Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile ze-Intanethi: Ukuqhathaniswa kwezikali ezintathu ngezindlela ezixubile (2020)

Int. J. Environ. Res. Impilo Yomphakathi 2020, 17(2), i-488;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020488

by ULijun Chen * futhi Xiaoliu Jiang
UMnyango Wezengqondo, Isikole Sabantu Nesayensi Yezenhlalo, Inyuvesi yaseFuzhou, Fuzhou 350108, China
Kutholwe: 12 Novemba 2019 / Kwamukelwe: 10 Januwari 2020 / Kushicilelwe: 12 Januwari 2020

abstract

Inhloso yokuqala yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuqhathanisa amathuluzi e-screening ahlukile wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi anezinkinga zocansi (i-IPU) futhi akhombise isilinganiso esinembe kunazo zonke. Ukwethembeka nokuba semthethweni kwezikali ezintathu, okungukuthi, Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zokubusa (i-PPCS), Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile, i-Pale, kanye ne-Short Internet Addiction Test Adapted to Online Internet Activities (s-IAT-sex), kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa izinto ezintathu ezibucayi amaqembu, ngokulandelana. Sebebonke abantu abadala abangama-972 (kusho ubudala = 24.8) abavela ezifundazweni / ezifundeni ezingama-28 eChina babambe iqhaza engxenyeni yobungako (QUAN). Isikrini Esingcolile Esibonisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile sasebenza njengenjwayelo yesethenjwa. I-PPCS ikhombise ukwethembeka okuthe xaxa nokuba semthethweni, kufaka phakathi ubuqiniso bendikimba, kanye nokuzwela okukhulu nokucacisa okwamukelekayo; ngakho-ke, bekuthathwa njengethuluzi lokuhlonza olunembe kakhudlwana. Engxenyeni efanelekile (i-QUAL), sixoxisane namavolontiya angama-22 kanye nabelaphi abangu-11 (ababesebenze nabantu abanenkinga ye-IPU) ukuhlola imibono yabo mayelana nezici eziyinhloko ze-IPU eziyinkinga nobukhulu be-PPCS. Cishe bonke abaphenyi baxhasa ukwakheka kwe-PPCS. Lokhu okutholakele kugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwe-PPCS ezifundweni zocwaningo ezizayo futhi kugcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kokuhlola ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhlukanisa i-IPU njengenenkinga noma engahambi kahle.
Amagama agqamile: inkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile; isilinganiso sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; isilinganiso senkinga yokusebenzisa ezocansi; isivivinyo esifushane sokulutha se-inthanethi esivumelaniswe nezenzo zobulili ezi-inthanethi

