Ukuphoqelelwa Ngocansi Abesifazane: Ithonya Lezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile NamaNarcissistic neHistrionic Personality Disorder Izici (2019)

IZIMPENDULO: Akubona kuphela abafana abathintekayo ekusetshenzisweni kocansi. Isifundo esisha sabesifazane sihlobanisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nokulutha kwezocansi ngokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi, njengokuzama ukudakisa umlingani noma ukusizakala ngomuntu odakiwe, ukuqabula okuqhubekayo nokuthinta, ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo / ukukhohlisa ukuya ocansini, njll.

Qaphela: inkulumo ethi "umzamo wokubandakanya" ikhombisa ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi.

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I-Arch Sex Behav. 2019 Oct 7. i-doi: 10.1007 / s10508-019-01538-4.

Ama-Hughes A1, Brewer G2, UKhan R3.

abstract

Kubhekwe kakhulu ezincwadini, lolu cwaningo luphenye izici ezinomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kokuphoqelelwa kwabesifazane ngokocansi. Ngokuqondile, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobuntu bokuphazamiseka okuxhunyaniswe nokulawulwa okungafanele kokucindezela, ukulawulwa ngokomzwelo, kanye nomqondo ophakeme wokufisa ngokocansi kubhekwe. Abesifazane (N = 142) abaneminyaka engu-16-53 (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06) baqashwa emphakathini nakubantu babafundi. Ababambiqhaza bagcwalise ama-subscript ka-Narcissistic ne-Histrionic eMibuzo Yemibuzo Yokuhlonza Ubuntu-4, ngaphezu kwe-Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory ukuhlola ithonya lokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi (inzalo, imizamo yokuzibandakanya nezithombe zocansi, kanye nokuphoqelelwa) ekusebenziseni kwabo ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. . Lokhu kukalwe kusetshenziswa izinkokhelo ezine zePostrefusal Sexual Persistence Scale: ukuvusa inkanuko engacaciswanga ngokocansi, ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nokukhohlisa, ukuxhashazwa kwabadakiwe, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla noma izinsongo. Ukuhlaziya okuphindwayo okuningi kuveza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izici zokuziphatha okungathandeki, nezimpawu zomlando kubikezela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bezocansi obungenamlomo, ukukhohlisa nokukhohlisa, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezidakwa. Umzamo wokuzibandakanya nezithombe zocansi bekungumbikezeli othile obalulekile wokuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili nokukhohlisa ngokomoya, kanti izimfanelo zomlando zazingukuqagela komuntu ngamunye kokuxhaphaza odakiwe. Ukutholakele kwaxoxwa ngakho maqondana nezincwadi ezikhona zokuphoqelela ezocansi kanye nocwaningo lwekusasa olungaba khona.

IZIHLOKO: Ukuqothuka kwabesifazane; Izici zobuntu be-Histrionic; Izici zobuntu beNarcissistic; Izinto ezibonakalayo zocansi

I-PMID: 31591667

I-DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01538-4

Isingeniso

Ucwaningo lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi lube nomlando ekubhekeni ekuqothulweni kwabesilisa kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane. Le ndlela kungenzeka ikhombisa ukugcwala komhlaba wonke kodlame lwamadoda nokuqonda kwabesifazane njengokungena ngocansi (iDenov, ; UKrahé noBerger, ). Kodwa-ke, abesifazane babuye bahlukumeze ngokocansi abalingani abangafuni (u-Erulkar, ; Hines, ) futhi abacwaningi baye bavuma ngokuningiliziwe ama-nuances ukuthi lokhu kungavezwa kanjani (isb., ngokuhlukumeza, ukuhlukumeza, nokuphoqa) ; IMénard, iHholo, iPhung, iGhebrial, neMartin, ). Ngaphandle kwalokhu, nemiphumela engemihle ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo etholwa yizisulu zabesilisa (uVisser, Smith, Rissel, Richters, & Grulich, ), umbono ovelele wobulili uholele ekunciphiseni kolwazi ngezinto ezingachaza ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane ngokocansi (Campbell & Kohut, ; I-Denov, ). Le ndawo ifanele ukuphenywa njengoba izindlela zokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili ziyehluka kwabesilisa nabesifazane (IKrahé & Berger, ), nezici ezihambisana nokuphoqelelwa ngokobulili ngabesilisa kungenzeka zingabi ngaphezu kokuzenzela kwabesifazane. Ngempela, uSchatzel-Murphy, uHarris, uKnut, noMilburn () ithole ukuthi ngenkathi ukusebenza kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokuhlangana kungahle kufane, izici ezibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo zingahluka, ngesibopho sobulili (okungukuthi, ubunzima bokulawula izinkanuko zobulili) kuboniswe njengethonya elinamandla kwabesifazane. Ucwaningo lwethu, ngakho-ke, lwaluhlose ukuphenya izici ezihambisana nokuphoqelelwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane ezingachaza ukusetshenziswa kwabo kokuziphatha kocansi okuphathelene nobulili. Ngokukhethekile, umthelela wezinto ezintathu zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi (inzalo, imizamo yokuzibandakanya nezithombe zocansi, nokuphoqelela) kanye nezimpawu zobuntu obuyimfihlo kwahlolisiswa ngenxa yokuzibandakanya ezincwadini ngamacebo wezocansi asebenzayo ukuthola ubuhlobo obuseduze.

Ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi kulele ekuqhubekeni kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi futhi kuchazwa ngokuthi "isenzo sokusebenzisa ingcindezi, utshwala noma izidakamizwa, noma ukuphoqelela ukuba nobulili nomuntu ngokuthanda kwakhe" (Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, & Anderson, , p.76). Ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi kungafaka uhlu lokuziphatha olungasehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine zokuxhaphaza okwandayo: (1) ukuvusa inkanuko yocansi (isib. Ukuphikelela ngokuqabulana nokuthinta), (2) ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo (isb., I-blackmail, ukubuza imibuzo, noma ukusebenzisa igunya), (3) ukuphuza utshwala nezidakamizwa (isb., Ukudambisa umuntu ngenhloso noma ukuthatha inzuzo ngenkathi edakiwe), kanye (4) nomzimba noma izinsongo (isib. Ukusebenzisa ukulimala). Njengoba inqwaba yocwaningo selumisile ukuthi abesilisa kungenzeka kakhulu kunabesifazane ukuthi baphoqelele ukuphoqa ucansi (bona uKrahé et al., ), lokhu kufihle ubufakazi bokuthi ingxenye yabesifazane nayo ibika ngokusebenzisa uhla lokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi (isb., Hoffmann & Verona, ; UKrahé, Waizenhöfer, noMöller, ; UMénard et al., ; UMunoz, uKhan, noCordwell, ; URussell no-Oswald, , ; UStruckman-Johnson et al., ). Ngenkathi izifundo ezizodwa zithole amanani entengo yokuya kwabesifazane ephakeme njenge-26% (ngokuqhathaniswa ne-43% kwabesilisa) (bona uStruckman-Johnson et al., ), ngokubuka konke kwezincwadi, iHines () isilinganiso esilinganiswayo phakathi kwe-10 ne-20% yokuphoqelela ngokocansi ngomlomo, kanye ne-1 ne-3% yokuya ocansini okuphoqelelwa ngokomzimba.

Ngenxa yokunyuka okuphezulu kokuphamba kwabesilisa, mhlawumbe akumangalisi ukuthi zimbalwa izifundo ezigxile ekuhlobeni kokuziphatha kwabafazi ngokobulili. Ucwaningo luye lwabika ukuthi izici ezinethonya kwabesifazane zibandakanya ukucindezela kontanga ukuba baye ocansini (isib. Krahé et al., ), ukuvivinya ucansi (Schatzel-Murphy et al., ), izimo zengqondo eziphikisayo ebuhlotsheni bezocansi (isib, u-Anderson, ; UChristopher, Madura, & Weaver, ; I-Yost neZurbriggen, ), kanye nokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi (isib. Anderson, ; UKrahé et al., ; URussell no-Oswald, ). Izifundo ezengeziwe zibhale umthelela wobuntu obunobutha ngesitayela esisebenzayo sobuntu (Ménard et al., ) indlela yokukhohlisa, yokudlala umdlalo yokwakha ubudlelwano obusondelene (URussell no-Oswald, , ), nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) Ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlinzeka ngomqondo walolu cwaningo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwabesifazane Kwezithombe Ezingcolile

Izithombe zocansi zibhekisa ezintweni ezibekela obala ezocansi ezenzelwe futhi ezisetshenziselwe ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili, etholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene (isb., Izithombe namavidiyo) futhi ivame ukutholakala ku-inthanethi (Campbell & Kohut, ). Ucwaningo selugxile emlandweni wokuthi ukuchayeka ezintweni zocansi kuthonya kanjani isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha kwabantu besilisa. Isibonelo, kuphikiswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamadoda kwezithombe zocansi kuhlobene nokuphikiswa kocansi kwabalingani (UTylka, noKroon Van Diest, ) kanye nokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi (uStanley et al., ). Ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi, kungahle kuhlobane kakhulu nokuziphatha kwabantu besilisa ngokobulili (iGonsalves, Hodges, & Scalora, ). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi nabesifazane bazibandakanya nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, yize kungencane kunamadoda (Ashton, McDonald, & Kirkman, ; URissel, Richters, de Visser, McKee, Yeung, & Caruana, ). Ngenxa yokungafani kwendlela, ukulinganiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabesifazane kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundweni, kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-88% ngokuya ngesampula kanye nencazelo yokusebenza kwezithombe zocansi (Campbell & Kohut, ). Ekubukezweni kwezibalo zabo zaminyaka yonke, i-Pornhub, iwebhusayithi enkulu yezocansi ze-Intanethi, ibike ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye yezivakashi zabo bekungabesifazane nokuthi ukuthambekela kwabo okuphezulu1 ukusesha kuyo yonke i-2017 kwakungu "porn kwabesifazane," okubonisa ukwenyuka kwe-1400% (i-Pornhub Insights, ). Ngenkathi ezinye izifundo zibika ukuthi abesifazane babesengozini yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nomlingani wakho (isb., Ševčíková & Daneback, ), Olunye ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakunamathuba amaningi futhi kuvame kakhulu lapho bebodwa kunokuba nomlingani wakho (Fisher, Kohut, & Campbell, ).

