Okutholakele okuyinhloko:
"Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesilisa kwanda, ukuzibophezela kwabo, ukwaneliseka kanye nokutshala imali ebuhlotsheni babo bezothando kuyancipha, ngenkathi umbono wabo wezinye izindlela ezikhangayo ngaphandle kobuhlobo babo wanda."
Isiphetho:
Ucwaningo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile selubalulekile njengoba izithombe zocansi zithinta impilo yabantu ngezindlela eziningi. Kusobala ukuthi kunomthelela omkhulu ebudlelwaneni bothando bomuntu ngamunye. Kwenziwe ucwaningo olwahlukahlukene ngezithombe zocansi ezivela emiphakathini eyehlukene, emazweni, emasikweni kanye nasezinhlangeni ezihlukile. Lokhu kucwaninga kwamanje kukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kunemiphumela emibi ebudlelwaneni obusondelene. Indima yayo yokungathembeki, udlame olusondelene nabo, ukudlwengulwa, ukungalingani ngokobulili, isehlukaniso, nezinye izinkinga zomphakathi kufanele zihlolisiswe kahle.
Amazwana: Imiphumela emangazayo ngoba isifundo sisebenzise i-PCES ebabazekayo - uhlu lwemibuzo olubike ukuthi lapho usebenzisa i-porn eyengeziwe, ucabanga ukuthi ingokoqobo, futhi lapho uyishaya indlwabu kakhulu, impilo yakho iyoba ngcono. Ukugxekwa kwe-PCES enephutha. Ababhali basikisela ukwakheka kobuhlanga kwezihloko kungaba yisizathu sokuthi imiphumela yabo iphikisana nalokho okutholwa yiwo wonke umuntu nge-PCES. Noma mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi izinto sezimbi kakhulu kangangokuba ne-PCES e-crummy iveza imiphumela ye-porn. Imininingwane yasekuqaleni ye-PCES yaqoqwa ngo-2006, futhi yabandakanya abesilisa nabesifazane. Lolu cwaningo bekungabo bonke abesilisa (abaneminyaka engamashumi amabili) neminyaka eyi-10 kamuva.
I-BEKAROO, i-VEEDIASHA, i-SMITA RAMPAT, ne-NAUSHAD MAMODE KHAN.
Ijenali yocwaningo lomphakathi nenqubomgomo I-8, cha. 1 (2017).
ISSN: 2067-2640 (phrinta), 2068-9861 (ngogesi)
Abstract:
Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumazinga wokutshalwa kwezimali kwabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane ebuhlotsheni babo bothando kuphenywe kulolu cwaningo. Abesilisa abayi-180 abaneminyaka engu-18 - 29 baphendule kwi-Pornography Use Scale, Scale Consumption Effect Scale (PCES), kanye ne-Investment Model Scale. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Correlation kukhombisile ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yayihlobene kahle nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (r = .59, p <.01), kanye nemiphumela emibi uqobo yokuzibona ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (r = .22, p <.01), kepha ihlotshaniswa kabi nemiphumela emihle uqobo lokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi (r = -.31, p <.01). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Linear regression kukhombisile ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa amazinga anciphisayo (R2 = .052, F (1, 178) = 10.73, β = -.238, p <.01), usayizi wotshalo-mali (R2 = .039, F (1) , 178) = 8.245, β = -.210, p <.01) namazinga okuzibophezela (R2 = .032, F (1, 178) = 6.926, β = -.194, p <.05), kepha kwandisa ikhwalithi yezinye izindlela (R2 = .130, F (1, 178) = 27.832, β = .368, p <.01) yamadoda ebudlelwaneni bawo bezothando.
Amagama angukhiye: Izithombe zocansi; Ubudlelwano Obusondele
I-Hypothesis 1a: Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi izohambisana kabi nemiphumela emihle ebonakalayo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.
Kusuka kuThebula 3 ngezansi, umphumela ukhombisa ubudlelwane obubi obulinganiselayo phakathi kokuvama kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemiphumela emihle ozibonayo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (r = -.31, p <.01). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa abaningi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, lapho bebona khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinemiphumela emihle ezimpilweni zabo.
I-Hypothesis 1b: Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi izohambisana kahle nemiphumela emibi esetshenzisiwe yokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ihlobene ngokulingene nemiphumela emibi uqobo yokuzibona ukusetshenziswa kocansi (r = .22, p <.01). Lapho abesilisa abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bedla kakhulu, kulapho babona khona imiphumela emibi ezimpilweni zabo.
I-Hypothesis 1c: Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi izohambisana kahle nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kobucansi.
Kusuka etafuleni 3 ngezansi, kuyabonakala ukuthi kunobudlelwano obuqinile obuqinile phakathi kokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi (r = .59, p <.01). Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho abesilisa besebenzisa kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kulapho balinganisa khona ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuyinkinga kubo noma kwabanye ezimpilweni zabo.
I-Hypothesis 2a: Imvamisa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile izobikezela ukwehliswa kwamazinga wokweneliseka.
Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile itholwe ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokulingene, R2 = .052, F (1, 178) = 10.73, β = -.238, p <.01. Ngamanye amagama, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kutholakale ukubikezela ukwehla kokwaneliseka kwabesilisa ngobuhlobo babo bothando.
I-Hypothesis 2b: Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi izobikezela ukwehla kwamazinga okutshala imali.
Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ikhonjiswe ngokulinganisela ukubikezela ukwehla kwemali, R2 = .039, F (1, 178) = 8.245, β = -.210, p <.01. Lapho abesilisa abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile besetshenziswa kakhulu, bazizwa bengenamali eningi ebudlelwaneni babo.
I-Hypothesis 2c: Imvamisa yezithombe zocansi izobikezela amazinga anciphayo wokuzibophezela.
Imvamisa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubikezelwe ukwehla kokuzibophezela, R2 = .032, F (1, 178) = 6.926, β = -194, p <.05, ngezinga elincane. Njengoba abesilisa besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi, ukuzibophezela kwabo kumlingani wabo kuthintekile.
I-Hypothesis 2d: Imvamisa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile izobikezela ikhwalithi ephezulu yendlela ezinye izindlela.
Imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ukwanda okuqageliwe ngokulinganisela kwekhwalithi yezinye izindlela, R2 = .130, F (1, 178) = 27.832, β = .368, p <.01. Njengoba imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesilisa yanda, kanjalo nekhwalithi yabo yezinye izindlela.
Ingxoxo nesiphetho
Lesi sigaba sizochaza imiphumela futhi siqhathanise futhi siqhathanise lokhu nezifundo ezedlule. Izizathu ezingenzeka zokutholwe nakho zizohlolwa. Kuzobuye kuphakamise imikhawulo ethile yalolu cwaningo, futhi izophetha ngokusetshenziswa kwalokho okutholakele.
Izinhloso eziphambili zalolu cwaningo bekuwukuthola ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-porn ithinta kanjani ukubona komuntu ngamunye ngemiphumela ye-porn ezimpilweni zabo, nokuthi ngabe ibikezela ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukwaneliseka, ukuzibophezela kanye nekhwalithi yezinketho ezinhlobonhlobo ebudlelwaneni babantu.
Ukutadisha kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi lapho abesilisa besebenzisa izithombe zocansi kakhulu, kudala izinkinga ezithe xaxa ezimpilweni zabo. Ngokufanayo, ukuqonda kwamadoda ngemiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwanda futhi ukubona kwabo imiphumela emihle yezithombe zocansi kwehle ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Lokhu okutholakele kwehlulekile ukuxhasa okutholwe nguHald & Malamuth (2008) okukhombise ukuthi ababambiqhaza babike kuphela imiphumela emibi emincane abazibona ngayo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi “ezinzima,” ngenkathi bebika imiphumela emihle elinganiselayo, nabesilisa bebika imiphumela emihle kakhulu kunabesifazane. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukuthi ababambiqhaza bakaHald & Malamuth (2008), ababeqhamuka emlandweni waseNtshonalanga, kungenzeka ukuthi babenemibono emihle ngezithombe ezingcolile. Abahlanganyeli esifundweni sethu ikakhulukazi babevela e-Asia futhi njengoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithathwa njengesiyiso eMauritius, kungenzeka ukuthi abesilisa kungenzeka ukuthi bakubonile ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kabi ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo (IStack, Wasserman & Kern, 2004). Ngokwengeziwe, imiphumela yethu ingachazwa ngokutholwa nguCheck's (1992) kanye noRussel (1993) ukuthi abesilisa babona ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kabi ngoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithinta impilo yabo, kanye nobudlelwano babo bothando (iBridges, Bergner & Hesson-McInnis, 2003). Kungaphikiswa futhi ukuthi ababambiqhaza esifundweni sethu babona ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kabi njengoba bengazizwa besengozini enkulu yokulahleka kwemisebenzi (iGoldberg, i-1998) noma ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga zisebenzisa ukuxhasa okutholakele ukuthi abesilisa babona ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kabi. Isibonelo, abesilisa babika ukuthi bazizwa benecala futhi benamahloni lapho bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (von Feilitzen & Carlsson, 2000) ngoba kubenze bavuswa ngocansi (Morgan, 2011). Ngokufanayo, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zivame ukudala izindaba zangaphandle komshado (Stack, Wasserman & Kern, 2004), ukuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi, ukuba nobudlelwano bezocansi nabalingani abaningi (iBraun-Courville & Rojas, i-2009; i-Brown ne-L'Engle, i-2009) nokuzibandakanya ngokomzimba ucansi oluphoqelelwe nomlingani wabo othandana naye (uCrossman, 1995). Lokhu kuziphatha kungachaza ukuthi kungani amadoda esifundweni sethu azizwa kabi ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yize bebehlala bezisebenzisa.
