1 Izingobo zomlando Zokuziphatha Kocansi (isixhumanisi sokufunda)
abstract
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi ziwuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-inthanethi olusakazekile. Njengezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi, kwezinye izimo ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungaba yinkinga. Izinkomba zokuqala zikhomba ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi nokucindezeleka kwengqondo kanye nokukhubazeka okujwayelekile kokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, azikho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola ukusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi. Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise i-Online Pornography Disorder Questionnaire (OPDQ)—ithuluzi eliguqule indlela esemthethweni ye-Internet Gaming Disorder kuya ezithombeni zocansi eziku-inthanethi—ukuze silinganisele ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga futhi siphenye ukuthi abathengi bazisebenzisa kangakanani izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi ngendlela eyinkinga. behlukile kubasebenzisi abavamile mayelana nokucindezeleka kwabo okungokwengqondo. Isampula eku-inthanethi yezivakashi zabantu abadala baseJalimane eziya endaweni ethandwayo yokuphola engavamile igcwalise i-OPDQ, i-Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), futhi inikeze ulwazi mayelana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-intanethi (n = 1539; 72.6% abesilisa; 31.43 ± 11.96 iminyaka). T-amaphuzu e-BSI abalwe futhi azimele t-ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ukuze kuqhathaniswe abasebenzisi abavamile nabathengi abazibona benenkinga yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi. Kubasebenzisi, u-5.9% ugcwalise imibandela yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga. Leli qembu lisebenzise izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi isikhathi eside futhi libonise amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kwengqondo (Hedges' g kusuka ku-0.75 kuye ku-1.21). I T-abasebenzisi abaningi abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi abazibona beyinkinga bafinyelele amazinga ahambisana nomtholampilo kuwo wonke ama-subscales. Sekukonke, imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukuzicabangela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi kubonakala kuxhunyaniswa nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo okungase kwenze ukunakwa komtholampilo.
Isingeniso
Kusukela kufakwe i-Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) enguqulweni yesihlanu ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) “njengesimo sokufunda okwengeziwe” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), kube nentshisekelo ekhulayo ezindaweni ezithile ezahlukahlukene zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi ezingase zifaneleke ngokomtholampilo. Enye yalezi zindawo ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi (OP). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi zingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuyinto esabalele emphakathini waseNtshonalanga (Short et al., 2012). Lokhu kubonakala yiqiniso lokuthi enye yamawebhusayithi e-OP aziwa kakhulu—i-Pornhub—ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalombili evakashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngokuvakasha okuyizigidigidi ezingama-33.5 ngo-2018 (Pornhub, 2018; I-SimilarWeb, 2018). Ngomfanekiso, lokhu kuhambisana namahithi acishe abe yizigidi ezingu-92 ngosuku, acishe alingane nenani labantu elihlangene lase-Australia, eCanada, naseVenezuela. Sekukonke, kunamawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi ezine ohlwini lwamawebhusayithi angama-20 avakashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke (SimilarWeb, 2018).
Kubasebenzisi abaningi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP akunankinga futhi ngisho neminye imiphumela emihle iye yabonwa (Litras et al., 2015; McKee, 2007; Okufushane et al., 2012). Noma kunjalo, engxenyeni encane yabasebenzisi ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP kubonakala kuyinkinga (Short et al., 2012; I-Wéry neBillieux, 2017). Njengoba zingekho izindlela ezimisiwe zokuchaza ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga, akukabikho isivumelwano phakathi kwabacwaningi ngokuthi yini ehambisana ncamashi nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga (Duffy et al., 2016; Sniewski et al., 2018). Kukhona, nokho ukuvumelana kokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-OP kungaba inkinga futhi, ekubuyekezweni kwabo okuhlelekile, u-Duffy et al. (2016) ihlonze izici ezintathu eziphindelelayo ezincazelweni zokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga: ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-OP, imiphumela engemihle noma ukonakala kokusebenza, kanye nokunciphisa ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP.
Ngenxa yemibandela yokuxilonga engahambisani kanye nenqwaba yamathuluzi okuxilonga ahlukene, kunzima ukunikeza ulwazi olunembile ngokusabalala kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lezifundo lisebenzise amasampula alula ukuphenya ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Ngakho-ke, amazinga okuvama okubikiwe ahluka phakathi kuka-0.7 no-9.8% (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017; Bőthe et al., 2018; Najavits et al., 2014; URoss et al., 2012). Njengamanje, ucwaningo lukaRissel et al. (2017) ihlaziye isampula elimele izwe lonke (Australia: n = 20,094). Bathole amazinga okuvama kwawo angu-1.2% kwabesifazane no-4.4% kwabesilisa. Ezifundweni eziningi, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kuvame izikhathi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane (Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi kubonakala kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa abangashadile abancane, abafundile (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; de Alarcón et al., 2019; I-Wéry neBillieux, 2017). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kungenzeka ngenxa yamasampula afanele (= amasampula abafundi) ahlaziywa futhi awakwazi ukwenziwa jikelele (Wéry & Billieux, 2017).