Ngokuhambisana nezifundo zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zamadoda, ucwaningo luthole ukusetshenziswa kwabesifazane kwezithombe zocansi ukuthi kuhlotshaniswe nezimo eziphathelene nocansi, ukuziphatha ngokocansi, kanye nemisebenzi yezocansi (isb., Inani labalingani bezocansi) (iWight, iBae, neFunk, ). Lokhu kusekelwa futhi wukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwakamuva okutholakele, ngokufana nabesilisa, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabesifazane kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi, womabili amagama (okusho ukuthi, “ukuphoqa ngamazwi kodwa hhayi ukusongela ukuxhumana ngokomzimba ukuthola ucansi, nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi”) nangokomzimba (okusho ukuthi, “ukusebenzisa noma ukusongela ukuphoqelelwa ngokomzimba ukuthola ucansi”) (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, , ikhasi 191). Inani elincane lezifundo kule ndawo lisho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabesifazane ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuthonya kanjani ukuziphatha kwabo okunobudlova ngokocansi kuhlala kungacaci. Kokunye ukufunda okunjalo, kutholakale ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabikezela zonke izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza ngokocansi kwabesifazane (okungukuthi, ukuphanga, ukukhohlisa, isibopho, nokukhohlisa ngokomzwelo) ngaphandle kodlame lomzimba nokwesabisa (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Ubunzima bezincwadi ezitholakalayo bukhombisa ukuthi kukhona ongaphenya ngakho lokhu, ngakho-ke sibheka izinto ezintathu zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane, okuwukuthi (1) intshisekelo kwezithombe zocansi, (2) imizamo yokuzibandakanya nezithombe zocansi, okungeziwe (3) ekucindezelweni kwezithombe zocansi. , okuthi kunganakwa kakhulu yize kuhlangene nobudlova babo besilisa (isib., Gonsalves et al., ).

I-Narcissistic and Histrionic Personality Disorder Traits

Izici zobuntu zingathonya futhi namathuba wokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwabesifazane (Krahé et al., ; URussell, uDoan, neNkosi, ). Izici zokuphazamiseka kobuntu kwe-Cluster B okumangazayo, okungokomzwelo, nokungahambi kahle (okuhambisana nokulawula okungalawuleki kahle, ukulawulwa ngokomzwelo, nentukuthelo) kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlukunyezweni ngokocansi (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Isibonelo, i-narcissisticuntu disorder (NPD), etholakala kuwo womabili amadoda (i-7.7%) nabesifazane (i-4.8%) futhi iyonke ku-6.2% yabantu jikelele (Stinson et al., ), ubonakala ngomqondo omkhulu wobuntu, amalungelo, nokuzwela okuphansi kwabanye (ama-Emmons, ). Emadodeni, izici zobuntu bokuhlambalaza zihlotshaniswa kahle nezinkolelo ezisekela ukudlwengulwa futhi zihlotshaniswa kabi nozwela ngezisulu zokudlwengulwa (uBushman, uBonacci, van Dijk, noBaumeister, ), Ngenkathi i-NPD ihlobene nokwenziwa kobudlova ngokocansi (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu we-narcissism babonisa ukuxhumana kobudlelwano obubi kakhulu (iLamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, ) futhi maningi amathuba okuthi bazibandakanye nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi (Zeigler-Hill, Besser, Morag, & Campbell, ). Ngokweqiniso, i-narcissism ihlotshaniswa nokwenza kwabantu besifazane ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (Kjellgren, Priebe, Svedin, Mossige, & Långström, ; Logan, ), ngobukhulu belungelo / lokuxhashazwa okutholwe kunethonya elikhulu (IBlinkhorn, iLyons, ne-Almond, ; URyan, Weikel, noSprechini, ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abaphezulu kakhulu ku-narcissism batholakala njengabalingani babo besilisa abangaphenduka ngokubekezelela kanye namaqhinga okuncintisana ngokocansi ngemuva kokuphikiswa ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini (uBlinkhorn et al., ). Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kuziphatha kungakhombisa ukuthambekela kwabantu abazibandakanya nobulili obuhlukile ukuze bafeze isidingo sabo sokuziqinisa (Gewirtz-Meydan, ).

Kutholakale ku-1-3% yabantu jikelele (Torgeren et al., ) futhi wabika kabili kwabesifazane kunabesilisa (Torgersen, Kringlen, & Cramer, ), izici ezihlotshaniswa ne-histrionic ubuntu bokuphazamiseka (HPD) azihlolwe kangako kune-NPD maqondana nokuphoqwa kocansi. Lokhu kuyamangaza ngandlela thize izici ezichazayo ze-HPD zifaka phakathi imizwa ngokweqile, okuphoqayo, yokuziphatha okufuna ukunakwa, kanye nokuziphatha kobulili okungalungile noma okuncintisanayo (APA, ; I-Dorfman, ; Itshe, ). Ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nokungabekezeleli ukwaneliseka okubambezelekile (IBornstein neMalka, ; Itshe, ), Abesifazane abane-HPD bafuna ukuqinisekiswa nokunakwa kubalingani abaseduze (AlaviHejazi, Fatehizade, Bahrami, & Etemadi, ). Ucwaningo oluqhathanisa abesifazane abane-HPD neqembu elilawulwayo elihambisanayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kobuntu luthole ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi bebengathembekile ngokocansi futhi babike ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngocansi nokuzikhathaza ngokobulili ngamazinga aphansi okuqina ngokocansi nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Apt noHurlbert babheka ukuthi izici zokuziphatha ze-HPD zaziyizimpawu zokuziphatha kobulili, kanti uWidiger noTrull () uqaphele ukuthi izici ze-HPD ne-NPD kungenzeka zenzeke ngokubambisana. Izici zokuziphatha ezivelele, ezikhohlisayo nezicindezelayo ezitholakala kulezi zifundo zabesifazane abane-NPD ne-HPD zifanelekile njengoba zihambisana nezifundo ezikhona zokubika izinto ezisekela ukwenziwa kobushiqela kwabesifazane (isib. URussell no-Oswald, , ; Schatzel-Murphy et al., ) nokusetshenziswa kocansi (isb., uWightight et al., , ). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuhlola ithonya lazo zombili izimfanelo ze-HPD ne-NPD nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ekusetshenzisweni kwabesifazane ngobudlova bocansi.

