Ukuvusa ngocansi kunganciphisa impendulo yemvelo yemvelo (2012)

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"Indoda, eyomanga umlomo wentombazane enhle, ingase ihlaselwe umqondo wokusebenzisa i-dots-brush." Sigmund Freud.

Ukuziphatha ngokocansi njengendlela yokuzala nokuzondwa njengendlela yokuzivikela, kokubili kukhona okuyisisekelo, imisebenzi eguquguqukayo, kodwa ubuhlobo babo buyingqayizivele futhi kungenzeka buvimbele. I-Disgust iye yaphikiswa ukuthi iguquke njengendlela yokuzivikela yokuvikela imvelo ekungcoleni kwangaphandle [1], [2]. Ngenxa yalokho, izitho ezisemqoka noma izingxenye zomzimba ezihilelekile kule ndlela yokuvikela ziyaziwa ukuthi zilele emngceleni womzimba. Ngakho-ke, umlomo kanye nesisindo kukhona phakathi kwezitho zomzimba ezibonisa ukuthi zizwela ukuzwela okukhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungena kwazo kanye nengozi ephezulu yokubona ukungcola [3]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho okushiwo ekuhlanganisweni ngokobulili kungokwemvelo (okungenani ngaphandle komongo) kubonakala ngokucacile ukubamba izimfanelo eziphakeme zokuzihlambalaza, ngamathe, ukujuluka, isilwane kanye namafutha emzimbeni afanelekayo phakathi kwalabo abaqine kakhulu [3]. Ngokusobala, ukuzonda kungase kubangele ukubaluleka kokusebenza ngokobulili okungasiza ekuchazeni izindlela ezibandakanyeka ekusebenzisaneni ngokocansi [4], [5].

Ukuthola ukuthi iningi lezinyanya eziqine kakhulu ezibandakanya ukulimaza kuhilelekile kwezocansi (isb., Umsizi, nokuthukumeza) angeke nje kusize ukuthi kuchaza ukuthi ukungazwani kungahileleka kanjani ekusebenziseni ngokocansi, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu wokuthi abantu baphumelela kanjani nhlobo ubulili obujabulisayo nhlobo. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi ukubandakanyeka ngokocansi kunciphisa okwesikhashana izakhiwo ezikhohlakeleyo ezikhuthaza izinto ezithile. Enye ingqondo ingase ibe ukuthi ukuzibandakanya ngokocansi kunganciphisa ukungabaza ukuzonda ukukhohlakala okwenza kube nzima. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kungashukumisela indlela yokuqhubeka yokuziphatha, naphezu kwezakhiwo ezingenakuguqulwa zenkampani. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lezi zindlela zombili zingasebenza ngekhonsathi. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu okushiwo ngenhla, enye inchazelo kungenzeka ukuthi izakhiwo ezikhohlakeleyo zezinkinga ezithile zingase zinciphise kalula (ie, habituate), lapho zivuswa ngokobulili ngenkathi zivezwa ngqo kulezi zenzo eziyinyanyekayo.

I-Germane kulokhu, ucwaningo olusanda kuhlolwa olwenziwe uphenyo ukuthi ngabe ukuvuvukala ngokocansi kunganciphisa ngempela izindawo ezizondayo zokubamba iqhaza kwabathintekayo besilisa. Ukuze kuvuselelwe ukuvota kocansi, iqembu lokuhlola lalibuke izithombe ezincane zesifazane. Laba bafundi besilisa base bevezwa uchungechunge lwezicansi ezihlobene nocansi ezihlobene nocansi ezingezona ezocansi ezithathwe ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene (okungukuthi, ezibukwayo, ezithintekayo, ezibucayi, nezokubhaliwe). Isibonelo njengabantu abathintekayo, abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuthi bafake isandla sabo esiphezulu ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa okuncane (ngakho okuqukethwe akubonakali) ebhakedini elinamakhondomu amane afakwe lubisi (ukuxhumene ngokobulili) noma i-pea ebandayo nesobho (ham) ) ngenkathi amaconsi abo evinjiwe ngamapulagi we-cotton we-cotton ukuvimbela ukucabanga kwanoma yikuphi iphunga elifanele. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abahlanganyeli eqenjini lokuhlola ngokwehluleka babika ukuthi bancibilike kakhulu yizocansi ezizihlambalaza eziphathelene nokucansi kunabalingani ezimweni zokulawula abangazange bavuke ngokocansi [6]. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ucwaningo olwenziwe ngokubambisana lubonise ukuthi bobabili amadoda nabesifazane babika kancane ukuzonda ngemuva kokubuka ifilimu ekhulayo lapho bevuswa kakhulu ngokocansi [7]. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukugqugquzela ngokocansi kungaphazamisa izahlulelo mayelana nengozi yokuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, futhi ukuvuswa kocansi kuboniswe ukuthi kunethonya elinamandla ekuthathweni kwezinqumo [8]. Ngomqondo ofanayo kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amadoda lapho kuvuswa ngokocansi abike ukuthi bazocabangela ukulala ocansini nowesifazane onamafutha kakhulu, okungafani nokucabanga kwabo nokubikwa lapho bengabanjwanga ngokocansi [9]. Ngakho-ke umuntu angaphikisana ngokuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kunganciphisa zonke izinhlobo zezindlela ezingasebenza ngendlela yokugwema izindlela ezithile zokuziphatha kocansi noma okugqugquzelayo - kungaba ukuzonda okujwayelekile, imingcele yokuziphatha (isib. Ukuya ocansini nomuntu oneminyaka eyi-12) noma ingozi yokungcola (isib. , ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu). Ngakho-ke, ukuvuswa kocansi kungathinta izindlela ezivame ukusiza abantu ukuthi bagweme izinto ezithile (ezinyanyekayo).

