Izindlela zokubuka i-intanethi-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-sebenzisa isifo: Ukuhlukahluka kwamadoda nabesifazane ngokuphathelene nokukhathazeka kokuziqhenya kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (2018)

Njengoba i-Intanethi ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokubhekana nezinhloso eziningana noma ukufeza izidingo ezithile, kusobala ukuthi abantu abaningi bayayisebenzisa futhi ngezinjongo zocansi (I-Döring, 2009). Iningi labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi be-Internet bathola imiphumela emihle, njengokucebisa impilo yomuntu ngamunye yezocansi noma ugqozi lokucabanga ngokocansi (UGrov, Gillespie, Royce, & Lever, 2011; IHald neMalamuth, 2008; UPaul, 2009; I-Shaughnessy, i-Byers, i-Clowater, ne-Kalinowski, ngo-2014). Abanye abasebenzisi, noma kunjalo, babonakala bekhulisa iphethini yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile ebonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhathi kanye nokulawulwa okunciphile kokusetshenziswa futhi bathola imiphumela emibi kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe ezingcolile ze-Intanethi (Griffiths, i-2012). Ngenxa yokutholakala kalula nokutholakala kokuqukethwe kocansi nokubonwa okungaziwa ngabasebenzisi (Cooper, i-1998), ukusetshenziswa kwe-Internet-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala kunobungozi ngenxa yamandla ayo wokulutha (Griffiths, i-2001; UMeerkerk, van den Eijnden, noGarretsen, 2006; Intsha, uPistner, u-O'Mara, no-Buchanan, ngo-1999). Ngokuphathelene nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Intanethi (isb. Ukuxhumana nabantu noma ukuthenga), kuyaxoxwa ukuthi ngabe isimo sokungalawulwa nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi singathathwa njengohlobo oluthile lokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi (Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, noPotenza, 2016; UGarcia & Thibaut, 2010; UKuss, uGriffiths, uKarila, noBillieux, ngo-2014; ILaier & Brand, 2014). Yize kuxoxiswane ngempikiswano, ababhali abaningana babheka i-Internet-pornography-use disorder (IPD) njengesifo esiyimilutha, esiqhathaniswa nengxaki yokugembula kwe-Intanethi noma ukuphazamiseka kokugembula. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenzisa uhlaka lomlutha kuyasiza ekufundeni izindlela ezingokwengqondo ezingaphansi kwe-IPD. Enye yezinqubo ezifundwe kakhulu ekuphazamiseni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa kuwukukhuthaza okucashelwayo kokubhekisisa ezintweni ezihlobene nomlutha (UBradley, uMogg, uWright, nensimu, 2003; Inkambu, uMarhe, noFranken, 2014; van Hemel-Ruiter, de Jong, Ostafin, kanye neWiers, 2015).

Ukubandlulula okubhekwayo kuchazwa njengezinqubo zokuqonda zokuqonda komuntu okukodwa okuthintwe yizinto ezihlobene nomlutha (Inkambu & Cox, 2008). Isendlalelo semibhalo esetshenziswayo ye-Hypas hypotheses, isibonelo, imfundiso yokuvuselela uzwelo kaRobinson noBerridge (1993). URobinson noBerridge (1993) bathi abantu abanezinkinga zokulutha babonisa ukushintsha okusheshayo kokunaka izinto, ezihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuluthayo (isb., ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa), ngenxa yesibindi sokukhuthaza. Ubukhali besikhuthazo buthathwa njengomphumela wezinqubo zokuhlelwa kwemikhuba yakudala (URobinson neBerridge, ngo-2000, 2001, 2008). Ngokwesimo sokuthuthuka kanye nokugcinwa kwe-IPD, lokhu kucatshangelwa kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kokuthatha izinqumo ukuze kuthokoziswe ukwaneliseka kwesikhashana mayelana nokuvuselela ucansi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukulindela ukwaneliseka kwezocansi kudlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwe-IPD njengoba ukuzanelisa kuqinisa (futhi ngokwengxenye) kuqinisa (UBrand et al., 2011; IGeorgiadis neKringelbach, 2012; Intsha, i-1998). Okutholakele ocwaningweni olwedlule kukhombisile isimo sokuvuswa kocansi namandla ayo wokuqinisa (UHoffmann, Janssen, & Turner, 2004; UKlucken et al., 2009) futhi ngakho-ke khombisa indima yokuvuselela ezocansi njengombikezeli we-IPD (ILaier & Brand, 2014; ISnagowski, iLaier, iDuka, neBrand, ngo-2016). Ukuqagela okuqondayo kokucatshangelwa okuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuluthayo sekukhonjisiwe vele ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwe-Intanethi (UDong, uZhou, noZhao, 2011; UJeromin, uNyonhuis, noBarke, ngo-2016; ULorenz et al., 2012; IMetcalf noPammer, 2011) kepha hhayi i-IPD, kuze kube manje.