Izinjongo Zokucwaninga

Lolu cwaningo luphenye ithonya lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobuntu be-narcissistic kanye ne-histrionic ezinhlotsheni ezine zokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo olwedlule, sabikezela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; U-Wright et al., ) nezimpawu zobuntu be-narcissistic kanye ne-histrionic (isb., Apt & Hurlbert, ; Blinkhorn et al., ; Kjellgren et al., ; Logan, ; URyan et al., ) zingahlotshaniswa kakhulu nesibalo esikhulu sezinhlobo ezintathu zokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (okungukuthi, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili, ukukhohlisa nokukhohlisa, kanye nokuxhashazwa kokudakwa). Siphinde sabikezela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimpawu zobuntu ngeke kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kohlobo lwesine lokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (okungukuthi, amandla omzimba noma izinsongo) njengoba lokhu kungazange kubikwe ocwaningweni olwedlule.

Indlela

Abahlanganyeli kanye nenqubo

Bangu-142 abesifazane, abaneminyaka engu-16-53 ubudala (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06), wabamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Abesifazane babejwayelekile ebudlelwaneni besikhathi eside, okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha ubude (n = 53.5%). Abahlanganyeli abasele bebengashadile noma behlukanisile (n = 24.7%), ebudlelwaneni besikhashana (n = 11.3%), noma ushadile (n = 10.6%). Iningi labahlanganyeli lalingabobulili obuhlukile (n = 85.2%), ngenani elincane labesilisa nabesifazane (n = 11.3%) nobungqingili (n = 3.5%) abesifazane abaqashiwe. Ngaphansi nje kwengxenye (n = 43%) balaba besifazane babike ukuthi njengamanje basebenzisa izithombe zocansi. Ayikho enye imininingwane yabantu eqoqiwe. Izindlela ezimbili zamasampula wamathuba zisetshenziselwe ukuqoqa imininingwane kusuka kusampula eyahlukahlukene yabesifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-16, endaweni yabafundi nasemphakathini, ongenamlando owaziwayo owonayo. Abahlanganyeli bavolontiya ukugcwalisa iphepha noma uhlu lwemibuzo oluku-inthanethi, olinganiselwa ukuthi luzothatha amaminithi ayi-15. Umholo awuzange unikelwe ngokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo.

Ababambiqhaza baqashwa ngamakilasi we-undergraduate kanye ne-postgraduate kanye nezindawo zokungcebeleka eyunivesithi enkulu eNgilandi, kanye nasemphakathini wendawo, ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuthenga (n = 37). Umbhali wokuqala usabalalise izincwajana zemibuzo kubahlanganyeli abangahle bafakwe ngaphakathi kwemvilophu ekhulunywayo, ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa okuyimfihlo nokungaziwa. Ukuthola imvume enolwazi, ababambiqhaza abangahle babikelwe ngomlomo ngemvelo engaziwa neyokuzithandela yohlu lwemibuzo, eyaphindwa yashicilelwa eshidini elifakwe kuhlu lwemibuzo. Leli phepha libeke kwacaca nokuthi amaphepha emibuzo kufanele agcwaliswe eyedwa nokuthi ukubuyiswa kwamaphepha emibuzo kukhombisa ukuvuma kwemininingwane ezosetshenziswa. Ekhampasi, ababambiqhaza batshelwe ukuthi bangafaka amaphepha emibuzo agcwalisiwe ezimvilophini ukuze babuyele kumcwaningi ngesandla noma ebhokisini lokungena eliphephile egumbini lezinsiza zabafundi. Ababambiqhaza baphinde baqashwa ngezindlela ze-snowballing besebenzisa okuthunyelwa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ku-Facebook naku-Twitter (n = 108). Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuchaze kabanzi izinhloso zocwaningo futhi kwamema abesifazane ukuthi babambe iqhaza ngokuchofoza isixhumanisi esibaqondise kabusha ukuthi babuke uhlu lwemibuzo online, ukuze ligcwaliswe ngokuphepha futhi ukude.

Izindlela

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezocansi: Isikali se-Postrefrance sex Persistence Scale (Isikali se-PSP, iStruckman-Johnson et al., )

Isikali se-PSP yisilinganiso sezinto eziyi-19 sokuphikelela kokuya ocansini ngemuva kokuchazwa, okuchazwa njengokuphishekela ukuxhumana ngokocansi nomlingani wakho ngemuva kokuba benqabile ekuqaleni. Isikali sehlukaniswe izigaba ezine ezibonisa amazinga ahlukene okuxhashazwa ngokocansi: (1) amaqhinga okuvusa inkanuko engacacisi (izinto ezintathu, isb., “Ukuqabula okuqhubekayo nokuthinta”); (2) amasu okukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nawokukhohlisa (izinto eziyisishiyagalombili, isb., “Ukusabisa ngokuhlukana”); (3) ukuxhashazwa kwabadakiwe (izinto ezimbili, isb. “Ukubadakisa ngenhloso”), kanye (4) nokusetshenziswa kwamandla noma ukusongelwa (izinto eziyisithupha, isb. “Ukubabopha”). Izinto zitholwe i-1 (yebo) noma i-0 (cha), ngamanani aphezulu akhombisa ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwe-subscale ngayinye kuhlanganisiwe ezifundweni ezedlule (isb., Khan, Brewer, Kim, & Centifanti, ), okukhonjiswe kulolu cwaningo: ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili (α = .81); ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nenkohliso (α = .39); ukuxhashazwa kwabadakiwe (α = .38); kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla noma ukusongelwa (α = .00).

Sebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile: I-Cyber-Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory (CPUI, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, )

Kwaqashwa ama-subscales amathathu we-CPUI: inzalo (izinto ezimbili, okusho ukuthi, “Nginezindawo ezithile ezingcolile ezibekwe uphawu lokubekisa” futhi “ngichitha ngaphezulu kwamahora amahlanu ngeviki ngisebenzisa izithombe zocansi”), imizamo yokuzibandakanya nezithombe zocansi (izinto ezinhlanu, isb. ngihlele kabusha uhlelo lwami ukuze ngizokwazi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ”futhi“ ngenqabile ukuphuma nabangani noma ukuya emicimbini ethile yokuzijabulisa ukuze ngibe nethuba lokubuka izithombe zocansi ”), kanye nokuphoqeleka (izinto eziyi-5, isib. "Lapho ngingakwazi ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi, ngizizwa ngikhathazekile, ngithukuthele, noma ngiphoxekile" futhi "ngizizwa ngikwazi ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zocansi"). Into yokugcina ethi "Ngikholwa ukuthi ngiwumlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi" ayifakwanga ngenxa yempikiswano yamagama athi "ukuluthwa ngokocansi" kanye "nokulutha kwezithombe zocansi" (Schneider, ). Ngokwesikhokhelo sezinzalo kanye nokuzikhandla, ababambiqhaza bakhombise izimpendulo ngokuthi “ziyiqiniso” (amaphuzu angu-2) noma “ngamanga” (amaphuzu angu-1), ngenkathi kuyi-subsidale subscale, izimpendulo zaqoshwa kusikali sephuzu le-7-point (1 = angavumelani ngokuphelele ne-7 = ngivumelana kakhulu), nezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibonisa isilinganiso esikhulu senzondo yezithombe zocansi, ukuzikhandla, nokuphoqelelwa. Ukuthembeka kwaku: inzalo α = .40; umzamo α = .58; nokuphoqeleka α = .75.

Izici Zokuphazamiseka Kwobuntu beNarcissistic and Histrionic: Umbuzo Wokuhlonza Ubuntu, I-4th Edition (PDQ-4: Hyler, )

Izinto ezisePDQ-4 Narcissistic and Histrionic subscales zisetshenziselwa izindlela zokuxilonga ze-DSM-IV zokuphazamiseka kwe-Axis II futhi zisetshenziswe ocwaningweni oluqhathanisayo ukuhlola izici zobuthakathaka bobuntu nokusetshenziswa kokuphoqelelwa kocansi kwabesifazane (isib. Khan et al., ; UMunoz et al., ). Izikolo eziku-subscale yeNarcissistic (izinto eziyisishiyagalolunye, isib., "Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi ngisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo abanye") nokukhokhelwa kwe-Histrionic (izinto eziyisishiyagalombili, isib., "Ngingowesilisa ocansini kunabaningi") zitholwe ngamafuphi ) noma "zangempela" (amaphuzu angu-0), ngamanani aphezulu abonisa izinga elikhulu lezimpawu ezihlotshaniswa nobuntu obuhle nobungokomlando. Ukuthenjwa kwakungu: narcissistic α = .63 futhi i-histrionic α = .47.

Imiphumela

Ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi okungekho emthethweni (i-35.2%) kwakuyindlela ebikwa kakhulu yokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi, elandelwa ukusetshenziswa kobuqili nokukhohlisa (i-15.5%), kanye nokuxhashazwa kokudakwa (i-4.9%). Njengoba kungowesifazane oyedwa kuphela owabikwa ukuthi usebenzisa amandla omzimba noma izinsongo, lokhu kuxhaswa akufakwanga ekuhlaziyeni okwalandela. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-correlation 1) ukhombise ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kohlobo lokuvuselela ngocansi olungathandeki, izintshisekelo nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nezimpawu ze-HPD. Kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwamacebo okukhohlisa nokukhohlisa ukuze kuphoqe umlingani kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabadakiwe bekuhlangene kahle nomzamo wezocansi kanye nokuphoqelelwa, kanye nezimpawu ze-HPD. Ukuxhumana okungeziwe kukhonjwe phakathi kokuguquguqukayo naphakathi kwezindlela zokuziphatha zokwenza ucansi.

Ithebula 1

Ukuhlangana phakathi kwentshisekelo yezithombe zocansi, ukuzikhandla, kanye nokuphoqelela, izimilo zobuntu bokuziphatha kanye nobuntu bomlando, kanye nokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi

I-PoI

Poe

I-POC

I-NPD

I-HPD

I-NVA

EMD

I-EXI

I-PoI

Poe

.36 **

I-POC

.13

.38 **

I-NPD

.01

.15

-.05

I-HPD

.04

.28 **

.18 *

.45 **

I-NVA

.17 *

.27 **

.06

.09

.22 **

EMD

.14

.38 **

.24 **

.12

.25 **

.34 **

I-EXI

.11

.22 **

.20 *

-.02

.29 **

.33 **

.27 **

M

2.04

5.29

17.01

1.75

2.49

.58

.21

.06

SD

.18

.70

5.39

1.72

1.61

.93

.54

.26

Ibanga

2-4

5-10

11-77

0-9

0-8

0-3

0-8

0-2

I-PoI intshisekelo yezithombe zocansi, Poe umzamo wobulili, I-POC ukuthatheka kwezithombe zocansi, I-NPD izici zobuntu bokuphazamiseka kobuntu, I-HPD izici zobuntu be-histrionic I-NVA ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili, EMD ukukhohlisa ngokomoya I-EXI ukuxhashazwa kwezidakwa