Nakuba ukutholakala kwangaphambilini kubonakala sengathi kwacaca ukuthi kungani abantu besasondela ekuziphatheni okwehlukile futhi bahlanganyela ocansini, kuze kube manje lezi zitholakele zivinjelwe imizwa yokuziphendulela noma iziphakamiso zokuzibika mayelana nezimo ezicatshangelwe [6]-[9]. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi uqhubeke uphenyo ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi okuhloswe ngokuhlola akuphumelelanga kuphela ekunciphiseni ukukhohlakala okubikwa ngamabomu kodwa futhi nokuzimisela kwabantu ukubhekana nalokho okuyizinto eziqalekisayo zokuqala. Impendulo yokugwema ibalulekile ngoba ukunganaki kungadala ibanga kusuka ekuhlakheni okuyizinengiso futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise ukuziphatha kocansi. Kungaba kuhle ukuthi ukuziphatha kuhlanjululwe ukuvuswa kobulili futhi ngenxa yalokho kubuthakathaka ukuthambekela kokugwema. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunciphisa ukuzithokozisa ngokweqile esimweni socansi noma ukuhlangana ngokocansi kungalandelwa nje ngokuxhumana nomfutho othile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lokhu okutholwe ngaphambilini mayelana nomthelela wokuvuthwa ngokocansi ezakhiweni ezikhohlakeleyo zesimo esithile socansi kwakuvinjelwe kakhulu kumadoda [6]. Njengoba kunikezwe indima yokuhlukahluka kwemvelo yabesilisa nabesifazane, ubuzwe besifazane obuphakeme obuphezulu [10], [11] kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabo ngaphezulu [12], kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuphenya ukuthi lezi zifunyenwe nazo zinamandla esampula yasesimweni. Ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje senzelwe ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe besifazane futhi ukufakelwa kokuvuthwa ngokobulili kungakwenyanya yini ukulahla ekuphenduleni isenzo sezinhlamba ezihlobene nocansi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, asihlolanga kuphela ithonya lokuvusa ngocansi emicabangweni yokuzihlonipha kodwa futhi sihlolwe ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kungenza kube lula indlela abahlanganyeli abayoyenza ekukhokheni izinyathelo ezikhohlakeleyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi lokhu kuncishiswa kwezakhiwo ezilahlayo kuzobe kuvinjelwe kumfutho wezocansi noma kuzobe kubonisa isimo esivamile esisebenza ngokuzikhohlisa okujwayelekile, safaka phakathi inqubo evumayo evamile engabhekisi ngqo kwezocansi (okungukuthi, okungewona -Izixhumanisi ze-Sex).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufakazi obandulele bakhombise ukuthi ukuzonda akuyona imizwelo eyodwa kodwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezihlukile. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi imikhakha emine ehlukene yesenzo esiyingozi ingahlukaniswa, okuyinhloko, isilwane-isikhumbuzo, ukungcola nokuziphatha okubi [2], [13]. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuzonda kuvela ekudakiseni komlomo futhi sekuphelile isikhathi sokufaka ezinye izinhlelo zokuzivikela kanye nemingcele [13], [14]. Ngokulandelayo, ukuzondwa kubhekwa njengempendulo eyisisekelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyathelo ezingase zibonise ukungcola okungenamthetho futhi okungenzeka kube nezifo [13]. Ngakho-ke, sinqume ukufaka imisebenzi yokuziphatha ehambisana nesenzo esivela emagqumeni amane adonisayo ukuze kutholakale ukufihla okuphelele kwalokhu kuvezwa okuyisisekelo: ukungahlonishwa okuyisisekelo (isib. Udle ibhisikidi ngesibungu esiphilayo kuso), ukuziphatha okubi (isibonelo, gqoka ihembe of a pedophile, egqoke ngesikhathi sezocansi), isilwane-isikhumbuzo sinyanyekile (isib. bamba amathambo ezandleni zakho ezifweni ezifile) kanye nokungcola kuyakunqotshwa (isb., ukubeka izigqoko ezisetshenziselwa ukugqoka / isikhwama esikhwameni sokuhlanza) [15]. Silinganise izimpendulo ezithintekayo zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha kumongo walezi zinhlamvu ezine zokuzonda.

Ukuze uhlole uma ukuvusa ngokocansi kungacindezeli izakhiwo zokuzonda zenkambiso ethile, sasebenzisa ifilimu ehlukumezayo ukuze sikhuthaze ukuvuswa kobulili. Ukulawula ithonya lokuvusa okujabulisayo sasihlanganisa futhi ifilimu yokuvusa ifilimu (ukuvusa okuhle), kanti ifilimu yefilimu engathathi hlangothi yanezelwa ukuze isebenze njengesimo sokuqala

Indlela

Abahlanganyeli

Abafundi besifazane abanempilo (n = 90, iminyaka yobudala = 23.12; I-SD = i-1.99) yaqashwa e-University of Groningen nge-adversi ezindaweni zunivesithi. Ukuhlolwa kwabizwa njengesifundo 'sokuvusa amafilimu nemisebenzi yokuziphatha' futhi akukho okukhulunywa ngakho noma ukungcola noma ubulili okwenziwe ukuze unciphise ukukhethwa kokukhetha. Ukuhlolwa kwaqhutshwa nabo bonke abahlanganyeli ukuze bahlanganise abahlanganyeli abangenazo izidakamizwa zobulili njengoba khona izinkinga zocansi kungathinta ukuphendula kwabahlanganyeli. Bonke abahlanganyeli babika ukuphuza ngokweqile nokusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine kakhulu, futhi bonke benqabe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Bonke abahlanganyeli kulolu cwaningo babecansi kuphela. Kwakungekho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu (p> .08) emininingwaneni eminingana yezenhlalo (isib. Izikhalazo zemizwa, iminyaka, imfundo, isimo sobudlelwano, ukuxhumana ngokocansi okokugcina, nokusetshenziswa kokuvimbela inzalo).

Sicele abahlanganyeli abangakwazi ukuza ukuhlolwa ebhodini labasebenzi ngosuku oluzokhethwa ngalo ohlelweni lwethu lweyunivesithi yangaphakathi olusetshenziselwa ukuqashwa kwabafundi enyuvesi. Sinikeze abahlanganyeli ngolwazi olumisiwe mayelana nesimo sesifundo. Wonke umuntu onamandla angafuna ukubamba iqhaza esifundweni ngemuva kokufunda ulwazi. Ngemva kwalokho sasike sabalalisa bonke abahlanganyeli kwelinye lamaqembu alandelayo we-3: ukuvuswa ngocansi, ukuvuselwa okuhle kanye neqembu elingathathi hlangothi. Ngamanye amaqembu amathathu ahlanganisa abahlanganyeli be-30.

I-Mood Induction Material ye-Stimuli

Isikhuthazo sokungeniswa kwemizwa sasiqukethe amafilimu ama-3 ayesetshenziswa phakathi kokuklanywa kwezihloko: i) i-erotica enobungani yabesifazane ("de Gast" "nguChristine le Duc) eyakhethwa ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili; ii) isiqeshana sezemidlalo / se-high-adrenalin arousal clip (isb. i-rafting / i-sky diving / intaba ekhuphukayo) esetshenziselwe ukukhuthaza ukuvusa ukulawula uhlobo olujwayelekile lokuvusa okuhle; kanye iii) nefilimu engathathi hlangothi equkethe ukugibela isitimela okuvezwe ezindaweni ezihlukile, njengesisekelo sokuqala noma isimo senkomba. Isiqeshana ngasinye sefilimu sasinesikhathi semizuzu engama-35. Lezi ziqeshana zamafilimu ezimbili zokugcina zikhethwe yithimba locwaningo ngokwazo kusuka kokukhethiwe kwamafilimu atholakala emphakathini. Isiqeshana ngasinye sefilimu saqinisekiswa futhi kwahlolwa ngeqembu labafundi besifazane abangu-15 abangazange babambe iqhaza esifundweni sangempela. Amafilimu amathathu akhethiwe aphumelele ekuphakamiseni isimo esihlosiwe, Ithebula 1. Laba bafundi babheke amafilimu akhethiwe e-3 futhi babuzwa ukuthi balinganise ku-Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) ngobude be-cm 10, ukuthi bazizwa kanjani ukuthi ifilimu ifuna ukuvuthwa okujwayelekile (okuhle), nokuvuvukala ngokocansi okuvela ku-zero = hhayi nakancane ku-10 = kakhulu. Ithebula 1, kubonisa ukuhlolwa okuzithobayo kohlobo ngalunye lwe-stimulus ngobuningi bokuvusa nokuvusa ngocansi. Iphethini evamile yezilinganiso ezizithobayo zifakazela ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto zokuvuselela, Ithebula 1. Ukuze uhlole ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ngabe ifilimu ekhethiwe ikwazi yini ukwenza umzwelo ohlosiwe, sihlolisise ukufaniswa okuhambisanayo nokuhlola, Ithebula 1.

