Umlutha Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile - I-Supranormal Stimulus Ecatshangwa Ngomqondo Wokungasebenzi Kwegazi (i-2013)

UDkt Don Hilton

UDonald L. Hilton Jr., MD*

UMnyango wezeNurovurgery, i-University of Texas Health Sciences Centre eSan Antonio, eU.SA

abstract

Umlutha ube yigama elihlukanisayo lapho kufakwa kuziphathi zokuziphatha zocansi eziphoqayo (CSBs), kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okubonakalayo. Naphezu kokwamukelwa okukhulayo kobukhona bemvelo noma inqubo yokulutha ngokususelwa ekuqondeni okwengeziwe komsebenzi wezinhlelo zokuvuza ze-mesolimbic dopaminergic, kube nokucabanga kokufaka ilebula ngama-CSB njengokuthi kungaba umlutha. Ngenkathi ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) kanye nokukhuluphala kuthola ukunakwa okukhulu ezifundweni ezisebenzayo nasekuziphatheni, ubufakazi bukhona ngokwengeziwe obusekela incazelo yama-CSB njengomlutha. Lobu bufakazi bunezici eziningi futhi bususelwa ekuqondeni okuvela kokuqonda kwendima ye-neuronal receptor ku-neuroplasticity ehambelana nomlutha, esekelwa umbono wokuziphatha ongokomlando. Lo mphumela umlutha ungakhuphula ubunyoninco obusheshisiwe kanye 'nesishukumisi esikhulu ngokwengeziwe' (ibinzana elenziwe uNikolaas Tinbergen) isici esithengwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi.

Amagama angukhiye: ubuchopho; umlutha; izithombe zocansi; i-neuroplasticity; ubulili

Kwamukelwe: 4 Mashi 2013; Ishicilelwe: 19 Julayi 2013

I-Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2013

UDonald L. Hilton. Le yindatshana ye-Open Access esatshalaliswe ngaphansi kwemigomo yelayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), okuvumela konke ukusetshenziswa okungewona okwezentengiselwano, ukusatshalaliswa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma yikuphi okuphakathi, inqobo nje uma umsebenzi woqobo ukhonjwe kahle.

Ukucaphuna: I-Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2013, 3: 20767 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v3i0.20767

Iningi lezimpawu ezimayelana nokuthi ukuziphatha okucansini okuphoqayo (i-CSB) kuwumlutha noma isifo esithile esibuthakathaka kungenzeka sihlobene nokuthi silichaza kanjani igama elithi uqobo. Kuyabonakala ukuthi igama elithi 'umlutha' lisetshenziswe ngokunqikanqika ekubhaleni impilo yezengqondo; isidingo esisodwa asibheki ukwedlula lesi Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo (DSM) ngobufakazi balokhu. Ezinguqulweni ezedlule, indlela yokulutha yachazwa ngokungeyikho ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene; i-DSM-5 ikushintshe lokhu futhi yengeze ngezigaba kusetshenziswa umlutha wamagama.

Imibhalo yezincwadi ye-DSM ibikade ingumlando emlandweni, okungukuthi, isuselwa ekuqapheleni nasekuziphatheni ngokuziphatha kunokugxila ku-etiology ye-biology. Ukubaluleka okungokoqobo ngukuthi i-DSM ingasebenza njengencwajana yabadokotela abasemkhakheni; bangakwazi ukuxilonga futhi baphathe ukugula kwengqondo, kubandakanya nokuziphatha okuluthayo, ngokususelwa ekubukweni nasekuhlolweni, kunokuba bathembele kusikali sokuxilonga kanye nemiphumela yaselebhu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani umlutha wamagama uhlangabezane nokumelana kulo mongo, kuyasiza ukucubungula ukuqonda kwawo komlando kwisichazamazwi. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala, futhi okungenzeka okokuqala, okubhaliwe kokuluthwa kwamagama esimweni sezokwelapha kwakuyisitatimende ku Journal of the American Medical Association ku-1906: 'Akukhathalekile ukuthi umuntu ukhuluma ngomkhuba we-opium, isifo se-opium, noma umlutha we-opium' (Jelliffe, 1906). Ngenkathi bambalwa manje bephikisana besebenzisa igama elihlobene nezinto ezisetshenziswe kabi zokuhlukumeza, kuze kube manje kusenokubakhona okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwalo kulokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi yimibono yendabuko, inqubo, noma umlutha wemvelo.

Ku-1983, uPatrick Carnes wethule igama elithi 'umlutha wobulili' ngokususelwa kunhlaka yokuziphatha (Carnes, 1983). Abanye baye basekela imodeli yokuziphatha yokulutha ngokocansi; cabanga, isibonelo, iphepha lakamuva likaGarcia noThobaut, elathi, 'Isimo sezifo zocansi ezingezona ezezinto ezithandekayo sithanda ukucabanga kwaso njengokuziphatha okuluthayo, kunokuba kube yisimo sokucindezela ngokweqile, noma sokulawula ukucindezela' (Garcia & Thibaut, 2010).

I-Angres neBettanardi-Angres (2008) kuchaze umlutha ngokuthi 'ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinto eziguqukayo eziguquguqukayo noma izimilo (isib. ukugembula, ama-CSB) yize kube nemiphumela emibi', kanye noBostwick noBucci (2008) basebenzise ilebuli yokungezela kumongo wezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Kunokuthambekela okukhulayo kokusebenzisa igama elithi umlutha wezocansi kuma-CSB, ngokuqaphela ukuthi isisusa sobulili siyinkimbinkimbi, ngezinto ezihlobene, ezishukumisayo, nezokuqonda ezithinta ukubonakaliswa komshini we-biologic ukuzala kabusha. Isibonelo, i-Estellon neMouras (2012) ichaze ukuhlangana okuqhubekayo kwengqondo ye-psychoanalytic kanye ne-neurosciological njengoba isetshenziswa kumlutha wezocansi.

