Ukuqhathaniswa, Amaphethini kanye Nemiphumela Eyaziwayo Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa Kwabafundi BePolish University: Isifundo Esihamba Ngezigaba (2019)

Amazwana we-YBOP: Okutholakele kusekela izimangalo ze-YBOP, ngenkathi kuhlehliswa kabi ngamaphuzu okukhuluma kwama-naysayers (isixhumanisi sephepha eligcwele).

Izibalo zabantu:

  • Abafundi be-6463 (2633 wesilisa no-3830 wesifazane), abaneminyaka engu-18-26 ubudala. Iningi idatha kusukela kusigaba samasebenzisi abasebenzisi (n = 4260)
  • Cishe abafundi abangu-80% baye baboniswa ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (iminyaka yobudala bokuchayeka kokuqala: iminyaka ye-14).
IZIPHUMA (Isifundo esilandelayo emibhalweni):
  1. Ukubekezela / ukukhula: Okubi kakhulu okungaziwayo Ukusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlanganisiwe: isidingo sokuvuselela isikhathi eside (i-12.0%) nokunye okuningi kobulili (17.6%) ukufinyelela i-orgasm, nokuncipha kokwaneliseka ngocansi (24.5%) ......  Ucwaningo lwamanje lubuye lukhombise ukuthi ukuvezwa kwangaphambilini kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokungahlehlisi amandla ezenzweni zocansi njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngesidingo sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kanye nezisusa ezengeziwe zocansi ezidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe i-orgasm lapho kudliwa izinto ezigqamile, kanye nokwehla ngokuphelele kokwaneliseka ngokocansi… .. Izinguquko ezahlukahlukene ze iphethini yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuchayeka kwabikwa: ukushintshela kuhlobo lwenoveli lwezinto ezibonakalayo (46.0%), ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingahambisani nezocansi (60.9%) futhi ezidinga ukusebenzisa kakhulu ngokweqile (okunodlame Izinto (32.0%)…
  2. Aamanani aphakeme okukhishwa, noma “uzizwisisile”: Dukusetshenziswa komdanso nokulutha okubonakalayo okubikwa kubikwa yi-10.7% futhi 15.5%, ngokulandelana. Amanani okulutha kwezidakamizwa zesilisa nabesilisa abefana!
  3. Izimpawu zokuhoxiswa: ngisho nakuma-non-addicts (bona ithebula): I-51% izame ukuyeka okungenani kanye, nge-72.2% yalabo abathola izimpawu zokuhoxa: I-Insomnia, Ukucasuka, Ukuthuthumela, Ukudideka, Ukukhathazeka, Ukwehla kweLibido, Ukudana, amaphupho amabi, ukuphazamiseka okubhekwayo, isizungu…
  4. Intsha = izinkinga ezingaphezulu: Ukukhula kokuqala kokuqukethwe okucacile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula okungenzeka kwemiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abasha-izinkinga eziphezulu kakhulu zitholwa abesifazane nabesilisa abavezwe eminyakeni engu-12 noma ngezansi. Nakuba ukutadisha kwesigaba esingavumelani akuvumeli ukuhlolwa kwe-causation, lokhu okutholayo kungabonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwengane nokuqukethwe kocansi kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ....
  5. Abahlanganyeli bakholelwa ukuthi i-porn iyinkinga yempilo yomphakathi: Esifundweni samanje, abafundi abacwaningiwe bavame ukubonisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungase kube nomphumela omubi ebuhlotsheni bezenhlalakahle, empilweni yengqondo, ekusebenzeni ngokocansi, futhi kungathinta ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ekubuntwaneni nasekukhuleni. Naphezu kwalokhu, iningi labo alizange lisekele noma yisiphi isidingo semikhawulo yokuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ....
  6. Ezinye mU-ales udinga izinto ezimbi (kodwa): isifundo samanje sathola ukuthi isidingo sokusebenzisa izinto ezingcolile ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakuvame ukubikwa abesilisa abazichaza ngokuthi banonya.
  7. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane besengase baqhubekele phambili ekubhekaneni nobudlova obunonya: Ukushintsha okuhlukahlukene kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okusetshenziswa okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudonswa kwabikwa: ukushintshela kunhlobo yombhalo wezinto ezicacile (i-46.0%), ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavumelani nokuya ocansini (60.9%) futhi zidinga ukusebenzisa ngaphezulu impahla eyedlulele (enobudlova) (32.0%). The ukugcina kwakubikwa kaningi ngabafazi bezicabangela njengabathanda kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abazithatha njengabangenakucabanga…
  8. Yizithombe zocansi! Izici zobuntu ezihlobene nemiphumela: Ngaphandle kwalokho, akekho ubuciko buntu, obuzibikezela kulolu cwaningo, lwahlukanisa imingcele yezocansi zobulili. Lezi zitholakele zisekela umbono wokuthi ukufinyeleleka nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwamanje kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze ucacise noma yiziphi izimpawu ezithile zengqondo zabasebenzisi bayo. Kodwa-ke, kwakubhekwa okuthakazelisayo mayelana nabathengi ababike isidingo sokubheka okuqukethwe okungcolile kocansi. Njengoba kubonisiwe, ukusetshenziselwa okuningi kwezinto ezicacile kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokungafuni ukuhlaziya okuholela esidingweni sokubuka okuqukethwe okwedlulele ukuze uthole ukuvusa okufanayo kocansi [32].

Ngezansi - uma isifundo sibuza imibuzo efanele, siveza iqiniso. Izifundo eziningi kakhulu zithembele emibuzweni engenamsebenzi (Njenge-PCES noma i-CPUI-9). Sidinga izifundo eziningi njengale.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Impilo Yomphakathi 2019, 16(10), i-1861;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861

U-Aleksandra Diana Dwulit futhi Piotr Rzymski *

UMnyango WezeMvelo, iPoznan University of Medical Sciences, i-60-806 Poznan, ePoland