Imisebenzi Yokuziphatha

Sinezimpawu zokuziphatha ze-16 ukuthi abahlanganyeli babuzwe ukuthi baqhube isabelo esiceliwe, imisebenzi ye-4 ngalunye uhlobo oluhle lokungafuni. Njengoba kushiwo kusingeniso sasebenzisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-4, okungukuthi, okuyisisekelo, ukungcola, isikhumbuzo sezilwane, nokuziphatha okubi. Isithasiselo S1 inikeza incazelo eningiliziwe yemisebenzi yokuziphatha ye-16. Isigaba esilandelayo sokungcola okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi imisebenzi ebalwe kuyo Isithasiselo S1 okuyi-1, 2, 3, 4; ukudideka kokuziphatha kufakwe inombolo yomsebenzi 5, 6, 7, 8; isilwane-isikhumbuzo sokukhohlakala kufakwe izinombolo zomsebenzi 9, 10, 11, 12; futhi ukungcola kudidekile imisebenzi ehlanganisiwe inombolo 13, 14, 15, 16. Ingxenye yale miisebenzi yokuziphatha yayiqukethe isenzo esithinta ucansi noma isenzo esithinta ngokuqondile ucansi, kuhlanganise nezinombolo zomsebenzi 5, 8, 11, 15, 16. Izigaba ezimbili zokugcina zaqalwa okokuqala, yiqembu lezokucwaninga, elenziwe ngumfundi we-PhD, abafundi bakaThathu nabaprofesa wezingqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho thina (ukuthumela i-hoc) simeme abafundi be-20 be-psychology, abazimele ngesampuli sethu ukukala isisusa (okusho ukuthi imisebenzi ye-16 yokuziphatha) ngokulinganisa ubuciko bobulili. Izilinganiso zenziwe ku-VAS ezahluke kusuka ku-zero = azifanele neze ku-100 = ezifanele kakhulu. Sasihlanganisa nezinye izilinganiso ezimbili (okungukuthi, ukudla okufanelekile kanye nokungcola okudingekayo) ukwenza inhloso eyinhloko ibonakale ingacacile kubahlanganyeli. Ngokujwayelekile lezi zedatha ziqinisekisile ukwahlukana kwethu kokuqala, ngokuhambisana nokucansi. Amaphuzu asemqoka emisebenzini efanelekayo yocansi (M = 67.5, SD = 9.8) ehluke ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kumaphuzu ashiwo izinto ezingezona ezocansi (M = 8.6, SD = 3.1), t(19) = 22.9, p<.001, ngokubaluleka kocansi. I-median ibingu-8.7 futhi izikolo zisukela ku-1.1 kuye ku-41.3 yemisebenzi efanelekile yezocansi, futhi kwimisebenzi efanelekile yezocansi imedian ibingu-69.6, futhi izikolo zisuka ku-46.4 kuye ku-83.9, ngokulandelana. Lezi zibalo ezichazayo zisekela ubuqiniso besabelo sokuqala kwezobulili ngokumelene nesigaba esingelona ucansi. Kodwa-ke, kukhombisa nokuthi i-Task 7 yehluke kakhulu kwezinye izinto eziseqenjini labantu abangabulili obufanele, ngoba ibilinganiswe ngokuthi iphakeme kakhulu ekuhlobaneni kocansi (M = 41.3). Ngakho-ke, sinqume ukwenza ukuhlaziywa ngokusebenza nangaphandle kwe-Task 7. Kukho konke lokhu kukhiqize iphethini yemiphumela efanayo. Ngokususelwa ezingxoxweni nasekunakekeleni ithimba locwaningo elitshale imali ekukhetheni imisebenzi efanelekile ephathelene nobulili kanye nobulili, futhi ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela ayishintshanga, sithathe isinqumo sokugcina isigaba se-priori ngezigaba, ngaleyo ndlela sishiya uMsebenzi 7 (okungukuthi, ukuza ukuxhumana nehembe eligqokwa ngumuntu ozibandakanya ocansini nomuntu onabo) esigabeni esingahlobene nobulili (sokuziphatha). Ngemininingwane bheka Isithasiselo S3. Abalobi bazimisele ukwabelana ngokuhlaziywa okungeziwe nabafundi abanentshisekelo. Sicela uxhumane nobhali bokuqala ngezicelo ezinjalo.

Umsebenzi ngamunye wawuqukethe izinyathelo ezine ezihlinzekwa ngumhloli wesiphakamiso phezu kwesikhulumi: i) ukugcina umsebenzi; ii) ukukala izinga lomsebenzi; iii) ukuqhuba umsebenzi; futhi njengesinyathelo sokugcina, iv) ukukala umsebenzi emva kokuqedwa. Njengombhalo wokuthembeka, silinganise i-alpha ye-Cronbach esekelwe ekuziphatheni okwenziwe njengehlazo njengoba kulinganiswa yi-VAS, isinyathelo se-1. I-Cronbach ye-alpha ye-stimuli ehlobene nocansi ayikho.85; kanye ne-stimuli ehlobene nezocansi.76 ngakho ukuthembeka kokubili izikali ngokuhambisana kwangaphakathi kwakwanelisayo; ngaphezu kwalokho sibalwa i-alpha ye-Cronbach ye-4 diskust subtypes: ingqikithi yokunciphisa i-stimuli.76; isilwane-isikhumbuzo sishaya stimuli.74; ukuziphatha okubi kwe-moral stimuli.53; futhi ngenxa yokungcola zilahla i-subtype.75. Ngakho-ke, kungaphetha ngokuthi ukwethembeka kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo kuyanelisayo, okuwukuphela kwesenzo sokuziphatha esiba nokuvumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi.

Izindlela

Ukugxeka ukuxuba nokuzwela Isilinganiso Esibukeziwe (DPSS-R)

I-DPSS-R iyi-questionnaire yezinto ze-16 enamabhasi amabili aqinisekisiwe ahlukanisa umkhuba wokuhlambalaza amandla (ie, ukuthambekela ukuphendula ngokuzondeka ngamakhasimende angamangala) kanye nokuziphatha okungafuni ukuzwela (okungukuthi, ukuhlolwa kokuzizwa kabi) [16]. Abahlanganyeli bafunda iziphakamiso eziyishumi nesithupha kumvuthwandaba wokuzwa izinzwa zomzimba ezihlobene nokuzondwa (isb., '' Izinto ezinengekayo zikwenza isisu sami siphendule 'ukuze sibe namandla, futhi' 'Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuzizwa ngimbi kimi, Kuyangishaya uma ngizizwa ngidangele' ukuzwela), futhi ubonise ukuthi yikuphi okungcono okubenzakala kubo ngesilinganiso kusuka ku-1 = kuze kube yi-5 = njalo. I-DPSS-R isiqinisekiswe futhi isetshenziswe eziningana zezifundo [16] futhi yinkomba yokuqala eyenza ukungcoliswa kwemvelo futhi inqabe ukuzwela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlaseli [17]. Isilinganiso siboniswe ukuthi sihambisana ngaphakathi [16] futhi ibonise ukuqinisekiswa kokubikezela kokubhekana nokuzondwa emisebenzini yokuzama ukuhlaziya-yokusiza kuzo zonke izizinda ezilahlayo [18]. Ezifundweni zangaphambilini isilinganiso siboniswe ukuthi sinokwethenjelwa, ne-DPSS-R nokuvumelana kwayo kwangaphakathi kwe-subscales konke okungaphezulu kwe-alpha ka-Cronbach ka-78 [18], [19]. Esikhathini sesampula sethu, i-alpha yeCronbach yokungahlonipheki kwaba yi-72 kanye ne-75 yokungafuni ukuxhuma.