Kuhlaka olusanda kushicilelwa olususelwa kubuningi, umfuziselo we-Umuntu-Afitive-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) imodeli (UBrand et al., 2016) kokuphazamiseka okuthile kokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi, ababhali bacabanga ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezihlisakalo ezithile zesimo sokuqonda nezimpendulo eziqondayo ezinhlwini ezithile. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kususelwa emcabangweni wezinqubo ezi-nambili (U-Bechara, i-2005), lapho ukuziphatha okuluthayo kungabonakala khona njengomphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kokuzenzakalelayo, okuphoqayo kanye nokucutshungulwa okukhanyayo okulawulwa kakhudlwana. Uma kucatshangelwa izimpendulo zokucabanga nokuthinta kokuthize okuphathelene nenqubo yokulutha, ukungathandeki okubhekisisa kuholelwa ekungalingani phakathi kwalezi zinqubo ezimbili futhi kuyaphoqa kakhulu kunokuba kuqhutshwe ngokomqondo njengoba kungumphumela wokuphinda kusebenze (U-Bechara, i-2005). Ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe nezinkambo ezihlobene nokuluthwa ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokuthuthukisa umlutha kuqinisa ukucashunwa okucatshangelwayo futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhulisa izimpendulo ezixakile kulezo zintambo. Ucwaningo ngokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual lungakhombisa ukuthi abantu abayimilutha basabela ngokushesha ekuvuseleleni ezocansi ngokuya ngokwenhloso yokuqaphela okuthuthukisiwe kuqhathaniswa nabantu abanempilo (UMechelmans et al., 2014). Imodeli ye-I-PACE ifakazela ukuthi kubantu bathambekele ekuthuthukiseni izimpawu ze-IPD ezifakiwe, njengokuqaphela okucashile, kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kokulangazelela kanye nokufisa kuyavela futhi kukhule phakathi kwenqubo yokulutha. Ngenkathi ukufisa kubhekiswa kakhulu kwisidingo esinolwazi lokusebenzisa isidakamizwa (USayette et al., 2000), ukusetshenziswa kwe-cue-reices kuphakamisela izimpendulo ezihambelana nezokuphilisana nezimo ezihlobene nokuluthwa (I-Drummond, 2001) futhi ngakho-ke impendulo eqondayo ngaphezu kokucabanga okusobala okubekiwe. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi umphumela wokubandlulula okubhekisisa kuzimpawu ze-IPD uqondaniswe nokuhlehla kabusha nokufisa.