abstract

Ukuhlolwa kwe-intanethi kwe-inthanethi yabafundi basePoland (n = I-6463) ihlolwe imvamisa namaphethini wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, umphumela wayo owaziwayo, ukusabalalisa kokulutha kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nemibono mayelana nemiphumela engaba khona yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sayo somthetho. Cishe abafundi abangu-80% baye baboniswa ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (iminyaka yobudala bokuchayeka kokuqala: iminyaka ye-14). Amavidiyo wokusakaza atholakala ukuthi ayindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Esikhathini esincane sabasebenzisi bamanje (n = 4260), ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke nokuzilimaza okubonakalayo kwabikwa yi-10.7% ne-15.5%, ngokulandelana. Iningi lalabo abahloliwe alizange libike noma yimiphi imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekusebenzeni kwabo ngokocansi, ukwaneliseka ngokobulili, kanye nobuhlobo. Esikhundleni salokho, ngaphezu kwekota eyodwa yabafundi ebudlelwaneni babike imiphumela ezuzisayo ngekhwalithi yabo. Imiphumela emibi evame ukuzibona yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ifakiwe: isidingo sokukhuthaza isikhathi eside (i-12.0%) kanye nezindlela ezengeziwe zocansi (17.6%) ukufinyelela i-orgasm, nokwehla kokwaneliseka kwezocansi (24.5%). Abesifazane nabesilisa abane-Body Mass Index> 25 kg / m2 kaningi kubikwe ukwehla okuzibonayo kwekhwalithi yobuhlobo ehambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Iminyaka yokuvezwa kokuqala yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nesidingo esibikiwe sokuvuselelwa okude kanye nezindlela ezengeziwe zocansi zokufinyelela i-orgasm lapho usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukwehla kokwaneliseka ngokocansi, kanye nekhwalithi yobudlelwano bothando, ukunganakwa kwezidingo eziyisisekelo nemisebenzi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kanye nokuzazi umlutha kubo bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa. Izilinganiso ezingavumelani kakhulu bezihlala zigcinwa iminyaka engu- <12 yeminyaka kubhekiswa ekuvezeni iminyaka engu-16. Ngokombono wabafundi abaningi abahloliwe, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu, yize imikhawulo yokufinyelela kungafanele isetshenziswe. Ucwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okubanzi ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abadala basePoland.
Amagama angukhiye: izithombe ezingcolile; Ucwaningo lwesigaba esiphambene; abafundi baseyunivesithi; imiphumela ebonakalayo; ucwaningo lwemibuzo

1. Isingeniso

Isimboni sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-intanethi selokhu sithuthuka ngesivinini esisheshayo ngenxa yokwanda komhlaba wonke kokufinyeleleka kwe-Inthanethi nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi kumithombo yokusakaza evumela ukuthi abasebenzisi baqhubeke bebuka okuqukethwe, ngokuvamile ividiyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuyilayisha [1]. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi izinto ezicacile manje sezikhona futhi zitholakala kalula kwi-intanethi ngenkathi kuhloswe futhi ukuchayeka okungavumelekile kuyo ngezinye izikhathi kungase kunzima ukugwema [2,3].
Ngokwezibalo ezabelwana ngu-Pornhub, iwebhusayithi enkulu ye-intanethi enezinto ezicacile, iqembu labathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile likhula ngokuqhubekayo futhi ikakhulukazi limelelwa amadoda (ngaphezu kuka-70% wabo bonke abasebenzisi) kanye nabantu abadala, ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-34 [4]. Ngokuhambisana nale datha, ngaphezu kwe-70% yabantu abakhulile base-US, abaneminyaka engu-18-30 ubudala, bayavuma ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet okungenani kanye ngenyanga ngenkathi cishe i-60% yabafundi bekolishi bevunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo kanye ngesonto [5]. I-adolescents nayo ihlanganisa iqembu elibalulekile lababukeli be-intanethi abanomgomo ngamanethiwekhi angamazinga afana namaTaiwan naseSweden alinganiswa ezingeni elifinyelela ku-59% no-96%, ngokulandelanayo [6,7].
Nakuba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinomlando omude, akungabazeki ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha buholele ezintweni ezintsha. Manje unikezwa ngokuhlukahluka kocansi okungalinganiselwe ngamawebhusayithi e-inthanethi mahhala afinyeleleka kunoma yikuphi idivayisi ene-Inthanethi, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yezocansi ezingcolile zevidiyo, okwabikwa ukuthi iyisimo sokuvusa ucansi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezicacile [8,9]. Ukunethezeka, ukuhlukahluka, namandla okuvusa amadlingozi okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi angafinyelela kubathengi bayo kubonisa ukuthi kungase kusebenze njengesisusa esingavamile [10,11,12]. Kodwa-ke, kukhona izingxabano ngaphezu kwemiphumela engase ibe khona kubathengi bayo. Ezinye izifundo zabika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwe-correlates ne-erectile ukungasebenzi, kunciphise libido [12,13,14,15], inzalo ephakeme ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kunezingxoxo zobulili nabalingani bangempela [13,16], nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi nobudlelwane [15,17,18,19,20]. Nokho, omunye kufanele aqaphele ukuthi iningi lalaphenyo alikwazi ukuhlola lokho okubalulekile futhi, ngokunye kwalokho, ukuthi kukhona olunye ucwaningo oluveza ngokucacile ukubhekwa okuphikisanayo. Isibonelo, ezinye izifundo ezithintekayo neziphenyo zokuhlola azitholanga ukuhlangana phakathi kokungasebenzi komzimba erectile kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile [21,22,23,24], ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi amadoda anezinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, njengokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile, angase athambekele ukusebenzisa ezinye izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufaka phakathi amaphethini abazibona njengenkinga [24]. Kukhona nophenyo lokubika ukulungiswa okuhle phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumadoda nokuvusa kwabo ngokocansi, isifiso sokuziphatha komuntu siqu nokuhlukaniswa ngokocansi [23], kanye nezifundo eziphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kunganciphisa ukuziphatha okubi kocansi [25], okubonisa ukuthi abesifazane ababandakanyeka ebuhlotsheni besikhathi eside abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi bangase babonise ukweluka kwesifiso sobulili kubalingani babo futhi babike isifiso esiphakeme ngezinhlobo zobulili [26], futhi kugcizelela ukuthi ukubuka okubukwayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abashadile bobulili obuhlukile kuhambisana nokwanda kokwaneliseka ngokocansi [27]. Kuzo zonke, kunesidingo sokuqhubeka nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene futhi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucwaninga ezihlanganisa izigaba ezithintekayo, ukulawulwa kwenkinga, kanye nezifundo ezizobe zikhona.
Ukulutha kobulili obungcolile akuyona inkinga eyaziwayo ngokomthetho ngezigaba ze-ICD-10 noma i-DSM-5, ngakho-ke, abanye baphenyo baye bakusho ngokuthi "ukulutha kobulili ezingcolile"28,29,30]. Ubufakazi obuvela ezifundweni ze-neurobiology kubonisa ukuthi kungangena ohlelweni olujwayelekile lokulutha umlutha, futhi babelane ngezindlela ezifanayo nalabo abathinteka emilonyeni yamakhemikhali [31,32,33,34,35] nakuba izingxabano kule ndaba zikhona [35,36] nezinye izindlela ezihlukile ezisekelwe ekucindezelweni, ukungathandabuzeki noma ukuziphatha okungathandeki kokuziphatha kwakusikiselwe ukuchaza ukusetshenziswa okuphakeme nokunamandla kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [24,36]. Eminye imibiko yamacala okuqala iphakamisa ukuthi i-naltrexone, esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwelashwa kotshwala nokuxhomeka kwe-opioid, ingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwiziguli ezinezinhlelo zobulili ezingcolile ezicindezelayo zisebenzisa [37,38].
Kuyaziwa ukuthi iningi labantu lihlolisisa ukuziphatha ngokocansi futhi lithola ulwazi lwezocansi kuze kube phakathi no-20 phakathi kwabo [39,40]. Ngakho-ke, kungase kuthiwe ukuthi abantu abadala abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangase bavelele uhlobo oluthile lwalo msebenzi noma babe yingxenye yabo. Lokhu, kudala, kudinga isidingo sokuqonda ukuthi laba bantu bangabona kanjani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ezinye izifundo ziye zabhekana nalolu daba ngokuphenya ngamaqembu abafundi bekolishi kodwa ubukhulu bezampula ngokuvamile abukhulu noma bukhawulelwe ubulili obulodwa kuphela [41,42,43,44,45,46]. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuyasithakazelisa ukuqhuba izifundo ezengeziwe ezizohlola amaqembu amakhulu futhi zihlole ukuthi izici ezithile zingathinta kanjani amaphethini wokusetshenziswa kocansi. Isibonelo, kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuthi izici zobuntu ezithile zingahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengoba ezinye izifundo zangaphambilini zibike ukuthi zingathonya imisebenzi yezocansi, njengeyendabuko efuna [47]. Imisebenzi yezocansi ingase futhi ithonywe izici zomzimba ezifana ne-Body Mass Index [48], nokho akuyona into eyaziwa ukuthi ingahle ihlotshwe nganoma iyiphi indlela ngezokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile angancika ekutheni abantu abafundela bangashadile noma bangabangane; Kubikwa ukuthi i-last group ijwayele ukuyisebenzisa kancane kancane [49].
Inhloso yocwaningo lwama-intanethi e-cross-sectional yocwaningo lwangaphakathi kwakuwukuhlola ukusabalalisa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, iminyaka yokuchayeka kokuqala, amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezama ukuyeka ukusebenza kwayo kanye nemiphumela eyabikayo yokuphelelwa yisikhathi, umphumela wokuzibona wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukusetshenziswa, nokusabalalisa kokuzilimaza okuzibonayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabafundi besifazane base-Poland abesilisa nabasilisa baseyunivesithi abaneminyaka engu-18-26 ubudala. Izinhlangano zalezi ziminganiso nge-index mass index (BMI), isimo sobuhlobo bomsondo, kanye nezici zobuntu eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ezibikiwe zihlolwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yabafundi emiphumeleni ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi okusetshenziselwa ubulili kanye nesimo sayo sezomthetho nayo yahlolwa. Ucwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okubanzi ngezici ezihlukahlukene zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa kubantu abadala.