Izilinganiso ezingezansi ezingokomzwelo

Ababambiqhaza banikezwa amashidi amabili nama-Visual Analogue Scales (VASs): ukukala umqondo womsebenzi (isinyathelo 1) nokunye ngemuva kokuba umsebenzi uqedile, isinyathelo i-4. I-VAS yayihloselwe ukulinganisa ukuhlolwa kwabo kwemizwa yabo yamanje, isib. Ukuthi uzizwa unesizungu kanjani kulo mzuzu? Ababambiqhaza kwakudingeka babhale ngepeni ku-VAS eyahluka kusuka ku-zero = nakancane ku-10 = kakhulu. Njengengxenye yesithintelo esithathwe yividyo yefilimu (isheke lokuxhaphaza), safaka ne-VAS ukukala umuzwa wabo wokuvusa ngocansi. Ukwengeza, abahlanganyeli kwakudingeka babonise ukuthi basebenzise amaphuzu kanambambili noma ngabe baqedile noma banqume ukungenzi lo msebenzi, nge-zero = engenziwanga noma i-1 = igcwalisiwe.

Inqubo

Ukuhlolwa kwenzeke ekamelweni elithule, lihlukaniswe ekamelweni lokuhlola ngesikrini esisodwa. Abahlanganyeli babehlezi phambi kwesikrini esikhulu sokubuka (i-1.5 × 1.5 imitha) futhi babe netafula phambi kwabo ukuqhuba imisebenzi. I-experimenter yayingaphesheya kwekamelo ngemuva kwehlukanisa indlela eyodwa, lapho kungenzeka khona ukugcina umhlanganyeli ngenkathi inikeza imiyalo phezu kwemakrofoni, izinyathelo ze-1-4. Abahlanganyeli baxwayiswe ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlolwa abangase babuzwe ukuthi babone izithombe ezingathandeki futhi ukuthi bazocelwa ukuba bathinte noma benze izinto abangazithokozi. Batshelwa ukuthi banganquma ukungaqhubeki isinyathelo 3 (okwenziwe / ukwenza okuyingxenye yangempela) yomsebenzi bese bebika ukuthi ngabe baziphatha noma uma benqaba. Uma kungabikho ukuqedwa komsebenzi (okungukuthi, ukuqedela isinyathelo 3), umhlanganyeli wacelwa ukuba acabange njengokungathi empeleni wayeqhuba umsebenzi oceliwe futhi alinganise imizwa eceliwe. Akekho ohlanganyele okhethe ukuhoxisa esifundweni lapho kunikezwa incazelo.

Ukuklanywa kwalolu cwaningo kwafaka ukuthi ababambiqhaza babheke ukubukela ifilimu ye-5 yamaminithi ukusetha isimo sengqondo. Okulandelayo, isikrini senziwe ukuze sikhishwe, futhi isilingo sifike ku-stimulus eyodwa. Ngemuva kwemisebenzi emibili (okungukuthi, isikhuthazo esisodwa ngesikhathi), le filimu yaqhubeka imizuzu ye-2 ngaphambi kokuba isikrini senziwe ukuze sikhishwe futhi imisebenzi elandelayo ye-2 yanikezwa njalo njalo, baze baqede isethi ephelele yemisebenzi yokuziphatha ye-16 . Izinyathelo ze-8 (izinyathelo ze-4 ze-stimulus ngayinye) zomsebenzi wokuziphatha kufanele zigcwaliswe ngenkathi ifilimu ivaliwe futhi isikrini siqhwaqwe. Ngomsebenzi ngamunye, ababambiqhaza banikezwa ishidi elilodwa lokushicilela iqabunga elilodwa (elilodwa lokulinganisa embonweni womsebenzi - isinyathelo i-1 nesinye sokulinganisa ngemva kokuba umsebenzi uqedile - isinyathelo 4) emisebenzini ngayinye ye-16. Imisebenzi ye-16 yayingalinganisani: ikakhulukazi sine-4 imiyalo ehlukene ye-counter balance. Ishidi ngalinye lokulinganisa lanikezwe inombolo ehlukahlukene ngesimo futhi iqembu / umyalo babenwe ngezikhathi ngezikhathi. Ngemuva kokuba izinyathelo zokuziphatha ziqediwe abahlanganyeli banikwa isethi yemibuzo ukuze baqede ngasese. Okokugcina, ababambiqhaza baxoxwa ngokugcwele ngenhloso yalokho okuhlolwayo, lokho okushoyo kanye nemisebenzi yemisebenzi yokuziphatha. Isithasiselo S1 kubonisa imisebenzi yokuziphatha njengoba kubonwe ngabahlanganyeli, futhi lokho okuvezwayo kubalulekile.

Ukuqabuleka kunikezwe abahlanganyeli kanye nesipho semali esincane kakhulu, okuyi-10 Euros. Ubude obugcwele bokuhlolwa buthatha amahora angu-2 ngomhlanganyeli ngamunye. Lolu cwaningo luvunyiwe yiKomiti Yezokuziphatha Eyunivesithi yaseGroningen Psychology, ECP (ECP-code 10336-NE). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakale imvume enolwazi evela kubo bonke ababambiqhaza ocwaningweni.

Imiphumela

Ukukhwabanisa Ukuhlola Ukuvuswa Kwezocansi Okungenzile Njengesimo Sesithakazelo

Njengesivivinyo sokuxhaphaza sithintekayo esihlotsheni ngasinye, senze ukuhlaziywa ngendlela eyodwa yokuhlukahluka (ANOVA) ukuhlola umthelela wokuvuthwa ngokocansi njengengqondo yokukhathazeka, eqenjini (ukuvuvukala ngokocansi, ukuvuvukala okuhle nokungahambisani nezwe). umqondo womsebenzi owethulwe, isinyathelo 1. Lokhu kuhlolisisa ukuthi ngabe isimo sengqondo esithintekayo siphumelele kulo lonke imisebenzi ye-16 okwakufanele igcwaliswe (isinyathelo 1 somsebenzi ngamunye). Kube khona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu e-3 ngokulinganisa ngokocansi F(2, 87) = 12.71, p<.01. Ukufakazela ukuba semthethweni kokungeniswa kwemizwa, ukuqhathaniswa kwe-post hoc usebenzisa izivivinyo ze-LSD kubonise ukuthi iqembu elivusa inkanuko liveze amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ekuvukeni kocansi (M = 1.4, SD = 1.0), uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingathathi hlangothi (M = .53, SD = .82, p<.01) neqembu elihle lokuvuka (M = .40, SD = .59, p<.01).

