Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okufingqiwe kwabesifazane abakwa-Heterosexual with Partner (2019)

Isingeniso

Ukungaziwa okwengeziwe, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nokufinyeleleka kwezithombe zocansi ezikwi-inthanethi kwenze umbhalo wobulili ocansi ube yingxenye yobuntu bendawo yezocansi zasekolishi.¹ Phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi eMelika, i-82.3% yamadoda kanye ne-60.4% yabesifazane bake basebenzise izithombe zocansi ngezinhloso zocansi.² Iminyaka yasekolishi nabesifazane abadala abancane e-United States (phakathi kweminyaka engu-18 ne-30) banamathuba aphindwe kabili wokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane asebekhulile.³ Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesifazane abadala kukhuphukile uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga besifazane abadala, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngabesifazane ihlala iphansi uma iqhathaniswa nozakwabo besilisa; Kuphela ngo-13.4% wabesifazane baseminyakeni yasekolishi ababika ukubukela amavidiyo anezithombe ezingcolile ezinyangeni ezedlule uma kuqhathaniswa nama-35.3% wamadoda asekolishi.²

Njengoba kunikezwe amazinga aphezulu okuhlukumeza kwabesifazane abakhonjiswe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile⁴ kanye nendima ebalulekile ukwaneliseka ngokocansi okudlala enhlalakahleni yabesifazane engokomzwelo neyobuhlobo,⁵ indima ekhulayo yezithombe zocansi ekuhloleni ngokocansi nasekutholakaleni iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nempilo yezocansi yabesifazane abasebasha kanye nobudlelwano obuseduze. Le mibuzo iphathelene ikakhulukazi nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane abathandana nobulili obufanayo ngoba isibalo esikhulu sodlame esiboniswa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile senziwa ngabesilisa kwabesifazane.^6,7

Ucwaningo ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nempilo yabesifazane yezocansi nokuziphatha kocansi kugxile kakhulu kwimiphumela yokuhlangana. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukwanda kokuchayeka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nokuqala kocansi kanye / noma ukuqala okusheshayo kocansi, isimo sengqondo esivumayo ngokwengeziwe ngokocansi okungajwayelekile, kanye namathuba aphezulu okuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuyingozi kocansi njengobulili bendunu, ukuya ocansini nabalingani abaningi, nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma utshwala ngesikhathi socansi.^8-10 Lapho kuqala ukuvezwa, kulapho ayiveza khona ingozi leyo.¹¹ Amaphrojekthi wokuhlaziya we-meta ambalwa abonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlobene nengozi eyandayo yobudlova kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi,^12-14 kanye nokubambelela okuthe xaxa ezindabeni zokwenza ubulili bendabuko kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwababukeli abadala.¹⁵

Olunye ucwaningo lugxile endimeni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile empilweni yabesifazane engokomzwelo nengqondo eveza okunye okuphikisanayo. Abanye besifazane abaphendulile babika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njengezinomthelela omuhle,^16,17 ukukhulisa umuzwa wenkululeko yokuya ocansini, amandla, kanye nekhono nokunciphisa ihlazo.^18-21 Abanye besifazane, noma kunjalo, babika amahloni noma ukungakhululeki ukubuka izithombe zocansi,²² ukuziqhenya okungekuhle uma uziqhathanisa nabesifazane kwezocansi,^23,24 kanye nemizwa yokungafaneleki nokuzithemba okuphansi.²⁵ Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukungabi bikho kobudlelwano phakathi kokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunganeliseki komzimba.²⁶

Okokugcina, ucwaningo ngendima yezithombe zocansi ekwaneliseni ubudlelwano lukhombisa ukubuka izithombe zocansi kuhlobene nokuncipha kwemizwa yokufiswa yocansi,^22,27,28 ikhwalithi yobudlelwano ephansi²⁵ kanye nokwehlisa ukwethenjwa, futhi kwandise nosizi lwengqondo.²⁹ Kunokukhulu “igebe lezithombe ezingcolile” elenziwe ngokwesilisa malungana nokuya ocansini olungafani phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ebudlelwaneni bobulili obuhlukile; "Kunendlela engaguquki yabesifazane abaningi abahlanganyela nabesilisa abavame ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenkathi bebika ukuthi bayazisebenzisa noma abazisebenzisi nakancane."^30(p153) Le "igebe lezithombe zocansi" lihambisana ngqo nokweneliseka okuncane okuhlobene nokuzinza kwabalingani bobabili ebudlelwaneni, kanye nolaka olukhulu lwabesilisa kanye nokufiswa kwesifazane okuphansi.³¹ Ukuhlaziywa kwamuva kwe-meta kokucwaninga kokuhlola nokungenangqondo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kuqinisekisa izinhlangano ezimbi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi kanye nokwaneliseka kwabesifazane ngokocansi kanye nekhwalithi yobuhlobo obuseduze.³²

Ucwaningo lwethu lusondela endimeni yezithombe zocansi ebudlelwaneni bezocansi besifazane ngendlela ehluke kancane. Ukudweba kumbhalo wemibhalo yezocansi, ikakhulukazi kaWright³³ ukutholwa, ukwenza kusebenze, uhlelo lokusebenza (₃AM), sihlola iqhaza elibonakalayo lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sobudlelwano bezocansi obuqinile: Iyiphi indima, uma ikhona, lapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zidlala khona emicabangweni nasemizweni yabesifazane ngesikhathi socansi nomlingani wakho? Isikripthi sezocansi sikaWright ₃Imodeli ye-AM yokuzibandakanya ocansini ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngokuningiliziwe kunqubo lapho imibhalo yezocansi ifika ngayo ukuhlela ukuqonda komuntu ngokwengqondo noma ngokweqile ngalokho okufanele kwenzeke noma okungafanele kwenzeke okwamanje. Ngokuqondile, siyabuza, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kaningi, kuhlobene nemicabango nemizwa yabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuhlangenwe nakho okusondelene nomlingani wakho? Ingabe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuvamile kuhlobene nethuba lokuthi abesifazane bazosebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ezingqondweni zabo ngesikhathi socansi? Ngabe umbhalo wezocansi ubamba iqhaza ekutheni abesifazane bazizwa kanjani ngabo kanye nangemizimba yabo ngesikhathi sobudlelwano bezocansi nomlingani wakho?

