kodwa futhi ngubani uqhuba lezi zinhlobo zokungathembeki. Ucwaningo lwekusasa kufanele lubhekane nale mibuzo.
Ukulinganiselwa [TOP]
Kukhona imikhawulo ebalulekile kulezi zifundo. Zombili lezi zifundo bezihlolisisa ngokwemvelo, futhi zenziwa ukubona ukuthi ngabe ukuziphatha kwe-parasocicic extradyadic kuzobhekwa njengezindlela zokungathembeki. Ucwaningo lwakusasa kufanele luphinde luphinde luphinde luthole konke okutholakele ekuziphatheni kwe-parasocial kubonakala ngokufanayo ekusebenziseni izithombe zocansi, nokuthi ukuziphatha kwe-media social extradyadic kubonwa ngendlela efanayo nokungethembeki kwe-cyber- kanye nokungathembeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula amancane awazange avumele ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yokuxhumana okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kokuguquguquka okuphakathi kwezihloko. Kungenzeka ukuthi amadoda amancane, ngokwesibonelo, angabona ukuziphatha okufundiwe okuhlukile kunalokho ebesingakulindela kusekelwe esifundweni samanje. Isampula enkulu ingavumela ukuba kuhlolwe kakhulu imiphumela yokuxhumana ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zabantu ezingabona kakhulu ukuziphatha kwe-parasocial, ikakhulukazi, njengokungathembeki.
Okunye ukukhawulelwa kwalezi zifundo njengokuthi indlela yokuziphatha ngayinye ihlolwe ngendlela eyodwa kuphela. Yize lokhu kwenziwa ukunciphisa ubude bozinhlolovo, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungagxila kwimidiya yezenhlalo noma ekuziphatheni kokuhlanya futhi kuhlolwe kangcono imibono ehlukile yalezi zindlela zokuziphatha.
Ekugcineni, imvamisa nombono wokuziphatha okungaphezulu kwezokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezothando lokuphambana kungenzeka ngokuhlukahluka emasikweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemidiya eningi kanye nemidiya yezenhlalo kungakhuphula ukwenzeka kwalezi zindlela, futhi kuthinte izinkambiso ezaziwayo ezungeze lezi zimo zokuziphatha. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingahlola nokuvela okukhona kwemidiya yezenhlalo nokungathembeki kwe-parasocial maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwemidiya yonke, kanye namasampula abantu ahlukahlukene ngokwamasiko.
Izimali [TOP]
Umbhali akanayo imali yokubika.
Izithakazelo Eziqhudelanayo [TOP]
Umbhali umemezele ukuthi azikho izintshisekelo ezincintisanayo ezikhona.
Ukuvuma [TOP]
Umbhali akasekeli ngokubika.
Ukuvunywa kokuziphatha [TOP]
Zonke izinqubo ezenziwa ezifundweni ezibandakanya abahlanganyeli babantu bezihambisana namazinga wokuziphatha kweBhodi Yezikhungo Zokubuyekezwa kanye nesimemezelo sikaHelsinki sango-1964 kanye nezichibiyelo zalo zakamuva noma izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezifanayo.
Imvume eyaziwa yatholwa kubo bonke ababambiqhaza abafakiwe kulolu cwaningo.
Okubhekwayo [TOP]
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