I-2. Izimpahla nezindlela

I-2.1. Inhlolovo

Ukuhlola amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imiphumela eyaziwayo yokusetshenziswa kwayo, nokuthi ngokuvamile kubonakala kanjani abafundi basePoland yunivesithi, inhlolovo engaziwa, inhlolovo ye-intanethi esekelwe kumbuzo wemibuzo eyakhelwe ngokwabo, ohleliwe. Njengoba kuboniswe ngaphambili, ucwaningo olusekelwe encwadini yemibuzo yomsakazo luvula ithuba lokuqoqa idatha yonke futhi ukufinyelela emaqenjini athile abantu ngabanye [50,51]. Ukungaziwa kwesifundo kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kuzoqeda umphumela wokuhlazeka okungase kuhlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [52]. Njengoba kusanda kuboniswa, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile akukhulisi ukusetshenziswa kwayo okulandelayo ngabahlanganyeli bezocwaningo [53,54].

Inhlolovo esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ihlose ukuhlola:

  • ukusabalala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokukhula kokuqala kokuqhamuka eqenjini elitadisha;
  • (i) amafomu nokuvama kokusetshenziswa, (ii) ubude obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa okulodwa, (iii) ukusetshenziswa kwemodi yangasese (i-incognito mode) kanye nokuphequlula kwamawindi amaningi lapho ebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi, futhi (iv) ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala;
  • imvamisa yemizamo yokuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswe eqenjini labasebenzisi bayo bamanje, kanye nokusabalalisa nokuqina kwemiphumela ehambisanayo (besebenzisa isilinganiso sezinto ezine);
  • umphumela wokuzibona wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuphathelene (i) nezinguquko ezinhlotsheni zokuqukethwe okufana nokuguqula uhlobo olusha, ukuqhubekela phambili ezintweni ezimbi kakhulu (ezinobudlova), ukubuka okuqukethwe okungavumelani nokuya ocansini, (ii) ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, (iii) (iv) ukuguqulwa ngesikhathi sokuvuselela kanye nenani lezinkinga ezidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe isisindo lapho usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi (v) ukunganaki izidingo eziyisisekelo (isib. ukulala, ukudla) kanye nemisebenzi (isib. ) ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile;
  • ukusabalalisa komlutha wokuziqhenya ukusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile; futhi
  • umbono ovamile mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: (i) umphumela ongase ube nawo ebuhlotsheni bezenhlalakahle, impilo yengqondo kanye nokusebenza kocansi, nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kwengane nokukhula, (ii) kungenzeka ukuthi kungabangela ukulutha, (iii) iminyaka yobude bezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile ukuchayeka, kanye (iv) nesimo samanje sezomthetho sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ePoland (ukuvuleka okuvulekile kumifanekiso engcolile yabantu abadala).
Imigomo yokungena yocwaningo kwakungubuzwe basePoland, iminyaka yobudala ye-18-26, owesifazane noma wesilisa wesilisa, nomfundi weyunivesithi. Lezi zindlela ziqinisekiswe izimpendulo ezinikezwe imibuzo ehlolisisayo. Imibuzo ephelele kuphela ehlaziywe. Izici zobuntu zomuntu ngamunye ezihlolwe zihlanganisa ubulili, zafunda insimu yesayensi (ezokwelapha, eziphilayo, ezenhlalakahle, noma ezinye), kanye ne-BMI (ibalwa kusukela kwisisindo nokuphakama okubikiwe). Leli phepha lemibuzo lenziwe litholakale ku-inthanethi isikhathi sonyaka (Febhuwari 2017-Agasti 2018). Njengoba kwabikezelwa ngaphambili ukuthi izici zomuntu siqu zingathinta imisebenzi yezocansi ezifana neyendabuko efuna [47], izici zobuntu ezikhethiwe zazizibonela ukuthi abafundi bakwazi ukukhetha eyodwa izici ezimbili eziphambene nazo ezibafanele kakhulu. Lezi zibini ezilandelayo zezici ezisekelwe ohlwini olunikezwe nguDeNeve and Cooper [55] zilungisiwe; zibandakanya: ukuqala / ukuxolisa, ukuzethemba / ukungabi nandaba, ukuzethemba / ukuhlambalaza, ukufuna ukwazi / ukungacabangi, ukuzwela / ukungacabangi, ujabule / okudabukisayo, ozolile / onobudlova, othembekile / owaziyo, kanye nomphakathi / omphakathi.
Ukuze ufike eqenjini eliphakeme kunazo zonke labafundi, izimemo zokuqedela lemibuzo zihanjiswe ngamanyuvesi, futhi zenziwe zitholakale ngokusebenzisa imidiya yezenhlalo kanye namaselula ewebhu. Ucwaningo luvunyiwe yiKomidi leNdawo yaseBozethikhi yasePoznan University of Medical Sciences, ePoznan, ePoland (ivunyelwe # 68 / 17 ikhishwe ngo-5th January, 2017).