Izazi zemilutha yokulutha ziwusekela ngokwengeziwe umqondo wobukhona bemilutha yemvelo, njengoba ubufakazi obusebenzayo kanye nobomakhalekhukhwini buqhubeka buthelela. Le modeli isuselwe kupulatifomu egqugquzelayo evela ohlelweni lomvuzo we-mesolimbic egcinwe ngokuqinile, ngohlelo lwe-dopamine-Mediated salience drive olusuka kumbelekisi ukuya kwezinye izinhlelo ezibalulekile ekusindeni. Le nqubo inika amandla futhi ithuthukise ukufunda kwe-neuronal ngokusebenzisa ushintsho oluncane lwe-macro-neuroplastic. Umlutha awusachazwa nje yizindlela zokuziphatha.

Ukuziphatha kokuqunjelwa komuntu maqondana nokudla nezocansi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesikhuthazi esilula sokuphendula. I-Georgiadis (2012) yathi ubulili babantu bukhombisa ukubandakanyeka okucacile kwezindawo ezi-cortical cortical eziphezulu, okungenzeka ukuthi zibonisa ezingeni eliphakeme "imisebenzi yabantu," njengokubuka kokuthathwa '. Okokufaka okuphezulu okuvela ezifundeni ezingaphambili kungaguqula isisusa somvuzo we-mesencephalic dopaminergicomvu wokuphakelwa esifundeni somvuzo we-nucleus accumbens-ventral striatalomvu esifundeni. Noma kunjalo, amadrayivu anamandla okudla nowokuzala avezwa ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni ezisindayo, futhi imigqa engaveli ngamanani wokuzala aphelele, noma ngasiphi isizathu, ayaphela. Akunandaba ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-cortical ephakeme kangakanani kucansana nezinye izithandisisi zokuzijabulisa, izingcindezi zokuzibandakanya kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekugcineni zishaya izisusa zokuzijabulisa ezinhlotsheni eziphumelelayo zezinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi abantu.

Ubufakazi obusekela umqondo wokulutha kwemvelo budluliswa ngobuningi, ngentambo yokuziphatha ibe yingxenye eyodwa ye-tapestry ekhulayo yocwaningo olusekelayo. Izifundo ezisebenzayo zokucabanga, ezihambisana nokuziphatha, zinentshisekelo esobala, kepha izici ze-metabolic nezofuzo ziya ngokuya zifaneleka. Kwakungaphezu kweshumi leminyaka edlule ukuthi ukuqonda kuqalile ukwanda maqondana nokuba khona kwenqubo yokulutha (Holden, 2001). Lokhu kuqwashisa kukhulise ukuvuthwa kokuqonda iqhaza lendlela yemiklomelo ye-mesolimbic dopaminergic kuzo zombili izidakamizwa kanye nemilutha yemvelo (Nestler, 2005, 2008), inqubo eyafinyelela encazelweni ye-American Society of Addiction Medicine's (ASAM) ngo-Agasti 2011 (eyaziwa njengencazelo ende ye-ASAM). Incazelo entsha ye-ASAM ichaza ukulutha kwesifo njengesifo esingelapheki sobuchopho esithinta umvuzo, ukugqugquzela, nezinhlelo zememori, futhi sihlanganisa kokubili ukulutha kwezidakamizwa nokuziphatha ngaphansi kwesambulela esivamile.

Ukungezelelwa kwesigatshana sendatshana yokulutha kokuziphatha ku-DSM-5 kuyaqashelwa nalolu shintsho lombono ngokuluthwa kwemvelo. Noma kunjalo, lesi sigaba esingezansi sifaka umlutha wenqubo eyodwa kuphela, ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) (Reuter et al., 2005), ngenkathi kudedelwa ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi, ukudla ngokweqile nokuya ocansini, nokunye ukulutha kwenqubo esigabeni esibizwa ngokuthi 'Izimo Zokuqhubeka Nokufunda,' noma ukukuziba ngokuphelele. Yize ihambisana nedatha yakamuva yokuziphatha neyokusebenza ukuthi i-PG manje seyaziwa njengokumodela yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa kunokuphazanyiswa okucindezelayo (i-El-Guebaly, i-Mudry, i-Zohar, i-Tavares, ne-Potenza, 2011), ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganisa ilebuli yokulutha, akunangqondo ukuphika ilebula efanayo yokuluthwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Yikho kanye lokhu kungahambisani okusekela imbonakalo yokuthi ukucwasa amasiko nezepolitiki kuthambekele ekunciphiseni isimilo sobulili.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukulutha kokudla ngeke kuhlanganiswe njengokulutha kokuziphatha, naphezu kokuhlola okubonisa ukwehla kwe-dopaminergic receptor ngokweqile (Wang et al., 2001), ngokubuyiselwa okubonwe ngokudliwayo nokujwayelekile komzimba womzimba (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010). Umqondo 'we-supranormal stimulus', ecela igama likaNikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951), kusanda kuchazwa kumongo wobumnandi obedlula umvuzo wecocaine, nawo osekela isisekelo sokulutha kokudla (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). I-Tinbergen yasithola ukuthi izinyoni, izimvemvane nezinye izilwane zingase ziphonswe ekukhethweni kwezindawo zokufakelwa ezenzelwe ukubonakala ezikhangayo kakhulu kuneziqanda ezivamile nezilwane. Yiqiniso, kukhona ukungabi nemisebenzi efana nokusebenza komsebenzi ekuhloleni ukulutha komuntu ngokobulili, uma kuqhathaniswa nokugembula nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, kodwa kungathiwa yilowo nalowo walezi zimo angaba nesimiso esiphezulu. UDeirdre Barrett (2010) ifake izithombe zocansi njengesibonelo sokuvuselela okuyisisekelo.