1. Isingeniso

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuyi-Internet (IPU) kuwukuziphatha kobulili [1], okuhambelana nokusebenzisa i-inthanethi ukuzibandakanya ezenzweni zocansi ezijabulisayo futhi ezaziwa njengokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kwezithombe zocansi noma i-cybersex [2,3,4]. Inezinto ezahlukahlukene ezenziwa ngezocansi ezikwi-inthanethi (i-OSAs), kufaka phakathi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukushintshana ngezocansi okuku-inthanethi, ukuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni zocansi, ukusebenzisa ama-webcams ocansi, ukuthola abalingani bobulili, noma ukuhlanganyela ekudlaleni ubulili, phakathi kwalapho kumi ukubuka izithombe zocansi, umsebenzi odume kakhulu [5]. Ngokusho kokutholwe esidlule, ukuzibandakanya ku-IPU kwesinye isikhathi kuthola imiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene, njengezimali, ezomthetho, ezomsebenzi, nezinkinga zobudlelwano noma izinkinga zomuntu siqu [6]. Umuzwa wokulahleka kokulawulwa nokusetshenziswa okuphikelelayo naphezu kwale miphumela emibi yakha i-cybersex ephoqelekile noma i-IPU eyinkinga. Kuze kube manje, akukho ukuvumelana okukhona mayelana nokuqondisisa kanye nokuxilongwa kwe-IPU eyinkinga. Isibonelo, kusetshenziswe amagama amaningi ukuchaza le nto (isib, umlutha wobulili be-inthanethi [7,8], okuyinkinga okunobungozi online9], umlutha we-cybersex [10], nokusebenzisa okuyizinkinga kwezocansi kwe-inthanethi [6]). Yize le miqondo ihlukile kancane, yonke inezakhi ezintathu ezibalulekile: i-medium (i-inthanethi), okuqukethwe (ukuziphatha kobulili), kanye nokusebenzisa okuyinkinga (ukuziphatha okuphoqayo). Kungakhathaleki mpikiswano, manje kwamukelwa ukuthi ukuzibandakanya ngokweqile ku-IPU noma i-cybersex kungahle kube ukungasebenzi futhi kuhlotshaniswe nezimpawu zokulutha (isib. Ukulahleka kokulawula, ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelelayo). Uma ucabanga ngale mibandela engahambelani nokwabelana ngezakhi ezibalulekile, i-IPU enenkinga ingathathwa njengengqayizivele yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi ngombono wokuhlukanisa, okungasiza ukuqhubekisela phambili imizamo yemitholampilo neyokucwaninga ekwandeni komthelela wayo.
Noma kunjalo, ubufakazi maqondana ne-IPU eyinkinga abuhambelani, ngenxa ye-heterogeneity yethuluzi lokuhlola. Isizathu esiyisisekelo ukuthi incazelo nezinqubo zokuxilonga ze-IPU eziyinkinga namanje azikacaci. Ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinto ezingenakuphikwa, abacwaningi bakhiqize izikali eziningana ezikala izici ezihlukile zokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi [11]. Ezinye izikali ezimfushane zilula kakhulu ukuphatha, kepha zigcizelela umlutha oziqonda ngokwazo (isib. I-Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory-9). Amanye ala masikali enzelwe ukuthi kuhlolwe izisusa ezingezansi zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (amadoda, isib., I-porno Consuse Inventory) [12]. Ezinye izikali ziyehluleka ukufaka izici ezihlukile ze-IPU eziyinkinga futhi zigxile kuphela kubukhulu obuthile (isib. I-Pornography Craving Questionnaire, PCQ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amawebhusayithi atholakala emhlabeni jikelele aphatha i-Cybersex Addiction Test, i-Sexaholics Anonymousity Test, i-Sex Addicts Anonymous, ne-Screen Addic Screening Test, ehlola ubunzima ekusebenziseni ukuzithiba, imiphumela yayo emibi, kanye nezinkinga zenhlalo ezihambisana nemisebenzi yezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola i-IPU, usebenzisa izindlela zokuluthwa umlutha kwezocansi, kufaka ezinye izinselelo ezimbalwa. Ngokuqondile, lokhu kuhlolwa kungenzeka kungakwazi ukuthola izici zemisebenzi (isib. I-cybersex esekwe engxoxweni, imidlalo yamavidiyo ezocansi engeke idlalwe ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi) kanye nezimpawu (isib. Ukwahlukanisa okungokoqobo ngenxa yokuntywiliselwa ezweni le-virtual elihlukile ku-IPU. Ukubhekana nalesi sikhala ezincwadini futhi senze olunye ucwaningo kulesi sizinda, ukuhlolwa okunezakhiwo eziqinile zengqondo kuyadingeka [5,7].