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP kuxhunyaniswe nenani lezinkinga ezahlukahlukene. Abathengi abanenkinga yokusebenzisa i-OP babika ubunzima bemizwa (Allen et al., 2017; Okufushane et al., 2012), njengemizwa yokuhlazeka nomuzwa wecala, kanye nokwanda kwemizwa yokungafaneleki, ukukhathazeka, nolaka (Duffy et al., 2016; Kingston et al., 2008; Sniewski et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kuhlotshaniswa nobudlelwano nezinkinga zabantu, njengezingxabano, ukuqamba amanga, noma ukuzihlukanisa nomphakathi (Allen et al., 2017; UDuffy et al., 2016; Levin et al., 2012; I-Wéry neBillieux, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nezinkinga zemfundo noma zobuchwepheshe (Duffy et al., 2016; URoss et al., 2012; I-Wéry neBillieux, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala kunobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP kanye nezimpawu ze-psychopathological. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimpawu zokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ingcindezi, ukulahlekelwa ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukuzethemba okuphansi, kanye nokuncipha kwenhlalakahle ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo (Duffy et al., 2016; Kor et al., 2014; Sniewski et al., 2018; Young, 2008). Lokhu kufakazelwa nayizifundo endaweni yokuziphatha okuphoqelekile kocansi okugxile ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi: Baphinde babika ukuthi abasebenzisi abahlangabezana nenqubo yokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile bavame ukuhlushwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufana nemizwa, ukukhathazeka, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa. , ukulawula umfutho, noma ukuphazamiseka kobuntu (Kraus et al., 2015, 2016; Raymond et al., 2003). Grubbs et al., (2015a) benze ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside ngokulandela konyaka owodwa lapho bahlola khona ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Ukuthola kwabo kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP kuyisibikezelo sokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Lesi sixhumanisi sigcizelela ukubaluleka komtholampilo kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP. Nokho, kufanele kucatshangelwe imikhawulo emibili emikhulu lapho kucatshangelwa lokhu okutholwe ngaphambilini. Okokuqala, lezi zifundo ziyizifundo ezihlukene—ngaphandle kokukodwa, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukuthola iziphetho mayelana nobudlelwano bembangela. I-OP ingase ibe imbangela yenkinga ehlotshaniswa nayo, kodwa vele kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP okuyinkinga kuyisu lokubhekana nokubhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo kanye/noma ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP nokucindezeleka kwengqondo kulawulwa ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ( U-Wéry et al., 2020) noma ibuyela emuva entweni evamile. Perry (2018) ikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi ngisho nesikhathi esiphansi sokusetshenziswa kwe-OP sihlotshaniswa nezimpawu zokucindezeleka uma abasebenzisi behlangabezana nokungahambisani nokuziphatha. Kubasebenzisi abangazwani nokungahambisani nokuziphatha, izikhathi zokusetshenziswa eziphezulu kuphela ezihlotshaniswe nezimpawu zokucindezeleka, ezingase zibonise imbangela ehlehlayo, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP njengesu lokubhekana nakho. Okwesibili, inani lezifundo eziphenya ubudlelwano bokusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwe-OP nokucindezeleka kwengqondo lisalinganiselwe kakhulu futhi izifundo ezisebenzisa ukuhlola okumiselwe ngokuqinile ziyadingeka.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi abasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-OP abazibona beyinkinga bahluke kangakanani kubasebenzisi abavamile, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokucindezeleka kwabo kwengqondo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, azikho izindlela ezimisiwe ezikhona njengamanje zokukhomba ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP. Ngakho-ke, kulolu cwaningo sisebenzisa uhlu lwemibuzo olusebenzisa indlela esemthethweni ye-DSM-5 ye-IGD ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi—i-Online Pornography Disorder Questionnaire (OPDQ; (Mennig et al., 2020; UPetry et al., 2014). Njengoba lolu hlu lwemibuzo luyithuluzi lokuzibika lona kanye nokuhlolwa kobunzima benkinga eshiywe ngokukhethekile kwabaphendulayo, sibheka igama elithi “ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP okuzibona ngokwakho” (ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP) njengefaneleka kakhulu kunokuthi “i-OP eyinkinga. sebenzisa” ngakho-ke sizosebenzisa leli