*p <.05, **p <.01

Uchungechunge lokuphindaphindwa okuqondile kwemigqa lwenziwe ukuthola ukuthi inzalo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imizamo, nokuphoqelela kanye ne-NPD kanye ne-HPD izimfanelo zokuqagela ngokocansi (ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili, ukukhohlisa nokukhohlisa, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabadakiwe) (bheka Ithebula 2). Imodeli yokulawula yayingumbikezeli obalulekile wokuvuka ngocansi okungelona iqiniso, F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008, ichaza i-10.8% yomehluko wokucindezelwa ngokocansi (R2 = .11, I-Adj R2 = .08). Umzamo wezithombe zocansi kwakuwukuphela komuntu owayebikezela okuhlobene kakhulu nale ndlela yokuphoqelelwa ngokocansiΒ = .22, t = 2.29, p = .024). Ukubuyisa okwesibili kwaveza ukuthi imodeli ibiyisibikezeli esibalulekile sokukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nokukhohlisa, F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001, ichaza i-17.6%% yomehluko wokucindezelwa ngokocansi (R2 = .18, I-Adj R2 = .15). Umzamo wezithombe zocansi uwukuphela komuntu obalulekile wokukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nenkohliso (Β = .29, t = 3.14, p = .002). Ekugcineni, ukubikezelwa kwesithathu kubonise ukuthi imodeli ibingumbikezeli obalulekile wokuxhashazwa kotshwala, F(5,136) = 4.47, p = .001, ichaza i-14.1% yomehluko wokucindezelwa ngokocansi (R2 = .14, I-Adj R2 = .11). Izici ze-HPD bekungukuphela kwesibikezelo esibalulekile somuntu ngamunye (Β = .32, t = 3.45, p = .001).

Ithebula 2

Imiphumela yokubuyiselwa kwemigqa eminingana eminingi yokuthakazelelwa kwezithombe zobulili, ukuzikhandla, kanye nokuphoqelela, izici zobuntu be-narcissistic kanye ne-histrionic, kanye nokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi

Ukuziphatha okubambekayo

ANOVA

R 2

Adji R2

Isibikezeli somuntu ngamunye

Β

t

p

Isidlakela esingavikeleki ngokobulili

F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008

.11

.08

Isithakazelo

.09

1.05

.295

Umzamo

.22

2.29

.024

Ukuphoqeleka

- .07

- .81

.421

I-Narcissistic

- .03

- .29

.776

I-Histrionic

.18

1.87

.063

Ukukhohlisa nemizwelo

F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001

.18

.15

Isithakazelo

.01

.17

.869

Umzamo

.29

3.14

.002

Ukuphoqeleka

.11

1.24

.217

I-Narcissistic

.01

.14

.888

I-Histrionic

.15

1.61

.111

Ukuxhashazwa kwezidakwa

F(5, 136) = 4.47, p = .001

.14

.11

Isithakazelo

.05

.53

.596

Umzamo

.11

1.15

.253

Ukuphoqeleka

.08

.96

.337

I-Narcissistic

- .17

- I-1.93

.056

I-Histrionic

.32

3.45

.001

Ingxoxo

Ukuqinisekisa okulindelwe, umzamo wezithombe zocansi wawuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwabesifazane ukuvusa inkanuko engacacisi yezocansi nokukhohlisa ngokomzwelo nezinhlobo zokukhohlisa zokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Lokhu kutholakala kuhambisana kakhulu nocwaningo lwangaphambilini oluxhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabesifazane ngezindlela eziningi zokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi, njengokuhlukumeza, ukuphoqa ngamazwi, ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo, nokukhohlisa (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; U-Wright et al., ), noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukucubungula ukuthi kungani intshisekelo yezithombe zocansi nokuphoqelelwa kungahlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuya ocansini. Njengoba kuncane ngokuya ngocwaningo oluqhathanisayo, izincazelo zalokhu okutholakele zihlongozwayo ngokucophelela. Isibonelo, njengoba ucwaningo lwangaphambili nabahlanganyeli besilisa bathola ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqayo kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (isib., UGonsalves et al., ), lokhu kungafani kungahle kubonise umehluko ocansini. Kodwa-ke, ama-coefficients we-alpha wezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezocansi ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwazo abephansi, imizamo edidayo yokuqhathanisa okutholakele. Njengoba le ndawo ifanelwe ukuhlola okunye, kungaba ukuhlakanipha kwezifundo zesikhathi esizayo ukuhlola izici ezahlukahlukene zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokwehluka kobulili.

Ucwaningo lwethu luphinde lwathola ukuthi izici ze-HPD bezihlobene kakhulu nokuxhashazwa kwezidakwa, okukhonjiswa yilezi zincwadi kungakhombisa ukuzwela ngokweqile, ukufunwa kokubhekisisa, kanye nokusebenzisa indlela evusa inkanuko ukuphatha abanye (isib. AlaviHejazi et al., ; IBornstein neMalka, ; I-Dorfman, ; Itshe, ). Ngempela, abesifazane bangase babe nethuba lokuphoqa umlingani lapho bezizwa belahliwe (i-Wright, i-Norton, ne-Matusek, ). Ngokungafani nabesilisa (okubikwa ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu kunabesifazane ukuthi bagqugquzelwe amandla), abesifazane abanamandla okuya ocansini kubikwa bashukunyiswa ukusondelana- ukusondelana (Zurbriggen, ), Okungahle kwenziwe ihaba kwabesifazane abanezici ze-HPD abakhombisa ukukhathazeka ngokweqile ngokocansi (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Ukusetshenziswa kokuziphatha okuphoqelelayo ukuxhaphaza ngokocansi abadakayo kungabonisa amazinga aphansi okuqina kocansi abikwe kwabesifazane abane-HPD (bona i-Apt & Hurlbert, ), ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokuphoqelela ezocansi okufuna amandla athile. Asibonanga ithonya elilindelwe lezimpawu ze-NPD zokuphoqelelwa ngocansi. Lokhu kwabikezelwa ngenxa yezinhlangano ezazibikiwe ngaphambili phakathi kwe-narcissism, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (uZeigler-Hill et al., ), kanye nokuphoqa (Blinkhorn et al., ). Lokhu okutholakele kungakhombisa nokufana phakathi kwezici ze-NPD ne-HPD (njengoba kuphawuliwe ngu-Apt & Hurlbert, ; I-Widiger & Trull, ); ngakho-ke, kungaba usizo ekuphenyeni okuzayo ukuthola lokhu ngokucacile.