Izikali eziningana ze-IPU eziyinkinga zitholakala kubacwaningi nodokotela. Ngempela, ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kwe-meta kuhlonza amathuluzi we-psychometric angama-22 ahlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi okuyinkinga [11]. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ucwaningo oluningi olwenziwe phakathi neshumi leminyaka edlule belusebenzisa izinto ezenziwe ngokwazo futhi ezimbalwa zalezi zinyathelo ziqinisekisiwe ngemuva kwalokho [4,5,13]. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yezifundo ezahlukahlukene ngoba kunokuntuleka kokhonkolo kuhlolo olusetshenzisiwe. Ukuze ukhethe amathuluzi afanele wokuqhathanisa esikalini esikhona, kwenziwa ukubuyekeza okuhleliwe. Amagama alandelayo nokuphuma kwawo kusetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni okuningi: (ICybersex * NOMA i-inthanethi yocansi ye-inthanethi * NOMA i-hypersex *) KANYE (umlutha * we-OR ngenkani noma inkinga ye-*) KANYE (ukuhlola noma ukukalwa noma ithuluzi le-AU), ukukhomba izifundo ezifanele ukuze ubhekane nemibuzo ehlobene nokuhlola namaphepha emibuzo atholakalayo wokuhlola. Izindlela zokukhetha zokusesha izincwadi zazikhawulelwe ezincwadini ezigxile ngqo ku-cybersex kanye / noma ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwe-intanethi kanye nokusebenzisa i-cybersex okungasebenzi kahle, futhi zibuye ziveze ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuguqulwa kwamathuluzi we-psychometric azibike wona ahlola okungenani isici esisodwa sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ekugcineni, sithole izinsimbi ezingama-27 zokuhlola i-IPU eyinkinga (cybersex). Ngenqubo yokubuyekezwa ehlelekile eyenziwe, sanquma ukugcina izikali ezintathu ezenzelwe ukukala ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuyinkinga, noma ngabe kungezona zonke izikali ezintathu ezenzelwe ukukala izithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, njengoba iningi lababambiqhaza lisebenzisa i-inthanethi yezocansi, kanye onjiniyela balesi sikali basikisela ukuthi zingasetshenziswa ukukala i-IPU enezinkinga [14,15], futhi futhi esikhundleni salokho singene esikhundleni sokuthi "izithombe zocansi" zibe "ezocansi ze-inthanethi" kuhlobo lwesiShayina. Sikhethe lezi zikala ezintathu ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo: (1) zifaka izinto ezimbalwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela izinyathelo ezilawulwa kalula, (2) zonke zifaka izici ezisemqoka ze-IPU, njengokulawulwa kokulahleka, (3) zibekelwe umlutha izingxenye ezifana nokulawula okungahambi kahle, ukungqubuzana, ukuthamba11], (4) ziyasebenza ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaShayina [16,17,18,19], futhi (5) babonisa ukuthembeka okuqinile kokuvivinya (ie, amasonto amabili) ukuthembeka; ngenxa yalokho, le mikhakha emithathu eqinisekisiwe yakhonjwa ukuthi iqhubeke nokuhlolwa. Okokuqala, i-Short Internet Addiction Test Adapted to OSAs (s-IAT-sex), ekhombise izakhiwo ezigculisayo ze-psychometric [9]. Kodwa-ke, leli nani ligunyazwe kuphela phakathi kwabesilisa [5], futhi isibalo esikhulu sezifundo sikhombisile ukuthi kunokwehluka okubalulekile kobulili ku-IPU [18,20,21]. Okwesibili, Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa i-Scale (PPUS) [15], okuqinisekisiwe kusetshenziswa isampula enkulu; ngeshwa, noma kunjalo, umaki we-cutoff oqondile awucaciswanga ngalesi silinganiso. Okwesithathu, Inkinga Yokusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (PPCS); lesi sikali sakhiwe phezu kohlaka lwethiyori yezakhi zemodeli kaGriffiths [22]. Zonke lezi zikalo ezintathu zifaka ukungaguquguquki okuqinile kwangaphakathi nesakhiwo seqiniso esivumelekile, esisekelwe ngemiphumela yokuhlaziya okuqinisekisayo (CFA) [9,14,15,19]. Noma kunjalo, kunzima ukuqhathanisa ukutholwa kwezifundo ezisebenzise lezi zikalo ngoba zifaka izinto ezihlukile zokwakheka. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukukhetha izinkomba nezindlela ezinokwethenjelwa, bese ukhomba ithuluzi elinembayo kunazo zonke.