gama esifundweni sethu. Kuleli qophelo, kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-IGD nokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP akufani, ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela efanayo akusebenzi. Lona umbuzo obalulekile odinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Siphakamisa ukusebenzisa indlela ye-IGD njengesiqalo socwaningo olunjalo ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo. Abacwaningi abaningi bagxeka ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwe-DSM-5 "I-Internet Gaming Disorder" kucace kakhulu futhi esikhundleni salokho kukhuthaza ukusebenzisa umqondo ojwayelekile "wokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga" ohlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi (okubandakanya i-OP) (Vimba, 2008; Potenza, 2014; Uthando et al., 2015). Kodwa-ke, maqondana necala elithile lokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP, abacwaningi abaningi bathi kufanele kubhekwe njengesifo esithile sokusebenzisa i-inthanethi (Brand et al., 2016; U-Garcia & Thibaut, 2010; Kuss et al., 2014; I-Laier & Brand, 2014). Lesi siphakamiso sibonakala sinengqondo, njengoba kunokufana okukhulu kwe-etiological phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwemidlalo yekhompyutha (IGD) kanye nezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi. Kokubili lokhu kuziphatha kuvame ukuhlukaniswa njengokulutha kokuziphatha nakumodeli wabo we-I-PACE uBrand et al. (2016) i-postulate, ukuthi izindlela ezihilelekile ekuveleni nasekugcinweni kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi—kungaba imidlalo yekhompyutha noma izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi—zifana kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala kuzwakala kunengqondo ukucabangela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP ohlakeni lokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa ngendlela esesivele iphenywe kahle kumongo wesinye isifo esithile sokusebenzisa i-Intanethi (IGD). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi indlela ye-IGD ihambisana kahle nezici ezichaza ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP ekhishwe uDuffy kanye nozakwabo ekubuyekezweni kwabo okuhlelekile (2016) futhi isekela ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-IGD.
Indlela
Abahlanganyeli kanye nenqubo
Idatha iqoqwe ngohlolo lwe-inthanethi (Okthoba 2017–Januwari 2018). Isixhumanisi sohlu lwemibuzo sithunyelwe ezingosini ze-inthanethi ezahlukahlukene (isb, i-reddit), amaqembu e-Facebook, izinhlu zamakheli, kanye nesizindalwazi esidumile saseJalimane sokuphola nje okungajwayelekile (poppen.de). Abahlanganyeli bangawina ivawusha yesipho eyodwa kwamahlanu esitolo esiku-inthanethi esidumile (inani: €20 lilinye). Ababambiqhaza bafakiwe uma benikeza imvume yokwaziswa, beneminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu, babika ulimi lwabo lwendabuko njengesiJalimane, futhi ukusebenzisa kwabo i-OP okungenani kube ngu-1% wesamba sabo sonke sesikhathi abaku-inthanethi.
Inqubo yokufaka igcwaliswe ngabahlanganyeli abangu-2443. Kulaba, abangu-904 (36.27%) kwadingeka bakhishwe: 839 ngoba babenedatha elahlekile ye-OPDQ, 9 ngoba babenedatha elahlekile ye-Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; ngaphansi kwezinto ezingu-40 kwezingu-53), 37 ngoba behlulekile hlinzeka ngolwazi olubucayi (isb, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kweseshini ye-OP: 72 h), ayisishiyagalombili ngenxa yamazwana aphakamisa ukuthi idatha yawo yayichemile (isb., amanani aphezulu e-BSI ngenxa yokushona komngane oseduze, njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni sokuphawula ekupheleni kwenhlolovo), kanye nabangu-11 ngenxa yokuthi babenesikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo esingenangqondo (2 SDs ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sesikhathi). Ekugcineni, idatha yabahlanganyeli be-1539 yahlaziywa. Ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela ehlelekile yokuyeka, ababambiqhaza abaqede i-OPDQ nalabo abanqamule ukubamba iqhaza kwabo ngaphambi kwayo baqhathaniswe kusetshenziswa ukuzimela. t-ivivinyo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala lolu cwaningo, kutholwe ukugunyazwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ebhodini lendawo lokubuyekeza langaphakathi. Abahlanganyeli baziswe ngocwaningo; baqinisekise ukuthi bangaphezu kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala futhi banikeza imvume enolwazi ngokuchofoza inkinobho yokuvuma ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele inhlolovo. Yonke idatha iqoqwe ngokungaziwa.
Izindlela
Ulwazi lwe-Sociodemographic
Ulwazi oluphathelene nobulili, ubudala, izinga lemfundo, kanye nesimo sokuqashwa nesimo sobudlelwane kwaqoqwa.