Njengoba ucwaningo olukhona luyingqayizivele futhi okutholakele kuxutshwe, asizange senze ukubikezela ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla omzimba noma izinsongo zokuphoqa umlingani, futhi, ekugcineni, njengoba kwabahlanganyeli eyodwa ekubikeni lokhu, lokhu okukhishwe kukhishwe ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa. Ucwaningo olungafaki ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengento engaba khona yokuphoqelela ngokobulili ukuthi abesifazane mancane amathuba okusebenzisa amandla noma izinsongo kunokuba basebenzise ezinye izinto zokuziphatha zocansi, njengokucindezelwa ngamazwi (Krahé et al., ), okungenzeka kukhombisa ukuqapha okukhulu noma ukwesaba ukuphindisela. Ngempela, abenzi besifazane bokucindezelwa ngokocansi babhekana nokusabela okungekuhle nokuphikiswa yizisulu kunabenzi bobubi besilisa (O'Sullivan, Byers, & Finkelman, ). Kodwa, ukwenza lokhu kube nzima futhi, izifundo ezihlola ithonya lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumbiko yokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi zibika okuphambene nalokho okutholakele. Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-ucwaningo lwe-22 kutholile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesifazane kwabikezela zonke izinhlobo zokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi, kufaka phakathi amandla omzimba nezinsongo (isib., UWight. Et al., ), Ngenkathi olunye ucwaningo luthola, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zabesifazane kwakungahlotshaniswa nokwesatshiswa ngokomzimba namandla (isib. ). Ucwaningo lwakusasa lungaphenya lezi zinto ngokuhlangene ukubheka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuthonya abesifazane ukuthi basebenzise amandla asemzimbeni noma izinsongo kuphela lapho ezinye izindlela zokuphoqelela ezocansi zihluleka, noma uma kunezici ezithile ezichaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omzimba nokuziphatha okusongelayo.

Ukulinganiselwa kanye Nezinkombandlela Zokucwaninga Okuqhubekayo

Naphezu kwemizamo yokuthola abahlanganyeli abaningi, lolu cwaningo belukhawulelwe ukusetshenziswa kwalo isampula elincane, elingelona i-probabilistic; Ngakho-ke, i-generalizability ilinganiselwe. Njengoba kuphawuliwe kwezinye izifundo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo zemibuzo yokuzenzela ngokwakho ukuze uphenye ngesihloko esizwelayo sokuphoqelelwa kokuya ocansini (isib, uGonsalves et al., ) nezici zokuphazamiseka kobuntu (Hoffmann & Verona, ; UKhan et al., ; UMunoz et al., ) kungahle kube nomphumela ekuthandweni komphakathi noma ekukhunjweni kokuchema. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlamvu zeCronbach zezinye izinkokhelo zaziphansi. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kukhombisa uhlobo lwesilinganiso. (Ukuxhashazwa kwemixhaso yenzalo yokudakwa kanye nezithombe zocansi bekuqukethe izinto ezimbili lilinye.) Kunconywa izindlela ezibanzi, ezinemininingwane yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo. Ikakhulu, bekuwukubhekisisa ukunganaki umthelela ongaba khona wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto zobulili ezingcolile, njengoba abesifazane bevezwa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zocansi, kufaka phakathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinobudlova (Mathebo, Tyden, Haggstrom-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, ). Izithombe zocansi zingaqukatha izigcawu ezinobudlova noma ezehlisa isithunzi (iRomito neBeltramini, ) noma ukuboniswa okuqondiswe ngabesifazane (iZhou & Bryant, ), okubikwa ukuthi abesifazane bavuswa kakhulu yibona kunabesilisa (Glascock, ). Umehluko obalulekile kungenzeka futhi phakathi kwezithombe zocansi eziyimfundamakhwela nezobuchwepheshe, maqondana nezinga lokungalingani ngokobulili okuveziwe (UKlaassen noPeter, ). Njengoba umehluko wobulili obalulekile ungenzeka maqondana nemvamisa nefomu lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (Bohm, Franz, Dekker, & Matthiesen, ; Hald & Stulhofer, ), kungasiza ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo ukubheka ngqo umthelela wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezithombe zocansi ezisetshenziswa abesifazane ekuziphatheni kwabo ngokocansi, esikhundleni sokuphuma ocwaningweni olukhona olwenzelwe abesilisa.