I-2.2. Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Inani lemibuzo ye-9070 eqoqiwe yiyo i-2606 engazange ihlangabezane ne-criteria yokufakwa (30.5%), noma ayingaphelelanga (69.5%) futhi ngenxa yalokho, ayifakiwe ukugwema imiphumela engafanele. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngeStatistica v.13.1 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Njengoba idatha eminingi ingahlangabezananga nokusabalalisa kwe-Gaussian ukusatshalaliswa (ukuhlolwa kwe-Shapiro-Wilk; p <0.05), izindlela ezingezona ezeparametric zisetshenziselwe ukuvivinya imiphumela. Ukuhlola umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu azimele amabili nantathu, kwasetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kweMann-Whitney U neKruskal – Wallis ANOVA, ngokulandelana. Umehluko emininingwaneni emikhulu yahlolwa ukuhlolwa kwePearson's χ2. Ukuhlola izinhlangano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala yokuvezwa kokuqala, okuguquguqukayo kwabantu kanye nezici zomuntu siqu, kanye nemiphumela yokuzibika yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isidingo sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kanye nesidingo sezinto ezengeziwe zocansi ukufinyelela i-orgasm lapho usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, ukwehla kwezothando ikhwalithi yobudlelwano, ukunganaki izidingo eziyisisekelo, imisebenzi yokunganakwa kanye nokulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile), kanye nokuvela kwemiphumela emibi yokuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ama-classical odds ratios (ORs) anesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95% (95% CI) abalwa ngokusho kumafomula anikezwe nguBland no-Altman [56] usebenzisa iMedCalc (MedCalc, Ostend, Belgium). Ukuqala kokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ngokususelwa ekusatshaneni kwe-quartile kubantu abacwaninga: ≤12, 13-14, 15-16, neminyaka engu-≥16. A p-uhlu lwayo p <0.05 ibithathwa njengebalulekile ngokwezibalo.

I-3. Imiphumela

I-3.1. Izinombolo zabantu

Iqembu elitadisha elenziwe ngabafundi be-6463 (i-2633 yindoda ne-3830 besifazane), abaneminyaka engu-18-26 ubudala, abamele ezokwelapha (14.4%), biological (7.3%), ezenhlalo (19.2%), nezinye (59.1%) zesayensi. Izici zendawo zabantu abahlaziyekile zihanjiswa Ithebula 1.
Ithebula 1. Isibalo sabomdabu beqembu elitadisha labafundi baseyunivesithi (n = 6463).
Ithebula

I-3.2. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili

Ukuchazwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwamenyezelwa yizihloko ze-78.6%n = 5083; 3004 wesifazane ne-2079 owesilisa). Kulesi sigaba, abasebenzisi bamanje benza i-83.8% (n = 4260; 2520 wesifazane no-1740 wesilisa), ngenkathi bonke abanye (n = 823; U-484 wesifazane no-339 wesilisa) babike ukuthi bayomisa ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukusabalalisa kokuvulwa kwabafana kwabesifazane (78.4%) nabafundi besilisa (79.0%) (p > 0.05, test2 isivivinyo). Iminyaka yobudala engu- ± SD yokuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakungu-14.1 ± 3.0 (median 14.0) kungekho mehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane (p > 0.05, ukuhlolwa kukaMann-Whitney U). Akukho budlelwano phakathi kwalesi sikhathi nanoma yisiphi isici sobuntu, isimo sobudlelwano esikhonjwe (p > 0.05 kuzo zonke izimo, χ2 isivivinyo).
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabafundi abakaze bavezwe ezithombeni ezingcolile (n = I-1380), owesifazane nowesilisa, ukuchitha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akufani neze ku-BMI (p > 0.05, Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA). Kodwa-ke, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ibiphakeme kakhulu kwabesifazane abenza ubudlelwano bothando uma kuqhathaniswa nabangashadile (64.0 vs. 60%; p <0.05, test2 isivivinyo). Amaphesenti wabesifazane abazibona njengabantu bezenhlalo nabesilisa abazibona bethembekile ayephakeme eqenjini elivezwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile (i-73.6 vs. 70.2% ne-58.9 vs. 53.8%, ngokulandelana; p <0.05 kuzimo zombili, χ2 isivivinyo). Azikho ezinye izinhlangano eziphakathi kokusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezici zobuntu kubafundi besifazane nabesilisa ezakhonjwa (p > 0.05 kuzo zonke izimo, χ2 isivivinyo).

I-3.3. Amaphetheni we-Pornography Sebenzisa

Ngaphakathi kwe-subset yabathengi bamanje (n = 4260), imvamisa evame ukubikwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicacile kwaba kanye ngesonto. Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwabikwa yi-10.7%, kungekho umahluko phakathi kwabafundi besifazane nabesilisa (p > 0.05, test2 isivivinyo) (Umfanekiso we-1a). Abasebenzisi bansuku zonke, abafundi besifazane nabesilisa, abahluke nalabo abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi ngokwemigomo ye-BMI (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) kanye nesimo sobudlelwano bothando nanoma yisiphi isici sobuntu (p > 0.05 kuzo zonke izimo, χ2 isivivinyo).
IJerph 16 01861 g001 550
Umfanekiso we-1. Ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (a) kanye namafomu ayo (b) eqenjini elihlolisisiwe labafundi abafundela eyunivesithi (n = 4260).
Amavidiyo we-intanethi ashintshiwe ifomu elisetshenziswe kaningi kwisilinganiso esiphezulu sabantu kanye nasezintweni ezimbili zobulili. Amanye amafomu afaka izithombe, izincwadi, i-anime / manga, futhi ngokungahleliwe, ukuqoshwa komsindo (Umfanekiso we-1b). Ukulinganiswa kokulinganisa ubude bokusetshenziswa kwesithombe sobulili obulodwa akuzange kudlula i-1h uma ngabe i-86.8% yocwaningo. Iningi labafundi livunyelwe ukusebenzisa imodi yangasese (76.5%, n = 3256) namawindi amaningi (51.5%, n = 2190) uma upheqa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kwabikwa ngu-33.0% (n = 1404). Akekho kulawa maphethiloli ahluke phakathi kwabafundi besifazane nabesilisa (p > 0.05 kuzo zonke izimo, χ2 isivivinyo).