Ngokuphikisana nombono ojwayelekile, izithombe zocansi azidliwa kuphela ngabesilisa, kepha zithola ukunakwa okukhulayo ngabasebenzisi besifazane, noma ngabe isikhathi sokusebenzisa nokukhetha okuqukethwe kwehlukile ekusebenzeni kwabesilisa (UDaneback, Cooper, noMånsson, 2005; I-Ferree, 2003; I-Shaughnessy, i-Byers, ne-Walsh, ngo-2011). Ngaphandle kwenani elilinganiselwe locwaningo ngokuziphatha okuluthayo kwabasebenzisi besifazane, kukhona ubufakazi obunamandla bokufana phakathi kwabasebenzisi besilisa nabesifazane (Okuhlaza okotshani, izinqolobane, izinqolobane, & Weinmann, 2012; I-Laier, i-Pekal, ne-Brand, i-2014). Imiphumela yabesilisa nabesifazane iyahambisana nokutholakele kwangaphambilini, iphakamisa ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi nokulangazelela kuyizibikezeli eziyinhloko zentuthuko kanye nokunakekelwa kwe-IPD futhi kususelwa ezinhlanganweni ezifundile ezinhlwini zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (UBrand et al., 2011; ILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iSchulte, neBrand, 2013). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukubandlulula ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi kungenzeka ngaphandle kocansi. Kagerer et al. (2014) kungakhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa nabesifazane bebengafani ngezikhathi zokusabela ngokuya ngokuqagela kokucophelela kokuya ocansini. Kodwa-ke, akukacaci ukuthi ukukhetha okubonakalayo kuhlangana kanjani nezimpawu ze-IPD. Ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kokucabanga kwemodeli ye-I-PACE (UBrand et al., 2016) kanye nobufakazi bokuqala bokuvela kokuvela kokucatshangelwa kokucatshangelwa kocansi kwabahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane (IKagerer et al., 2014), senza hypothesize:

• I-H1: Ukuqashelwa okubhekelwa ezithombeni zocansi kuhambisana nobuphawu obukhulu be-IPD.
• I-H2: Kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathalela nokunaka kwezinkomba zokwenziwa kabusha nokulangazelela.
• I-H3: Ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathalela nokunaka kwezimpawu ze-IPD buzimele ebulilini.
• I-H4: Umphumela wokubandlulula okubonakalayo kwizimpawu ze-IPD uqondiswa izinkomba zokufisa nokwenza izinto kabusha.

Imiphumela

Amanani achazayo azo zonke izinto eziguqukayo afingqiwe kuThebula 1. Abahlanganyeli besilisa bakhombise inqaku elibi le-s-IATsex ye18.85 (SD = 6.22, ububanzi: 12-42), kanti ababambiqhaza besifazane babenamaphuzu aphakathi kuka-14.34 (SD = 4.35, ububanzi: 12-37). Ngokuya ngezikolo ezisikiwe ze-Short-Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT; uhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala lwezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi) (UPawlikowski et al., 2013), lesi sampula siqukethe abasebenzisi besifazane abanezinhlungu nabanezifo (2.2%) nabasebenzisi besilisa abayinkinga nabane-pathological (8.9%). A t-I-iisampula ezizimele zibonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane maqondana nezimpawu ze-IPD (s-IATsex), ukucatshangelwa kokubhekisisa (okugciniwe nokujwayelekile), nezilinganiso zezithombe (ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili nokuheha). Akukho mehluko owatholwa izinkomba zokunxanela (ukuvusa imizwa kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu) nesimo se-200-ms ukunakwa kwe-bias (kokuqala i-AB) (Ithebula 1). Ukuhlangana phakathi kokuthambekela ku-IPD, izinkomba zokuvuselela ucansi nokufisa, nezindlela zokubandlulula okubukhali ziboniswa kuThebula 2. Njengoba kwenziwa hypothesised, imiphumela ikhombisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokucophelela kokunaka, izimpawu ze-IPD, nezinkomba zokuphinda wenze umsebenzi nokufisa.

 

Ithebula 1. t-Okulungele amasampula azimele aqhathanisa ababambiqhaza besilisa nabesifazane maqondana nezilinganiso zokuthambekela ku-IPD, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokobulili, isifiso sokucabanga, kanye nokunaka kokunaka

 

Ithebula 2. Ukuhlangana kwezilinganiso zokuthambekela ku-IPD, ukucatshangelwa okubonakalayo, nezinkomba zokuvuselela ucansi nokulangazelela

