Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisetshenziswa eJapane: Isifundo Esandulelayo Phakathi Kwabafundi Baseyunivesithi (2021)

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinto evame ukwenzeka emhlabeni jikelele. Yize abasebenzisi abaningi babike imiphumela emihle yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (IHald neMalamuth, 2008), Abanye babike imiphumela emibi ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile (I-Gola noPotenza, i-2016). Ngokuya ngokubuyekezwa kwakamuva, ucwaningo oluningi luchaza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile njengomphumela omubi njengokulutha kokuziphatha, njengokulutha kwe-inthanethi (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Phakathi kwabaphenyi, kubhekiswa njengokusebenzisa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi (UFernandez noGriffiths, ngo-2019), futhi ibonakala ngobunzima bokulawula, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukugwema imizwa emibi, nokusetshenziswa okuphikelelayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi (Kor et al., 2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kungahunyushwa ngohlaka lokuziphatha lokulutha, okubandakanya izinto eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zokulutha (Griffiths, i-2005): ubuthongo (lapho umsebenzi uba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu), ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo (usebenzisa indlela yokuziphatha ukuguqula isimo somuntu), ukuhoxa (isimo esingathandeki ngokomzwelo esihlangabezana nakho lapho isimilo siziphatha), ukubekezelelana (kudinga ukwanda kumvamisa wokuziphatha ukufeza imiphumela efanayo), ukubuyela emuva (ukubuyela emaphethini wokuziphatha wangaphambilini ngemuva kokuyeka), nokuphikisana (imiphumela eyingozi yokuziphatha okuluthayo) (UFernandez noGriffiths, ngo-2019; UChen noJiang, ngo-2020). Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile nakho kuhlobene nezinye izindlela zokulutha, okungukuthi, ucansi, ukugembula, i-inthanethi nokudlala (Kor et al., 2014; UStockdale noCoyne, 2018). Yize ukusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaziwa ukuthi kunemiphumela emibi njengezinye izindlela zokulutha, akukaphenywa kumongo waseJapan lapho izinga lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile liphezulu. Lolu cwaningo lwenabela ezincwadini ezikhona ezigxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga njengesimo esikhulayo somhlaba wonke ngokubika izici zokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga phakathi kwabafundi baseJapan. Ngokuqondile, sihlolisise izimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-psychopathological, ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka nokulawula okusebenzayo.