Yize kunemizamo yokuqasha uhla olubanzi lwabahlanganyeli, inani lezinto ezivezwe ohlwini lwemibuzo belinqunyelwe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemihlahlandlela yokuziphatha eqinile; ngakho-ke, asikwazanga ukuhlola ukwehluka ngokobuhlanga maqondana nokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Lokhu kungaba yinto ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuhlola njengoba isifundo esedlule sike sathola ukuthi abesilisa base-Asia babika amanani aphansi kakhulu okuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abamnyama, abamhlophe nabaseLatino (bona isiFulentshi, iTilghman, neMalebranche, ). Ezinye izinto izifundo ezedlule ezibika njengezici ezibalulekile zokulamula zokuphoqelela ngokocansi kubantu besifazane, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukuthi zikhiqize imiphumela ebalulekile ocwaningweni oluzayo, zifaka nethonya lotshwala (Ménard et al., ) nomlando wokuhlukumeza ngokocansi (Anderson, ; URussell no-Oswald, ; ). Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala kungahle kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba lolu cwaningo lutholile ukuthi izici ze-HPD zihlobene kakhulu nokuxhashazwa ngokocansi kokudakwa. Ukuvumelanisa nolunye ucwaningo lwabantu olujwayelekile, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola ukuziphatha okuphathelene nocansi kwabesifazane abangenacala lokuya ocansini; ngaphandle kokuqasha abahlanganyeli abavela emiphakathini neyabafundi, le-caveat ibingahanjiswa kuphela njengoba imibuzo yokulinganisa ngokucacile umlando wokona ocansini ingafakwanga. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo nabesifazane zingalinganisa ngokuqondile ukuzibandakanya kwabahlanganyeli ebugebengwini noma kungenza kabusha ababambiqhaza ngemilando eyaziwayo yokuhlukumeza ngokocansi evela kubantu abasemtholampilo noma be-forensic.

Ukuphoqelelwa kwabesifazane ngokobulili kwabesilisa kuvame ukubhekwa njengokulimaza umphakathi jikelele kunokuhlukunyezwa okufanayo kwabesifazane ngabesilisa (French et al., ; I-Huitema neVanwesenbeeck, ; UStruckman-Johnson et al., ; IStudzinska neHilton, ). Yize izisulu zesilisa zokuphoqelelwa kwabesifazane ngokocansi nazo zingabika izimpendulo ezinhle ekucindezelweni ngokocansi, ezinye izifundo zibike ukuthi ama-90% wamadoda nawo abika okungenani impendulo eyodwa engemihle ekuphoqelweni (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) futhi ubonise ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo nokuziphatha okuyingozi (French et al., ; I-Turchik, ; I-Walker, i-Archer, ne-Davis, ). Ucwaningo oluncane kakhulu luyatholakala, kepha, ukukhomba izinto ezinomthelela ekubonisweni kwecala kwabenzi bobubi besifazane. Ukutholwa kokuqala kuphakamisa ukuthi ngenkathi abenzi bobubi besilisa bebonakala benolaka, abenzi bobubi besifazane bathathwa njengabaziphethe kabi (Oswald & Russell, ). Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungaba usizo ekutholeni izinto ezinomthelela ekuqondeni kokuhlukunyezwa, ukubika izisulu noma ukuzazisa njengomuntu ohlaselayo noma ohlukunyezwayo. Ukuhlolwa kokuphoqelelwa kokuya ocansini okwenziwa ngabesifazane abakhomba njenge-LGBTQ nakho kuyindlela efanelekile yophenyo, njengoba izifundo zangaphambilini ziphawula ukuthi lokhu kungahle kube okugcwele kepha okungasekelwa (isib. Turell, ; I-Waterman, Dawson, neBologna, ). Ekugcineni, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ucwaningo lwamanje luphenye ukwenziwa kwabesifazane ngokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi kunokuziphatha kwabesilisa ngemuva kokwenqaba kokuqala. Ubuningi bezinto ezizimele nezesimo bungabikezela izimpendulo ekuziphatheni okuphoqelela ngokocansi njengokukholisa ukuthi ezocansi ziyafiseleka, ukuthobela ucansi olungafuneki, noma ukuqedwa kobudlelwano (isb., Nurius & Norris, ). Izinga lokuziphatha okuphoqayo kwabesifazane okuholela ocansini lihlala lingacaci, kepha-ke, futhi ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungacabangela, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ngabe amadoda abhekana nokuphoqwa ngokocansi kamuva azibandakanya kwezocansi nokuthi lokhu kungafuneki kangakanani. Ngokufanayo, ucwaningo lwamanje aluzange luhlole izimpendulo zabesifazane ekwenqabeni komlingani wabo. Ngenkathi kubikiwe ukuthi abesifazane bathola ukusabela okungekuhle ngokwenqatshwa ngokocansi kunamadoda (de Graaf & Sandfort, ), lezo zinto ezinomthelela kuzimpendulo zokwenqatshwa zihlala zingacacile.

Ukuphetha, siphenye ngezici ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwabesifazane kokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Ukutholwa kukhombisa ukuthi imizamo yabesifazane yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuncintisana okubili kokungathandeki: ukuthambekela kobulili okungekho emthethweni nokukhohlisa ngokomoya nokukhohlisa ekuhwebeni ngocansi, kanti izici ze-HPD zazihlotshaniswa nokuxhashazwa kwezidakwa. Ucwaningo lwekusasa kufanele luqhubeke nokuphenya ithonya lemizamo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimpawu ze-HPD zokuziphatha okungalawuleki kwezocansi nezinga lapho lokhu kungazisa ukungenelela okuzayo.

Imibhalo yaphansi

  1. 1.

    “Ukuthambekela” kubhekisele kusihloko esithola ukuthandwa okuthandwa isikhathi eside esilinganiselwe, lapho amabhizinisi e-commerce angakhipha khona lokho okubambe inzalo yabathengi.

amanothi

Ukuhambisana Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi abanakho ukuphikisana kwezintshisekelo.

Isitatimende sokuziphatha

Lolu cwaningo lwamukelwa yiKomidi Lezokuziphatha leYunivesithi ngokuhambisana nemihlahlandlela yeBritish Psychological Society.

I-Consent Informed

Ababambiqhaza bakwazile ukunikeza imvume enolwazi yokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo.

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