Ukuhlaziya okwenziwe kabili kwe-hierarchical regression analges kwenziwa ukuthi kuqhutshwe ukuxhumana phakathi kweqembu "nokuya ocansini" okuguquguqukayo kweqembu kanye nezindlela zokucatshangelwa kokuqhathaniswa kokuthambekela kwe-IPD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlaziywa amandla we-post hoc wokubona amasayizi womphumela kanye namandla kasayizi wesampula lokuhlaziya kokubhalelwa kabili. Njengokwehluka okuthembekile, “i-s-IATsex-craving” esetshenzisiwe yakhethwa, njengoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ukunaka okucatshangwayo kunemiphumela yezimpawu zokufisa nokuthi lokhu okubhaliselwe kuhlola izikhalazo ezikhona zokufisa ngokuqondile kunalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “s-IATsex sum score” . "Iqembu" elenza ukuguquguquka kweqembu laliqagele bese kuthi “umaki wokuqala we-AB” usetshenziswe njengokuguquguqukayo komengameli. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, iqembu "ubulili" elihlukile libonise incazelo enkulu yokuhlukahluka kulokho okuthembekile kwe- “s-IATsex-craving” ye-9.9% (F = 18.970, p <.001). Ukungeza "isikolo sokuqala se-AB" esinyathelweni sesibili kukhulisa kakhulu incazelo yokwehluka kwe- "s-IATsex-craving" (ΔR² = .020, ΔF = 3.968, p = .048). Awukho umphumela obalulekile wokuxhumana obonwe (ΔR² = .00, ΔF = 0.027, p = .871). Kodwa-ke, imodeli yokubuyela emuva yahlala ibalulekile ngencazelo ephelele yokuhlukahluka kwe-12% ekuthambekeni kwe-IPD (R² = .120, F = 7.720, p <.001). Amanye amanani wokubuyela emuva akhonjiswa kuThebula 3. Ukuhlaziywa kokumodareyitha okulungisiwe kukhombisa usayizi womphumela ophakathi nge f² = 0.14 namandla adingekayo ka-0.83 (1 − β err prob) (Cohen, 1992). Imithambeka elula (Umdwebo 3) kwesimo sokumelela esibonisa ukuthi "u-AB wokuqala wokuqala" kanye "no-AB wokuqala ophakeme" bebengahlukile kakhulu kuziro (t_lowinitialAB = 0.13, p = .895; t_{i-highinitialA} = 0.14, p = .886). Ekuhlaziyweni kwesibili kokuhlenga okulinganiselwe, i- "AB egcinwe" yasetshenziswa njengokuguquguquka komongameli (ukuguquguquka kweqembu nokuhlukahluka okuxhomeke kuyefana nangenhla). Ngenxa yalokho, "ubulili" beqembu obukhombisayo bubonisa umphumela obalulwe ngenhla ekuthambekeni kwe-IPD (s-IATsex-craving) ne- R² = .099 (F = 18.970, p <.001). I-AB egcinwe njengesibikezeli sesibili kule modeli ikhombise incazelo ebalulekile yokwehluka kwe-ΔR² = .034 (ΔF = 6.660, p = .011). Awukho umphumela obalulekile wokusebenzisana otholakele (ΔR² = .002, ΔF = 0.356, p = .552). Amanye amanani wokubuyela emuva akhonjiswa kuThebula 4. Ukuhlaziywa kokumodareyitha okulungisiwe kukhombisa usayizi womphumela ophakathi nge f² = 0.16 namandla adingekayo ka-0.89 (Cohen, 1992). Ngakho-ke, usayizi womthelela namandla akhombisa ukuthi asilindeli ngephutha futhi samukele ukuhlangana okuyize. Imithambeka elula (Umdwebo 4) kwesimo sokumelela esaziwa ngokuthi "u-AB onakekelayo ophansi" kanye "no-AB abagcinwe kakhulu" bebengahlukile kakhulu kuziro (t_{igcinwe ngaphansi} = 0.14, p = .893; t_{egcinwe phezulu} = 0.14, p = .892). Kokubili ukuhlehla kanye nokuhlaziywa okulula kwemithambeka kukhombisa ukuthi abantu abanokuchema okuphezulu kwezisusa zocansi babika izimpawu ezinamandla zokulangazelela umongo we-IPD. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela ikhombisa iqhaza elibalulekile lokukhetha ukunakekelwa kwabobulili bobabili, ngoba amaphuzu amabili okubhekela ukunakekelwa abe nokuqina kwawo okwandayo ngaphezu kweqembu elihlukahluka ngokobulili bezemvelo futhi akukho miphumela yokuxhumana phakathi kweqembu (owesilisa nowesifazane) kanye nokucwasa kokunakwa. 