Imibhalo yezocansi kanye ₃Imodeli ye-AM

Ukugxila endimeni yokuqonda yezithombe zocansi kugxilwe emcabangweni “wokuqonda” kwenzeka eduze kwabo.³⁴ Ukusebenza kwe-Heuristic kuchaza ukucubungula kwengqondo kolwazi olusheshayo futhi olwenziwe ngaphandle kokucabanga okuningi ngokungafani nokucutshungulwa kwenqubo, okumayelana nokuqagela, ukukala iqiniso, kanye nokuhlaziywa okuqondayo. Umqondo wombhalo wokuya ocansini ugxile, ngokwengxenye, ezindleleni lapho izimo zamasiko zisiza ukuchaza ukuthi yini ebala njengokuya ocansini, ukukhomba izimo zocansi, nokulindelwa kwesakhiwo, izifiso, nokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezocansi.^35,36 U-Wright³³ umbhalo ocansini ₃Imodeli ye-AM yokuxhumana ngocansi yakha emqondweni weskripthi sobulili ngokufaka okunye ukucubungula imininingwane,³⁴ abezindaba,³⁷ nangokwengqondo kwezenhlalo³⁸ imibono yokusebenzisa izinqubo zengqondo lapho imibhalo ebhekise obala ezocansi ibamba iqhaza kuzo ngezimo zocansi, imizwa, nokuziphatha. U-Wright uveza ukuthi imibhalo yezocansi kumele itholwe futhi isebenze engqondweni ngaphambi kokuthi isetshenziswe ezimweni zocansi. Ngayinye yalezi zinyathelo — ukutholwa, ukwenza kusebenze, kanye nokusetshenziswa — ingahle iguqulwe noma ilungiswe ngokuhlukahluka kwezenhlalo, amasiko, nokuma kwesimo ngokuhambisana, ukwanda, kanye nokucaca kwemidiya. Abavikeli nabomengameli kufaka phakathi, kepha kungagcini lapho, kubuhlanga, ubulili, ubudala, izisusa zokusetshenziswa, imvamisa nobude besikhathi sokuvezwa, ukuqondana kwesimo seskripthi, kanye nokutholakala kwezindaba eziphikisayo ezinikezwe yizikole, imindeni, noma imikhuba yenkolo. Esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yokuhlalisana kwabantu, imibhalo yezocansi ingakhuphuka noma inciphe amaseli kuye ngezici zokulinganisa. Isibonelo, ukubukwa okuvame kakhulu kwabezindaba, ikakhulukazi izithombe ezivuselela kakhulu, isikhathi eside futhi ngenhloso kuzoba nokusebenza okuphezulu ezingqondweni zezinhlobo ezithile zababukeli, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise indima ukuthi umbhalo obonakalayo uzonomthelela ekuziphatheni.

Izithombe zocansi kanye ₃Imodeli ye-AM

Cwaninga ukusebenzisa izingxenye ze ₃Imodeli ye-AM yezithombe zocansi iveza indlela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihlotshaniswa ngayo nezimo ezithile nokuziphatha, kanye nokulamula noma ukumelana okuguquguqukayo. Ngokuya ngezimo zokucabanga, idatha ye-longitudinal ikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ukuhlotshaniswa nokwesekwa okwandayo kokufinyelela kokulawula ukuzalwa kwentsha ngokuguqula imibono ngocansi lwentsha.³⁹ kanye nokwanda kokuxhaswa kokufinyelela kwesisu ngokuvusa izinkolelo ezikhulayo ngokuziphatha kocansi.⁴⁰ Ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi kutholakele ukwandisa isimo sobulili bendabuko ngaphezulu kubabukeli abadala, kepha hhayi ababukeli abancane,¹⁵ kanye nokuhambelana kahle nezimo ezivumayo zokuya ocansini olungaphandle komshado ngaphandle kwezimo zangaphambili zezindaba zangaphandle komshado.⁴¹

Ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izimo zengqondo ezivumayo zokuziphatha okucansi zilungisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokubuka njalo kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokuhlangana kwalo nezimo eziphakeme zokuya phezulu, inani eliphakeme labalingani be-hookup, nezinhlelo zokuba nabalingani abaningi kwezocansi ikusasa.⁴² Amanani okubuka izithombe zocansi nawo ahlotshaniswa nokwanda kwamathuba wokuthi abathengi besilisa nabesifazane baveze intshisekelo yokuzama noma ukubandakanyeka kuhlobo lokuziphatha kobulili okuboniswe ocansini olungcolile.⁴³ Ukubuka izithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kokusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu kulabo abavuma ukuthi izithombe zocansi zingumthombo wemfundo yezocansi.⁴⁴ Ekugcineni, "kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda okuphindwe kasikhombisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwezinkinga zokuzibandakanya ocansini nomuntu ongathandani naye, kepha akuhlangene nokuziphatha kwabantu besifazane abajabule kakhulu."^45(p67)

Ngenkathi kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi ukuhlola ubudlelwane phakathi kokutholwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kombhalo wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwizimo zengqondo nokuziphatha, ukwenza kusebenze-isinyathelo sokuqonda sobuchopho kwinqubo yokuxhumana ngocansi-sidinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe nokucacisa ukuqonda izindlela iskripthi sezithombe zocansi ezingcolile. iyasebenza engqondweni.