Ukuze uqhathanise ngempumelelo izikali ezihlukile, kufanele kusungulwe indinganiso yokuhlanganisa nethembekile. Isithasiselo sezobulili ezingcolile esifushane (i-BPS), okuyithuluzi lokuhlola elilinganisa ukulahleka kokuzithiba, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungaba wusizo ekuboneni abantu abasengozini yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma abangasebenza njengesinyathelo sommeleli [23]. UKraus et al., Owathuthukisa i-BPS, uhlongoze ukuthi izindlela zokuxilonga zokuziphatha okuphoqelekile kokuziphatha kobulili (CSB) kufanele zifakwe kwi-International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) entsha [24], futhi lesi siphakamiso samukelwe. Ngokusho kwenqubo ezayo ye-ICD-11 yokuxilonga yokulawula ukuthinteka [25], amaphethini okwehluleka ukulawula ukuthambekela noma ucansi okucashile okulandelanayo futhi kubhekwe njengezici zokuphazamiseka. I-BPS ibheka ukuthathwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengento esemqoka ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-BPS isetshenziswe ngamasampula ahlukile, futhi ikhombisile izakhiwo ezigculisayo ze-psychometric phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi baseMelika nabasePoland [26]. Izifundo eziningi zangesikhathi esedlule zisebenzisa i-BPS ukukhomba imilutha yezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde yasetshenziselwa ukuthola ubungozi bokusebenzisa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesilisa abafuna ukwelashwa ngemithi noma ngokwengqondo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwabo kokuziphatha ezindleleni zabo zokuziphatha zocansi [27,28,29]. Ngakho-ke, kulolu cwaningo, izikolo ze-BPS zazisetshenziswa njengezilinganiso sereferensi lapho kutholakala khona ukuthatheka nokucaciswa kwalesi sikalo esishiwo ngenhla.
Ukubuyekezwa okuningi kwakamuva kuye kwagxila ngokuthe ngqo ekuqondisweni nasekuhlolweni kokusetshenziswa kobuchopho okuyinkinga [4,11,30,31]. Okunye ukubuyekezwa kufingqe kafushane futhi baphawule ngamathuluzi afakiwe [5], kanti abanye bahlole ikhono labo lokuhlola izakhi eziyisisekelo zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile [11]. Kodwa-ke, akukho cwaningo olwedlule oluqhathanise izikali ezihlukile futhi lwakhomba isilinganiso esifanelekile sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile usebenzisa isilinganiso noma inkomba efanayo. Izinyathelo ze-IPU eziyinkinga ziyindabuko, futhi isilinganiselo ngasinye sigxila esicini esahlukile se-IPU esiyinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba lezi zikalo bezingakaqinisekiswa kabanzi, kunzima ukuqhathanisa ukutholwa kwezifundo abazisebenzisile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwela kwezikali ezahlukile ezihlola i-IPU eyinkinga akuzange kuqhathaniswe ngokwanele. Ngakho-ke, ocwaningweni olukhona, kwenziwa i-QuAN → QUAL izindlela zokuxuba izindlela ezihlanganisiwe, kufaka phakathi (1) kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulinganisa ukukhomba isikali ngenkomba yokuzwela ephezulu kusuka ezikalini ezintathu ezikhethiwe (PPCS, PPUS, s-IAT-sex) Ukuhlola i-IPU eyinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokusetshenziswa, imvamisa yokuzibandakanya kuma-OSAs, ukuphoqelelwa kwezocansi, kanye nezifiso zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubuqiniso bezinhlolo. Ngemuva kwalokho, (2) kwaxoxwa ngezinga elifanelekile nabasebenza ngokuzithandela kanye nabelaphi abaye basiza abantu abasenkingeni ye-IPU eyinkinga ukuthi baqhubeke nokuhlola ukulunga kwesilinganiso "esinembe ngokwedlulele" ngokubuka kwabahlinzeki bensiza, lapho ingxenye efanele isiza khona ukuhlola kanye humusha imiphumela etholakala ocwaningweni oluphambili lwenamba.