Ulwazi Mayelana Nokusetshenziswa Okujwayelekile Nokuqondile Kwe-inthanethi
Abahlanganyeli babike ukuthi singakanani isikhathi (amahora) abasichitha ku-inthanethi evikini elijwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikeze ulwazi oluthile mayelana nokusebenzisa kwabo i-OP, njengokuthi hlobo luni lwe-OP abayisebenzisayo nokuthi bayisebenzisa isikhathi esingakanani (amahora/isonto).
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinkinga
Ukuthambekela kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-OPDQ. I-OPDQ inguqulo Yohlu Lwemibuzo Lwezinkinga Zemidlalo Ye-inthanethi (IGDQ; Petry et al., 2014) eyashintshwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP (Mennig et al., 2020) futhi iqukethe izinto eziyisishiyagalolunye, enefomethi yokuphendula ehlukene ethi “cha” (0) kanye “yebo” (1). Izinto zenziwe ngendlela ye-DSM-5 ye-IGD futhi amaphuzu aphelele abalwa ngokwengeza izimpendulo (ububanzi bamaphuzu: 0–9). Kuhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala lwe-IGD, amaphuzu angu-≥ 5 achazwe njengesinqamuleli ngenhla lapho ummangalelwa athathwa njengokugcwalisa inqubo ye-DSM-5 ye-IGD. Ukuze uyivumelanise nokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP, izinkomba ezintweni zokudlala zathathelwa indawo yizinkomba ze-OP. Into eyisibonelo ithi: “Ingabe unomuzwa wokuthi kufanele uchithe isikhathi esincane ubukele i-OP kodwa awukwazi ukunciphisa isikhathi osichitha ubuka i-OP?”. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwengqondo kubonise ukuthi leli ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlola okusekelwe kuhlu lwemibuzo lokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP (Mennig et al., 2020). I-OPDG ibonise ukuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi no-ωukugcotshwa = 0.88. Ekuhlaziyweni kwesici sokuhlola, isici esisodwa sakhishwa futhi lo mphumela waqinisekiswa ukuhlaziya isici sokuqinisekisa. Lokhu kuthola kubonisa ukufaneleka kokwakha. Iqiniso lokuthi izikolo ze-OPDGQ zazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezikolo zenguqulo eguquliwe ye-Short Internet Addiction Test (okokuqala: Intsha, 1998; Inguqulo yesiJalimane: Pawlikowski et al., 2013) eklanyelwe ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga, noma kithi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP, kuyinkomba yokufaneleka kokuguquguquka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholwe ukuthi abasebenzisi abeqa isinqamuleli sokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga babenezikhathi ezinde zokusetshenziswa kwe-OP. Lokhu okutholiwe kusekela ukufaneleka kombandela wethuluzi.
Okumfishane kwezimpawu zezimpawu
Inguqulo yesiJalimane eqinisekisiwe ye-BSI yasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukucindezeleka okucatshangwayo okungokwengqondo kwabahlanganyeli (i-Derogatis, 1993; Franke, 2000). I-BSI iqukethe izitatimende ezingama-53 ezibuza ngokusebenza kwengqondo komhlanganyeli evikini eledlule. Izinto ziphendulwa ngesilinganiso samaphuzu angu-5 kusukela ku-0 (lutho neze) ku-4 (kakhulu) futhi bakhe izikali eziyisishiyagalolunye ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkomba yomhlaba wonke yokucindezeleka kwengqondo ingabalwa—okungukuthi, inkomba yobunzima bomhlaba wonke (GSI). I-GSI ihlanganisa inani lezimpawu nezinga lazo lokuqina. Amaphuzu ayo asukela ku-0 kuye ku-4 amaphuzu aphezulu akhombisa ukucindezeleka okukhulu. Kusampula yamanje, ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi (i-alpha ka-Cronbach) yesikali somhlaba kube ngu-α = 0.96. Amanani aluhlaza we-BSI angaguqulelwa abe T-amaphuzu kusetshenziswa imikhuba eqondene nocansi (uFranke, 2000). T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10) landela ukusatshalaliswa okuvamile, ukuze amaphuzu aphakathi kuka-40 no-60 athathwe njengesilinganiso (uMichel & Conrad, 1982). Ngokusho kukaDerogatis (1993), i-GSI T-amaphuzu angu-≥ 63 abonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kuhlobene ngokomtholampilo.