Ukusekelwa kobukhona bokuluthwa kwenqubo, noma kunjalo, kukhule ngokuqonda kwethu ukubumbana kwe-synaptic kanye ne-dendritic.
Ingabe bukhona ubufakazi obusekela ukuba khona kwezidakamizwa zobulili ezingcolile? Kuya ngokuthi umuntu wamukelani, noma angaqonda ini, njengobufakazi, futhi lokhu kungumsebenzi wokubheka nemfundo. Ukucabanga kungenisa ukwehlulela, futhi imibono yethu ithonywa yizici ezinjengolwazi lwethu lomuntu siqu lwemfundo nokuphila. Okungahle kungasho lutho komunye kungaba ubufakazi obucacile komunye kuya kokwehluka kolwazi okuyi-esoteric kwinkambu okukhulunywa ngayo. Njengoba u-TS Eliot asho, 'Luphi ulwazi esilulahlekele imininingwane?' (I-TS Eliot, amaChoruse avela ku The Rock, ukuvula i-stanza, i-1934).

Imininingwane, noma idatha, iba ulwazi njengoba ihlelwe emcabangweni futhi njengoba theory ihlanganiswa ezinkambisweni zokukholelwa, noma ubuhlakani. Kuhn (1962 /2012) Uqaphele ukuthi lapho izinhlaka ezimisiwe ziphonswa inselelo ngokungafani, ososayensi bavame ukuvikela isimo njengamanje kuze kube sobala ukuthi ubufakazi obuqhamukayo kanye nomcabango bakwenzile ukuthi isimo sesingasasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kwanikeza ukuguquguquka kwepharadigm. Ukushintshwa kweParadigm akuyona into ebuhlungu, njengoba noGalileo, u-Ignaz Semmelweis, nabanye ababephikisana nenselelo yemfundiso ekhona.

I-paradigm yokuqala yokulutha ichazwe kuphela ngokuya ngemigomo yokuziphatha. Lokho uKuhn azobiza ngakho ngokuthi 'inkinga' yeparadigmatic kuvele nge-neuroscience ekhulisa lokho empeleni okufana - futhi, ngokusobala kubaphathi bezindlela zokuziphatha abaqinile, ipharadigm encintisanayo nokwethulwa komqondo wokulutha kokuziphatha (inqubo). Kusukela iphuzu le-neuroscience vantage, lawa afanayo, futhi ahlanganisayo, ama-paradigms, njengoba izindlela zangaphambili zokuxilonga ezichaza ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa zivela kwabanye (Garcia & Thibaut, 2010) ukuhlangana nalabo abachazayo abayimilutha yokuziphatha.

Inkinga ikhona kumbandela wokuziphatha oqinile, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokufaka amalebula kuma-CSB njengokulutha. Isibonelo, iphepha elisekela umqondo wokuba umlutha wemvelo, ikakhulukazi eligxile ezithombeni ezingcolile (i-Hilton & Watts, 2011), wathi zombili i-micro- ne-macro-neuroplasticity zifakazela ubukhona bezidakamizwa ezinjalo. Impendulo (Reid, Umbazi, & Fong, 2011) balwe ukuthi izifundo ezikhonjiwe ezisekela i-macroscopic neuroplasticity ezindleleni eziluthayo, ezihambelana, azinamphumela wokukhalipha maqondana nokulutha. Ukugxila kunoma yiluphi ushintsho oluhlobene kakhulu nemiphumela ye-metabolic (ushukela wegazi ophakeme, amazinga aphezulu we-lipid, nokunye), le mpendulo ichitha umphumela we-neuroplastic ohlobene nokufunda. Abangabazi noma imuphi umlutha wemvelo odala ushintsho lwe-morphologic, banciphisa ubufakazi obuqinisekisa ubukhona bokudla noma umlutha wokuzivocavoca, futhi ikakhulukazi umbono wokuthi lezi zinqubo zingathinta ushintsho lwesimo sobuchopho ebuchosheni. Ngokuthabisako, bayavuma ukuthi bamukela okungaphezulu 'kwendlela yokuphamba… lapho izinto zibandakanyeka', ngaleyo ndlela kukhombisa ukumelana abathi uKuhn wabikezela ushintsho kuphawu lwakudala lokuthi izinto zodwa zingadala umlutha weqiniso. Le igebe phakathi kwezimpawu zokuziphatha ne-biologic liphinde liboniswe ekuhlolweni kwabo kokubaluleka kwe-biology ye-molecule kwinkulumompikiswano yokulutha. Abaphethe ngokuqinile banciphisa ukuvumelana kwe-DeltaFosB, ngokwesibonelo, ukulutha, kanye ne-opine yokuthi i-DeltaFosB ayinakwazisa impikiswano yezithombe zocansi ngoba azikho izifundo kubantu abaphenya ngokuthe ngqo i-DeltaFosB esimweni sezithombe zocansi.