2. Ingxenye Engamanani: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezikali Eziyontathu

I-2.1. Izimpahla nezindlela

I-2.1.1. Isibonelo

Isampula leli lalinezi-560 zamadoda nabesifazane abangama-412, kanti ubudala besampula lalineminyaka engama-24.8 [ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (SD) = Iminyaka engu-7.2; ububanzi = 18-48 iminyaka]. Ukuqhathanisa kweqembu kwezimpawu zobuningi bamasampula amathathu wokutadisha kungadonswa kusuka kuwo Ithebula 1.
Ithebula 1. Ukuqhathanisa kweqembu kwezimpawu zobuningi bamasampula amathathu wokutadisha.
Ithebula

I-2.1.2. Izinsimbi

Izinyathelo Ezimbili Eziyinhloko ze-IPU

I-PPUS. I-PPUS isikali sezinto ezingama-12 ezibika ubukhulu obuhlola ubukhulu be-IPU [15]: Izinkinga zosizi nokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ubunzima bokuzibamba, ne-IPU yokuphunyuka noma yokugwema imizwa engemihle. Enguqulweni yesiShayina yokuhlola, igama elithi "izithombe zocansi," elalisetshenziselwa isilinganiso sokuqala, laguqulwa laziwa ngokuthi "izithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi" kuzo zonke izimo (isib., "Ngichitha isikhathi esiningi ngibanjwa yimicabango ngezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi") . Ababambiqhaza bacelwa ukuthi bakhombise imvamisa ababenze ngayo i-IPU ezinyangeni ezi-6 ezedlule ngesilinganiso samaphoyinti ayisithupha ukusuka ku-0 (never) kuye ku-5 (sonke isikhathi). Izikolo eziphakeme bezikhombisa ubulukhuni obukhulu bokuzibandakanya kwi-IPU. I-alpha yeCronbach yesilinganiso esiphelele yayingu-0.95 kulolu cwaningo.
I-PPCS. I-PPCS yayisetshenziselwa ukukala i-IPU eyinkinga [14]. Izimpendulo zabhalwa kusilinganiso esilandelayo samaphuzu ayi-7: 1 = never, 2 = kuyaqabukela, 3 = ngezikhathi ezithile, 4 = kwesinye isikhathi, 5 = kaningi, 6 = kaningi, 7 = sonke isikhathi. I-PPCS inezinto eziyi-18, futhi ihlola izakhi eziyisithupha eziyisiqalo somlutha: ukuqina, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, ukungqubuzana, ukubekezelelana, ukuphinda uhoxe futhi ukuhoxa. Isici ngasinye silinganiswa ngezinto ezintathu (isib., "Nganginomuzwa wokuthi kufanele ngibuke i-inthanethi engaphezulu kakhulu yokwaneliseka" kuyinto yokulinganisa “ukubekezelela”); Izimpawu zeCronbach zezinto eziyisithupha okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili bekuyizinto eziyi-0.77, 0.84, 0.71, 0.78, 0.86, no-0.86, ngokulandelana, ocwaningweni. I-alpha yeCronbach ye-PPCS isiyonke yayingu-0.96. Amaphuzu angama-76 asetshenziselwa ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okuvamile futhi okuyinkinga; ngqo, izikolo ezazingaphezulu kuka-76 zazikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwenkinga.
s-IAT-sex. Izimpendulo entweni ngayinye yezinto eziyi-12 ze-s-IAT-sex ziqoshwa esikalini samaphoyinti amahlanu ukusuka ku-1 (never) kuye ku-5 (njalo) [9]. Isikali siqukethe izilinganiso ezimbili. Into yokuqala ihlola ukuzithiba nobunzima ekunciphiseni isikhathi esichithwa ku-inthanethi (izinto eziyisithupha, isib, "Uvame kangaki ukuthi uhlale ezingosini zezocansi ze-Intanethi isikhathi eside kunalokho obekuhlosile?"), Kanti owesibili into ilinganisa ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza okuhambisana nokubandakanya i-cybersex (izinto eziyisithupha, isib, "Kukangaki uzizwa ucindezelekile, unomsindo, noma uvalo lapho ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, okuhamba lapho usubuyile kumasayithi wezocansi we-inthanethi?"). Isikolo esiyinhlanganisela, esingabalwa ngokufingqa amaphuzu ento ngayinye, angaqala kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-60; Izikolo eziphakeme zibonisa izinkinga ezinkulu. Ukuvumelana okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi (i-alpha) ye-Cronbach yenani lesilinganiso kanye nezici zokuqala nezesibili kwakungu-0.89, 0.77, no-0.88, ngokulandelana, kulolu cwaningo.