Ukuhlaziya Data
I-IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM SPSS Statistics) isetshenziswe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo. Ezizimele t ukuhlolwa (esimeni sokuhlukahluka okungalingani: ukuhlolwa kwe-Welch) kwenziwa ukuze kubonakale noma yimuphi umehluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi abavamile (isikolo se-OPDQ <5) kanye nabathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP (isikolo se-OPDQ ≥ 5). Lawa maqembu aqhathaniswe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (h/iviki), ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP (h/iviki) nokucindezeleka kwengqondo (imiphumela ye-BSI). Amanani aluhlaza e-BSI aguqulwa abe ajwayelekile T-amaphuzu kusetshenziswa amathebula ajwayelekile aqondene nocansi ukuze kubhekwe ukwehluka okuqondene nocansi kuzimpawu ezibikiwe ze-psychopathological (u-Franke, 2000). Lokhu kuvumela ukuqhathanisa imiphumela ye-BSI kumongo wokulinganisa T-ukusabalalisa, okusiza ukuhunyushwa nokuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela namanani abantu. Ngenxa yokuthi osayizi beqembu labathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP nabasebenzisi abavamile bahluka kakhulu, sibika amaHedges g (Sawilowsky, 2009) njengesilinganiso sosayizi womphumela. Imiphumela ye g = 0.20 ithathwa njengencane, g = 0.50 njengokuphakathi, kanye g = 0.80 enkulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iziqhathaniso eziningi zenziwe, ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni–Holm kwasetshenziswa ukuze kulawulwe izinga lamaphutha ahlakaniphile emndenini (Holm, 1979). Ukuhlola ubungozi bokuchema kwendlela evamile ka-Harman's Single Factor Score kubalwe (Harman, 1976; Podsakoff et al., 2003). Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokulayisha zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifanele zibe isici esisodwa ekuhlaziyweni kwesici sokuhlola bese sihlola isisombululo sesici esingashintshiwe. Umcabango oyisisekelo walokhu kuhlola ukuthi ukwehluka kwezindlela ezivamile kukhona lapho isici esisodwa sichaza okungaphezu kuka-50% kokuhluka (Podsakoff et al., 2003).
Imiphumela
Izibalo ezichazayo
Isampula yokugcina yayinabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abakhuluma isiJalimane abangu-1539 (72.6% abesilisa) phakathi kweminyaka engu-18 ne-76 (iminyaka engu-31.43 ± 12). Iningi lababambiqhaza liphothule imfundo yezinga lesibili (42.3%) noma iziqu zasenyuvesi (35.8%). Cishe isigamu sabahlanganyeli bebesothandweni (47.7%). Indlela edume kakhulu ye-OP bekungamavidiyo (54.5%), alandelwa yizithombe (35.8%). Ukuze uthole imininingwane bheka Ithebula AIthebula11.
Ithebula 1
Idatha yezibalo zabahlanganyeli
| M or n | SD noma % | |
|---|---|---|
| Ubudala | 31.43 | 11.96 |
| Sex | 1118a| 421b | 72.6a| 27.4b |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (h/iviki) | 22.31 | 15.56 |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ku-inthanethi (h/iviki) | 3.17 | 5.11 |
| Isimo sobudlelwane | ||
| Single | 717 | 46.6 |
| Nginothize engithandananaye | 735 | 47.7 |
| Alukho ulwazi olunikeziwe | 87 | 5.7 |
| Imfundo | ||
| Asikho isitifiketi sesikole | 3 | 0.2 |
| Isitifiketi samabanga aphakeme | 334 | 21.7 |
| Amazinga A | 651 | 42.3 |
| Isitshudeni saseNyuvesi | 551 | 35.8 |
| Uhlobo lwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi | ||
| Amavidiyo | 838 | 54.5 |
| Isithombe | 551 | 35.8 |
| Webcam | 145 | 9.4 |
| Izincwajana zemininingwane | 5 | 0.3 |
n = 1539
aMen
bAbesifazane
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuyeka
Abahlanganyeli abayeke ukuhlanganyela kwabo ngaphambi kwe-OPDQ basebancane [M = 31.5 ± 11.7 iminyaka vs. M = 32.7 ± 12.5 iminyaka, d = 0.09; (t (1856) = 1.97, p < .05)] futhi ibe nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa eziphezulu ze-OP [M = 4.96 ± 2.28 h vs. M = 4.06 ± 2.10 h, d = 0.11; (t (893) = 2.12, p < .05)] kunalabo abawuqedile.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwabasebenzisi Abavamile Nabathengi Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP
Abahlanganyeli babe nesilinganiso esimaphakathi se-OPDQ se-1.4 ± 1.7, nabahlanganyeli abangu-91 (5.9%) abafinyelela amaphuzu we-OPDQ amaphuzu amahlanu noma ngaphezulu (= ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP); iningi lalaba kwakungamadoda (n = 80; 87.9%). Kwabesilisa, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP bekungu-7.15%, kwabesifazane 2.61% (χ2 (1) = 11.35, p < .001). Kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu mayelana nobudala (t (1537) = 1.04, p = .29), imfundo (χ2 (6) = 2.24, p = .89), kanye nesimo sobudlelwano (χ2 (3) = 2.39, p = .49).
