I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral
Ababhali: IGemma Mestre-Bach 1 , UGretchen R. Blycker 2 , 3 futhi UMarc N. Potenza[i-imeyili ivikelwe] 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
abstract
Ngokwanda komhlaba wonke kwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe se-COVID-19, ukuqhelelana kwezenhlalo noma ngokomzimba, ukuvalelwa wedwa, kanye nokukhiywa ngokweqile sekuvame kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Pornhub, enye yamasayithi amakhulu wezithombe zocansi, ibike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwandayo emazweni amaningi, lapho ithrafikhi yomhlaba wonke inyuke ngaphezu kwe-11% kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya kuMashi 17, 2020. Ngenkathi okunye ukwanda okukhulu kuhambisane ne-Pornhub eyenza izinsizakalo zayo ze-premium zikhululekile amazwe asezindaweni zokuphatha ezivaliwe noma ezihlukanisiwe, amazwe angenakho ukufinyelela okunjalo kwamahhala we-premium nawo abike ukwanda ebangeni elingu-4-24%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa amagama athi "coronavirus", "corona", kanye "covid" zifinyelele ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-9.1. Kule ncwadi, sixoxa ngamaphethini wokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi ezihlobene ne-COVID-19 kanye nomthelela abangaba nawo maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi sekwande kakhulu emhlabeni jikeleleILuscombe, 2016). Iwebhusayithi ye-Pornhub ibike ukuvakashelwa okungaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-42 ngonyaka we-2019, kulinganiselwa ukuvakashelwa kwezigidi eziyi-115 nsuku zonkeI-Pornhub, i-2019).
Ngesikhathi ubhadane lwe-COVID-19, izinguquko ezisheshayo zithonye abantu abaningi ngezindlela eziningi. Izinkinga zenhlalo, ezezimali, ezempilo, ezomsebenzi, nezinye izingcindezi ezihlobene nobhadane zingathinta izisusa zabantu zokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okungaba umlutha, kufaka phakathi i-intanethi (I-Bonenberger, 2019). Ngesikhathi sokuhlala ekhaya nasemsebenzini wokuphambana nomphakathi kanye neminye imicimbi ehlobene ne-COVID-19, i-Pornhub ibone ukwanda komhlaba wonke ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi nge-11.6% ngoMashi 17, 2020 maqondana nezinsuku eziphakathi nendawo (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Isikhathi esingangenyanga kusuka ngoFebhuwari 24/25, 2020 kuya ku-Mashi 17, 2020, wonke amazwe angama-27, anikezwe imininingwane, akhombisa ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, imvamisa kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-24% (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezithile, lapho i-Pornhub yenza khona izinsizakalo zayo ze-premium mahhala ukunikezwa izihlukaniso kanye nemiyalo yokuhlala ekhaya, kwanda ukwanda okukhulu: ukwanda okungu-57, 38, kanye no-61% e-Italy, eFrance naseSpain, ngokulandelana, ngakunye kwenzeka usuku ngemuva kokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zamahhala (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Ngo-Mashi 17, izinguquko emaphethini wansuku zonke wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabonwa eYurophu, ngokwanda okukhulu kakhulu (ngezikhathi zasendaweni) okubonwa ngo-3a.m. (31.5%) no-1p.m. (26.4%) (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Kakhulu, amaphethini afanayo abonwa kwezinye izifunda kufaka phakathi iziphathimandla zase-US nase-Asia, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokubukwa ekuseni kakhulu (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Lokhu okutholakele, kufana nalokho ngesikhathi kuvalwa uhulumeni (I-Pornhub, i-2020), phakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomthelela wokuphazamiseka kokulala nokusebenza kokuziphatha kocansi. Ezinye izincazelo (isb. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngasese ngemuva kokuthi umlingani eyolala, njengoba kubikwa ngabantu abelashelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile (PPU) okuyinkinga futhi kunika ukucatshangelwa okususelwa kulwazi lomtholampilo (Umkhiqizo, iBlycker, & Potenza, 2019; Blycker, ukubonwa komtholampilo okungashicilelwe).