 

Ithebula 3. Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyela emuva kokuhlolisisa kokuqala nge-s-IATsex-craving njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile

Ithebula 4. Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiselwa kokumaphakathi kwesibili nge-s-IATsex-craving njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile

   

Umfanekiso we-3. Imithambeka elula yokuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kokumodareyitha kokuqala nge-s-IATsex-craving njengoba ukuxhomekeka okuthembekile, ukuhlaziya kokuqala kokuhlolisisa okulinganiselwe nge-s-IATsex-ukunxanela ukuguquguquka okuthembekile, ubulili njengokuhlukahluka okuzimeleyo, kanye nokuqala kwe-AB njengomengameli. Akukho ukusebenzisana okutholakele futhi imithambeka elula ayihlukile kakhulu ku-zero

 

 

Umfanekiso we-4. Imithambeka elula yokuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kokumodareyitha kwesibili nge-s-IATsex-craving njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile, ukuhlaziywa kokumodareyitha kokuqala nge-s-IATsex-isifiso sokuguquguquka okuthembekile, ubulili njengokuhlukahluka okuzimeleyo, nokugcinwa ku-AB njengomengameli. Akukho ukusebenzisana okutholakele futhi imithambeka elula ayihlukile kakhulu ku-zero

Kwimodeli yokulamula, i-latent eguquguqukayo ye- "cue-reacaction and craving" esetshenzisiwe yenziwa ngamamodeli wokukhanuka ngocansi i-t2, nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ye-t2 ngoba izikolo zentengo yazo zombili lezi zinyathelo azizange zihlobane kakhulu nobunzima bezimpawu ngenxa Izimpawu ze-IPD nezokunaka okubhekwayo. Umcabango uwukuthi abantu abanophawu oluphakeme kakhulu sebevele banesisekelo esiphakeme sokufisa ngaphambi kokubuka isethulo sezithombe zocansi. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kokuvuka kokuya ocansini kuncane, kepha ukuvusa inkanuko yezocansi kuhlala kuphakeme ngesilinganiso se-t2 kubantu abathambekele ku-IPD. Imodeli ehlongozwayo yokulinganisa ukwakheka kuzinga le-latent enezimpawu ze-IPD (s-IATsex) njengoba ukuguquguquka okuthembekile kukhombisa ukuvumelana okuhle nedatha engaphansi. I-RMSEA bekuyi-0.067 (p = .279), i-CFI yayingu-0.985, i-TLI yayingu-0.962, kanti i-SRMR yayingu-0.028. Ama-χ² isivivinyo besingabalulekile nge-10.72 (p = .097) kanye no-χ²/df kwakungu-1.79. Sekukonke, imodeli ehlongozwayo ichaze i-24.1% yokuhlukahluka kwezimpawu ze-IPD (R² = .241, p = .015). Imodeli yokulamula efihliwe enesisindo β ikhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 5. I-latent ehlukile ye-"ukunakwa kokunaka" okuguqulwe njenge-AB kokuqala futhi yagcinwa i-AB yaba nomphumela oqondile kwizimpawu ze-IPD, ezamekelwa ukuxhaswa okuncane (amas-IATsex-control kanye ne-s-IATsex-craving) ye-s-IATsex ( β = .310, SE = 0.154, p = .044). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhekelela ukunaka kukhombise umthelela oqondile ekuguqulweni kwesikhashana okuguqukayo "kokuphinda usebenze futhi ukunxanela," obekumelwe ukuvusa inkanuko ngokocansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ngemuva kokubuka izithombe zocansi (β = .297, SE = 0.145, p = .041). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nomphumela oqondile kusuka ku-cue-reactivity nokulangazelela izimpawu ze-IPD (β = .299, SE = 0.093, p <.001). Sekukonke, ukubhekelela ukunaka kukhombise umphumela ongaqondile kuzimpawu ze-IPD (β = .089, SE = 0.045, p = .047) ekhombisa ukulamula okuyingxenye ngaphezulu kwezinkomba zokuphinda zisebenze kanye nokulangazelela.