I-inthanethi nokusebenzisa i-OP
Abathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP bachitha isikhathi esiningi ku-inthanethi ngokujwayelekile (M = 24.46 h ± 18.08 vs. M = 22.05 h ± 15.37) kanye naku-OP (M = 7.85 h ± 10.05 vs. M = 2.89 h ± 4.49). Kokubili umehluko bekubalulekile [Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi: t (98.35) = 2.28, p <.05, g = 0.28 | Ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP: t (92.27) = 4.42, p <.001, g = 0.94].
Ukucindezeleka Kwengqondo
Abathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP bathole amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izigatshana ze-BSI (p < .01 kuzo zonke izimo). Babonise amazinga aphezulu e-somatization (t (97.09) = 5.59,g = 0.75), ukuziphatha okuphoqelelayo (t (104.86) = 12.16,g = 1.21), ukuzwela phakathi kwabantu (t (1537) = 9.19,g = 0.99), ukudangala (t (1537) = 10.18,g = 1.10), ukukhathazeka (t (96.77) = 6.87,g = 0.94), ubutha (t (1537) = 8.29, g = 0.89), ukukhathazeka kwe-phobic (t (96.79) = 7.59, g = 1.04), umbono we-paranoid (t (1537) = 8.67, g = 0.94), kanye ne-psychoticism (t (1537) = 10.18, g = 1.10), okuholela ezingeni eliphezulu jikelele lokucindezeleka kwengqondo (t (1537) = 10.32, g = 1.12). Bheka Fig. 1.
Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kwabathengi abasebenzisa inkinga ye-OP kanye nabasebenzisi abavamile (wonke umehluko ubalulekile, p < .01; ukuchanyuselwa okumpunga kubonisa indawo lapho umphumela wokuhlolwa ubhekwa njengesilinganiso; amabha wamaphutha (iphutha elijwayelekile) okusetshenziswa nje okungajwayelekile alandelana ngosayizi wephuzu legrafu)
I-Single Factor Score ka-Harman
Ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuhlola esingashintshiwe nakho konke okuguquguqukayo okuhambisanayo okulayishwayo endaweni eyodwa kuchaze u-31.4% wokwehluka okuphelele, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulume ngokumelene nokuchema kwezindlela ezivamile.
Ingxoxo
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, isampula yabasebenzisi be-1539 OP yahlolwa mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP, ukuziphatha okujwayelekile kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, izici zenhlalo yabantu, nokucindezeleka kwengqondo.
Ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP bekungu-5.9%. Nakuba ukuqhathanisa amazinga okuvama kunzima ngenxa yamathuluzi okuxilonga ahlukene asetshenziswayo, lo mphumela uqhathaniswa nezinye izifundo. Daneback et al. (2006) babike izinga lokuvama elingu-5.6% ocwaningweni lwabo lwabantu abadala base-Swedish. Ocwaningweni lwabantu abadala base-Hungary, u-3.6% wabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abahlanganyeli bebengabeqembu "elisengcupheni", elicishe lihambisane nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga (Bőthe et al., 2018). Ngokuklama kwayo, isifundo samanje bekungelona ucwaningo lokusabalala. Abahlanganyeli baqashwe ngamabomu ukuze kufakwe inombolo enhle yabasebenzisi abazibona beyinkinga ngokusebenzisa isayithi yokuphola engavakashelwa kakhulu abantu okungenzeka futhi bavumele amazinga ayinkinga we-OP. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP bekuvame kakhulu kwabesilisa kunakwabesifazane. Lokhu okutholakele kubikwe kahle futhi kutholakala kuzo zonke izifundo ezihlobene (isb, uDaneback et al., 2006; U-Giordano noCashwell, 2017; URoss et al., 2012). Ngokuphambene nezinye izifundo, asitholanga mehluko phakathi kwabathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP nabasebenzisi abavamile mayelana neminyaka, imfundo, nesimo sobudlelwane (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; Daneback et al., 2006; URoss et al., 2012).
Abahlanganyeli abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP abagcini nje ngokuchitha isikhathi esiningi be-inthanethi ngokujwayelekile, kodwa basebenzise i-OP eyengeziwe ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela ye-Bőthe et al. (2018) (r = .14, p < .1), Grubbs and et al., (I-2015b) (r = .19, p < .01) kanye neBrand et al. (2011) (r = .20, p > .05) bonke abathole ukuhlobana okuncane okuhle phakathi kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP, nakuba kuncike kusayizi wesampula ukuthi bafinyelela ukubaluleka yini. Ngakho-ke, ukuchaza ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-OP kuphela ngesisekelo sesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-OP akulungile.