Ekuxoxeni ngombono wabo, uReid et al. qaphela umsebenzi wabo futhi bagweme ukukhomba ubulili njengobungaba umlutha onamandla. Babona imikhuba yokuziphatha okuyinkinga yokuzibandakanya, noma ngabe i-cocaine, ukudla, utshwala, noma ucansi, njengezinkinga ezihlukile (njenge-DSM) futhi ngenxa yalokho bamelana nanoma yikuphi ukwenziwa okujwayelekile ngokuthi 'akulona okuqagela hhayi ngokwesayensi' (Reid et al., 2011). Lokhu kungamangazi uma kucatshangelwa umongo weparadigm ababeqeqeshelwe kuyo, okugxile kakhulu ekuziphatheni kunokuba kuhlanganiswe nobufakazi bobuciko obukhona. Umfundi ukhuthazwa ukuthi afunde amazwana ngempendulo yeReid eyenziwe nguHilton namaWatts alandela ngokushesha futhi ahlanganyele nempendulo. Ukuvela kwe-paradigm ehlukile yokulutha kwe-neuroscience kuye kwabangela inkinga yaseKuhnian, njengoba le mibono ihlangana nengxenye entsha futhi ehambisanayo yemvelo yokuziphatha echaza ukulutha kwezinto nezinto zokuziphatha.

Okunye ukufingqwa kwezimpikiswano eziphikisana nomqondo wobulili obuhangayo kutholakala ngaphakathi Inkolelo-mkhuba yokulutha kocansi nguDavid Ley. Le ncwadi ibuye ichaze ama-CSB kusuka endaweni yokuziphatha okuhle, nobufakazi be-neurobiological obuzisa impikiswano ngobukhona bokulutha kwemvelo buxoshwe ngesilinganiso esasikhonjwe ngaphambili esivela ekuphenduleni kweReid kusihleli seHilton-Watts: 'okucatshangelwayo hhayi okungokwesayensi'.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi ubuchopho bubonwa nguLey 'njengebhokisi elimnyama' eliyinkimbinkimbi futhi esisanda kuqonda… izindlela zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokuziphatha kocansi zithembisa ukuthi ziyimfumbe iminyaka eminingi ezayo '(Ley, 2012). Futhi, le igebe eliyisiyaluyalu liyabonakala ukuvezwa kwe-neuroscience nge-veneer yemfihlakalo 'nejumbo', nesethembiso sokuthi ngeke sikwazi ukuqonda i-neuroscience yezocansi iminyaka eminingi; ngokuqinisekile hhayi manje!

Esikhundleni sokugxila ekutheni indlela yokuziphatha umlutha ibandakanya ukujova izidakamizwa noma ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezivusa kakhulu, ulwazi olukhulayo lwezinqubo zamaselula lusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi ukulutha kubandakanya futhi kushintshe i-biology ezingeni le-synaptic, elithinta nokuziphatha okulandelayo. I-neuroscience yokulutha manje ingako mayelana nokusebenza kabusha kwe-neuronal receptor, modulection, kanye neplastiki elandelayo njengoba imayelana nokuziphatha okubhubhisayo nokuphindaphindayo.

Abanye bafuna izinga eliphakeme lobufakazi obuphathelene nobulili kunenye indlela yokuziphatha nezinye izinto uma kufikwa ekuchazeni umlutha. Ngoba
Isibonelo, umbono ocacile wokuziphatha waboniswa ekumemezeleni ukuthi izithombe zocansi kufanele zibhekiswe njengeziluthayo, kuzofanela ukuthi sibe umlutha wengane eyodwa, sivikele esinye, sisebenzele ukuskena sobabili ngaphambi kwesikhathi nangemva kwalokho, bese siqhathanisa imiphumela yokuziphatha (Clark-Flory, 2012). Ngokusobala, lolu cwaningo alunakwenziwa, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuziphatha ezihilelekile. Kodwa-ke, sithatha ukuthi ngisho nalabo abeseka lo mbono wokuziphatha bangavuma umbono wokuthi ugwayi uyalutha ngaphandle kokufuna isifundo esifanayo esenzelwe izingane. Ngamanye amagama, kuphi ukutadisha okuqhathaniswayo nogwayi ezinganeni? Lowo ohlukanisa izingane, unikeze osikilidi uhhafu, uvikele abanye, futhi abalandele ngokude? Akunjalo, kunjalo, futhi ngeke kube khona, ngakho-ke abanye basazothi ukubhema akulona umlutha. Basho kanjalo abaphathi bakagwayi abayisikhombisa phambi kwekomidi elincane likaHenry Waxman lezeMpilo kanye nezeMvelo ngo-1994: ngokulandelana, ngamunye wathi 'Cha' lapho ebuzwa ukuthi ukubhema kuyalutha yini, kufaka phakathi ubufakazi obusekelayo bochwepheshe (UCSF Tobacco Control Archives, 1994). Kodwa-ke ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni olubanzi, cishe wonke umuntu - ngaphandle kwalaba baphathi bakagwayi nochwepheshe babo - bakholelwa ukuthi bukhona ubufakazi bezinto eziluthayo zikagwayi. Ngalokhu, zikuphi izifundo ze-cocaine, i-heroin, notshwala ezenzelwe izingane?

Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi manje sesiqonda ukufundwa kabusha kwe-neuroplasticity kanye ne-neuronal receptor reacaction, kufaka phakathi i-nicotinic acetylcholine, opioid, glutamate, ne-dopamine receptors, okungcono kakhulu kunalokho esakwenza esikhathini esidlule. Manje sesingabona umlutha, kungaba ukubhema, i-cocaine, noma ucansi, ngokusebenzisa i-lens ye-neural receptor kanye noshintsho lwe-neuroplastic olulandelayo, hhayi kuphela ngombono wokuziphatha.

Ukwamukela ubufakazi obusekela umqondo wokulutha ngokocansi, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nokuqonda imiqondo yamanje yokufunda kwamaselula kanye nepulasitiki. I-Dendritic arborization nezinye izinguquko zeselula kwandulela ukubaza kwe-gyral (iZatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012) ngokufunda, nokufunda okususelwa kumvuzo akuhlukile. Ukulutha umlutha ngakho-ke kuba yindlela enamandla yokufunda, ne-neuroplasticity ehambisana nayo iba yingozi (Kauer & Malenka, 2007). Ukufunda okuhlobene nomlutha kuyindlela yokwandisa kokufunda okuzuzwa umvuzo kulo modeli, ngakho-ke kuhilela izici ezifanayo zokubhaliselwa kanye nama-neurotransmitters. Ngokwesibonelo, i-DeltaFosB itholwe eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi eyedlule ukuze iphakanyiswe ngokungapheli ikakhulukazi kwi-neurons e-spin ephakathi ye-nucleus accumbens ebuchosheni bezilwane zezokwelapha ezilutha izidakamizwa (Kelz et al., 1999). Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lubonise ukuthi luphakanyisiwe kulawo maseli ezilwaneni ezibonisa ukwedlulela ngokwemvelo kwemivuzo yemvelo, kuhlanganise nokudla kanye nobulili (uNestler, 2005).

Izinga eliphezulu le-Supraphysiologic likaDeltaFosB kubonakala sengathi libonisa izici eziphathelene nokulutha kwemvelo (Nestler, 2008). Leyo DeltaFosB ayiyona kuphela uphawu kodwa futhi umgqugquzeli wokuziphatha okuphezulu (njengendlela yokusiza i-neuroplasticity) iboniswe kahle. Izindlela ezimbili ezihlobene eduze ziye zasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izakhi zohlobo lweDeltaFosB ezizimele eziguquguqukayo zokuziphatha. Omunye uhilela ukukhiqiza imigqa yamagundane okuthiwa yi-bitransgenic okukhetha ngokukhethekile i-DeltaFosB ngokukhethekile ezindaweni zokuvuza ezibulalayo, kanti okwesibili kuhilela ukudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokusebenzisa i-adeno-ezihambisana nezilonda ezibangelwa amagciwane ezilwaneni ezikhulile, okwenza kube nokudlula noma okungaqondakali kwe-DeltaFosB. Lezi zilwane eziguqulwa ngokwezakhi zofuzo zibonisa ukuziphatha okuluthayo okuphathelene nokudla okubandakanya ukudla (Olausson et al., 2006), isondo eligijima (Werme et al., 2002), kanye nobulili (Wallace et al., 2008). Isibonelo, lapho ukucindezeleka okukhulu kweDeltaFosB kunqunywe ngalezi zilwane ezinamavivolonti ezilwaneni ze-laboratory, babonisa ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwesenzo socansi (amaHedges, Chakravarty, Nestler, Meisel, 2009; Wallace et al., 2008). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucindezelwa kweDeltaFosB kunciphisa ukusebenza (Pitchers et al., 2010), ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuthi inendima ejwayelekile ye-physiologic homeostasis.

Manje kubonakala sengathi i-DeltaFosB iyinhlangano ye-molecular transcription switch ephendukela kwezinye izakhi zofuzo, okuyinto ehlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwe-neuroplastic kulezi zineurons; Ngamanye amazwi, zikhuthaza ukufundiswa kwe-neuronal. I-DeltaFosB ikhulisa i-dendritic spine mass in neurons esiphezulu ephakathi kwe-nucleus accumbens ezilwaneni ezinomlutha ngenkathi yenziwe isikhathi eside sokuziyeka ngenxa yokugqugquzela amaprotheni i-Cdk5, ngaleyo ndlela iba ibhuloho ekwengeziwe kwe-neuroplasticity (Bibb et al., 2001; Norrholm et al., 2003). I-DeltaFosB iye yaboniswa ukuthi isebenze ku-loop impendulo enhle neproteinyini ye-Calcium / Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II ukuze kutholakale izimpendulo ze-neuroplastic cell in the drug of cocaine. Ngokuphawulekayo, lo mbuthano waboniswa futhi, okokuqala ngqá, ekulutha komuntu we-cocaine (Robison et al., 2013).