Ukunyakaza nokuzwela Ukuziphatha okudabukisayo njengoba kulinganiswa yi-DPSS-R

Ukuqinisekisa ukufaniswa kwamacembu amathathu mayelana nokuziphatha okungafuni ukuzwela (DPSS-Sensitivity) noma / kanye nokuziphatha okungahle kwenzeke (DPSS-Propensity), senze phakathi kweqembu le-ANOVA kulezi ziguquguquko. Ukusekela ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwezilinganiso kulezi zimpawu zokungafuni izinkampani kuwo wonke amaqembu, kwakungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamaqembu e-3 ngokuziphatha okungafuni ukuzwela ukuzwela F(2, 87) = 1.79, p = .2, η = .04 noma umkhuba ukulahla amandla F(2, 87) = .95, p> .4, η = .02. Izindlela ezikwi-DPSS-Sensitivity kwakungu-9.2, 8.9, no-10.8; kanti ku-DPSS-Propensity izindlela kwakungu-16.6, 16.3, no-15.4, wokuvusa ucansi, ukuvusa okuhle neqembu elingathathi hlangothi, ngokulandelana.

Umthelela Wokuvukela Ngokwecansi Ngokuzizwa Ngokwezinengiso Zokuzijabulisa Ngokweqhinga Ngokuziqhathanisa Ngokungafani Nezocansi Ezihlobene Nezocansi

I-ANOVA exubekile, neqembu le-3 (ukuvukela ngokocansi, ukuvusa okuhle nokungathathi hlangothi) phakathi kwe-subject factor × 2 uhlobo (umsebenzi ohlobene nocansi kanye nomsebenzi ongathandeki ohlobene nocansi) njengengxenye yesifundo, okwenzelwe ukuhlola umthelela we ukufakeka kwemizwelo ekuboneni ukuzondwa ngocansi kanye nemisebenzi engahlosiwe ephathelene nocansi. Kube nomthelela omkhulu weqembu F(2, 87) = 4.52, p<.01, η = .09 nomphumela oyinhloko wohlobo lokuvuselela F(1, 87) = 4.98, p<.05, η = .05. Noma kunjalo, le miphumela emikhulu yayifanele ukusebenzisana okukhulu kweqembu lohlobo lokukhuthaza * F(2, 87) = 4.63, p<.01, η = .10.

Ukuze siqhubeke sicubungula leli gama lokuxhumana, senze izindlela ezimbili ze-ANOVA ngokuqhathanisa amaqembu amathathu ngokukwenyanya ukulinganisa kwemisebenzi emibili ehlambalaza ngokobulili nemisebenzi engahlosiwe ephathelene nocansi. I-ANOVA yokuqala enezilinganiso ze-stimuli ehlobene nobulili ibonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu F(2, 87) = 6.35, p<.01. Ngakho-ke senze ukuqhathaniswa kweposi usebenzisa izivivinyo ze-LSD ezikhombise ukuthi ababambiqhaza eqenjini lokuvusa ucansi balinganise izikhuthazo ezihlobene nocansi ezinyanyeka kakhulu kuneqembu elivusa inkanuko (M-diff = -1.22, SD = .44, p<.01) futhi futhi kunengeka kancane kuneqembu elingathathi hlangothi (M-diff = -1.47, SD = .44, p<.01). Kwakungekho mehluko obonakalayo phakathi kokuvuka okuhle neqembu elingathathi hlangothi (p = .58). Kwesibili i-ANOVA nge-stimuli ehlobene nocansi, iphethini yomhlaba wonke yayifana kakhulu nakuba umehluko weqembu awufinyelelanga izinga elivamile lokubaluleka kwezibalo F(2, 87) = 2.86, p = .06. Noma kunjalo, ukuqhathaniswa okubhanqa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlola kwe-LSD kubonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza eqenjini elivusa ucansi balinganisela isicocisi esingasona ucansi njengento ehlekisa kakhulu kuneqembu elilawula ukungahambisani nezwe (M-diff = -1.06, SD = .46, p<.05). Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Ithebula 2, umehluko phakathi kokuvuswa kocansi kanye neqembu elivusa amadlingozi alizange lifinyelele kubaluleka (p = .57) futhi akukho mpikiswano phakathi kokuvusa okuhle kanye neqembu lokulawula ukungathathi hlangothi (p = .08). Isithasiselo S2 ibonisa izindlela zokulinganisa okuzithobayo kweminye imisebenzi ye-16 yokuziphatha ngeqembu ngalinye, futhi ikhombisa ukuthi iphethini yokufunyanwa yayihambisana kakhulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi.

Umthelela wokuvuswa kobulili ekuzijabuliseni ezithandweni ezithandanayo

I-ANOVA exubekile, neqembu le-3 (ukuvukela ngokocansi, ukuvusa okuhle nokungahambisani nezwe) phakathi kwe-subject factor × 4 uhlobo (inhloko, isikhumbuzo sezilwane, ukungcola nokuzihlambalaza kokuziphatha) njengaphakathi kwesifundo-sici, kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela womzwelo Ukufakelwa kwezimvo ezenzelwe ukuzithokozisa kukhishwe ezinhlokweni ezine ezihlukene zokungafuni. Kube nomthelela omkhulu weqembu F(2, 87) = 3.34, p<.05, η = .07 nomphumela oyinhloko wohlobo lokunengeka F(3, 85) = 49.64, p<.01, η = .36. Noma kunjalo, bekungekho ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo kweqembu lohlobo * F(6, 172) = 1.0, p = I-42, η = .02 ngakho-ke, lo mphumela weqembu wawufana nawo wonke ama-subtypes adonisayo. Isibonelo sezinto ze-4 subtypes sibonise ukuthi ukukhunjulwa kwesilwane kwakunxusa ukulinganisa okuphezulu kakhulu, kulandelwa umgomo, ukungcola kanye nokuziphatha okubi njengokuziphatha Ithebula 3.

Umthelela Wokuvukela Ngokwezocansi Ngendlela Yokubhekana Nendlela Yokuziphatha Nokusebenza