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kubhekwa njengengxenye yokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi ngaphansi kokuphazamiseka kokulawula umfutho kuHlelo Lomhlaba Wonke Lwezifo 11th Revision (I-World Health Organization, i-2018; I-Brand et al., 2019a), ucwaningo oluhlobene luthole ukunakwa okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva (isib. I-Kraus et al., I-2020). Yize kungashiwongo ngokusobala ekuhlonzweni, ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi ezithathwa njengokuziphatha ngocansi okucindezelayo zingabandakanya ukushaya indlwabu, ucansi ngocingo, i-cybersex, amaklabhu ama-strip, nezenzo zocansi nabantu abadala abavumayo (I-Kafka, i-2010; I-Gola et al., 2020). Lokhu kuziphatha kocansi kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ezenzelwe umuntu ngamunye, ezingadingi ukubandakanyeka komlingani (isb. Ukushaya indlwabu); futhi okusekwe ngokubambisana, okudinga ukubandakanyeka kozakwethu (isb. ukungathembeki okuphindaphindiwe) (U-Efrati noMikulincer, 2018). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga zisebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kokuziphatha ngokocansi okusekelwe ngakunye (U-Efrati noMikulincer, 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga kwakuwukuziphatha okuvame kakhulu okubikwa ngabantu abafuna ukwelashwa kobungqingili (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Ocwaningweni olwedlule, oyedwa kwabasebenzisi abayisikhombisa bezithombe zocansi ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni waveza intshisekelo yokufuna ukwelashwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (I-Kraus et al., 2016a). Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi emkhakheni zenziwe emazweni aseNtshonalanga (isb. IGrubbs et al., 2019a). Eqinisweni, i-47.2% yezifundo zangaphambilini zenziwa kusetshenziswa amasampula aseMelika, kuyilapho kuphela i-7.9% yenziwa emazweni aseGlobal South (isib, iBrazil, China). Ngakho-ke, kunendlala yocwaningo phakathi kwamazwe angewona awaseNtshonalanga (Grubbs et al., 2020). Izifundo ezinqamulelayo ngamasiko ziyadingeka ukuhlola ukulutha kwezocansi kwe-inthanethi, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, njengoba umehluko ezimweni zomphakathi nezenhlalo zingaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni kocansi (Griffiths, i-2012). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane evela kuwebhusayithi yezithombe zocansi ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele¹ uveze ukuthi iJapan ibekwe endaweni yesibili ngokwesiminyaminya sansuku zonke, kuphela ngemuva kwe-United States ngonyaka ka-2019.U-Yong et al., 2017). Ngakho-ke, abanye abantu bangabika imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokulahleka kolawulo ngenxa yokulutha kwe-inthanethi eJapan. Kodwa-ke, akukaze kube khona ucwaningo ngobungozi bokuba umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eJapane noma izici zabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi baseJapan. Ngokwengeziwe, yize lo mqondo ungakaqinisekiswa ngokomthetho, isifiso sobulili nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungathathwa njengesihloko esibucayi kumongo wamasiko waseJapan (I-Hirayama, 2019). EJapan, imfundo ephelele yezocansi ayifundiswa ngenkuthalo, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo maqondana nezocansi (UHashimoto et al., 2012). Ukuxoxisana esidlangalaleni ngesifiso sobulili nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka kubangele amahloni, futhi ezocansi zihlala ziyindaba engathandeki eJapan (Inose, 2010; I-Hirayama, 2019). Ngokuvamile, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngokwengqikithi yamasiko aseJapan, izindaba zocansi ziyisihloko esibucayi nasesigabeni sezemfundo (I-Hirayama, 2019). Noma kunjalo, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, abantu baseJapan basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi (bheka umbhalo waphansi wombhalo 1). Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe umuntu waseJapan ethinteka kabi ngokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, bangaba nobunzima ekufuneni usizo futhi indlela abaziphatha ngayo ingaqashelwa odokotela. Sikholwa ukuthi kudingekile ukwenza isifundo esigxile ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eJapane.

Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lucabangele ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyimilutha, yize kunobunzima bokuthola ukusabalala okunembile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga kubantu abaningi besebenzisa amathuluzi wokuhlola ahlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, URissel et al. (2017) bathole ukuthi u-4% wamadoda no-1% wabesifazane bazizwa ukuthi bayimilutha yezithombe zocansi. Kwesinye isifundo, UBőthe et al. (2018) ibike ukuthi bekukhona cishe abasebenzisi be-pornography abasengozini engaba ngu-4% kusampula. Mayelana nokulutha okujwayelekile kwe-intanethi, uma kungenjalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukwanda kokulutha kanzima phakathi kwabantu abadala baseJapan kwakungu-6.1% kwabesilisa no-1.8% kwabesifazane (Lu et al., 2011). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuvamile kanye nesimo sengqondo esingesihle kubikezela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi ezinenkinga emadodeni amancane afana nentsha (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Ukuziphatha ngokocansi okuhlobene nokulawulwa kokukhubazeka kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane (I-Kafka, i-2010; Reid et al., 2012b; I-Kraus et al., 2016b). Akucaci ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga eJapan, abasebenzisa kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi abahlangabezana nezimo ezingezinhle, bavame kakhulu kubantu besilisa kunabesifazane abasebasha.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kuhlotshaniswa nezimpawu ezijwayelekile zengqondo (I-Brand et al., I-2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Iphinde ihlotshaniswe nokusebenza kabi kwengqondo, njengokugculiseka okuphansi ngempilo nobudlelwano, phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi (UHarper noHodgins, ngo-2016). Ngokuyinhloko, abantu ababandakanyeka ezinkingeni zobulili ezingcolile ezisezingeni eliphezulu basebenzisa amazinga aphezulu obulili obufanayo nokucindezeleka (I-Bőthe et al., 2020). Isisusa sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sisekelwe emzameni wokuphunyuka emizweni engemihle ehambisana nokukhathazeka, isizungu, ukuphuthuma, kanye nokudana (Reid et al., 2011; UBaltieri et al., 2015). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisana kwe-Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) yezinqubo ezakha ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokugcinwa kokulutha kokuziphatha kufaka phakathi ukulawula okuvimbela nokusebenza okuphezulu njengezinto eziyinhloko (I-Brand et al., I-2016, I-2019b). Njengoba kunikezwe izinga lokulawulwa okuvinjelwe okujwayelekile ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, izimbangela ezilinganiselwe zangaphandle noma zangaphakathi eziphathelene nokuziphatha okuluthayo, futhi izinqumo zokuzibandakanya zikhawulelwe (I-Brand et al., I-2016, I-2019b), abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga bangaba namazinga aphansi okulawula okuvimbelayo. Ebudlelwaneni bokucwaninga ukuthi ubuntu nokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi, ukulawula okunamandla, okuwubukhulu besimo futhi kufana nokusebenza okuphezulu, kwakuhlobene nokuziphatha okuphoqelekile okuphathelene nocansi (Efrati, 2018). Eqinisweni, intsha ekhombisa indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi ephoqelekile ayisebenzisanga ukulawula okusebenzayo (U-Efrati noDannon, 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula okusebenzayo kuyaziwa ukuthi kunemisebenzi emithathu enomehluko (URothbart et al., 2000): Ukulawulwa kokunaka yikhono lokugxila ekubhekeni kahle noma ekushintsheni ukunakwa, ukulawula okuvimbelayo yikhono lokulawula izimpendulo ezingafanele, futhi ukulawula ukusebenza yikhono lokwenza isenzo naphezu kokuthambekela okunamandla kokukugwema. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwano phakathi kwale misebenzi emithathu nokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi abukakahlolwa.