I-3.4. Imizamo yokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile

Phakathi kwalabo abacwaningwe abazisho ukuthi bangabathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamanje (n = 4260), i-51.0% ivumile ukwenza okungenani umzamo owodwa wokuyeka ukuwusebenzisa ngaphandle kokuma emvamisa yale mizamo phakathi kwamadoda nabesilisa (p > 0.05; test2 isivivinyo). U-72.2% walabo abazama ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bakhombise okwenzekile okungenani komphumela owodwa ohambisanayo, futhi okubhekwe kakhulu okubandakanya amaphupho ezocansi (53.5%), ukucasuka (26.4%), ukuphazamiseka kokunaka (26.0%), nokuzizwa unesizungu ( 22.2%) (Ithebula 2). Uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abenza ubudlelwane bomshado, ama-singles abike ukuthi kunezimo eziphakeme zengozi emibi ngesikhathi sokuqeda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-OR (95% CI) yi-1.22 (1.01-1.5) (p <0.05). I-BMI nezici zomuntu siqu azitholakalanga ukuhlukanisa kakhulu izehlakalo zemiphumela ehlobene nokuyeka ngaphakathi kwabafundi besifazane nabesilisa.
Ithebula 2. Imiphumela yokuzibona ebikwe ngabantu abahlolwe ngesikhathi sokuzama ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (n = 2169).
Ithebula

I-3.5. Imiphumela Eziqhenyayo Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa

Izinga labafundi okwamanje abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (n = 4260) ozizwa ehlazekile ngalomsebenzi waba yi-49.1%, futhi yayiphakeme kakhulu kwabesifazane kunamadoda (57.8 vs. 42%; p <0.05, test2 isivivinyo). Izinguquko ezahlukahlukene zephethini yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuchayeka zabikwa: ukushintshela kuhlobo lwenoveli lwezinto ezibonakalayo (i-46.0%), ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingahambisani nezocansi (60.9%) futhi okudingeka zisebenzise ngokweqile impahla (enobudlova) (32.0%) (Umfanekiso we-2a). Lezi zinsuku zazivame ukubikwa yizinsikazi ezizicabangela njengeziqhathaniswa uma ziqhathaniswa nalabo abazibheka njengababalulekile (32.3 vs. 26.7%; p <0.01, test2 test), nabesilisa abanolaka uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzola (32.8 vs. 24.2%; p <0.05 χ2 isivivinyo). Ukugqugquzela isikhathi eside kanye nezindlela ezengeziwe zocansi ezidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe i-orgasm lapho kusetshenziswa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubikwe ngo-12.0% no-17.6%, walabo abahloliwe, ngokulandelanaUmfanekiso we-2b). Iningi lezifundo ezifundisiwe azibonanga imiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi nobuhlobo bomhlobo ngokulandelana 7% no-28% babika umthelela ozuzayo kulezi ziminganiso (Umfanekiso we-2c, d).
IJerph 16 01861 g002 550
Umfanekiso we-2. Izinguquko ezithandwayo ezibonakalayo ezithombeni zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwazo (a), okubikiwe okuzimele okubonakalayo kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekusetshenzisweni ngokobulili ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwayo (b), ukwaneliseka ngokobulili (c), ikhwalithi yobudlelwane bomshado (d), futhi ukunganaki izidingo eziyisisekelo kanye nomsebenzi okungenani kanye ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo (e) eqenjini elihlolwe labafundi baseyunivesithi (n = 4260).
Izinkinga zokunciphisa izinga lobuhlobo zaziphakeme kubafundi besifazane nabesilisa abane-BMI ≥ 25 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09-1.92, p <0.01, no-OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02-1.79, p <0.05, ngokulandelana) ngokubhekisele kuma-subsets ezocansi we-BMI <25 kg / m2, kanye nabesilisa nabesilisa ababika amahloni mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 2.65-4.31, p <0.001 no-OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 3.45-6.36, p <0.001) kubhekiswa kozakwabo abangakutholi. Ukunganakwa kwezidingo eziyisisekelo (isb., Ukudla noma ukulala) nemisebenzi (isb., Ekhaya, emsebenzini) ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwenzeka okungenani kanye ngabafundi abangu-14.8 no-19.3%, ngokulandelana (Umfanekiso we-2e). Izinkinga zokugqugquzela isikhathi eside kanye nezindlela eziningi zocansi ezidingekayo ukufinyelela i-orgasm nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukwehla kokweneliseka ngokobulili kanye nekhwalithi yobudlelwano bezothando, nokunganakwa kwezidingo eziyisisekelo nemisebenzi kwakuphakeme kwabesifazane nabesilisa abadalulwe ngaphambili ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ezine-OR ephakeme kakhulu (95% CI) amanani agcinwa njalo kubantu abadalulwe eminyakeni eyi-12 uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abadalulwe eminyakeni engu-16 (Ithebula 3). Ayikho enye inhlangano ephawulekayo phakathi kwemiphumela ebikiwe yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemigomo yemiphakathi noma izici zobuntu zabafundi besifazane nabesilisa.
Ithebula 3. Ukulinganiswa kwesilinganiso (isikhashana se-95% sokuzethemba) kwemiphumela ehlukene yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlangana neminyaka yokuchayeka kokuqala kwabesifazane (n = 3004) nendoda (n = 2079).
Ithebula

I-3.6. Umlutha Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ezizibonayo

Ukuqhathaniswa kokulutha okubonakalayo kokuziqhenya kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abaningi abafundisiwe (n = 6463) yayingu-12.2%, ngenkathi kusetshenziswe abasebenzisi bamanje (n = 4260) itholakala ku-15.5% (n = I-787) kungekho mmahluko okhethwe phakathi kwabafundi besifazane nabesilisa (p > 0.05, test2 isivivinyo). Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kweminyaka yobudala bokuchayeka kuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile kanye nokulutha umlutha kuboniswa ku Ithebula 3. Kwabesilisa nabesilisa, i-ORs (95-CI) yayingu-4.23 (2.85-6.28) ne-7.25 (4.16-12.63), ngokulandelanayo, ye-quartile ephansi kakhulu yokuqala kokuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa ne-quartile ephezulu.
I-BMI nobudlelwane bomthando babengahlotshaniswa nokulutha okubonakalayo kubafundi besilisa nabesifazane (p > 0.05 kuzo zonke izimo, χ2 isivivinyo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho sici sobuntu esivezwe ngabantu abanomlutha wokuzibona ocansini ngaphandle kwe-subset yesilisa lapho kutholakala imvamisa ephezulu yabantu abangenayo uma kuqhathaniswa nabafundi besilisa abangamemezeli ukuthi bangumlutha (71.3% vs. 64.5%; p <0.05, test2 isivivinyo). I-OR (95% CI) yokulutha okuzibona emadodeni angenayo kwakuyi-1.31 (1.01-1.71, p <0.05) ngokubhekisele eqenjini labantu abaxubanayo.