Lapha, senze i-ANOVA ephindaphindiwe neqembu le-3 (ukuvusa ngocansi ngokumelene nokuphikisana okuqondile nokungahambisani nhlobo) × Uhlobo lwe-2 (imisebenzi ehlobene nocansi kanye nemisebenzi engahlosiwe ehlobene nocansi) kumaphesenti omsebenzi ophelile. Kwakungekho ukusebenzisana okuphawulekayo phakathi kohlobo * lweqembu, uWilks λ = .98, F(2, 87) = .79, p = .46, η = .02. Kwakungekho umphumela omkhulu wohlu lomsebenzi uWilks λ = .97, F(1, 87) = 2.10, p = .15, η = .02. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona umphumela omkhulu weqembu F(2, 87) = 7.71, p<.01, η = .15. Ngokuhambisana nokubikezela, ukuqhathanisa okubhangqiwe kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ze-LSD kuveze ukuthi iqembu elivusa inkanuko yobulili lenza imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu kuneqembu elingathathi hlangothi (M-diff = 16.76, SD = 5.76, p<.01) neqembu elihle lokuvuka (M-diff = 21.53, SD = 5.76, p<.01). Iqembu elihle lokuvuka alizange lihluke eqenjini elingathathi hlangothi (M-diff = -4.77, SD = 5.76, p> .05). Ngokuhambisana nomcabango wethu womabili wemisebenzi enyanyekayo ephathelene nocansi kanye nemisebenzi engeyona eyezocansi, iqembu lokuvusa ezocansi lenze amaphesenti aphezulu emisebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu amabili. Emisebenzini ehlobene nezocansi izindlela zazingama-89.33%, 65.33%, kanye no-74.01% wokuvuswa kocansi, ukuvuswa okuhle kanye neqembu elingathathi hlangothi, ngokulandelana. Ngokufanayo, kwimisebenzi ehlobene nobulili okungeyona eyezocansi izindlela zomsebenzi ezenziwayo kwakungu-84.95%, 65.90%, kanye ne-66.77% yokuvusa ucansi, ukuvuka okuhle kanye neqembu elingathathi hlangothi ngokulandelana.

Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuhlunga ukunciphisa ukusebenza okulindelekile kokusebenza komsebenzi

Ukuhlola ukuthi ukuvuthwa kocansi okuvuthwayo kwengeza yini ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwemizwa elandela ukusebenza komsebenzi, senze iqembu le-3 (ukuvukela ngokocansi, ukuvuvukala okuhle, ukungathathi hlangothi) × 2 uhlobo (imisebenzi ehlobene nocansi kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nocansi) × 2 isikhathi (ukusebenza kwangaphambi komsebenzi, ukusebenza komsebenzi ngemuva) kuxubene ne-ANOVA ngokukhishwa kwesikhashana. Umphumela omkhulu wesikhathi waqaphela F(1, 87) = 10.6, p<.01, η = .11 ekhombisa ukuthi kukonke kube nokwanda kokuzonda okwenziwe kusuka ekusebenzeni kwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa komsebenzi. Kodwa-ke bekungekho ukuxhumana kweqembu kwesikhathi F(1, 87) = .71, p = .49, η = .02. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kutholakala kufana nawo wonke amaqembu amathathu, kungekho bufakazi bokuphakamisa ukuthi ukuvuthwa kocansi ngokuvamile kunciphise imizwa yokuzonda ukusebenza okulandelayo komsebenzi. Ukwengeza, umphumela wesikhathi uhlukile kuzo zombili izinhlobo zemisebenzi F(1, 87) = 7.35, p<.01, η = .08. Lokhu kukhombisile ukuthi ukukhuphuka kokunengeka kusukela ekusebenzeni ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa komsebenzi bekunamandla kakhulu kwizenzo ezinyanyekayo zocansi t(89) = 3.81, p<.001, η = .02. Awukho omunye umphumela oyinhloko nokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezi-3 phakathi kweqembu, uhlobo lokuvuselela nesikhathi kufinyelele ekubalulekeni. Le ndlela yemiphumela ayisekelanga umbono wokuqala, okungukuthi, ukuncipha kokunengeka kungaba namandla kakhulu eqenjini lokuvusa ucansi.

Isivivinyo soMphakathi

Ukuhlola ukuthi umthelela wokuxhaphaza kokuhlola (A, iqembu elivusa inkanuko, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingathathi hlangothi nelivumayo) ekuziphatheni kwendlela yokusebenza phakathi komsebenzi wangempela wokuziphatha (C, umsebenzi wokuziphatha), uqondiswa izinguquko ekuzondeni okuzithobayo (B, VAS -disgust) siqhube ukuhlaziywa okuqondile kwe-3 kokuhlola ukucabanga (A> C, A> B, B> C), bese senza uhlalutyo oluningi lokuhlehla nge (A, B> C) ukuhlola umphumela wokulamula (B) . Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku Umfanekiso we-1, kwakukhona umkhuba wokuxazululwa okuncane no (B) okwenza umnikelo ophawulekayo, (β = .28, p<.005) futhi lapho bobabili (A no-B) befakwa ku-equation. Ngakho-ke umthelela wokuvuswa kocansi ekuziphatheni kwendlela awuzange uqondiswe ngokuphelele yithonya lokuvusa ucansi ekuzondeni okuzithobayo. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwendlela kanye noshintsho ekuzondeni okubonakalayo kubonakala sengathi yimiphumela ezimele kakhulu yokuvuswa kocansi okwenziwe.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Influence njengomsebenzi wokuziphatha okulahlayo

Okokugcina sihlolisisile, ukuthi ngabe imiphumela ye-induction yokuvusa ngocansi ingase iguquke ngokwezinga lezinkinga zokuzihlambalaza (okungukuthi, ukuhlambalaza). Senza ukuguqulwa kokubili okulinganiselwe, ukuhlaziywa kokuqala ukubikezela ukuthi ukuzithoba kwakufake ukuhlambalaza nokuhlaziywa kwesibili kokubikezela kwephesenti yemisebenzi yokuziphatha ephelile. Sifake iQembu, kanye ne-DPSS-Propust trait trait ezingeni lokuqala futhi ezingeni lesibili safaka phakathi inkulumo yokuxhumana (Iqembu * I-Disgust trait). Ngokuvumelana nokulindeleke ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kubonise ukuthi umphumela omkhulu we-DPSS-Propensity ufinyelele ezingeni elivamile lokubaluleka (β = .40, p = .02). Esigabeni sesibili i-DPSS-propensity igcinwe ukubaluleka ngenkathi inkulumo yokuxhumana (Iqembu * I-Disgust trait) engenzi iqhaza kakhulu kulowo modeli (p = .49). Ngakho-ke ngokuvumelana nezibikezelo, ezizimele ngokuhlukunyezwa kwefilimu, ukuziphatha okuphezulu kwabahlanganyeli baphendule ngokuvamile ngokuzonda okuningi phakathi nemisebenzi eveziwe. Ngokufanayo, senze ukuhlaziywa kwesibili kokuhlola ukuhlola ithonya lokuziphatha elibi (okungukuthi, i-DPSS-propensity) endleleni yokuziphatha. Esikhathini sokuqala i-DPSS-Propensity yafinyelela ezingeni elivamile lokubaluleka (β = -4.9, p = .04) ngenkathi isinyathelo sesibili inkulumo yokuxhumana i-Group * Disgust trait ayizange ibhekane nokubaluleka (p = .11). Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli abaphezulu bezinkathazo ngempela baqedile imisebenzi encane yokuziphatha.

Ingxoxo

Ukuthola okuyisisekelo kungafingqwa kanje: Okokuqala, iqembu le-arousal lezocansi lilinganise isenzo esihlambalaza sobulili njengento ehlazisayo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa kokubili eqenjini elingathathi hlangothi naseqembu elivukelayo. Umkhuba ofanayo (ongewona obalulekile) wawubonakala ku-non-sex related stimuli. Okwesibili, kokubili izenzo zobulili nezenzo ezingekho zobulili ezihlobene nocansi, iqembu lokuvuthwa ngokocansi laqhuba amaphesenti aphezulu emisebenzi, okubonisa ukuthi ukuvota ngokobulili kuyabangela kakhulu okwangempela sondela ekuthambekeleni ekuqhakambiseni izinto ezinyanyekayo.