Ubufakazi bamuva buveze ukuthi i-DeltaFosB ibaluleke kakhulu kule-plastiki ye-dendritic ngomphumela wayo ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic umvuzo kokubili umvuzo wezocansi kanye nezidakamizwa, umphumela ophikisana namukeli we-D1 dopamine ku-nucleus accumbens (Pitchers et al., 2013). I-Dopamine ibaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni ubucayi ezinkomba zocansi (IBerridge neRobinson, 1998), kanye nezifundo zakamuva zisekela indima ye-physiologic ekusebenzeni kocansi kanye nomphumela wayo ekusebenzisaneni nezinhlelo ze-hypothalamic oxytocinergic (iBaskerville, Allard, Wayman, neDouglas., 2009; Succu et al., 2007). Leli thonya lilondolozwe kabanzi kuyo yonke i-phyla (Kleitz-Nelson, Dominguez, & Ball, 2010; UKleitz-Nelson, iDominguez, uCornil, neBhola, 2010, Pfaus, 2010), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulili, obalulekile ekusindeni kwezinhlobonhlobo, luhlala luqinile. Ukuziphatha kobulili obufanayo ngenxa yokungenelela kwemithi ye-dopaminergic kuyindlela eyaziwa ngayo yokwelashwa okunjalo, futhi kuhloswe 'nokugqugquzela ukukhushulwa okugqugquzela ukugqugquzelwa kwesibindi' (Politis et al., 2013). Umlutha, yiqiniso, ungachazwa ngokuthi ukungahambi kahle emzimbeni. Esikhundleni sokufuna lokho okuzothuthukisa ukusinda, imilutha ishukumiseleka ukuba ifune noma ngabe ilimaze kangakanani, inqubo ye-neuroplastic ephindisela iphuzu le-hedonistic.

Lokhu sikubona nge-neuroplasticity ezingeni lamaselula ngokusebenzisa i-dendritic arborization kanye nezinye izinguquko zeselula ezinikezela nge-neuroplastic 'scaffolding' yezinhlobo zama-synapses amasha okufanele zenziwe. Izizwe ezinxanelwe kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa nokusutha okwalandela zikhiqize lezi zinguquko ze-micromorphologic, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngamamodeli wokuqothula ahlukahlukene anjengecocaine (Robinson & Kolb, 1999), amphetamine (Li, Kolb, & Robinson, 2003), usawoti (Roitman, Na, Anderson, Jones, & Berstein, 2002), kanye nobulili (Pitchers, Balfour et al., 2012). Amakhomikhali okukhwabanisa okusawoti okwenziwe ngosawoti aboniswe ngokubambisana ngokubambisana nezici zegesi ezifanayo ezenziwe yi-cocaine model, futhi lokhu kuhlanganiswa kugxilwe yizintatheli ze-dopamine, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukulutha izidakamizwa kudonsa izindlela zokuvuselela zasendulo ezibalulekile ekusindeni (Liedtke et al., 2011).

Ukuthengiswa kwe-receptor ye-glutamate kubonisa ubuciko beplastiki. Ubulili, njengomvuzo obunamandla wobuchopho, buye bubonisa ubufakazi bokukhula kwe-synapses engathuli, ebonakala njengokunyuka kwesilinganiso se-NMDA-AMPA se-receptor, i-harbinger ye-plastic and synthetic synaptic esilandelayo njengoba lezi zinsuku ze-synapses zingagunyaziwe, okufana nalokho okwenzeka nge-cocaine sebenzisa (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012). Ngokuqondile, lokhu kuguquka kwesilinganiso kwakushesha futhi kuhlala njalo, futhi kwatholakala kwi-nucleus accumbens neurons efana ne-prefrontal cortex, indawo ebalulekile ekuxhumaniseni ama-CSB (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012). Kulokhu, ubulili buyingqayizivele phakathi kwemivuzo yemvelo, kulowo mvuzo wokudla awuzange kubangele ushintsho olufanayo oluqhubekayo ku-plastic synaptic (Chen et al., 2008). Ngokweqile, izinguquko ze-neuroplastic kokubili kwe-dendritic morphology kanye nokuthengiswa kwe-receptor receptor zihambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho kobulili okwandisiwe nokwandisa ukuzwela kwe-amphetamine, okunye okuphawulekayo kokulutha. Ngisho nangemva kwezinsuku ze-28, lapho lezi zinguquko zishintsha, ukukhishwa kwe-sex-induced induced amphtamine kwaqhubeka (Pitchers et al., 2013), nokuqinisa ubufakazi bokulutha kwemvelo.

I-Neuroplasticity njengomphumela wokufunda ayibonakali kuphela ngokushintshwa kwama-microcellular, okufana ne-arborization, kodwa futhi ne-macroscopically ne-gyral sculpting (Zatorre et al., 2012). Izifundo eziningi kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule zithole iqiniso lokuthi ukufunda kuguqula ubuchopho ngokomzimba. Izifanekiso ezinhlobonhlobo zokufunda njengomculo (Elbert, Pantev, Wienbruch, Rockstroh, & Taub, 1995; Schwenkreis et al., 2007), juggling (Draganski et al., 2004), Ukushayela itekisi (Maguire, Woollett, & Spiers, 2006), nokutadisha kakhulu (Draganski et al., 2006) konke kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kuthinte ukuguqulwa kwe-morphologic ku-gyri, futhi i-neuroplasticity engalungile ibonwe ngokungasetshenziswanga (Coq & Xerri, 1999).

Lokhu kuyahambisana nesitatimende sikaKauer noMalenka, ephepheni labo le-synaptic plasticity kanye nokulutha, ukuthi 'ukuluthwa kufanekisela uhlobo lokufunda kepha olunamandla lokufunda nokukhumbula' (Kauer & Malenka, 2007). Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthola ukuthi izifundo zokulutha zihambelana ne-cortical atresia macroscopically. Cishe lonke ucwaningo ngokulutha lukhombisile ukutlama kwezindawo eziningi zobuchopho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihambisana nokulawulwa kwezimo zangaphambili kanye nezikhungo zemivuzo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngemilutha yezidakamizwa efana ne-cocaine (Franklin et al., 2002), i-methamphetamine (Thompson et al., 2004), nama-opioid (Lyoo et al., 2005), futhi nezimo zokuziphatha ezihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-patologic yemivuzo yemvelo nokuziphatha okufana nokudla (Pannacciulli et al., 2006), ucansi (Schiffer et al., 2007), nokulutha kwe-Intanethi (Yuan, Quin, Lui, & Tian, 2011; Zhou et al., 2011).