I-3.7. I-General Opinion on Pornography

Ngokombono wabaningi abahlolisisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kungase kube nomthelela omuhle ekwenzeni ubuhlobo bezenhlalo (58.7%), impilo yengqondo (63.9%) nokusebenza kocansi (67.7%), kanye nokuthinta kabi ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ebuntwaneni nasekukhuleni (78.1%). Le mibono yayingavumelani phakathi kwama-subsets we-sex (p > 0.05, test2 test) ngaphandle kokugcina okuvezwe kaningi ngabafundi besifazane (82.3 vs. 72.1%; p <0.001, test2 isivivinyo). Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo besilisa, abesifazane bavame ukukhombisa ukuthi kuneminyaka ephephile yokuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi (37.6 vs. 31.7%; p <0.001, test2 test), kulinganiselwa kuwo womabili ama-subsets ezocansi nge-mean ± SD (median) yeminyaka eyi-17 ± 2 (17) (p > 0.05, ukuhlolwa kukaMann-Whitney U). Iningi labafundi abahloliwe livumelana ngokubakhona kokulutha kwezithombe zocansi kumntwana (26.8%, n = 1732) noma isilinganiso esikhulu (66.6%, n = 4306). Ngenxa ye-67.8% (n = 4381) umthetho wamanje ePoland (ukufinyelela okuvulekile kumpahla omdala) mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akufanele kube ngaphansi kwanoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa, i-24.1% (n = I-1558) ikhuthaza imikhawulo yokufinyelela, kanti abanye babengenalo umbono kulokhu. Imibono kuzo zombili izindaba azifani phakathi kwabafundi besifazane nabesilisa (p > 0.05 kuzimo zombili, χ2 isivivinyo).