Izithombe zocansi kanye nokwenza kusebenze

Ukucwaninga kwasekuqaleni kokucatshangelwa kokuqonda kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuveza indlela lapho ukubuka okuvamisanayo kwakubumba khona imicabango yangempela. Peter noValkenburg^46(p227) Kutholakale ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zakha "imicabango ehlobene neya ocansini ememeni" ebusheni yokuthi lapho bebuka izithombe zocansi ezingaphezulu, bayokholwa kakhulu ukuthi izinto eziboniswayo zibonisa imikhuba yezocansi yangempela yezwe. UTsitsika et al.^47(p549) uthole ukuthi phakathi kwentsha yamaGreek, ukutholakala kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonisa ucansi kukhuthaza “imicabango engeyona eyengqondo ngocansi kanye nezimo ezikhohlisayo ngobuhlobo.” Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngandlela thile kugxile ekugxileni okukhethekile kwimivuzo yezocansi (okungukuthi., injabulo) ngaphandle kwezindleko (okungukuthi., ukuzibophezela noma izifo),⁴⁸ ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokucabanga okusetshenzisiwe ngenkathi ubukwa.⁴⁹ Kodwa-ke, ukwenza umcabango wezocansi ube ngumbhalo ophathekayo kusho ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekuzulazuleni izimo eziqhubekayo noma eziseduze; Ngamanye amagama, yazisa okwenzekayo ngesikhathi sokuhlangana ngocansi nomlingani wakho.

Ocwaningweni olwedlule, sihlolisise indima yezithombe zocansi ekucabangeni nasekuboneni kwabantu besilisa abesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane ngesikhathi sobudlelwano bezocansi.⁵⁰ Sibuze ukuthi ngabe izithombe zocansi zibambe iqhaza yini ezingqondweni zabo ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini nokuthi bazizwa kanjani ngathi nangabalingani babo ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi. Imiphumela ikhombisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezibukelwa kakhulu owesilisa azibheka, yilapho eba khona amathuba okusebenzisa ubulili, acele nezenzo ezithile zocansi zocansi zomlingani wakhe, futhi aqambe ngamabomu izithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sobulili ukuze aqhubeke nokuvuka. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokujabulisa nokuziphatha kocansi nomuntu athandana naye, kepha wayengenabo ubudlelwano nokukhathazeka ngokusebenza kwakhe kwezocansi nangomzimba wakhe. Lezi zinhlangano beziqondile futhi azikhethiwe. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene ngqo nokwanda kokuqalisa kombhalo wobulili obucansi emibonweni engokwengqondo yesimo nokwakhe, kanye nemizwa nezimo zakhe zokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezocansi nomlingani.

Inhloso nama-Hypotheses

Kulolu cwaningo, sanaka abesifazane futhi sabuza umbuzo ofanayo: ingabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zidlala indima ebonakalayo ezingqondweni zabesifazane ngesikhathi socansi futhi abathengi besifazane bazizwa kanjani ngabo nangabalingani babo ngesikhathi socansi? Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi okuqukethwe kombhalo wezocansi kuzithombe zocansi ezijwayelekile kwezentengiso kunolaka olukhulu kwabesifazane,⁴ nezindlela imithombo yezindaba e-hypersexual eqeda ukuzethemba kwamantombazane nesimo somzimba,⁵¹ besilindele ukuthi umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kokuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili kwabesifazane okuzoba kubi. Imibono yethu ethize yayiwukuthi uma ihlolwe ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile mayelana nokushaya indlwabu kuzohambisana nalokhu okulandelayo:

izindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Njengengxenye yocwaningo olukhudlwana, lwamazwe amaningi^43,50 isampula yethu ifake izimpendulo ze-706 (bona Ithebula 1 ngemininingwane yabantu). Izindlela zokufaka zazimi kanjena: ukuhlala e-United States, ubulili besifazane, iminyaka engu-18-29, ukuthambekela kobungqingili, futhi ubunolwazi okungenani olulodwa ngaphambi kocansi. Iningi labahlanganyeli (i-85.1%) liveze ukuthi baya ekolishi lomphakathi noma eyunivesithi. Iningi (i-85.1%) belingamhlophe okungeyona i-Hispanic. Iminyaka emaphakathi ibiyiminyaka ye-19.82 (ukuphambuka okujwayelekile [SD] = 1.65). Iningi (ngaphezulu kwe-66%) labaqaphi besilisa nabesifazane balaba babambiqhaza babeqede iziqu zasekolishi. Amaphesenti angamashumi amane nanye abika evuma noma evuma ngokuqinile ukuthi ukholo lwenkolo lubalulekile kubo. Sabhala isimo sobudlelwano ukuze bonke ababambiqhaza ababika ukungashadi noma ebudlelwaneni obungahlonishwe bathathwe njengabangenabo ubudlelwano abazibophelele kuyilapho ababambiqhaza ababika ukuthi babesebudlelwaneni obushadene nomuntu oyedwa, abashadayo, noma ababethandana nomuntu athandana naye babebhalwe njengobudlelwano abazibophezele. Amaphesenti angamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili ababambe iqhaza ayesebuhlotsheni abazibophezele kanti i-50.1% yayingekho.

Ngaphambi kokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi kwe-dyadic kufaka okungenani okukodwa kwalezi zinto ezilandelayo: ukuba nqunu nomunye umuntu, ukuthinta izitho zangasese zomunye umuntu, nokuya ocansini lomlomo, lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, kanye / noma sangasese. Iningi lababambiqhaza (82.3%) abafakiwe ocwaningweni babike ukuthi baye ocansini. Kubaphenduli abangu-581 ababike ukuthi bake baya ocansini phambilini, abangu-88 bakwenza lokho bengakayihlanganisi iminyaka engu-16, abangu-384 baqala ukuya ocansini phakathi kweminyaka engu-16 nengu-18 ubudala, kanti abanye abangu-109 baqala ukuya ocansini beneminyaka engu-19 noma kamuva.

Izindlela

Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa umbuzo, (i-1) ngokwesilinganiso, uvame kangaki ukusebenzisa izithombe zocansi ukuthola ukushaya indlwabu. Into yaphendulwa esikalini sama-8-point Likert (1 = never, 2 = esingaphansi kanye ngonyaka, 3 = izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka, 4 = kanye ngenyanga, 5 = izikhathi ezimbalwa ngenyanga, 6 = 1- Izinsuku ze-2 ngesonto, i-7 = izinsuku ze-3-5 ngesonto, kanye ne-8 = nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibuze abaphendulayo ngeminyaka yabo okokuqala ekuchazeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemithombo ekhethekile yabezindaba ababeyisebenzisa ukufinyelela izithombe zocansi.