Ukubuyiselwa kumlutha kuhlobene nezinguquko ezinhle ze-neuroplastic futhi, njengokubuyela kumanani evamile kakhulu we-gyral ngokululama kumlutha we-methamphetamine (Kim et al., 2006), kanye nokwandiswa kodaba lwempunga ngemuva kokulashwa kwengqondo (Hölzel et al., 2011). Lokhu kuguqulwa kabusha kuyasekela ukwenzelela yize inhloso yokuhlobana nokwakheka kwalawa maphepha, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ezifundweni zepulasitiki zokufunda ezazikhonjiwe phambilini.

Ubuchopho bethu ngokwemvelo budinga ubusha, futhi ezocansi zingabeka umklomelo onamandla ngobusha. Izidalwa zokuqala zibonisa isimilo se-trophic esivumelana nokusinda, futhi bukhona ubufakazi bokukhuthaza okusondelene nokuhlobene ne-dopamine kokhokho abalandelanayo. Isikhuthazo esinikwe amandla yi-Dopamine esivezwe kuma-amniote okuqala kusukela ku-mesencephalon yakudala kuya ku-telencephalon eqhubeka ngokuxakile phakathi ne-phylogeny (Yamamoto & Vernier, 2011). Ngokusobala, idrayivu yabantu yocansi kanye nesisusa esilandelako sokutholwa kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (Georgiadis, 2012) kune-unicellular trophism, kepha izikhungo zokugcina ze-mesolimbic dopaminergic salience zabelana ngalezi zinto eziyisisekelo zokushayela.

I-'Hypersexual syndrome', ngenkathi ichaza ngokuziphatha, iwela igama elithi 'umlutha wezocansi' ekuchazeni isimo samanje sokuqonda kwama-CSB. It indiva ucwaningo lweminyaka engamashumi amabili mayelana nokuthi ukufunda kuguqula kanjani ubuchopho bobabili ama-mic- kanye nama-macroscopically, futhi kwenza ukungasebenzi kubo bobabili abaqeqeshiwe kanye nomphakathi ekuxoleleni ngokungafani nomvuzo omkhulu wemvelo we-dopaminergic ohlelweni lwezinzwa, i-orgasm yezocansi (Georgiadis, 2006), kusuka ekufundeni kwe-neuroplastic.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyi-laboratory ephelele yalolu hlobo lokufunda lombhalo oluhlangene nokushayela okunamandla kwenjabulo. Ukucwaninga okugxilile nokuchofoza, ukufuna isihloko esiphezulu se-masturbatory, kuyisenzo sokufunda nge-neuroplastic. Ngempela, kubonisa umqondo kaTinbergen we "supranormal stimulus" (Tinbergen, 1951), ngamabele asepulasitiki aphuthumayo ahlinzekwa ngendlela engenamkhawulo kubantu abasebenzela inhloso efanayo njengamamodeli we-butterfly kaTinbergen's and Magnus; abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo zikhetha ukufakelwa okwenzeka ngokwemvelo (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951). Ngalesi sizathu, ubuciko obuthuthukisiwe buhlinzeka, ngomqondo okokufanisa, umphumela ofana ne-pheromone emadodeni angabantu, njengamabhu, 'okuvimbela ukuma' nokuphazamisa ukuxhumana kwangaphambi kokukhwelana phakathi kobulili ngokugcwala emoyeni '(UGaston, uShorey, NaseSaario, 1967).

Cabanga ngabantu ababili abanohlonze ngokomqondo, abakhethwe kumakhompyutha abo, bobabili bezama ukuzuza umvuzo oqiniswe ngezikhathi ezithile. Bobabili bachitha amahora amaningi ubusuku besemsebenzini wabo, futhi banesikhathi esithile, kuze kube sezingeni lokukhathala. Umsebenzi nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu buthinteka kabi, kepha ngeke bakwazi ukuyeka. Umuntu ubheka izithombe ezingcolile, efuna isiqeshana esifanele sokuqeda ucansi; enye igxile kumdlalo we-poker online. Umvuzo owodwa ukushaya indlwabu, nemali, kepha iDSM-5 ihlukanisa kuphela i-poker njengomlutha. Lokhu kokubili kungokuziphatha nangokwempilo.

Ngisho nombono womphakathi kubonakala sengathi uzama ukuchaza lesi senzakalo sezinto eziphilayo, njengaleli sitatimende kuNawomi Wolf; 'Ngesihlandlo sokuqala emlandweni wesintu, izithombe' amandla kanye nokukhwabanisa kuye kwandisa lokho okwakungowesifazane wangempela uhamba. Namuhla abesifazane abahamba ngezimoto zangempela bangabantu ababi kakhulu '(Wolf, 2003). Njengoba nje uThimbergen's and 'Magnus' porno 'Magunus' bephumelela ngokuphumelela ukunakekelwa kwebesilisa ngenxa yezinduna zangempela (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), sibona le nqubo efanayo eyenzeka kubantu.