Amaphepha emibuzo weCraduion Validity Lemibuzo

PCQ. Le mibuzo enezinto eziyi-12 ingukuhlola okungenamkhawulo [32,33]. Lokhu okulandelayo kuyizinto ezimbalwa eziyisampula: "Uma ngabe isimo sivunyelwe, bengizobukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile manje" nokuthi "Uma bengizobuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile manje, bekuzoba nzima ukuyeka." Abaphendulile kwakudingeka bakhombise ukuthi bavumelana kangakanani ngento ngayinye besebenzisa izindlela eziyisikhombisa ezilandelayo zokuphendula (ezethulwe ngaphandle kwezinombolo): “abavumelani ngokuphelele,” “ngandlela-thile abavumelani,” “abavumelani kancane,” “abavumelani futhi abavumelani,” “ngiyavuma kancane, ”“ ngivumelana ngandlela thile, ”futhi“ ngivumelana ngokuphelele. ” Izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu zibonisa isifiso esikhulu sezithombe zocansi. I-alpha yeCronbach yalesi silinganiso yayingu-0.92 ocwaningweni lwamanje. Imiyalo ye-PCQ yethula i-vignette efisa ukubuka izithombe zocansi, edinga ukuthi ummangalelwa acabange ukuthi bodwa egumbini labo futhi bahlala phambi kwekhompyutha yabo nokuthi banesifiso esinamandla sokubukela uhlobo abaluthandayo lwezithombe zocansi.
Isikali Sokuxineka Ngokobulili (SCS). Izinga abahlanganyeli ababonisa ngalo izici zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile livivinywa kusetshenziswa into ye-10-nto yeSC eyakhiwe nguKalichman et al. [34]. Izimpendulo zabhalwa kusilinganiso samanani amaphuzu amane (1 = hhayi kimi, 2 = njengami, 3 = njengami, 4 = njengami, isib, "Nginenkinga yokulawula imicabango yami yezocansi kanye nokuziphatha ”). Kulolu cwaningo, i-alpha yaseCronbach yalesi silinganiso yayingu-0.86.
Uhlu lwemibuzo lwama-OSAs. Izinto eziyishumi nantathu zazisetshenziselwa ukukala ukusetshenziswa kwabahlanganyeli kwe-intanethi ngalezi zinhloso ezilandelayo: (1) ukubuka izinto eziveza ucansi (SEM), (2) ukufuna abalingani bezocansi, (3) i-cybersex, kanye (4) nokuqhakaza nokulungisa ubuhlobo bezocansi [35]. Ukubuka i-SEM kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa izinto ezinhlanu (isb., Kuvakashelwa amawebhusayithi ezingcolile / ezocansi, ukubuka kanye nokulanda ama-porn / izithombe zocansi kuyi-intanethi, kufunda okuthile okuyi-porn / izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) ku-inthanethi), ngamunye wabo odinga izimpendulo zikalwe ngesilinganiso samaphoyinti ayisishiyagalolunye kususela ku-1 (never) kuye ku-9 (okungenani kanye ngosuku). Okunye okubhalwe phansi okuthathu kuhlolwe imvamisa kusetshenziswa isikali samaphoyinti ayisishiyagalolunye ukusuka ku-1 (amahlandla ama-0) kuya kwayi-9 (izikhathi ezingama-20 noma ngaphezulu). Izinto ezimbili zilinganise imvamisa lapho abaphenduli babefune khona abalingani bezokulala nabo kanye nenani labalingani bezothando ababelifune futhi balithola ku-inthanethi. Imvamisa yokuzibandakanya kuma-cybersex ihlolwe kusetshenziswa izinto ezine (isib. Ukushaya indlwabu noma ukubuka abantu abangabazi beshaya indlwabu phambi kwekhamera lewebhu, kuchazwa imicabango ngocansi kungaba ngemibhalo noma ngomlomo). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngezinhloso zokubonisana ngokudlala ngothando nobudlelwano bezocansi kwakalwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezimbili. I-alpha yeCronbach yesilinganiso sonke sasingu-0.88 ocwaningweni. Izikolo eziphakeme bezikhombisa ukuthi kukhona abantu abazibandakanye kakhulu kuma-OSAs.
Imibuzo eyengeziwe mayelana ne-IPU. Ngaphezu kwezinto ezihlolile izimilo zabantu, imibuzo embalwa ehlobene ne-IPU nayo yabuzwa kwababambe iqhaza. Ngemuva kokubanika incazelo ecacile yezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuba bakhombise iminyaka yabo yokuchayeka okokuqala ezithombeni zocansi kanye nesikhathi abasichitha bebuka izithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi njalo ngeviki.