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukukhomba izici zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nabantu abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabafundi baseJapan. Okokuqala, sihlolisise iphesenti labafundi baseyunivesithi baseJapan ababuke izithombe ezingcolile, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwenyanga edlule, nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa ukuthi ama-4% amasampula ocwaningo ayengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abasengozini enkulu kanti abangu-16.8% babengabasebenzisi abanobungozi obuphansi (I-Bőthe et al., 2018). Ngakho-ke, sicabange ukuthi cishe i-4% yabahlanganyeli ocwaningweni lwamanje izobonisa izinkinga ezimpilweni zabo ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile, futhi inani lokusetshenziswa kwalabo abane-dysregulation kungaba cishe yi-16% ngokulawulwa okungafanele kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Siphinde sagcizelela ukuthi izinga labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi besilisa abanokukhubazeka okungalawulwa lizoba liphindwe kane kunelabesifazane, ngokuya ngocwaningo lwangaphambilini (Rissel et al., 2017).

Okwesibili, sihlolisise umehluko phakathi kwabantu abanokukhubazeka kokulawula nangaphandle kokulawulwa okungafanele kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, sigxile ekucindezelekeni, ekukhathazekeni, ekuphoqeleleni ngokocansi, nasekunakekelweni okuphezulu. Sifakazele ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanokulawulwa okungalungile bazobonisa amazinga aphezulu ezimpawu zengqondo njengokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, okuhambisana nezincwadi zangaphambilini (I-Bőthe et al., 2020). Ukwengeza, uma kunikezwa ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga babonisa ukungaziphathi kahle ngokocansi nokusebenza okuphansi kokusebenza (I-Brand et al., I-2016, I-2019b), besilindele ukubona ukuthi ubungqingili, namazinga aphansi okunakwa okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingezona abasebenzisi kanye nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ngaphandle kokulawulwa okungafanelekile.

Izimpahla nezindlela

Abahlanganyeli nezinqubo

Ucwaningo lwenziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili zokutholwa kwesampula kwabafundi basekolishi eyunivesithi maphakathi neJapan. Ngendlela yokuqala, umbhali wokuqala wavakashela ikilasi futhi wasabalalisa izincwadi zokuqasha, ezazifaka imiyalo yokufinyelela kusixhumanisi esiku-inthanethi semibuzo kubafundi abangama-216. Ngendlela yesibili, sathumela isixhumanisi semibuzo eku-inthanethi kubafundi abangama-70 nge-LINE, uhlelo lokusebenza lwesithunywa. Ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo, bonke ababambiqhaza bathole imininingwane maqondana nokuziphatha, imibuzo ebucayi nelungelo lokuhoxa. Abahlanganyeli banikeze imvume yabo yokubamba iqhaza ngesixhumanisi besebenzisa amafomu e-Google. Ngaphambi kokuba ababambiqhaza baphendule imibuzo ngezithombe zocansi, kwanikezwa incazelo yokusebenza kwezithombe zocansi: Izithombe zocansi (1) zakha noma zivusa imicabango yezocansi, imizwa, noma izindlela zokuziphatha, futhi (2) iqukethe izithombe noma izincazelo ezicacile zezenzo zocansi ezibandakanya izitho zangasese (isib. ukuya ocansini noma endunu, ukuya ocansini ngomlomo, noma ukushaya indlwabu) (IHald neMalamuth, 2008; Reid et al., 2011). Izinga lokuphendula lalingu-55.2% (n = 158). Yonke imisebenzi yocwaningo ivunyelwe yibhodi lokubuyekeza lesikhungo le- (blinded for review).