Ngisho noma izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba umlutha, umbuzo uhlala kwabanye, ungaba yingozi? Okuqukethwe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezithandwa kakhulu njengamanje kubonakala kukhombisa ngokumangazayo ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane (iBridges, iWosnitzer, iScharrer, iChyng, neLiberman, 2010), futhi, ezithombeni zocansi zobungqingili, amadoda (Kendall, 2007). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kweHald kusekela umbono wokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyakwandisa impela ukucasula abesifazane (iHald, iMalamuth, neYuen, 2010), kanjalo nephepha elivela kuFoubert nozakwabo (Foubert, Brosi, & Bannon, 2011). Umbiko we-Hald uphetha ngokuthi, "Ngokungafani nokuhlaziywa kwangaphambili kwe-meta, imiphumela yamanje ikhombise ubudlelwano obuhle obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nezimo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane ezifundweni ezingekho emthethweni '(uHald et al., 2010). Ngokuhambisana nale ndlela yokuhlukumeza ezithombeni ezingcolile, amaBridges et al.'s (2010) Ucwaningo lutholile ukuthi isampula elimele izigcawu ezivela kuma-250 aphezulu athengisa futhi aqasha amafilimu ezocansi kusuka ku-2004 kuya ku-2005 liveze ukuthi i-41% yezimo eziveze i-rectal ilandelwa ukungena ngomlomo, ngaleyo ndlela eveza owesimame hhayi nje endimeni eyiphutha nokuzithoba. kuma-bacterium angama-pathengenic we-pathogenic kanye ne (Bridges et al., 2010).

Lolu lwazi lunemiphumela engemihle, yokuthi iningi labesilisa abaseminyakeni yasekolishi, kanye nenani elikhulayo labesifazane, basebenzisa izithombe zocansi njalo (uCarroll et al., 2008). Ngempela, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sezidlulile ekubekezeleni nasekwamukelweni kuye kokuncamelayo, kanti amanyuvesi amaningi manje abamba futhi axhasa 'amasonto ocansi'. Ngemuva kokulahla noma yikuphi ukugcinwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengokuziphatha okweqile kwamaVictoria, ukwephulwa kwenani lamalungelo okuchibiyela kokuqala, noma ikuphi ukuphikisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuthathwa ngokungathi sína. Ngakho-ke, ukulimala okungahle kube khona empilweni yomuntu ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo akukaze kuxoxwe ngakho.

Njengoba laba bantu abasha, ngezinqubo zesibuko sobuchopho, 'behambisana nesimo sokugqugquzela sabantu ababoniswe' kulawa mafilimu (Mouras et al., 2008), ukuhlukumezeka okukhona okuvela ezithombeni ezingcolile kungaveza imiphumela emibi yokomoya, amasiko kanye ne-demographic. Lezi zingqinamba zivumela inhlonipho enkulu ngamandla emisebenzi yemilutha yemvelo, engenza, njengabalingani babo bezidakamizwa, 'bashintshe isitembu semvelo' (uWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet, I-Act 3, i-Scene 4). Ucansi, njengemivuzo yezidakamizwa, lubeka isitembu sazo kuma-neuronal receptors, ama-dendrites, kanye nama-gyri njengoba kusiza ukuguqulwa kwe-neuroplastic, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganiswe ilebuli yokulutha lapho ivezwa ngokucindezela nangokulimazayo.

Ukushintshwa kweparadigm kuvame ukubukwa kangcono ngokomlando, ngemuva kokuthi labo ababambelela kuma-paradigms aphelelwe yisikhathi bengasasebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokushintshwa, ubunzima kanye nokungezwani kudla kakhulu, kufiphaza ukubaluleka kokushintsha okwamanje. Noma kunjalo, i-paradigm entsha ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukuluthwa kuzo zombili izinto nokuziphatha iqala ukuzibonakalisa, njengoba kubonakala encazelweni entsha ye-ASAM. Ukuzimela kwe-DSM ekuchazeni yonke imingcele yokugula ngengqondo, kufaka phakathi ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kwebhayoloji kungaba nomthelela yini noma cha, kuyancibilika ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kokushicilelwa kwakamuva. Akumangazi ukuthi uThomas Insel, umqondisi weNational Institute of Mental Health, ukhale ngalokhu kuntuleka okuqhubekayo e-DSM lapho esho, ”Indlela yokuxilonga esuselwa kubhayoloji kanye nezimpawu zayo akumele ivinjelwe imikhakha yamanje ye-DSM … ”(Ephreli 29, 2013, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml). Ukuxoshwa kokunikela ngokwemvelo ekuguleni kwengqondo ngokuthula kwe-DSM nokuqhubeka kwesimo sokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu empeleni kuyakhuphula futhi kusheshise ukubona ukuthi kuvele umbandela omusha ohlangene. Lokhu kuboniswe muva nje Isayensi yaseMelika I-athikili echaza 'isici esiyisisekelo se-DSM: ayisho lutho ngokusekelwa okungokwemvelo kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo' (UJabr, 2013). Njengoba uBruce Cuthbert asho, 'Siyaqonda kakhulu ngengqondo kunangaphambili. Siphakathi noshintsho olukhulu '(Jabr, 2013). Ngempela, kungukushintshwa kwepharadigm, futhi njengoba ukuqonda kwamandla wesikhuthazo esikhulu esimeni sokushintshwa kwe-neuroplastic kuyaqhubeka ukuvela, umehluko uzovele ucace ngokwengeziwe.

Ukungqubuzana kwenzalo nokuxhaswa ngezimali

Umbhali akatholanga mali noma izinzuzo ezivela embonini noma kwenye indawo ekubhaleni lokhu kubuyekezwa.

Okubhekwayo

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