NgoJanuwari 25, 2020, i-Pornhub yaqopha ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwegama lokusesha elithi "coronavirus," kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo okwedlule kwezinsuku ezingama-30 njengegama lokusesha, kanye ne- "corona" ne- "covid," kukhuphuke kakhulu ngemuva kwalokho, kudlula ukuseshwa okuyizigidi eziyi-9.1 (I-Pornhub, i-2020). Yize okwamanje kungacaci ukuthi yini engase ishukumise ukusesha okunjalo, ukusesha okuqukethwe okuhlobene nomcimbi okushintshiwe kulandele ezinye izinguquko / ukuncishwa; isb., ngesikhathi sokuphahlazeka kweseva yama-Fortnite, kwanda ukuseshwa kwezithombe zocansi ezihlobene ne-Fortnite kwabikwa (ICastro-Calvo, iBallester-Arnal, iPotenza, iKing, neBillieux, 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lokuseshwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihlobene ne-covid lisikisela ukuthi kungahle kuqinisekise uphenyo olwengeziwe.
Amaphethini achazwe ngenhla wezithombe zocansi asebenzisa imibuzo iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobudlelwano obungaba khona ne-PPU nokukhathazeka kwezempilo. Ukucindezeleka kungakhuphula ukugula kwengqondo noma isimilo esiyinkinga / sokulutha (ISinha, 2008), kanye nezinguquko zesikhathi nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezixhumanisi zazo zezempilo kudinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko kokuqukethwe okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufanele zifundwe, ikakhulukazi kunikezwa imibiko yokuthi abantu abelashwa i-PPU bavame ukubika ukuthi babuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezeqile ngokuhamba kwesikhathiUmkhiqizo, iBlycker, & Potenza, 2019).
Ukuziphatha okuchazwe ngenhla-ukusetshenziswa kokuziphatha kufanele kuhunyushwe ngokuqapha, ikakhulukazi ngoba izehlakalo ezihlobene ne-COVID-19 zingashintsha ngokushesha futhi nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ayaziwa. Kodwa-ke, idatha inganikeza ukuqonda kokuthi abantu bangabhekana kanjani nokuvalelwa ngenkani, ukucindezelwa, kanye / noma ukufinyelela mahhala kwezithombe zocansi. Izimo ezihlobene nobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 zinganciphisa ucansi olungakahleleki nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha, ngakho-ke abantu bangasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengecebo lokubhekana nalokhu. Abantu abane-PPU bangaphinde babuyele ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile esimeni sokuzizwa bengenamandla, bengenathemba, futhi benqanyuliwe ezinhlelweni eziyizinyathelo eziyi-12 zokusekelwa, njengoba kubonwe eziluthweni zezidakamizwa (UDonovan, Ingalsbe, uBenbow, noDaley, 2013; Blycker, ukubonwa komtholampilo okungashicilelwe). Ngokuvamile, izinto zobulili ezingcolile zingaphazamisa abantu ekubeni nesizungu, usizi, isithukuthezi noma eminye imizwa emibi ehlobene nobhubhane (Grubbs et al., 2020). Lawa namanye amathuba okuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okuqondile.
Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungakhombisa i-PPU (Umkhiqizo, iBlycker, & Potenza, 2019), ibhizinisi elixhunyaniswe nezinqubo ezithile zengqondo nezebhayoloji (UGola et al., 2017; I-Stark, i-Klucken, i-Potenza, i-Brand, ne-Strahler, i-2018). Njengoba i-PPU ihlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka okusebenzayo, ukugwema ngokomzwelo, ukwehla kokukhiqiza, kanye ne-psychopathology (IBaranowski, iVogl, neStark, i-2019; IBőthe, iTóth-Király, i-Orosz, iPotenza, neDemetrovics, i-2020; UFineberg et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014), ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka emaphethini wokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile emhlabeni wonke, njengokuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kokuxhaphaka kanye nama-correlates we-PPU ngesikhathi nangemva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuvama kakhulu kungahle kwenzeke uma ingekho i-PPU ezenzekelayo, ucwaningo luyadingeka nakwezinye izinto ezingasekela noma ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zocansi (isb. Ukunciphisa ingcindezi, ukuthola injabulo ngokocansi, noma ukufeza ezinye izifiso noma izidingo; IBőthe, iTóth-Király, i-Orosz, iPotenza, neDemetrovics, i-2020). Kodwa-ke, kulabo ababhekene nezinkinga noma izinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izinkundla zokuzisiza eziku-inthanethi (isb., I-NoFap, i-Reboot Nation, noma izinkundla ze-inthanethi eziyizinyathelo eziyi-12 ezigxile ekuluthweni ucansi nothando) zingamela izinsiza ezibalulekile. Ngokwengeziwe, kuzobaluleka ukuhlola ukuthi noma yiziphi izinguquko phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 ziyizinguquko zesikhathi esifushane noma izindlela zokuziphatha zesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi uma lokhu kuziphatha kuholela ekucindezelekeni noma ekulimaleni komuntu noma komunye.
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