Kubaphenduli abangu-158, abanye ababambiqhaza babekelwa eceleni ngoba bengaphansi kweminyaka engu-19 (n = 3) noma ukuhambisa uhlu lwemibuzo olungaphelele (n = 5). Isampula lokugcina lalinabafundi abangama-150 baseJapan eyunivesithi maphakathi neJapan (amadoda angama-86; ama-57.3%, abesifazane abangama-64; ama-42.7%) aneminyaka engama-20-26 iminyaka (iminyaka yobudala = 21.48, SD = 1.21).

Izindlela

Sebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Ukuhlola imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (inani lezinsuku ngenyanga), sibuze ukuthi "Usebenzise izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezinyangeni ezingaki ngenyanga edlule?" Ukuhlola isikhathi sokusetshenziswa ngosuku (ngemizuzu), sibuze ukuthi "Ngabe yisiphi isikhathi esimaphakathi osichitha usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngosuku lapho uzisebenzisa?"

Ukulawulwa Kokukhubazeka Kokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, sisebenzise imibuzo emithathu yebo / cha: "Wake wehluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi?"; "Uke kaningi usebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngendlela engalawuleki isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha?"; nokuthi “Uke wabhekana nezinkinga zempilo yansuku zonke ngenxa yobunzima bokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi?” Le mibuzo emfushane yasungulwa ngababhali besifundo samanje ababhekise kulezi zindlela ezilandelayo zokuhlonza zokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile: ukwehluleka ukulawula ukuqina kwezinkanuko noma ukunxenxa, ukuziphatha okuphindayo kwezocansi okwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nokukhubazeka okukhulu empilweni yomuntu siqu (I-Kraus et al., I-2018; I-World Health Organization, i-2018). Ngokuyinhloko, ukukhubazeka okuphawulekayo empilweni yomuntu siqu nokulawulwa okungalungile kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyizindlela ezibalulekile ezivela kumbono womtholampilo (IHarada, 2019).

Ukuphoqelela Ubulili

Isikali Sokuphoqeleka Ngokobulili (i-SCS) sinezinto eziyi-10 (isb., “Isifiso sami sobulili singene endleleni yobudlelwano bami”) esikalwe esikalini samaphoyinti amane (1 = hhayi neze njengami ukuya ku-4 = kakhulu njengami) ngezikolo ezikhona kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-40 (UKalichman noRompa, 1995). Izikolo eziphezulu ze-SCS zikhombisa ubungozi obuphezulu bokuziphatha ngocansi (UKalichman noRompa, 1995). Kulolu cwaningo, inguqulo yaseJapan ye-SCS (Inoue et al., 2017kusetshenzisiwe, okuqinisekisile ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kokuvumelana (α = 0.90) nokwakha ubuqiniso eJapan (Inoue et al., 2017). Kusampula yamanje, i-coefficient ethembekile ikhombise ukuvumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi (α = 0.89).

Ukucindezeleka

I-Questionnaire Yezempilo Yesineke (PHQ-9; UKroenke et al., 2001), ithuluzi lokuhlola ukucindezeleka okukhulu, linezinto eziyisishiyagalolunye (isb., “Intshisekelo encane noma ukujabulela ukwenza izinto”) ezilinganiswe esikalini samaphoyinti amane (0 = lutho neze ukuya ku-3 = cishe nsuku zonke) ngamanani akhona asukela ku-0 kuye ku-27. Kulolu cwaningo, inguqulo yaseJapan ye-PHQ-9 (UMuramatsu et al., 2007) kusetshenzisiwe, okuqinisekisile ukuthembeka nokusebenza. I-coefficient ethembekile ezifundweni zangaphambilini ikhonjiswe ukuthi iphezulu (α = 0.86-0.92), kanti i-PHQ-9 itholwe njengesilinganiso esivumelekile sokucindezeleka emphakathini jikelele (UKroenke et al., 2010). Kusampula yamanje, i-coefficient ethembekile ikhombise ukuvumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi (α = 0.81).