Imicabango yezithombe zocansi

Imibuzo emithathu ihlolwe imicabango yabahlanganyeli mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile maqondana noma ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi nomlingani wakho: (1) Uma ngilala nomlingani wami, izithombe ezivela ezithombeni ezingcolile zingena ekhanda lami; (2) Lapho ngilala nomuntu engithandana naye, ngicabanga ngamabomu ngezithombe ezivela ezithombeni ezingcolile ukuze ngigcine injabulo yami; futhi (3) Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukushaya indlwabu kujabulisa kakhulu kunokuya ocansini nomlingani wakho. Into ngayinye iphendulwe esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti ama-5, kusuka ku-1 (never) kuye ku-5 (njalo). I-alpha kaCronbach yesikali yayingu-0.81.

Ukulimazeka ngokubukeka

Imibuzo emithathu ehlolwe ukungavikeleki ngokubukeka: (1) Ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi, ngikhathazeka ngokuthi umzimba wami ubukeka kanjani kumlingani wami; (2) Ngangizizwa ngikhululeke ngokwanele kuphela ukuya ocansini uma kumnyama ukuze umlingani wami angaboni kahle umzimba wami; futhi (3) Ngesikhathi sokuqala ngiya ocansini nomlingani omusha, nginovalo lokuthi umlingani wami uzocishwa ngokubona umzimba wami ungagqokile. Into ngayinye iphendulwe esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti ayi-6, kusuka ku-1 (angivumelani neze) kuya ku-6 (ngivuma ngokuqinile). I-alpha kaCronbach yesikali yayingu-0.81.

Ubumnandi bezenzo eziseduzane ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini nomlingani

Imibuzo emithathu ehlolwe ukuthokozela kwezenzo zobulili ngesikhathi socansi: (a) Ngiyakujabulela ukugonwa ngumuntu engithandana naye; (2) Ngiyakuthanda ukuqabulana ngesikhathi socansi; futhi (3) Ngithanda ukuthatha isikhathi ngiphulula umzimba womlingani wami wezocansi. Into ngayinye iphendulwe esikalini se-Likert samaphoyinti ayi-6, kusuka ku-1 (angivumelani neze) kuya ku-6 (ngivuma ngokuqinile). I-alpha kaCronbach yesikali yayingu-0.75.

Inqubo

Le projekthi ibiyingxenye yocwaningo lokubambisana, lokuhlola amasiko nokuziphatha kwezocansi okwenzeka emakhampasi amane aseyunivesithi e-United States: amabili asenyakatho-mpumalanga, elinye eliseNingizimu-mpumalanga, kanti elinye maphakathi neNingizimu. Onke ama-Boards Awe-Institutional Ukubuyekezwa Kwamabhodi avumelekile ukwenza lo msebenzi. Abahlanganyeli baqashwa kabusha ukusuka entwasahlobo 2011 kuya entwasahlobo 2012 nge-imeyili, amaflaya, noma ezinye izimemezelo. Izinto zokwakha kabusha zacacisa inhloso yocwaningo kwakuwukuqonda isimo sobulili, izinkolelo, nokuziphatha, ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kufaka ukuphendula uchungechunge lwemibuzo ebuza ngemicabango, imizwa, nokuziphatha, kubandakanya nokuziphatha kocansi, ukuthi eminye yemibuzo ibandakanya nolimi oluveza ucansi olungasetshenziswa kube okuhlaselayo (kufaka phakathi amagama wezitho zomzimba noma imisebenzi yezocansi), nokuthi zonke izimpendulo zizoqoshwa ngokungaziwa. Ababambe iqhaza babeqondiswe ocwaningweni oluku-inthanethi oluthunyelwe ku-SurveyMonkey; isiza ngasinye sokuqashwa sasinesixhumanisi esiyingqayizivele. Abahlanganyeli baqale banikeza imvume, base beqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwabo ngaphambi kokuphothula uhlolo. Ukuzibandakanya kuthathe imizuzu engu-∼30. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kocwaningo, ababambiqhaza banikezwe ithuba lokungena kwi-raffle ukuzuza omunye wemiklomelo emithathu yemali (eyodwa $ 100 kanye nemiklomelo emibili yama- $ 60 banikezwa ngokungahleliwe).

Indlela yokuhlaziya

Izibalo ezichazayo zisetshenziselwe ukuhlinzeka ngamanani wedatha yesisekelo emvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Izindlela nama-SDs azo zonke izinhlobo eziqhubekayo zabalwa (Ithebula 2). Ukuhlolwa kwe-Skewness ne-kurtosis kanye nama-histogram kwaqagelwa izifiso zokujwayelekile. Kwakusetshenziswa iziza zokusabalalisa eziyizihlobo ezimbili ukubhekisisa ukucatshangelwa kokuhambisana. Ngoba iningi lababambiqhaza libike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi akulona ukwenza indlwabu nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenkathi beya ocansini nomlingani wakho njengoba kwenzeka isikhathi esingaphansi kanye ngonyaka noma angikaze, sikukhishwe lokhu kuhlukahluka ekuhlaziyeni okunye futhi kugxilwe kokuthile okuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokushaya indlwabu. .