Ngokuvumelana nokubikezela, lapho kucatshangelwa ngokukhethekile iqembu lokuvukela ngokocansi, leli qembu libonisa ukuthi kuncishisiwe ukuhlambalazwa okuhlobene nokulala ngokobulili (nakwezinga elithile futhi elihlobene nokungahloli ucansi) okuyizinto ezinyanyekayo. Lo mphumela wokuvusa ucansi ngokuzondeka awukwazi ukubhekwa kuphela ekuvusweni okuhle, ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuziphatha, yayivinjelwe esimweni sokuvusa ucansi. Lezi ziphumo zihambisana nalokho okwenziwe isifundo sangaphambilini esenziwe nabathintekayo besilisa [6]. Nakuba esifundweni esandulele umphumela wawuvinjelwe ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwesibindi okukhulunywa ngqo kwezocansi, esifundweni samanje umphumela wokuvuswa kocansi owenziwe kubonakala futhi ngenxa yezinto ezingabhekisi ngqo kwezocansi, Isithasiselo S2. Lokhu umehluko ocacile phakathi kwezifundo kungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa ukunyakaza kokuzama ukuhlola njengoba uStevenson kanye nosebenza nabo basebenzise amaslayidi esikhundleni se-movie clip ukuze bavuswe ngokocansi [6].

Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ubufakazi bokuthi, okufana namadoda, ukuvuswa kocansi kwabesifazane kunqanda ukunyanyiswa okwenziwe yizinyathelo ezithile ezinyanyekayo [6]. Okubalulekile, noma kunjalo, okutholakele kwethu kuqhubekela phambili kunokuba nje kulandele idatha yokuzibika yalokho okushiwo ngenhla ngokubonisa ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi nakho kuthinta ukuziphatha kwabahlanganyeli nokunciphisa ukuthambekela kwamanje. Lokhu kubonakala kubalulekile kakhulu lapha, uma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi ukuzithokozisa okuzimele okubikwayo akusho ukuthi umthelela wesimo sokuhlola kuzimisele kangakanani ukusondela nokuqhuba imisebenzi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuvuvukala ngokocansi kubonakala sengathi kunethonya elikhulu ekuzihlanganyeleni nasekuthambekeni komuntu ukugwema ukukhohlakala okufanelekile.

Nakuba, ababambiqhaza eqenjini elivusa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili balinganisa okungahambisani nobulili njengento engcolile kakhulu kuneqembu elilawulayo lokungathathi hlangothi, umehluko wawungekho phakathi kokuvusa ngocansi- kanye neqembu elivukelayo. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi umthelela wefilimu yezocansi ngokuzihlambalaza ngokweqile kuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko yizinto ezivusa kakhulu zefilimu efanayo. Ngakho-ke, umthelela wefilimu yocansi ngokubonga ngokuzicabangela kobulili okufanelekile ukuhlambalaza izidakamizwa kungase kuqhutshwe amandla akhethekile ekuvuseleleni ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, kanti umphumela walo ekubongeni okungewona ocansini ukuhlambalaza abantu bangase baqhutshekwe ngokugcwele (ubulili ozimele) izakhiwo zokuvusa. Umthelela wefilimu yezocansi ekusetshenzisweni kobulili okwenziwe ngabahlanganyeli kanye nabesifazane abangenandaba nabangaboni kahle kubonakala sengathi kuqhutshwa amandla akhe okuvusa ukuvuswa kocansi, njengoba amafilimu avuselelekile ngokobulili angathinti ukuthambekela kokugwema abahlanganyeli (hhayi ngenxa yokungaboni ngobulili noma imisebenzi yezinengiso eziphathelene nobulili). Iphethini lezinto ezitholakalayo manje azibonisi nje ukuthi imizwa nokugwema ukuzonda imelela (ingxenye) izici ezizimele, iphinde ikhombise ukuthi zithonywa ngokwehlukile ngokuvuswa kocansi. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu okwamanje, lokho okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi kokubili umthelela wokuvuswa kocansi okhukhumezekile ngokuzihlambalaza ngokuzithoba kanye nokugwema ukugwema okuzokwenyanya kuzokwenza indlela yokusiza ukubandakanyeka ngokobulili obujabulisayo futhi kungaba inkinga uma omunye walaba ababili ayithonywanga noma ayishintshwa ngokuvuswa kocansi.

Ngokombono womtholampilo lokhu okutholakele kungabonisa ukuthi ukungabi nokuvuswa kobulili (mhlawumbe ngenxa yokugqugquzela okungalungile) kungaphazamisa ubulili obusebenzayo, njengoba kungavimbela ukunciphisa ukuthambekela kokugwema nokungahambisani okuhlobene nokugwema. Ngenxa yalokho, uma ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuphansi (ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene), izakhiwo ezinengekayo zezinto eziqondile, ezihambisana nokubandakanyeka kobulili obujabulisayo, kanye nokungabaza ukubhekana nalezi zindlela ezingaxilwanga. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ngokuzibandakanya ngokobulili, nokuntuleka kokugcoba kwesisu, okungase kube nokwanda komfutho futhi kubangele izinkinga ezifana nobuhlungu nobulili. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu owesifazane angase athole ubudlelwane obubi nocansi futhi angase aqale ukugwema ubulili ngokuphelele. Ukubheka lokhu, izifundo zethu zangaphambilini nabesifazane abahlukumezayo i-vaginismus (I-Genito-ubuhlungu besifo sofuba / ukungena kwesifo) baye babonisa ukuthi bathola izimpendulo zokuhlambalaza ekuvuseleleni okubangelwa yizinto ezibucayi ezithandweni kanye nasezingeni elizenzekelayo [4], [5]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi ubulili obuhlobene nokuzibandakanya kubonakala sengathi bukhohlakele kunokuba bavuswe kwabesifazane abahlukunyezwayo bangase baqhubeke bebuhlungu kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile lapha, ngoba impendulo evamile ekukhokheni ukuziphatha ukugwema ukuze udale ibanga kusuka kwisenzo esinengiso. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lezi zinkinga zobulili zingahlobene ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ngqo nokuvuswa kobulili okuphansi, okwenza kube khona indawo engaphezulu yokufuna ukukhohlakala, okwenza kube nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo nokuqhubekayo kobunzima babo nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.

Ukunciphisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili-ukuvuswa kwabantu ekugwemeni ukugwema abantu okuyizinto ezikhohlakeleyo kwakungavinjelwe kuphela kwisenzo socansi kodwa kubonakala kubonisa isimo esivamile esibuye sisebenze nasezinkambisweni ezikhohlakeleyo ngokujwayelekile. Umphumela wukuthi ukuvuswa kobulili kufane kakhulu nakwezinye izigaba eziqhubekayo kugcizelela isiphetho sokuthi ithonya lokuvuthwa ngokocansi lubonisa isenzakalo esivamile (hhayi kuphela ekuhlosweni kobulili okungahambisani nanoma yisiphi esinye isinyenyezo sokwehla).