   

Umfanekiso we-5. Imodeli ehlongozwayo yokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo ezingeni lokufika nezimpawu ze-IPD njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile. Kutholakale imiphumela eqondile nengaqondile ekhombisa ukulamula okuningana okuvela kwizinkomba zokunaka izibonakaliso zokubuyiselwa kwendalo nokulangazelela kobunzima bezimpawu ze-IPD

Ingxoxo

Njengomphumela ophambili walolu cwaningo, sithole ubudlelwano obusezingeni eliphakathi kokucabanga okubhekisisa obumbeni kanye nokuqina kwezimpawu ze-IPD esibonelweni sababambiqhaza besilisa nabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathalela okubonakalayo nezimpawu ze-IPD kuqondiswe izinkomba zokwenziwa kabusha nokulangazelela. Imiphumela ikhombisa umehluko phakathi kwabantu besilisa nabesifazane mayelana nokukhetha ukunakwa kwesimo sonke nesilondoloziwe, kepha hhayi esimweni sokuqala ku-Visual Probe Task. Kodwa-ke, ukucazululwa kokubuyiswa kwempahla kungakhombisa ukuthi ukucansana ngokobulili nokunaka kulezi zikhathi zombili kubikezela ukuthambekela ku-IPD, ukusebenzisana kwalaba bobabili akuzange kunikeze enye incazelo yokuhlukahluka kwezimpawu ze-IPD. Lo mphumela ukhombisa ukuthi ukucwaswa okubhekwayo kudlala indima kuzimpawu ze-IPD futhi kubonakala kuvela ngokuzimela kobulili.

Imiphumela iyahambisana nemodeli ye-I-PACE ehlongozwe nguBrand et al. (2016), egcizelela indima ebalulekile yokuqonda okucacile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuvuseleleni ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi kubandakanya i-IPD. Ukuqondisisa okusobala kubhekwa njengomphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkomba zokuvusa inkanuko yocansi nokucaciswa okuthile, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthakazelelwa kobulili okuphezulu okubangelwa izinkanuko zocansi nokuthola ukwaneliseka ngenkathi kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Singakhombisa ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi okucashile okuhambisana nokulethwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuvusa inkanuko ngokocansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ngemuva kwalokho kuhlobene nezinkomba zokucashunwa okubhekisisa nokulamula ngokwengxenye umphumela wokucatshangelwa kwe-IPD. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela isekela ukucatshangelwa komcabango maqondana nokuqina kokukhuthazelela kokuphathelene nokulutha futhi kuyahambisana nezifundo ezibhekisa ekusetshenzisweni kabusha nasekufuneni ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (Inkambu & Cox, 2008; Insimu, iMogg, neBradley, 2005; URobbins no-Ehrman, 2004). Ukuqonda okuqondile nokufakazayo okucacile, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhetha okubonayo, kungumphumela oqondile wokuphendula okunemibandela yezinkomba ezinomvuzo futhi kuqiniswa ngokugculisayo ngokwazi okuhle. Lo mphumela wokubandlulula okunaka kokuthambekela kwi-IPD ungakhonjiswa kulolu cwaningo. Imiphumela efanayo yabonwa kubantu abanohlonze, abaphendule ngokushesha ezithombeni zocansi kunokungathathi hlangothi kuqhathaniswa nabantu abanempilo (UMechelmans et al., 2014).