ukukhathazeka

Isilinganiso sezinto eziyisikhombisa zokukhathazeka ngokweqile (GAD-7; I-Spitzer et al., 2006) kwakusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izimpawu zokukhathazeka, futhi izinto (isb., “Ukuzizwa unovalo, ukhathazekile noma unqenqemeni”) zikalwa esikalini samaphoyinti amane (0 = lutho neze ukuya ku-3 = cishe nsuku zonke) ngamanani akhona asukela ku-0 kuye ku-21 Kulolu cwaningo, inguqulo yaseJapan ye-GAD-7 (UMuramatsu et al., 2010) kusetshenzisiwe, okukhombise izakhiwo ezinhle ze-psychometric. I-coefficient ethembekile (α = 0.92) nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kabusha (r = 0.83) zaziphezulu ezifundweni ezedlule, futhi isilinganiso satholakala njengesilinganiso esivumelekile sokukhathazeka okujwayelekile (I-Spitzer et al., 2006; UKroenke et al., 2010). Kusampula yamanje, i-coefficient ethembekile ikhombise ukuvumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi (α = 0.86).

Ukulawula okusebenzayo

Isilinganiso sokulawula (EC) somzamo wohlu lwemibuzo yabantu abadala ((Adult Temperament Questionnaire)URothbart et al., 2000) kwakusetshenziselwa ukukala umsebenzi wokunakwa okuphezulu. Isikali siqukethe izinkokhelo ezintathu ezilandelayo, okuphelele kwezinto ezingama-35 ezilinganiselwe esikalini samaphoyinti amane (1 = ngamanga kakhulu kimi ukuya ku-4 = kuyiqiniso kakhulu kimi): ukulawula ukunaka (isb., “Kunzima kakhulu kimi ukuthi ngigxilise ingqondo yami lapho ngicindezelekile”) (izinto eziyi-12), isilawuli esivimbayo (isb., “Ngijwayele ukuba nenkinga yokumelana nezifiso zami zokudla, iziphuzo, njll.” ) (Izinto eziyi-11), nokulawulwa kokusebenza (isb., “Ngingazenza ngisebenze emsebenzini onzima noma ngabe angizami ukuzama”) (izinto eziyi-12). Inani eliphelele le-EC lithathwe kwizikolo ezintathu ezingaphansi; amaphuzu aphezulu akhombise amazinga aphezulu we-EC. Kulolu cwaningo, inguqulo yaseJapan yesikali se-EC soMdabu Wemibuzo Yabantu Abadala (UYamagata et al., 2005) kusetshenzisiwe, okuqinisekisile ukuthembeka nokusebenza. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olubandakanya amasampula aseJapan lukhombise ukungaguquguquki okwanele kwangaphakathi (α = 0.74-0.90) kanye nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kabusha (r = 0.79-0.89) yesikali, kanye nokuqina okuhlobene nenqubo yobudlelwano nobukhulu bezinto ezinhlanu (UYamagata et al., 2005). Kusampula yamanje, ama-coefficients aphezulu asukela ku-0.72 kuya ku-0.88 akhombise ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwesikali.

Ukuhlaziya Data

Konke ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-IBM SPSS 22. Ngaphambi kokuhlaziya, ababambiqhaza bahlukaniswa baba ngamaqembu amathathu (izithombe ezingcolile ezingezona ezabasebenzisi, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ngaphandle kokulawulwa okhubazekile, nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungafanele). Ukuhlola ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi, sisebenzise iMann-Whitney U test kanye no-Pearson's chi-square test. Ngemuva kwalokho, umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu uhlolwe kusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile okusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo (i-SCS, i-PHQ-9, kanye nezikolo ze-GAD-7) ngokuqhathanisa okubili kusetshenziswa ukulungiswa kweBonferroni, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendlela eyodwa kokuhluka (ANOVA) kokujwayelekile okusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo okuguqukayo (amaphuzu aphelele we-EC nezikolo ezintathu ze-subscale) ngokuqhathanisa ngababili besebenzisa ukulungiswa kokwehluka okuthembekile okuphawulekayo kweTukey.