Kuze kube manje umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP nabasebenzisi abavamile watholwa maqondana nokucindezeleka kwabo okungokwengqondo. Ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP bathole amaphuzu aphezulu kuwo wonke ama-subscale e-BSI, okubonisa ukuthi izinga labo lokucindezeleka kwengqondo laliphakeme ngokuphawulekayo kunelozakwabo. Umehluko ogqame kakhulu watholakala ekucindezelekeni kwe-subscales, ukuziphatha okuphoqelelayo, kanye ne-psychoticism. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP nokudangala kungesinye sezifundo ezicwaningwe kakhulu ezincwadini futhi kwaqinisekiswa kulolu cwaningo olunezinqubo zokuxilonga ezijwayelekile kanye nesampula enkulu (Grubbs, et al., 2015a; Philaretou et al., 2005; I-Wéry neBillieux, 2017). Izibalo eziphakeme zabahlanganyeli abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP ku-subscales obsessive-compulsive behavior and psychoticism ingase ithonywe umehluko wezinto zobuntu ezixhunyaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwe-OP okuyinkinga. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubike ukuhlobana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga (okubandakanya i-OP) kanye namazinga aphezulu wokuthatheka kanye ne-neuroticism (Antons & Brand, 2018; UHardie noTee, 2007; UMüller et al., 2014a, I-2014b; Wang et al., 2015). Lezi zici zobuntu kubikwe ukuthi zihlobene ne-BSI subscales obsessive-compulsive behavior (impulsivity) kanye ne-psychoticism (neuroticism) (Grassi et al., 2015; Loutsious-Ladd et al., 2008). Ukuqinisekisa kwalolu cwaningo ukuthi abathengi abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP kukhombisa izinga eliphezulu lonke lokucindezeleka kwengqondo kuqinisa imibiko ekhona. AmaGrubbs nozakwabo (Grubbs et al., 2015a, I-2015b) wenze izifundo ezimbili ezihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokuzicabangela wena ukuthi umlutha we-OP kanye nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Kuzo zombili izifundo, bathole ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okucatshangwa ukuthi umlutha we-OP axhumene nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Esifundweni sabo se-longitudinal (Grubbs et al., 2015a), ubudlelwano bahlala bubalulekile ngisho nalapho belawula okunye okuhlukile njengokucindezeleka kwengqondo okuyisisekelo noma isikhathi sokusebenzisa se-OP. Ekuhlaziyeni kwabo isampula labafuna ukwelashwa kokuluthwa yi-inthanethi (okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwe-OP), uMüller et al., (2014a, I-2014b) kuqhathanise ababambiqhaza abahlangabezane nenqubo yokuluthwa yi-inthanethi nalabo abangazange babhekane nokucindezeleka kwabo okungokwengqondo. Baphinde bathola ukuthi ukulutha kwe-inthanethi kwakuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kwengqondo (GSI: 0.83 vs 0.35, p < .001). Ngokuphambene nocwaningo lwethu, uMüller et al., (2014a, I-2014b) ihlaziye isampula ebanzi yeziguli ezinomlutha we-inthanethi (okufaka phakathi imidlalo ye-inthanethi noma izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu). Ngenxa yokuthi sigxile kuphela kubasebenzisi be-OP, imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu isivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuqondile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP. Ucwaningo endaweni yocwaningo mayelana nokulutha kwezocansi noma ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile ngokufanayo zithole ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okunezinkinga kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kanye nokwanda kokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Esifundweni se-inthanethi, u-Kor et al. (2014) ithole ukuthi amaphuzu amaningi ohlu lwemibuzo ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi ayehlotshaniswa kahle nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Baphinde basebenzisa i-BSI ukuze babambe ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kwabahlanganyeli futhi-ngokuhambisana nemiphumela yethu-bathola ukuhlobana phakathi r = .18 (i-somatization) kanye r = .27 (i-psychoticism). Kwesinye isifundo esithakazelisayo esinesampula yomtholampilo, u-Kraus et al. (2015) kuhlolwe amadoda angu-103 afuna ukwelashwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyimpoqo kanye/noma ukuziphatha okuxekethile ngokobulili. Bathole ukuthi iningi labahlanganyeli alizange libe nenkinga kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, kodwa futhi lihlangabezane nemibandela yalezi zifo zengqondo ezilandelayo: imizwa (71%), ukukhathazeka (40%), ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (41%), kanye nokuphazamiseka kokulawula umfutho (24%).