Ukungabi khona kwehla (ngokocansi) ukuzonda ngemuva kokuvezwa kwangempela emisebenzini enyanyekayo (emva kokungeniswa kokuvuthwa kocansi) kungabonisa ukuthi akukho mthelela owengeziwe ngesilinganiso sokujwayela. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yethonya elibuthakathaka lokuvusa ngokobulili emibonweni yokuqala yokuzondeka ekuqaleni, bekukhona kakade umehluko phakathi kwemibandela, okwakushiya indawo encane yokunciphisa okuqhubekayo eqenjini lokuvusa ucansi.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezifundo Eziqhubekayo

Ezinye ukulinganiselwa kufanele kukhulunywe ngazo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphumelela kokusebenza kwethu kokuzama kokusebenza kwethu sithembele ngokugcwele ekulinganisweni okuzithobayo kokuvukela kocansi kwabahlanganyeli; kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukubona ukuthi ngabe lesi siqeshana sefilimu siphumelele yini ekukhuthazeni ukuvuswa komzimba ngaphezu kokuvusa okwenziwe ngokocansi. Isilinganiso semvelo (isib. Isithombeni se-vaginal photofthmmphyph) singakulungela ngoba ngokucacile, ekuklanyeni kwamanje akukwazi ukukhishwa ukuthi izidingo zokuhlola nezivivinyo zingase zenze indima ekubalweni kwabahlanganyeli ekubhekeni kombuzo wokuhlola ngokuphathelene nokuvuka kwabo ngokocansi. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungase kubhekwe njengokungathi akunakwenzeka, njengoba iqiniso, ezingeni lokuziphatha ngokuqondile iqembu le-arousal yezocansi libonisa ukuthi ukugwema ukuziphatha okuncane kungavumelani nencazelo yokufuna.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba lolu cwaningo lubhekisela emisebenzini ehlambalaza ephathelene nocansi kanye nemisebenzi engahlosiwe ephathelene nocansi, asikwazi ukuqiniseka ngokuphelele, uma lokho okushiwo ngokuthi ukuhlobene ngokocansi kunempela kuhluke ekusikeleni okungahle kube ngokobulili okwenyanyekayo emibonweni yabahlanganyeli bamanje ngokubhekelana kocansi (ngokungahambisani nobulili obufanele). Kodwa-ke, izilinganiso zeqembu elizimele labahlanganyeli liqinisekisile ukufaneleka kwesigaba samanje ngokuqondene nobulili obuhambisana nendawo engeyona ezocansi. Nakuba kufanele kuvunyelwe ukuthi umsebenzi obhekisela kwihembe elibheke ngumuntu ohamba ngezinyawo uhlukaniswe ngokucacile ngokweqile ukubhekwa kobulili okuvela kwezinye izinkomba (okwakungumsebenzi obhekene nesigaba esingewona ucansi). Ngakho-ke, siphindele kabusha ukuhlaziya ngaphandle kwalomsebenzi othile. Ukususa lo msebenzi kwakungekho umthelela ophawulekayo emphumela wokuhlaziywa. Lokhu kungenzeki ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngokuvuthwa kobulili okuhambisana nokungafani kocansi kungabhekwa ukuhluleka kwemisebenzi yethu, ngaleyo ndlela kugcizelela ukufaneleka kwephethini yamanje yokuthola.

Ukuthambekela ngokuzenzekelayo kungase kuhileleke ngokujulile ezinkampanini eziphathekayo, zokuziphatha nezomzimba eziphathelene nokubandakanyeka ngokocansi. Ngakho-ke, kuyoba kubalulekile ukuqhubeka uphenye ukuthi ngabe ukufundwa kwalolu cwaningo kubonakala yini ngokuphendula okuzenzekelayo, okungaqondakali kokuzizwa komzimba okungahlolwa ngokusebenzisa i-electromyography (EMG) i-levator labii [4] noma imisipha ye-pelvic [20] njengezimpendulo zokuzivikela ezingenakulawulwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuphenya ithonya lokuvuthwa ngokocansi ezintweni ezikhohlisa ezakhiweni ezithile zezinkampani ezihlukene. Mhlawumbe kwabesifazane abanezinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili ezifana ne-dyspareunia noma i-vaginismus, i-arousal ayithinteki ekungcoleni okungasiza ekuchazeni ukuvela nokuphikelela kobulili noma izimpawu zomzimba.

iziphetho

Okutholakele kwamanje kukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kubangelwa kanjani ukuhlambalaza nokuhlambalaza izici zombili zobulili kanye nokungaxhunyiwe kobulili okwenyanyekayo kwabesifazane. Ngokuqondile, lokhu okutholakele kuqhubekisela phambili isisekelo-sisekelo sezincwadi ngokubonisa ukuthi lobu buhlobo buyaphambana nemibiko engezansi ukuze kufinyelele ezingeni lokuziphatha ngokusiza indlela yangempela yokusebenza okufanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lolu cwaningo lungase lisize ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kokukhathazeka ngokuthi kungani abantu beqhubeka bengena ocansini ezithokozayo naphezu kokuhlekisa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezithintekayo ezithintekayo ekuziphatheni ngokocansi. Ukutholakala kwamanje okwamanje akusikisela nje ukuthi ukuvusa okuphezulu kocansi kungase kube lula ukuziphatha okuvamile kobulili kodwa futhi kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuvusa okuphansi kocansi kungase kube isici esiyinhloko ekusondweni kwezinkinga ezithile zocansi noma izidakamizwa.

Ukusekela Ulwazi

Isithasiselo S1.

Lezi zenzo zokuziphatha zinikezwe ngokungahleliwe kuqoqo le-2, isikhathi ngasinye kulandela isiqeshana se-movie se-2. Umsebenzi ngamunye wanikezwa ngezinyathelo ze-4 (Bona Indlela).

(I-DOC)

Isithasiselo S2.

Kusho futhi (SD) ukwehluka okujwayelekile kokulinganisa okuzithobayo komsebenzi wokuziphatha ngamunye ngeqembu ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi iphethini yokuthola imiphumela ibonakala ifana nayo yonke imisebenzi ye-16 yokuziphatha.

(I-DOC)

Isithasiselo S3.

Kusho, nokuShintsha okujwayelekile (i-SD), ukulinganisa okuzithoba (post hoc) kweminye imisebenzi ye-16 yokuziphatha. Ukubaluleka kocansi kuyisisusa esivela ku-VAS. Inombolo yomsebenzi i-5, i-8, i-11, i-15 ne-16 yimisebenzi yokuziphatha ebhekwa ngocansi efanelekile.

(I-DOC)

Ukuvuma Top

Sithanda ukubonga abafundi ukuthi bahlanganyele kulolu cwaningo njengokugcwaliseka okuyingxenye yephrojekthi yabo ye-MSc ku-Experimental and Clinical Psychology (Aafke Vogelzang, Marijke Zwaan, Inge Vriese). Siyabonga uDkt. Johan Verwoerd ngokubambisana noMnuz. abafundi kanye noLonneke van Tuijl ngokufunda a Uhlaka inguqulo yesandla. Ekugcineni sibonga uDkt. Fiona Scott-Fitzpatrick ukuphawula ngezihumusho zokugcina zombhalo.

Okubhekwayo Top

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