Imiphumela

Iphethini Yokusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Ababambiqhaza ababika izinsuku ezingama-zero zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenyanga edlule benze izithombe zocansi ezingezona ezokusebenzisa (n = 44), labo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngaphandle kuka "yebo" emibuzweni yokulawula okhubazekile babenza abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ngaphandle kokulawulwa okungalungile (n = 81), futhi labo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngempendulo eyodwa noma eziningi "yebo" emibuzweni yokulawulwa okungalungile bakwenza abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanokulawula okungalungile (n = 25).

Ukucabangela bonke abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi (n = 106) okubandakanya labo abanolawulo olungakhubazekile nangaphandle, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa (ezinsukwini) ngenyanga edlule bekungu-12.11 (SD = 8.21, min = 1, max = 31, skewness = 0.75, kurtosis = -0.19), nobude bokusetshenziswa (ngemizuzu ngosuku) kwakungu-44.60 (SD = 30.48, iminithi = 1, ubuningi = 150, ukutsheka = 1.45, kurtosis = 1.78). Ngokwengeziwe, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungafanele bakhombise imvamisa yokusetshenziswa ephakeme kunaleyo engenakho ukulawula okungasebenzi kahle (U = 505.5, p <0.001, r = 0.37); nUmehluko omkhulu utholakele phakathi kwamaqembu maqondana nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (U = 932.00, p = 0.541, r = 0.06). Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungalungile (n = 5) uphendule ngo "yebo" kuyo yonke imibuzo ephathelene nokulawulwa okungasebenzi kahle (Ithebula 1).

Umehluko Wezocansi Kumaphethini Wokusetshenziswa

Izikolo zamadoda (M = 13.19, SD = 7.68) nabesifazane (M = 8.22, SD = 9.02) yehluke kakhulu maqondana nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa (U = 519.00, r = 0.33, p <0.001), ngenkathi singatholanga mahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamadoda (M = 43.35, SD = 28.19) nabesifazane (M = 49.13, SD = 38.01) maqondana nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (U = 934.00, r = 0.02, p = 0.872). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko omkhulu ubonwe kwinani lamadoda nabesifazane emaqenjini amathathu: izithombe ezingcolile ezingasetshenziswa, nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ngaphandle kokulawulwa okungalungile [χ² (2) = 64.99, p <0.001, Cramer's V = 0.66; Ithebula 2].

Umehluko Phakathi Kwabasebenzisi Bezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kukaKruskal-Wallis nendlela eyodwa ye-ANOVA yokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo ikhombise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu maqondana nokuphoqeleka ngokocansi (p <0.001), ukucindezeleka (p = 0.014), ukukhathazeka (p <0.001), EC (p = 0.013), nokulawulwa kokunaka (p = 0.008). Kodwa-ke, bekungekho mehluko weqembu wokulawulwa kokuvimbela (p = 0.096) nokulawulwa kokusebenza (p = 0.100).

Ingxoxo

Sihlolisise izici zomsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi sahlola umehluko phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingezona abasebenzisi, abasebenzisi, nabasebenzisi abanenkinga kusampula yabafundi baseyunivesithi eJapan. Ngokwazi kwethu konke, okwamanje azikho izifundo zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga eJapan, ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje siyinoveli ngokombono wamasiko.

Okutholakele ocwaningweni lwamanje kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga phakathi kwabafundi baseJapan. Data ukhombisile ukuthi u-5.7% (n = 6) yabasebenzisi babike izinkinga ezibalulekile zempilo yansuku zonke. Lokhu okutholwayo kuyahambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olwabika ukwanda okulinganiselwe kokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi (URoss et al., 2012; Rissel et al., 2017; I-Bőthe et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungafanele babeyi-23.5% (n = 25) yabasebenzisi. Idatha ikhombise izinga eliphakeme lobungqingili phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungalungile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu. Ukuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu okubikwe phakathi kwamadoda afuna ukwelashwa kobulili obufanayo ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Ngakho-ke, yize ukuxilongwa kungasho ngokusobala ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga ziyisiqeshana sokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile (I-Gola et al., 2020), ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kungabhekwa njengokuzibonakalisa okuvelele kokuziphatha kokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile (I-Brand et al., 2019a). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani eliphakeme labasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka kokulawula liphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu linokuthambekela okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga eJapan. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka.