I-4. Ingxoxo

Kube nesithakazelo esiqhubekayo ekutadisheni izici ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isifundo samanje sihlola lezi zinkinga kubafundi baseyunivesithi abaneminyaka eyi-18-26 ubudala-iqembu elingalindelwa ukuba libheke ngokocansi. Njengoba kubonisiwe, e-United States isilinganiso sobudala bokulala ngokobulili yi-17-18 iminyaka [57]. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwanamuhla inikeza ukuqonda kokusabalalisa kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nendlela ebonakala ngayo eqenjini labafundi baseyunivesithi ePoland. Kubonisa ukuthi iningi labafundi basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ukuthi amavidiyo asakaza ngokusakazwa ama-intanethi yiyona ndlela ethandwayo kakhulu yokusetshenziswa, njengoba kungenzeka njengamanje kufinyelelwe kalula nganoma iyiphi idivayisi ngokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi.
Izinga lokuchayeka njengoba libizwe lapha liwela ngaphakathi kwezigaba ezibhekwe kubantu abadala abasezifundweni zangaphambilini [58,59]. Ngokusho kwedatha yemininingwane ehlinzekwa minyaka yonke yiyona insizakalo enkulu kunazo zonke e-inthanethi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile I-Pornhub nokubheka ngezifundo ezihlukahlukene ze-epidemiological, ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi njalo, kuphakeme phakathi kwamadoda [4,45,60,61]. Iziphetho ezifanayo zakhiwe ekucwaningeni kwangaphambilini besebenzisa ubukhulu besampula esincane sePoland (n = 1135) nesiJalimane (n = Abafundi be-1303] [59]. Ngokuphambene nalokhu, uphenyo lwanamuhla alutholanga umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwama-subsets wesigceme, hhayi kuphela ukusabalalisa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kodwa futhi nemvamisa yayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwamuva kubonise ukuthi izigameko zabesifazane ezisebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ziyanda [62] futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaningi babo bangase bazimisele ukuyivuma. Kungenzeka nokuthi ukukhukhuka okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziselwa abesifazane njengoba kuphawulwe kulolu cwaningo ngalesi sifundo, ngandlela-thile, umphumela wokuzivocavoca ongaziwa engaziwa ungadonsela abathengi bezithombe ezingcolile ezingaphezu kwabantu abangathintwanga nezinto ezicacile.
Izifundo eziningi zangaphambilini zigxile emiphumeleni engalungile yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [63]. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonise ukuthi cishe i-25% no-15% yabafundi abahlolisisiwe baqaphela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana kakhulu nezithandani zabo zobulili nokuzwana, ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi iningi labantu abahlolisisiwe abazange babike noma yimuphi umphumela omubi ukwaneliseka kwabo ngokocansi, futhi abazange babone noma yikuphi ushintsho ekusebenzeni ngokocansi okwakwenzeka esikhathini sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lalabo abathandana nabo abazange babone ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithinta umphumela wobuhlobo, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa empeleni kuboniswe ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinezizuzisa kuwo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, naphezu kokuthi iningi labafundi alizange libheke noma yiliphi imiphumela emibi emsebenzini wabo wobulili, ngokocansi nokwaneliseka kobudlelwane, bavame ukuveza umbono wokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingathinta impilo yabantu. Lokhu nakho kungabonisa ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile ezitholwa yizingane ezincane zingase zingaqhutshwa kanjani nakho kwabo kodwa ngezici zamasiko, nemibono eyenziwe yiziphathimandla kanye nabezindaba.
Kodwa-ke, ukuklanywa kwesifundo samanje akukwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi kwenzekani, ukungahambisani nemiphumela yokuzibona kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (okungalungile, okuhle, noma okunye) kusikisela ukuthi imiphumela yayo ingase ihlotshaniswe nezici ezithile. Ngaphandle kwe-BMI kanye nobudala bokuqala, okukhulunywe ngakho kamuva, iziguquko, njengokugculiswa ngokocansi okuyisisekelo, umlando wemisebenzi yezocansi (inombolo yabalingani, iminyaka yobudala bobulili njll njll), ukuphoqeleka, nokungafisi kungabalulekile cabangela. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuhlola lezi zinkinga nakuba kungase kube nzima ukusungula ngenxa yezifundo ezithintekayo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi imvamisa ephezulu yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabantu abasha, kungacatshangelwa ukuthi umongo wokusetshenziswa kwawo kungabalulekile ekuqondeni imiphumela engase ihlotshwe. Isibonelo, izifundo eziningana zibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungase kuhambisane kabi nokuzaneliseka ngokobulili komlingani [64] ngenkathi uphenyo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okubambisene nakho kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokukhuthazwa kokuxhumana kocansi phakathi kwabalingani kanye nokwaneliseka kwabo ngokocansi [65]. Kubonakala futhi ukuthi abantu abanokukhubazeka ngokocansi bangase basebenzise izithombe ezingcolile zobulili, beqokomisa isidingo sezifundo zesikhathi eside lapho izici zokuqala zobulili zezifundo ezibhalisiwe zisungulwa khona.
Njengoba kuboniswe esifundweni samanje, abesifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babevame ukubika ukungamhloniphi, ukuzithoba, nokuhlazeka [27], futhi lokhu kunganciphisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukubika noma ukuxoxa noma yikuphi ukuhlangana ngezinto ezicacile [66]. Lokhu kugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlolovo ezingaziwa engxenyeni ye-inthanethi kwizifundo ze-epidemiological ekuvezeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nakuba zifaka nezinombolo zokulinganiselwa njengoba kuxoxwe kamuva. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye yabafundi besifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, inamba ephakeme kakhulu kunabalingani babo besilisa, kubika ukuthi bayodelwa yilo msebenzi. Lo mthelela ungase uvele emathonyeni amasiko nokwamukelwa okuncane kakhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabesifazane uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda, nokuthi abanye besifazane bangase bazihlanganise njalo ngesenzo sokungathembeki, nakuba ukutholwa okuphikisanayo kwabikwa kule ndaba [67,68,69]. Kungase kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuhlazeka okunjalo kungabangela ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ucwaningo lwamanje luphinde lwathola ukuthi abesifazane abenza amahloni ngomsebenzi wabo wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bavame ukubona ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyithonya kakhulu ubuhlobo bomshado obuseduze. Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi inhlangano enjalo yayivame kakhulu kubafundi besilisa. Ukuzizwa unamahloni okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungakuvimbela ukuxoxa ngayo nomlingani wakho, futhi kungase kungonakalise ukuthembela ebuhlotsheni. Konke, isekela umbono wokuthi abalingani kufanele baxoxe ngokucacile ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile komunye nomunye.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, akekho ubuciko buntu, obuzibikezela kulolu cwaningo, lwahlukanisa imingcele yezocansi zobulili. Lezi zithole zisekela umbono wokuthi ukufinyeleleka nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwamanje kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukucacisa noma yiziphi izici ezithile zengqondo zabasebenzisi bayo. Kodwa-ke, kwakubhekwa okuthakazelisayo mayelana nabathengi ababike isidingo sokubheka okuqukethwe okungcolile kocansi. Njengoba kubonisiwe, ukusetshenziselwa okuningi kwezinto ezicacile kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokungafuni ukuhlaziya okuholela esidingo sokubuka okuqukethwe okwedlulele ukuze uthole ukuvusa okufanayo kocansi [32]. Noma kunjalo, kusanda kuboniswa ukuthi imboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayikhiqizi izinto ezibonakalayo eziveza izenzo ezinobudlova nokuhlambalaza, futhi ukuthi amavidiyo asakazayo abonisa izenzo ezinjalo athola imibono encane futhi i-rankings ephansi evela kubabukeli be-intanethi [70]. Njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlolwa kocwaningo lwase-Italy abafundi base-high school, abambalwa babo (18.8%) bavezwe encwadini enobudlova / ehlazola ngesilinganiso esincane esibheke abesifazane [71]. Ucwaningo lwamanje lwathola ukuthi isidingo sokusebenzisa izinto ezingcolile ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakuvame ukubikwa abesilisa abazichaza ngokuthi banonya. Isixhumanisi phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuhlukunyezwa kuye kwacutshungulwa ngaphambili: ukuchayeka ngokweqile izinto ezivuthiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabikezela ukukhuphuka okuphindwe kasithupha ezinkingeni zokuziphatha okubikwa ngokobulili [72]. Nokho, omunye kufanele aqaphele ukuthola okukhona okwamanje akukwazi ukukhipha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqulwa kwamacala (abesilisa abanobudlova abavame ukukhetha ukwaziswa kobulili obudlova). Lokhu kuzodinga izifundo ezilawulwa yizinkomba noma zezigaba. Ngokuthakazelisayo, esicwaningweni samanje abesifazane ababika isidingo esincane sokuhlola izinto ezivuthiwe ezivame ukuvame ukuzithokozisa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungase kuthiwe ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zingadonsela abesifazane abathintekayo ekuhloleni ucansi, nakuba lokhu kungadinga nophenyo oluqhubekayo.
Ukubona okuthakazelisayo kwalolu cwaningo kungukuthi ngokweqile / ngokweqile (≥25 kg / m2) abafundi besifazane nabesilisa babona ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinomthelela omubi ebangeni lobudlelwano kaningi kunalabo abane-BMI <25 kg / m2. Kubantu abasha, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase zifanekise umbono wabo wezocansi kanye nokulindela, futhi kubikwa ukuthi zisebenza njengomthombo wolwazi ngocansi [3]). Lokhu kungase kungabangeli ngokungahambi kahle imiphumela emibi uma izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingabhekwa njengomthombo oyinhloko wolwazi olunjalo futhi, njengenganekwane, akuphutha ngeso lengqondo ngokobulili [73]. Izinto ezitholakala ezingcolile zivame ukwethula izenzo ezingekho emvelo noma ngisho nezenzo ezimbi kakhulu ngama-actresses nabalingisi, ukuze, ukuze bazivumelanise nokubukeka ngokomzimba, bavame ukuhlinzwa ngokuhlinzwa epulasitiki noma basebenzise imithi yokusekela isimo sokwakhiwa [74]. Konke, lokhu kungaholela ekuhloleni kwezidingo zobulili okungeke kwenzeke ukuhlangabezana nazo, nokungafani phakathi kokuheha ngokomzimba njengoba kuboniswe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezihloko eziveziwe, ikakhulukazi labo abakhuluphele ngokweqile noma abakhuluphele kakhulu. Kungase kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase ziqhubeke zikhulisa umphumela, osuke wubona ezifundweni zangaphambilini, lapho abesifazane abakhulu kunabo bonke abahlukunyezwa khona abalingani babo besilisa njengento ephansi ekukhangeni / emandleni futhi njengabadlali abampofu emibonweni yabo yokubambisana [75]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-BMI ephezulu iboniswe ukuthi iyindlela ephawulekayo yokusebenza kabi kwe-erectile [76], inhlangano engase iholele ekuhlukeni okungenzeka phakathi kwamakhono obulili besilisa nalabo abanikezwa ngabalingisi bezocansi.
Ukukhula kokuqala kokuqukethwe okucacile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula okungenzeka kwemiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abasha-izinkinga eziphezulu kakhulu zitholwa abesifazane nabesilisa abavezwe eminyakeni engu-12 noma ngezansi. Nakuba ukutadisha kwesigaba esingavumelani akuvumeli ukuhlolwa kwe-causation, lokhu okutholayo kungabonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwengane nokuqukethwe kocansi kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ngaphambilini ukuthi ukutholakala kokuqala ukunamathela ekubhekaneni nemibono engafanele yezocansi [77]. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi abantu abavezwe ngaphambilini bangase babeke ukubika ukunganaki izidingo eziyisisekelo kanye nomsebenzi okungenani kanye ngesikhathi sokuphila ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi babone imiphumela emibi kakhulu emkhakheni wezobudlelwano njalo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi le miphumela ibangelwa yi-hypondrontal syndromes eboniswa ukuphoqeleka, ukufaneleka ngokomzwelo, nokwahlulela okungafanelekile, nakuba imiphumela enjalo iye yabikwa kakade phakathi kwabathengi bezithombe zocansi [32,34]. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kwangaphambilini kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokungafuni ukususa isenzo socansi njengoba kuboniswe isidingo sokugqugquzela isikhathi eside kanye nesimo esiningi socansi esidingekayo ukuze sifinyelele i-orgasm uma sidla izinto ezicacile, futhi konke kunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokobulili. Njengoba kuboniswe ekuhlolisweni kwe-neuroimaging, ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaholela phansi-isimiso somthetho wokuvuza kubantu abadala ngokusebenzisa umthamo owehliwe wezindaba ze-caudate grey kanye nokuxhumana okusebenzayo okushintshiwe ne-prefrontal cortex [32]. Okokugcina, abafundi ababesifazane nabesilisa abavelele ngaphambili babenenkinga enkulu ekuziqhenyeleni kokuziqhenya kwezithombe ezingcolile-into ebona ukuthi izinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-12.2% eqenjini elihlolwe. Nokho, omunye kufanele aqaphele ukuthi lesi sizinga asibonakali ukuthi izifundo ezifundisiwe ziyizidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Njengoba kusanda kuboniswa, ukulutha komuntu ozibona kungase kungabi njalo isibonakaliso esinembile sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga [29]. Noma kunjalo, uphenyo lwangaphambilini seluvele lubonise ukuthi uma umbono onjalo ukhona ngokuvamile uhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kwengqondo [78]. Ngokuvamile, njengoba ukuchazwa kokuqukethwe kocansi okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi kungenakuvinjelwa ezizukulwaneni ezisencane, ukutholakala kwesifundo samanje kusekela umqondo wokuthi ukuvikelwa kwezingane kusukela ekuvezeni okusheshayo kufanele kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuvimbela ukufinyeleleka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sekuyisihloko senkulumo yezombusazwe. Iningi lamazwe, kuhlanganise nePoland, livumela ukufinyelela okungavinjelwe kumifanekiso yabantu engcolile ngabantu abadala. Muva nje, ngenxa yokwanda kwesibalo sokudlwengula okuqoshiwe, uhulumeni waseNepal uvimbela ukusabalalisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Esifundweni samanje, abafundi abacwaningiwe bavame ukubonisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungase kube nomphumela omubi ebuhlotsheni bezenhlalakahle, empilweni yengqondo, ekusebenzeni ngokocansi, futhi kungathinta ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ekubuntwaneni nasekukhuleni. Naphezu kwalokhu, iningi lawo alizange lisekele noma yisiphi isidingo semikhawulo ekufinyeleleni izithombe ezingcolile. Esikhathini eside, umthetho ovimbela ukufinyelela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuvinjelwa amawebusayithi aqoshiwe angcolile, noma ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ubudala kungase kube nzima noma kubiza ukuphoqa ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, amazwe afana ne-United Kingdom acabangela imikhawulo esekelwe ohlelweni lokuqinisekisa ubudala lwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-intanethi ukuvikela izingane ekuchasweni, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi abantu abadala kuphela (≥ kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala) bazokwazi ukuthola okuqukethwe okucacile.
Nakuba ucwaningo lwamanje lwembula ulwazi olwengeziwe olubalulekile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphakathi eqenjini elikhulu labantu abafana neyunivesithi, kunezilinganiso eziningana okudingeka zichazwe ngokuchazwa kwedatha ngokucophelela. Okokuqala, ukuqhathaniswa okuningi okusetshenziselwa lapho kuhlaziywa idatha ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwandisa amathuba okuba nephutha le-1. Kodwa-ke, ukulungiswa kweBonferroni elula kungase kube yinto engapheli kakhulu, futhi kwandise ingozi yephutha lohlobo II [79]. Noma kunjalo, ukungabi nalolu lungiso kufanele kuhlolwe ekuchazeni lokho okufundwa yocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlamvu olungaziwa nolwazi oluxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi lwalolu cwaningo alufaki ithuba lokuqinisekisa idatha. Ukwengeza, imiphumela ebikiwe yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazibonela ngabantu abahlolwe, futhi aziqinisekisiwe ezingeni lemitholampilo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuklanywa kokucwaninga kwesigaba esinqamulelayo akuvumeli noma yikuphi ukukhonjiswa kwe-causation. Lokhu kuhlobene no-OR classic kubalwa izinhlangano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala bokuqala ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nomphumela wokuzibona wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isikhathi sokuchayeka kokuqala okubikwe abafundi abahlolisisiwe kufanele siphathwe ngokucophelela kunokuba kube nokulinganisa okubi. Njengoba sekuvele kuvezwe, ukuxhaswa kokuzithandela akukwazanga ukukhishwa ngokugcwele ngaphansi komklamo wokutadisha ongaziwa futhi kufanele ucatshangelwe lapho uhumusha ukuphakama okuphezulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, noma izinga eliphakeme lokuzilimaza okuziwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, aziwa ukuthi ubulili obusetshenziswa kanjani eqenjini elifundwayo lihlukile ngokuzibandakanya ngokobulili njengoba abantu abahlolisisiwe bengacelwa ukuba bayinqume. Nokho, ezinye izifundo zangaphambilini ziye zabonisa ukuthi izifundo zobungqingili nezicansi zingase zibe ngabathengi abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile [80]. Okokugcina, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokukholwa kwabantu abahlolisisiwe kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuzange kuhlolwe. Njengoba kubonisiwe, inkolo ingase ibe esinye isici esibangela ukucindezeleka kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile [81].