Sithole ukucashunwa okuphezulu kubantu besilisa ngesimo esigciniwe kanye ne-AB yonke uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu besifazane, kodwa akunjalo ku-AB yokuqala. Le miphumela ihlukile kwezinye izifundo, ezingakhombisi mehluko wokuya ocansini (IKagerer et al., 2014; Ukudumisa, uJanssen, noHetrick, i-2008). Lokhu kungachazwa ngokukhethwa kwesikhuthazo kulolu cwaningo, njengoba izithombe zocansi ezisetshenziselwa i-Visual Probe Task zingaba nomlingiswa onamandla kakhulu owesilisa kunowabantu besifazane ngakho-ke zithathe ukunakekelwa okuqinile kubasebenzisi besilisa. Izithombe ezethulwe ocwaningweni nguKagerer et al. (2014) kwakuyinhlanganisela yesifiso esibonisa ukuhlangana okuqinile nokuthambile futhi kwakukhethwe ngaphambili umphenyi wesilisa nowesifazane. Inqubo leyo yayisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa isithombe esivusa ngokulinganayo esekwe kubo bobabili ubulili. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kusekelwa ukwehluka kocansi kulolu cwaningo maqondana nobudlova nokukalwa okuvusa inkanuko kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza inkanuko nokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile okuphezulu kwabesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa nabesifazane bakhombise ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kokuqukethwe okuhlobene nokuya ocansini kwe-Internet. Ngenkathi abasebenzisi besilisa bekhetha okuqukethwe okwenziwa wedwa ngokujwayelekile, njengezithombe zocansi, abasebenzisi besifazane bafuna izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisana njengama-chatrooms noma ucansi nge-webcam (UShaughnessy et al., 2011). Ngakho-ke, abahlanganyeli besilisa bangakhangwa ngokuqinile yizinkomba zobulili ezingcolile uma ziqhathaniswa nabesifazane, ngokungenzeka njengomphumela wezinqubo zokuma kwesimo.

Ngokuphathelene nokubikezela kwezimpawu zokusebenzisa inkinga okuyizinkinga noma ngisho nokusebenzisa ubuthi bezithombe zocansi be-Intanethi, ubulili bababambiqhaza busebenza njengesibikezeli esibalulekile. Lo mphumela ungahle ubonakale uphikisana nezifundo eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi besifazane nabo bathambekele ekuluthweni yizithombe zocansi (UDaneback, uRoss, noMånsson, 2006; UGreen et al., 2012; U-Laier et al., 2014), noma zithanda izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisana kakhulu nomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, amazinga okudlanga kumasampula abesilisa ayaziwa ukuthi aphakeme kunamasampula abesifazane (URoss, Månsson, noDaneback, 2012), njengoba abasebenzisi besilisa basebenzisa i-Internet ezingcolile njalo. Amanani esandulelo kulesampula, yize engemeleli, aqhathaniswa nezinye izifundo ezinabasebenzisi besifazane abanenkinga nabangama-2.2% nabasebenzisi besilisa be-8.9% abayinkinga futhi abasuswayo (ngokususelwe kwizikolo ezikwi-s-IAT yasekuqaleni; UPawlikowski et al., 2013).

Ukuncenga okuthuthukisiwe kokunaka izinkambo zocansi kubikezelwe ukuthambekela ku-IPD. Lo mphumela wokuqonda okucacile kokuziphatha umlutha usekelwa yimiphumela evela ocwaningweni oluningi emkhakheni wezinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa (ukuze ubuyekezwe, bona Inkambu et al., 2014) nokulutha kokuziphatha (UMechelmans et al., 2014). Kodwa-ke, akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwababambiqhaza kwezocansi kanye nokunaka kokubhekisisa kuthambekele kwe-IPD. Ngokusobala, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu ze-IPD nokunaka izinkomba zocansi buzimele ebulilini begazi, yize abesilisa belinganise izinkomba zocansi njengokuvusa kakhulu nokuhehayo ngaphezu kwalabo abahlanganyeli besifazane. Enye incazelo ingaba ukuthi uhlelo lokubonwayo luhlelwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze luthathe ukunakekela kwezimpawu, ezinokubaluleka kokuzalwa kanye nomlingiswa womvuzo wombukeli wayo, njengokukhuthaza ucansi (I-LeDoux, i-1996; I-Rolls, i-2000). Lokhu kubhekisisa okujwayelekile okuhambisana nomvuzo ongewona wezidakamizwa, futhi okubizwa ngokuthi ukunakwa okubangelwa yinzuzo ezincwadini (Anderson, 2016), ingahle ichaze nosayizi omncane womphumela wokuhlangana. Izithombe zocansi zingahlotshaniswa nemiklomelo yomuthi kanye neyezidakamizwa futhi ngenxa yalokho zenzeka nakwisampula engeyona eyomtholampilo yamadoda nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhethwa kwesikhuthazo akuhambisananga nabobulili bobabili, kepha kufanelana nokuthandwa ngumuntu wesilisa. Kagerer et al. (2014) bathi ukunakwa kwabesifazane ezindabeni zocansi kuyaphazamiseka lapho behlangabezana nezinhlobo zobulili obufanayo njengoba zitholakala ocwaningweni lukaSchimmack (2005). Ngokuya ngokuthambekela kwe-IPD, lezi zivuseleli ngokocansi nazo ziye zabaluleka kubantu besifazane. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa okucatshangelwe nokunokuhlangenwe nakho kobucansi be-Intanethi kuqinisa kahle ukuthambekela kokukhohlakala kwezifiso ezihlobene nomlutha, kanti, ngemuva kwalokho, imiphumela yokuqonda okugcwele njengokucabanga okuphathelene nezimo zezinqumo ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kungaqiniswa ngokuzimela ocansini .