Abesilisa babike imvamisa yokusetshenziswa okukhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi babhekwe njengabasebenzisi abanenkinga kunabesifazane. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nezifundo ezimbalwa zangaphambilini ezibike ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besilisa, ababethambekele ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga (UHarper noHodgins, ngo-2016). Ngokucabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezithombe zocansi kubikwe ngabahlanganyeli besilisa, kungaphethwa ngokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabafundi besilisa baseyunivesithi eJapan. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abesifazane babonisa isilinganiso esiphansi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Njengoba abesifazane baseJapan bengasebenzisa kakhulu amahlaya njengezinto zocansi (UMori, 2017), umehluko kokuqukethwe kwezinto zocansi kungenzeka kube nomthelela ekwehlukaneni kobulili okubonwe emiphumeleni yesifundo esikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva okugxile kwabesifazane abanokuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi kukhombisile ukuthi ukucindezela okukhulu kocansi nokucindezela kokuzibandakanya ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi kuphansi kwabesifazane kunabesilisa (Kowalewska et al., 2020). Kodwa-ke, kukhona amathuba okusetshenziswa okuyinkinga phakathi kwabesifazane, njengoba abanye besifazane babika ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokulawulwa okungafanelekile esifundweni samanje. Njengoba kunikezwe indlala ejwayelekile yocwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zesifazane (I-Kraus et al., 2016b; Kowalewska et al., 2020), kunesidingo sokugxila okwandisiwe kulolu daba kumongo waseJapan, kanye nasezinhlotsheni zokuqukethwe kwezocansi okusetshenziswa abesifazane ikakhulukazi, kanye namaphethini wabesifazane wokuziphatha ngokocansi.

Lolu cwaningo lubonisa izici ezithile zabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanokulawulwa okungalungile. Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusetshenziswa okunenkinga, kepha ubude bokusetshenziswa bekungenjalo. Ngenkathi ezinye izindlela zokulutha zigxila esikhathini esichithwa ekuziphatheni, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ukushaya indlwabu kuzokhawulela amandla ezocansi noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuyona inkinga (UFernandez noGriffiths, ngo-2019). Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga kungenzeka bangachithi isikhathi esiningi ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela. Ngenkathi abanye abantu bekwazi ukulawula noma ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungakhathalekile imvamisa ephezulu nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (I-Brand et al., I-2011; Kor et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2015; I-Bőthe et al., 2018), Abanye bangazizwa belahlekelwa ukulawula ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi kungakhathalekile ukuthi zisetshenziswa isikhathi esingakanani.

Ababambiqhaza abanokulawulwa okungasebenzi kahle babonisa amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nesifundo sangaphambilini lapho abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga bekhombisa izimpawu zengqondo (I-Brand et al., I-2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Ukucindezeleka kwe-Intrapsychic okutholwe kubantu abanokuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokocansi kubangelwa amazinga aphezulu ezintshisekelo zocansi nokuziphatha (I-World Health Organization, i-2018). Kwabanye abantu, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kungavela ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha okususelwa ezinkolelweni zenkolo ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi (IGrubbs et al., 2019b). Njengoba abantu abaningi baseJapan kubikwa ukuthi abakholwa (UMandai et al., 2019), ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eJapane kungenzeka kungabi ngenxa yenkolelo yenkolo. Kodwa-ke, isifiso sobulili siyisimo kumongo wezenhlalo waseJapan (Inose, 2010); ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ukungaziphathi kahle phakathi kwalesi senzo nokuziphatha kwangempela, njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kubangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo.

Imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje ikhombise ukuthi iningi lamadoda lisebenzisa izithombe zocansi. EJapan, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nenkulumo yezenhlalo kwezocansi kuyizinto ezingavumelekile (I-Hirayama, 2019). Akuvunyelwe kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kepha lokhu kukodwa akuyona impikiswano ngokwesayensi noma emphakathini (I-Hirayama, 2019). Eqinisweni, kuncane kakhulu imfundo yezocansi ephelele enikezwa eJapan (UHashimoto et al., 2012). Kodwa-ke, kukhonjisiwe ukuthi abantu abaningi baseJapan, kufaka phakathi intsha, basebenzisa izithombe zocansi (bheka umbhalo waphansi wombhalo 1; Inhlangano yaseJapan Yezemfundo Yezocansi, i-2019). Lesi simo singahle sisho ukuthi abantu abaningi baseJapan bahlanganyela ekuziphatheni ngokocansi bengenalo ulwazi ngezocansi. Ngakho-ke, abantu baseJapan bangakuthola kunzima ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziyinkinga futhi ezingezona, ngoba abantu baseJapan abakwazi ukuxoxa ngezinkinga zabo zocansi, futhi abanalo ulwazi ngezocansi (UHashimoto et al., 2012). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo olugxile kwezocansi nokuziphatha okucindezelayo kwezocansi emasikweni aseJapan kungadingeka.

Ekugcineni, amaphuzu aphansi ahlobene nokulawula okunamandla nokulawulwa kokunaka angahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. Lo mphumela ulandela ucwaningo lwakamuva olubonisa ukuthi amazinga aphansi okulawula okunamandla ahlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelelwe komuntu ngamunye (Efrati, 2018; U-Efrati noDannon, 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula okunamandla kukala ukusebenza kahle kokunakwa okuphezulu, okufana nomsebenzi wokuphatha. Njengoba izibalo zokulawula eziphansi zihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kokuxhamazela (UMeehan et al., 2013), Lokhu kutholakala kungafana nesifundo sakamuva esikhombise imisebenzi ephezulu, njengokulawulwa kokuvimbela nokwenza izinqumo, kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni nasekuqhubekeni kwezinhlobo eziningana zokuziphatha okuluthayo (I-Brand et al., 2019b). Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi abasebenzisi abakhubazekile bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bakhombise amazinga aphansi okulawulwa kwe-EC subscale, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukulawula ukunakwa okungasebenzi kahle kungakhuthaza izimpendulo zezimbangela ezihlobene nocansi. Esifundweni esedlule, ukulawulwa kokuvimbela i-EC subscale kwakuhlobene nokuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi kwabasakhulayo (ILafreniere et al., 2013). Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwemisebenzi emithathu yokulawula okunamandla, kungahle kube nomehluko wokuthi indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi ephoqelelwa nguyedwa ihlotshaniswa nokulawulwa kokunakwa, futhi indlela yokuziphatha esekwe kuzakwethu ihlotshaniswa nokulawulwa kokuvimbela. Ukubhekana nale nqubo, ukusebenza okuphezulu nokulawula okusebenzayo kudinga ukufundwa kabanzi.

Yize inoveli namandla ayo, lolu cwaningo lunemikhawulo ethile. Okokuqala, imininingwane yethu yayihlukane, futhi imiphumela yemiphumela ayinakunqunywa. Okwesibili, ngoba sisebenzise isampula elula phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi eyunivesithi maphakathi neJapan, imiphumela yethu ayinakwenziwa kubantu baseJapan. Okwesithathu, usayizi wesampula ubumncane kakhulu, futhi kungenzeka ungavumeli ukwenziwa jikelele kwalokhu okutholakele kubo bonke abafundi baseyunivesithi baseJapan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuzo yemibuzo esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ibandakanya isihloko esibucayi esigxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi, futhi ababambiqhaza bathintwa ngumlobi wokuqala, okungenzeka kube nezimpendulo eziqondile ezinqunyelwe ngokunciphisa ukungaziwa. Ekugcineni, ukulawula okungafaneleki kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakulinganiswa ngemibuzo yemibuzo yokuzenzela eyenzelwe lolu cwaningo. Kube nokwanda kwamuva ezifundweni ezakha amathuluzi okuqinisekisa okusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi (UFernandez noGriffiths, ngo-2019). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lwenziwe ngesampula ehlukahlukene kusetshenziswa izinyathelo eziqinisekisiwe zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga.

Ngokwazi kwethu konke, lesi yisifundo sokuqala ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga eJapan. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka kube nobungozi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga eJapan. Abesilisa bakhombise ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kakhulu futhi bathambekele ekulawuleni okungaphelele kunabesifazane. Abantu abanokukhubazeka kokulawula bakhombise ukuphoqeleka okuphezulu kwezocansi, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, kanye nokulawula okunamandla. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kufanele luhlole isampula elihlukahlukene laseJapan kusetshenziswa izinyathelo eziqinisekisiwe.