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis, sihlole imodeli yokulinganisa sisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okuqinisekisayo. Ama-Hypotheses abe esehlolwa ngamamodeli amabili wokulungiswa okusetshenziswa kokuqagela okuphezulu kokuqashwa okulinganiselwe okungaxhunyiwe (imvamisa yokusebenzisa ukushaya indlwabu) kanye nezinto ezintathu zokugcina (imicabango yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile maqondana nomsebenzi wesikhathi sobulili, ukungavikeleki mayelana nokubukeka). Imodeli yesibili ifaka ama-covariates amahlanu angaphandle (iminyaka, umjaho omhlophe, inkolo, isimo sobudlelwano, kanye nobudala ekuchayelweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile). Zonke izinto eziguqukayo zangaphandle zazivunyelwe ukwahluka. Ngoba isikwele se-chi sivame ukubonakala ngosayizi omkhulu wesampula namamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi,⁵² imodeli enhle yokulingana yayizimisele ukuba khona uma isikwele se-chi ukuya kumadigri wenkululeko isilinganiso sasingu- <3, i-Comparative Fit Index (CFI) yayingu-> 0.95, nephutha le-Root Mean Square of Approximation (RMSEA) lalingu- <0.05.⁵³ Ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza okulinganiselwe kwamamodeli angenayo indlakadla, kusetshenziswe i-Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Amanani amancane we-AIC akhombisa kangcono imodeli efanelekile.⁵⁴ Ukuhlaziywa kwaqedwa nge-SPSS version 21 ne-AMOS inguqulo 18.

Imiphumela

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwamanje

Ithebula 2 ikhombisa izibalo ezichazayo maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwababambiqhaza kwezithombe zocansi. Iningi lababambiqhaza lalinokuchayeka kwangaphambili kwezithombe zocansi; Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabahlanganyeli yaqala ukuvezwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-13. Bambalwa abahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi abakaze bahlangane nezithombe zocansi ngaphambili. Ababambiqhaza babuzwa ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwamanje kwezithombe zocansi ukushaya indlwabu. Kubahlanganyeli abangama-591 abaphendule lo mbuzo, cishe uhhafu (43.5%) babike okungenani ezinye izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukushaya indlwabu. Phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukushaya indlwabu, imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukushaya indlwabu bekuyizikhathi ezimbalwa ngenyanga. Ngokude, ababambiqhaza bemithombo yezindaba abavame kakhulu ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyi-Intanethi.

Sihlole ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kobuningi babantu kuhlobene kanjani nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokushaya indlwabu. Iminyaka yobudala, ubuhlanga / ubuzwe, kanye nesimo sobudlelwano abazinikeleyo asihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokwenza indlwabu. Ukuphela kwenkolo eyayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (r = −0.143, p <0.001, N = 589). Siphinde sahlola ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa kanjani ukushaya indlwabu ezihlobene nokuhlukahluka komphumela oyinhloko; Ukuhlangana okuyimpumelelo kwalezi zinhlangano kuvezwe ku- Ithebula 3.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuqinisekisa

Ngaphambi kokuhlola ama-hypotheses wokutadisha, silinganise ukukalwa kokuhlukahluka kwethu oku-latent kusetshenziswa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-factor factor. Imodeli ephelele ilingana kahle nedatha, χ²/ isilinganiso se-df = 2.34, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, kanye ne-90% isikhawu sokuzithemba se-RMSEA = 0.03-0.06. Zonke izinto zilayishwa kakhulu ezintweni zazo (p <0.001). Izibalo ezichazayo zokuhlukahluka kwe-manifest nokulayishwa okulinganiselwe kuzici zazo eziveziwe ku Ithebula 4.

Imodeli ephelele ifanelekile

Ngaphambi kokuhlola ama-hypotheses ngamanye, sihlole ukulingana kwemodeli ephelele. Imodeli inikeze ukulingana okwanele kwedatha, χ²/ isilinganiso se-df = 3.13, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, 90% isikhawu sokuzithemba se-RMSEA = 0.04-0.07, ne-AIC = 167.39 (I-Fig. 1). Ukufaka phakathi kwama-covariates we-demographic kwimodeli yethu kuphinde kwaphakamisa imodeli enhle efanelekile, noma ingalungile njengemodeli elula ngaphandle kwama-covariates, χ²/ isilinganiso se-df = 2.56, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.04, 90% isikhawu sokuzithemba se-RMSEA = 0.04-0.06, ne-AIC = 305.55 (I-Fig. 2).

I-H1: Imicabango eyandayo yezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini nozakwethu

Besinesifiso sokubona ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nemicabango yezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini nomlingani, kungaba yimicabango engacacanga / enenhloso mayelana nezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini ukuthola noma ukugcina injabulo noma njengokuthanda okukhulunywa ngakho kwezithombe zocansi ngocansi nomlingani. Umqondo wethu wokuqala wasekelwa. Kube nobudlelwano obuhle obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokushaya indlwabu nemicabango yezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sobulili (I-Fig. 1). Ukulingana komgudu ofanayo kwabonwa lapho sifaka ama-covariates we-demographic (I-Fig. 2). Kuma-covariates, ubudala bamanje obudala kanye nobudala obusha ekuchayweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlanganiswa nemicabango emikhulu yezithombe zocansi maqondana noma ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini nomlingani.

I-H2: Ukwanda Kwezinsongo Ngokubukeka Ngobulili Nomlingani

Umbono wethu wesibili ubuze ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukushaya indlwabu nokungazethembi ngomzimba womuntu ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi. Ngokuphikisana nombono wethu wesibili, bekungekho ubudlelwane obubalulekile phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukushaya indlwabu nokubukeka kokungazethembi kumodeli yethu yokwakhiwa (I-Fig. 1). Noma ngabe kufaka phakathi ama-covariates we-demographic, indlela ihlala ingenakubaluleka (I-Fig. 2). Kula ma-covariates, ukuba sebudlelwaneni obuzinikele kuhlotshaniswe kakhulu nokungaqiniseki okuphansi mayelana nokubukeka.

I-H3: Ukuzijabulisa Okuphansi Okuzithobile Kwezenzo Zokusondelana Ngesikhathi Sokuya Ocansini Nenkinga

Ababambiqhaza baphendule imibuzo behlola ukuthi bathokozela kangakanani ukuzwana nabantu abathandana nabo kwezocansi, njengokudlikiza, ukuqabulana, nokucindezela. Ngokuphikisana nomqondo wethu wesithathu, akubanga khona ukuhlangana okuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokushaya indlwabu nokuzijabulisa ngokwakho ngokuziphatha okuhle (I-Fig. 1). Lokhu akuzange kuguquke kufakwe ama-covariates we-demographic (I-Fig. 2). Kula ma-covariates, ukuba sebuhlotsheni obuzinikele bekuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuzijabulisa okuphathelene nokuziphatha okuhle kwezocansi.