Kunemikhawulo ethile kulolu cwaningo. Siphenye i-hypothesis ngokubaluleka komtholampilo ngokwenza isifundo ngesampula engeyona eyomtholampilo. Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kudingekile ukubhekana nemithelela yokubhekisisa ukunakekelwa kwezimpawu ze-IPD ngesampula yomtholampilo ezifundweni ezizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwesimo sezocansi esisetshenziswe ku-Visual Probe Task kudinga ukulungiswa kulabo ababambiqhaza besifazane futhi kuhlolwe kusengaphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakwa kwabesifazane akuphazanyiswa yinoma ikuphi ukuphazamiseka, njengokuya ocansini kwabantu bobulili obufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi njengezinqunyiwe ezivela ezithombeni ezingcolile kungenzeka kungabi yisixazululo esifaneleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, sidale lezi zithombe ezingathathi hlangothi maqondana nokuqhathaniswa kombala nokuqina kombala ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuxhumana kobulili kwemizimba yabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukuma kanye nokunakwa ezinkomba zocansi kungakhuphuka kusampula yonke hhayi kuphela kubantu ababonisa ukuthambekela kwe-IPD. Ukukhethwa kwalokhu okusikiwe kwenzelwe ukuthi kube nemibala efanayo ezithombeni, njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi umbala wezinto ezishukumisayo nawo ungaba nomthelela ekubonweni. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zinikeze ukulawula okuhlukile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomba zocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhekana nemithelela yokuchema ngokunakekela ngokuningiliziwe, i-Visual Probe paradigm kufanele inwetshwe ukukala izikhathi zokuphendula ngendlela engathathi hlangothi ekubhanqeni kwezocansi nezindlela zokungathathi hlangothi uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhathi zokuphendula ngendlela engathathi hlangothi ekubambeni okungathathi hlangothi / kokungathathi hlangothi , njengoba kwenziwa ocwaningweni nguKagerer et al. (2014). Lesi simo singaba usizo ukusiqonda, uma abantu bephazamiseka futhi behlise ijubane ngezikhathi zokuphendula ngezinkomba zocansi. Okokugcina, kufanele kushiwo ngokusobala ukuthi isethulo sezithombe zocansi senziwa ngaphambi kwe-Visual Probe Task okuholela ekunikezelweni kokukhathazeka ngezikhathi zokuphendula ngaphakathi kwepharigm.

I-JS, RS, MB, ne-JP yenzelwe lolu cwaningo. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngu-JS noJP. I-MB, i-CL, ne-JP yenze ukucubungula kwezibalo futhi yahumusha imiphumela. UJP wabhala uhlaka lokuqala nolokugcina lombhalo wesandla. I-MB yaqondisa ukuhunyushwa kwemininingwane nokubhala umbhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali bafake isandla futhi bavume inguqulo yokugcina yombhalo wesandla.

Ababhali bamemezele ukuthi azikho izintshisekelo ezincintisanayo ezikhona.

Okubhekwayo