I-5. Iziphetho

Ucwaningo lwamanje lubika ukuthi imvamisa ephezulu yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile isebenzisa phakathi kwabafundi basePoland, futhi ibika ukuthi amaphethini ayo asetshenziswayo angase afane nabesifazane nabesilisa, nakuba ngaphambili bevame ukuhlazeka yilo msebenzi. Ukukhula kokuqala kokuqala (≤ iminyaka engu-12) kutholakale ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nemiphumela emibi ehlukene yokubona izithombe ezingcolile zibonisa ukuzibonakalisa ngesikhathi seminyaka eyunivesithi (iminyaka engu-18-26). Lokhu kutholakala kusekela umqondo wokuthi ukuqiniswa kwemingcele eqinisekisiwe yobudala ukuze kuvikeleke izingane nentsha kusukela ekuchaseni kwesikhashana kungazuzisa nakuba umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi lolu cwaningo lunemvelo engezansi futhi alubonakali ukudala.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

Ukucabangela: ADD kanye PR; Indlela: ADD kanye PR; uphenyo: ADD; Ukubhala-okuqala kokulungiselela ukulungiselela: ADD no-PR

Izimali

Lolu cwaningo alutholanga imali yangaphandle.

Izingxabano Zesithakazelo

Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.

Okubhekwayo

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