Thumela i-hoc modified modified

Ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindayo kweLagrange kubonise ukulingana kwemodeli yokuqala (I-Fig. 1) izothuthukiswa kakhulu ngokungeza izindlela ezivela emcabangweni wezinto ezingcolile zobabili kokungazethembi ngokubukeka nokuthokozela kwezenzo eziseduzane zezinto zocansi. Lokhu kubonakale kufanelekile ngoba ukusebenza kwemicabango yezithombe zocansi nezithombe ezikhiqizwe ngaphakathi (ezocansi) ngenkathi uzibandakanya ekuxhumaneni ngokobulili nomlingani kungahle kudonsele othile ekugxiliseni “lapha nakanje” zokuzibandakanya kwezocansi, okuholela ekunakekelweni okuphansi kumlingani wezocansi futhi kungathuthukisa amandla osayizi bezinhlobo zomzimba nokuziphatha kocansi okulingiswa kuzithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezethenjwa ekuzihlolweni nasekuzihlolweni kothandana naye. Eqinisweni, uMeana noNunnink⁵⁵ thola ukuqonda ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini kungasebenza ukukhathazeka okusekelwe kubukeka futhi kuphazamise injabulo yobulili kwabesifazane. Ngakho-ke sibheke imodeli yokugcina eyahlola ukuthi ngabe imicabango yezithombe ezingcolile yini maqondana noma ngesikhathi sobulili ixhumanise ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nobabili ukungazethembi ngokubukeka nezenzo ezisondelene nobulili ngesikhathi sobulili (I-Fig. 3). Imodeli ephelele ilingana kahle nedatha, χ²/ isilinganiso se-df = 3.53, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06, 90% isikhawu sokuzithemba se-RMSEA = 0.05-0.07, ne-AIC = 157.35. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokushaya indlwabu kuhlale kungumbikezeli obalulekile wemicabango yento yocansi kuphela. Ukuhlolwa kokulamula kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kwe-bootstriling kuveze ukuthi imicabango yezithombe zocansi maqondana noma ngesikhathi socansi (isho okungaqondile [umphumela ongaqondakali] umphumela = −0.02, iphutha elijwayelekile [SE] = 0.01, 95% isikhawu sokuzithemba [−0.041 to −0.004], ne-standard standard coeffnty = −0.06) ixhumanise ukuxhumana phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi ngokushaya indlwabu kanye nento yokusondelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicabango yento engcolile (isho ukungaqondile [umphumela ongaqondiswanga] = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% sokuphumula kokuzithemba [0.011-0.077]), kanye ne-standard standard coeffnty = 0.08) kuxhumanise ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi ngokushaya indlwabu nokungavikeleki isici. Lokhu i-post hoc imodeli yokulamula yayinhle ngemodeli yemiphumela eqondile, Δχ² = 17.61, = 2, p <0.001, ICAIC = 10.04.⁵⁶

Ingxoxo

Ukubuyekezwa kokutholakele kanye nemithelela

Izinsizwa nezintombi ziphendukela ku-inthanethi ngemvamisa enkulu yokufinyelela nokuzibandakanya ngolwazi lwezocansi. Njengezinye izifundo,^57,58 sithole amanani aphezulu okuthola izithombe ezingcolile ngaphambi kwesikhathi, cishe konke okuvela emithonjeni eku-inthanethi. Ngesikhathi befika ekolishi, iningi labesifazane (i-83%) esifundweni sethu lase libone izithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi online. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwethu lukhombisa amanani aphezulu okuvezwa esemncane kunalokho okutholakala ocwaningweni olwedlule. Isibonelo, ku-2008, uSabina et al. uthole i-9.2% yamantombazane abhekana nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambi kweminyaka ye-13; sithole iphesenti elikhudlwana labaphendulile (i-24.7%) elivezwe kusenesikhathi.⁵⁸ Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kukhulunywa ngosayizi okhulayo nomkhakha wezimboni zanamuhla wobulili ezingcolile⁵⁹ futhi kulula ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholakale kalula nge-inthanethi.

Yize iningi labesifazane kulolu cwaningo belike lavezwa izithombe zocansi ngaphambilini, yi-43.5% kuphela ebike ukusetshenziswa kwamanje ngokushaya indlwabu. Kulabo abasebenzisa izithombe zocansi njengamanje ukushaya indlwabu, isigaba esivunyelwe kakhulu esivame ukusetshenziswa imvamisa senziwa kanye ngenyanga noma ngaphansi. Iningi labaphendulayo (i-56.5%) libike ukuthi alikaze lisebenzise izithombe zocansi ngalezi zinhloso zocansi. I-0.7% kuphela abesifazane ocwaningweni lwethu ababike ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke noma eduze kwansuku zonke. Abesifazane abasebasha babonakala belandela izindlela ezimbili ezihlukehlukene cishe ngezilinganiso ezifanayo: noma ngabe bafaka izithombe zocansi ezenzweni zabo zocansi, yize kungenjalo kaningi, noma bakugwema ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhlangana ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Noma kunamanani aphansi kakhulu okusetshenziswa kwabesifazane uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa, umbhalo wezocansi ubamba iqhaza ekuhlangenwe nakho okuzithobayo kwabesifazane kokuhlangana kocansi nomlingani wakho. Abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babekwazi kakhulu ukuzwa imicabango ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi socansi nomlingani wakho, bathembele kuleyo micabango ukuthola noma ukugcina injabulo, noma ukubika okuthandwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngobulili nomlingani (H1). Abesifazane ababhekana nokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile besebancane, lapho mancane amathuba okuthi bathole eminye imibhalo yezocansi noma babe nokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi nomlingani ukuphazamisa noma ukuphonsela inselelo amandla eskripthi socansi lwezocansi, babenamathuba amaningi okubika imicabango ngezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi socansi nomlingani wakho.