Okutholakele kwethu kukhombisile nokuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa kakhulu kwehlisa amazinga okwaneliseka, usayizi wokutshalwa kwemali, amazinga okuzibophezela ngenkathi kubikezelwa ikhwalithi ephakeme yezinye izindlela. Amazinga okuzibophezela anciphile angachazwa nguZillmann & Bryant's (1988) athi ababukeli bezithombe zocansi besilisa babusa izimo zengqondo ngakubalingani babo abathandanayo. Futhi-ke, lapho laba bantu bencika kakhulu ebudlelwaneni babo, amazinga abo okuzibophezela angancipha (iRusbult, iDrigotas neVerette, 1994), ikakhulukazi uma umsebenzisi ethembele ezintweni zocansi kunakwisithandwa sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi uvame ukungazideli ukuthanda kwakhe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yenhlalakahle yobudlelwano bakhe (UPowell noVan Vugt, 2003). Lokhu kwehla ekuphenduleni nasekwesekeni umlingani wabo kwehlisa izinga lokuzibophezela ebudlelwaneni bakhe bezothando (UMurray et al., 2001). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uGuerrero, Anderson & Afifi (2011) besho, ukuzibophezela kobudlelwano kuyathuthuka lapho umbhangqwana ubona ukuthi ubudlelwane bawo bulingana. Esimweni lapho umlingani womsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi abona ukungalingani ekuncikeni, lapho-ke kungahle kube namazinga okuzibophezela avela kozakwethu.
UResch & Alderson (2014) uveze ukuthi lapho umuntu ethembekile ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kumlingani wakhe othandana naye, izinga lokwaneliseka kulo mbhangqwana landa. Kodwa-ke lapho owesilisa engadalulanga ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kumlingani wakhe athandana naye, izinga lokwaneliseka lehlile ebudlelwaneni, futhi bangabhekana namazinga aphezulu okuxineka ebudlelwaneni babo bezothando. Njengoba ababambiqhaza bevela eMauritius okuyizwe elinomqondo olinganiselayo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi bonke abesilisa badalule ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kumlingani wabo athandana naye. Ngakho-ke laba basebenzisi kungenzeka ukuthi bezwe amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekwehliseni ukwaneliseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi babhale ukuthi abalingani bezothando bathola ukwaneliseka lapho bobabili bephilile ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo (iSimpson & Tran, 2006). Kepha lapho umlingani, ikakhulukazi owesilisa, esebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenkathi esothandweni, maningi amathuba okuthi abhekane nezinga eliphakeme lokudangala (UShapira et al, 2003; Omncane, 2005). Ngakho-ke, impilo yakhe ethintekile ingaholela ekwehliseni ukwaneliseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi amazinga okwaneliseka anciphe lapho umlingani wakho ezizwa enomona ebudlelwaneni babo bezothando (UGuerrero & Eloy, 1992; Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989). Njengoba umsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi evame ukubona umzimba womlingani wakhe kabi, ebaqhathanisa nabalingisi bezithombe zocansi, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukuzethemba komlingani wakhe (Albright, 2008), umlingani wesifazane angazizwa enomona futhi nezinga lokwaneliseka ebudlelwaneni bezothando lingehliselwa bobabili ophathina.
Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile isebenzisa imiphumela ekwehleni ngosayizi wokutshala imali. Usayizi wotshalo-mali, ongabambeka (isib. Ukushintshana ngezipho) noma okungaphatheki (isb. Ukuchitha isikhathi nomuntu othandana naye) (IGoodfriend & Agnew, 2008) kungakhulisa futhi kuqinise ubudlelwano bezothando lapho imibhangqwana ishintshana ngezipho (URuth, u-Otnes noBrunel , 1999). Ngokunjalo, uBelk (1996) ubalule ukuthi ukushintshana kwesipho kuyamjabulisa, kuyamangaza futhi kuyamjabulisa owemukelayo. Ezimweni lapho abesilisa bedla khona izithombe zocansi uzosebenzisa isikhathi esiningi efuna amavidiyo wezocansi kwi-intanethi futhi ngenxa yalokho echitha isikhathi esincane nomlingani wakhe (INkosi, 2003). Ngakho-ke amazinga okutshalwa kwezimali angase ahlupheke ngenxa yalokhu kungabi nesikhathi sokuzinikela kumlingani wakho, okungathinta ikhwalithi yokuxhumana (Sacher & Fine, 1996).
UCarroll et al. (2008) khombisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zesilisa zisebenzisa imiphumela kwinani elikhulu labalingani bezocansi abaphila nabo kanye nokwamukelwa okukhulu kwezocansi ezingaphandle. Isizathu esingahle senziwe ngalo mkhuba ukuthi abathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile maningi amathuba okuthi bangathembeki kumlingani wabo (UZillmann & Bryant, 1988) ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwandisa isifiso samadoda sokuhluka ngokobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwenza abesilisa babone kabi imizimba yabalingani babo ngenkathi bebuka abalingisi bezithombe zocansi ukuthi bakhange ngokwengeziwe ngokomzimba (I-Betzold, 1990). Ngakho-ke, lokhu kungagculiseki kungabanxusa ukuthi bazame ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisana nabalingani babo.
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