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP abagcinanga nje ngokuba namanani aphezulu e-BSI kunabasebenzisi abavamile, kodwa imiphumela yabo eminingi iphakanyiselwe kwidigri ehlobene nomtholampilo elinganiswa nenkambiso yabantu ye-BSI. I T-amaphuzu e-GSI yabo kanye nemiphumela yabo ezilinganisweni zokuziphatha okuphoqelelayo-okuphoqelelayo, ukuzwela komuntu siqu, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka kwe-phobic, i-paranoid idea, kanye ne-psychoticism yayingu-≥ 63. Ikakhulukazi, amaphuzu e-GSI T = 68 (inani elingahluziwe: GSI = 1.12) iyamangalisa, ngoba lokhu kuhambisana nezinga lephesenti elingu-96%, okusho ukuthi u-96% weqembu elivamile uthole amaphuzu aphansi. Amaphuzu aphezulu kangako avame ukutholwa kuphela abantu abanezinkinga zengqondo (Kellett et al., 2003). Wieland et al. (2012) ihlaziye isampula yeziguli ezilaliswa ngengqondo ezinokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Iqembu elincane eliphinde lahlangabezana nemibandela ye-DSM-4 yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo lithole inani eliphelele le-BSI le-GSI = 1.10. Ngokuphambene, amanani e-BSI wabasebenzisi abavamile wonke abengaphakathi kwebanga lenkambiso yabantu ephakathi T = 40–60. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi ngokwako akunankinga, kuyilapho abantu abasebenzisa i-SPP-OP babecindezeleke kakhulu ngokwengqondo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lolu kuwucwaningo oluhlukene, asikwazi ukwenza izitatimende ezinokwethenjelwa mayelana nembangela yobudlelwano. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kungaholela ezinkingeni (isb, ukuhoxa emphakathini), okungase kuholele ekucindezelekeni kwengqondo. Grubbs et al., (2015a, I-2015b) wenze ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside futhi wathola ukuthi ukuzicabangela umlutha we-OP kubikezele ukucindezeleka kwengqondo. Ubudlelwano bahlala bubalulekile ngisho nalapho belawula okunye okuhlukile njengokucindezeleka kwengqondo okuyisisekelo noma isikhathi sokusebenzisa se-OP. Le miphumela isungula uhlelo oluthile lwesikhashana. Njengoba ukwendulela kwesikhashana kuyisimo esidingekayo sembangela, lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nombono wokuthi ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SPP-OP. Kodwa-ke, akusona isimo esanele ngakho-ke akukho ncazelo eqondile yembangela yobudlelwano evumelekile, njengoba okunye okuhlukile okubalulekile, nokho okungakalinganiswa kwesithathu kungase kubangele inhlangano. Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kokubili kungase kube imiphumela yesizathu esivamile, njengokushiyeka ezinqubweni zokuzilawula ngokomzwelo nezokuqonda, ubunzima bokuqala noma ezinye izici zokuxilonga (Gershon et al., 2013; Sheppes et al., 2015). Ekuhlangenwe nakho komtholampilo, ngokuvamile, lezi zindlela ezihlukene eziyimbangela zihlala ndawonye futhi ziyasebenzisana. Njengoba sekushiwo esingenisweni, kuyabonakala futhi ukuthi kukhona i-reverse causality. Ngamanye amazwi, i-SPP-OP ingase ibe ukusabela ekucindezelekeni okukhona kakade okungokwengqondo. Kulokhu, i-SPP-OP izoba isu lokubhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo.
Amandla nokulinganiselwa
Phakathi kwamandla ocwaningo lwamanje isampula enkulu kasayizi wabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ababuthiwe, ukuzimisela kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kusetshenziswa imibandela efana nenqubo ye-DSM-5 ye-IGD, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-BSI. T-amaphuzu enze kube lula ukuqhathanisa okunengqondo nezinkambiso zabantu.
Ukuchazwa kwemiphumela kufanele kucabangele ukulinganiselwa kocwaningo, njengokuklama kwalo okuphambene okuvimbela noma yiziphi iziqondiso eziyimbangela, imvelo yokuzikhethela yesampula, kanye nokusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwezinyathelo zokuzibika.
Isiphetho
Sekukonke, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kuxhumene nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo. Siyaqaphela ukuba khona kweqembu elihlupheka ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP kanye nezimpawu eziphakeme ze-psychopathological kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sokwelashwa, kungase kube usizo ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-OP, njengoba ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kungase kube isici esiqhubekayo sokucindezeleka kwengqondo okukhona futhi kungase kube inkinga enkulu, edinga ukuqwashisa futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukunakwa komtholampilo. Uma umuntu ebheka ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-OP kungenye yemisebenzi edume kakhulu eku-inthanethi eyenziwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele ziqhubeke ziphenye ukuthi yini ubudlelwano obutholakala phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-SPP-OP nokucindezeleka kwengqondo ngemiklamo yokuhlola nelongitudinal.
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