Ngokuphikisana nama-hypotheses ethu, asitholanga ukuxhumeka okuqondile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokushaya indlwabu nokwanda kwesipiliyoni sokubukeka kokungavikeleki (H2) futhi asitholanga ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokushaya indlwabu nokuthokozela okuphansi kwezenzo eziseduze ngesikhathi sex uzakwethu (H3). Kodwa-ke, futhi ngokujabulisayo, i-post hoc Ukuguqulwa kwemodeli kukhombisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabesifazane ukushaya indlwabu kuhambelana nokwanda kokungazethembi ngokubukeka kwabo nokunciphisa ukuthokoza kwezenzo zobulili ngesikhathi socansi ngemicabango eyengeziwe yezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi. Ngamanye amagama, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane kuhlotshaniswa nemicabango eyandayo yezithombe zocansi ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kocansi, nemicabango yezithombe zocansi, kepha hhayi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzisayo yona uqobo, ihlotshaniswa nokwanda kokungazethembi kokubukeka nokwehla kokuthokozela kwezenzo zobulili ngesikhathi socansi. Kungani lokhu kungaba njalo? Kungani imicabango yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile maqondana noma ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi nomlingani ingaxazulula ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesipiliyoni sokubukeka kokungavikeleki nokusondelana kwabesifazane?

Ukudweba imidwebo yemibhalo yezocansi, sithola ukuthi imibhalo yezocansi ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ingaphazamisa ukwenziwa kwethonya kwabesifazane. NgokukaWarright,³³ imibhalo yezocansi kumele isebenze engqondweni ngaphambi kokuthi ibe nomphumela wokuziphatha. Abomengameli be-activation bangafaka izici zezithameli ezinjengobudala kanye / noma ubulili kanye nezinto zesimo ezinjengokuvumelana ngocansi noma ngesikripthi sesimo.¹⁵ Amanani aphezulu obudlova nokucekelwa phansi kwezentengiso zocansi eziningi, ezihlose kakhulu abesifazane,⁴ kungaphazamisa usayizi wombhalo kwabesifazane njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi udale ukungezwani phakathi kokubhalwe phansi kombhalo wesimo kubathengi besifazane. Ngakho-ke, lokhu dissonance kungadala isithiyo kusebenze kwabesifazane okungekho kwabesilisa. Ngenkathi amadoda angavele azithole njengezifundo ngaphakathi kweskripthi esiklanyelwe futhi esifanekiselwa intokozo yazo, abathengi besifazane kungadingeka ukuthi bazifunde ngokwabo njengamabhulokhi wodlame / ulaka ukuze umbhali usebenze emibhalweni yabo yezocansi. Ngamanye amagama, ngoba iskripthi kungenzeka siphikisane nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe komzimba, owesifazane kungadingeka ukuthi acubungule ukucubungula okuhlelekile (kuphambanisa) ngokungafani nokucubungula i-heuristic (okusheshayo nangaphandle kokucabanga) ngaphambi kokuqalisa iskripthi. Lokhu okutholayo kuyahambisana nolunye ucwaningo oluthola ubuntu, okungukuthi, ubudala,¹⁵ noma omunye umehluko oqondile¹³ ingalamula ubudlelwano phakathi kwemibhalo yezocansi nomuntu.

Kulo mongo, iskripthi socansi lwezocansi singenziwa sisebenze kalula ngamadoda okuholela ebudlelwaneni obunobunye futhi obuqondile phakathi kokubuka izithombe zocansi nokuziphatha kwamadoda ngokobulili kanye nobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi obulinganiselayo besifazane. Esifundweni esedlule,⁵⁰ sithole izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamadoda zisebenzisa ngqo futhi zihlobene kahle nemicabango yezithombe zocansi futhi ngqo nangokubi ukujabulela ukusondelana. Ngamanye amagama, abesilisa abanamazinga aphezulu ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile basebenzisa ukusondelana okuncane, ngaphandle kokusebenza kombhalo wezocansi wezocansi ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngamazinga aphezulu bathola isidingo esengeziwe sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze bahlale bevukile, noma ngabe bathini ngokusondelana. Kwakungekho ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemizwa yokuzethemba noma ukungazethembi ngokubukeka phakathi kwamadoda.

Kodwa-ke, kulolu cwaningo, sithole ukuthi imicabango yabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ixazulule iqhaza lesikripthi sezocansi esasibamba kumava abo ocansi. Abesifazane kumele basebenzise ngamabomu futhi bakhombise ukuthanda umbhalo ngaphandle kokuwubuka nje, njengoba kwenzeka emadodeni, ukuze ubambe iqhaza kwezokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi kwabantu besifazane. Labo besifazane abasebenza iskripthi sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo ngokocansi nomlingani wobulili obuhlukile bathola ukusondelana okuncane nokuzethemba okuncane ekubukekeni kwabo. Ngenkathi ukungezwani kwesimo seskripthi phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho komzimba wabesifazane nodlame nokucekeleka phansi okutholakala ezithombeni eziningi zobulili ezingcolile kungahle kuvikeleke, lapho abesifazane sebethembele kulowo mbhalo wezocansi, imininingwane yethu ikhombisa ukuthi bathola imiphumela efanayo enciphile noma enkulu njengamadoda. Njengamadoda, bathola ukusondelana okuncane ebudlelwaneni babo bobulili obushubile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baphinde babhekana nokungazethembi okwandayo ngemizimba yabo ngesikhathi sobudlelwano bezocansi nomlingani.

Okokugcina, ukuba sebudlelwaneni obuzibophezele kungaba nendima ethile yokuvikela ekwandiseni izenzo ezisondelene ngesikhathi socansi nokunciphisa ukungavikeleki ngokubukeka ngqo, kepha noma ngabe ngemuva kokulawula ukuba kubudlelwano obuzibophezele, imicabango ephakeme yezithombe zocansi ngenjabulo yezocansi yayihlotshaniswa nokuthokozela okusondele kakhulu nokukhulu ukungazethembi kokubukeka nabalingani. Ngenkathi idatha yethu ingenakukhomba ukuqondiswa kwalobu budlelwano, idatha yethu iphakamisa ukuthi, okungenani, umbhalo wezocansi, uma usebenze, awusizi abesifazane ukuthi bazethembe kakhulu noma baxhumane nabalingani babo besilisa. Kuthathwe ngokuphelele, lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthi abathengi besifazane abanemvamisa ephezulu baba nobulili “obubi” (obungavikelekile futhi obusondelene kakhulu) kunabalingani babo bemvamisa ephansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwemvamisa ephezulu, akubonakali kukhombisa ukuzethemba okukhulu nokusondelana kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane ngokobulili nomlingani wesilisa.

Ukulinganiselwa

Ngenkathi isifundo sethu samanje sinegalelo ekuqondeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezocansi zabesifazane abasebasha ebudlelwaneni be-dyadic, okutholakele kufanele kuhunyushwe kucatshangelwa imikhawulo yocwaningo. Okubalulekile, njengoba indima yokulamula yemicabango yezithombe zocansi yatholwa i-post hoc ukuguqulwa kwemodeli nokuhlaziywa, kuhlala kuyinkolelo yokuhlolwa. Kudingeka olunye ucwaningo olufuna ukuphindaphinda lokhu okutholakele nokuhlola lezi zinhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isampula lethu belinomkhawulo wobungqingili (ikakhulukazi abafundi basekolishi abamhlophe eningizimu). UWright ₃Imodeli ye-AM ifaka ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kobunikazi njengobuhlanga, ikilasi, kanye nokweya ocansini kungalamula noma kutholakale ngokulingana, kusebenze, kanye / noma inqubo yokufaka isicelo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi idatha efanelekayo, iyadingeka ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezahlukahlukene. Sicabange, inqobo nje uma sibheka abesifazane bodwa, ukuthi izimpendulo kwimibuzo yokuziphatha kwezocansi zibandakanya ukuya ocansini nomuntu othandana naye, kodwa imibuzo yethu yaqanjwa ngendlela engathathi hlangothi ngokobulili. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi abesifazane abahlonze njengabobulili obuhlukile kungenzeka ukuthi babika ngokuziphatha kobulili okwenzeka nabanye besifazane. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zisebenzise olunye ulimi lwendoda noma zibuze abaphendulayo ukukhombisa ubunikazi bobulili babalingani bakho bocansi.

Ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kungahle kukalwe hhayi kuphela ngemvamisa (isb., kangaki ngokwesilinganiso) namandlaisb., amahora amangaki ngeviki ngokwesilinganiso) kepha ngamanani amaningi wamanje wokusebenzisa (isb., ngenyanga edlule noma ngonyaka owedlule). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe izithombe zocansi ezisetshenziswayo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ₃Izinqubo ze-AM.⁴³ Abongameli be ₃Izinqubo ze-AM zibandakanya ukuqina kwezithombe. Kungenzeka ukuthi izithombe eziqhakaza kakhulu ezinjengodlame noma ukonakaliswa kwabesifazane ababukisa ngezithombe zocansi zesimanje ezihlotshaniswa nemizwa yokuncipha nokusondelana kunokuba imvamisa. Ukucwaninga, okubuza abesifazane ngezinhlobo zezithombe zocansi ezibukwa kakhulu kanye nohlobo lwezithombe ezikhunjulwa ngesikhathi sobudlelwano bezocansi nomuntu othandana naye, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ama-nuances alobu budlelwano. Asiphindanga sachaza izithombe zocansi zabahlanganyeli bethu; izincazelo zabo siqu kungenzeka ukuthi ziye zahluka kakhulu. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezibandakanya izincazelo zingabaluleka.⁶⁰ Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingafuna ukuhlola imicabango yezithombe zocansi zisebenzisa imibuzo ehlukile ehlukanisa okuqukethwe, noma ihlole lezi zinhlangano kubesifazane kuphela ababika ukusetshenziswa okuthile kocansi, noma ngabe kuncane kangakanani.

Ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yenqubo yokubala kanye nokulinganisa, eminye imikhawulo eminingana ehlobene nezimo zokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha ifuna ucwaningo oluningi. Okokuqala, ucwaningo lwethu aluzange lufake izinyathelo zokuqonda ezingasiza ekuchazeni izisusa ngazinye zezindlela zendlela abesifazane abancane abazilandayo maqondana nezithombe zocansi. Yini ephawula umehluko ezinqubweni ngazinye zokutholwa, ukwenza kusebenze, kanye nokusebenzisa okuxoxa nemikhombandlela ehlukene yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane? Izici ezinjengokuhlangana ngocansi kwasekuqaleni, okuhlangenwe nakho kodlame lwezocansi noma i-trauma, kanye nemibono ngobulili kanye nezocansi zihlobana kanjani nokusebenzisa kwazo izithombe zocansi? Futhi, kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe.

Isiphetho

Sithola ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zidlala indima eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engaqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane ngokocansi. Ngenkathi ubudlelwano babantu besilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa ocansini buqonde ngqo, njengokuthi ukubuka nje leyo nto kuhlotshaniswa nokuncipha kocansi nokwaneliseka, abesifazane abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kumele beze bazokwamukela futhi bathembele kulokho okubhaliwe ukuze iskripthi siziqonde ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngokocansi. Ngenxa yalokho, abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nothisha kufanele babheke ngokulinganayo indima yezithombe zocansi ezimpilweni zabo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, yize kungenxa yezindlela ezihlukile. Ngenkathi umane ubuza amadoda ukuthi azibuka kanjani futhi angakanani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile anganikeza ukuqonda ngendima edlalwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezimpilweni zabo, kwabesifazane abesilisa nabesilisa abathandana nobulili obufanayo, imibuzo engahambisani kahle ehlobene nezindlela lapho umbhalo wesondo wezocansi usebenze ngayo emicabangweni nasemizweni yabo kuyadingeka baqonde indima yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile empilweni yabo yezocansi, engokomzwelo, kanye neyezobudlelwano.

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