Izikhombo Standard-BPS

I-BPS, eye yathuthukiswa nguKraus et al. [26], ibisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezinyangeni ezi-6 ezedlule. Lokhu kuhlola kwezinto ezinhlanu kusetshenziswa isilinganiselo samaphuzu amathathu (0 = never, 1 = ngezikhathi ezithile, 2 = njalo, isb, "Ukuthola kunzima ukumelana nokunxenxa okuqinile kokusebenzisa izinto ezibonisa ucansi."); isikali se-cutoff se-4 sisetshenziselwe ukuthola ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuyinkinga (ububanzi ngokuphelele = 0–10). Izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu zibonisa ukusetshenziswa okunenkinga kwezithombe zocansi. I-alpha ye-Cronbach ye-BPS yayingu-0.84.

I-2.1.3. Inqubo

Lolu cwaningo oluku-inthanethi lwenziwa ngewebhusayithi eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Wenjuanxing (www.sojump.com). Amalungu abantu abadala bewebhusayithi athole i-imeyili enesixhumanisi ebathumela kwiwebhusayithi yenhlolovo kanye nesingeniso esifushane kwinhlolovo yethu. Lesi singeniso esifushane sazise abamukeli ukuthi babefanele ukubandakanyeka uma ngabe babenze i-IPU ezinyangeni ezi-6 ezedlule (isib. Ukufunda okuqukethwe okuqukethe ezocansi okuku-inthanethi, ukuphequlula amawebhusayithi obonisa ezocansi, ukwaba / ukubukela amavidiyo anezithombe zocansi noma izithombe, ukuhlangana nokudlala ngothando) nabanye bebenentshisekelo yokubamba iqhaza kwinhlolovo. Inani lezimpendulo ezingama-972 ezisebenzayo zaqoqwa kusuka kubahlanganyeli abavela emadolobheni angama-110 ezifundazweni / ezifundeni ezingama-28 eChina (okusho ukuthi, kukhonjwe kusetshenziswa amakheli e-internet protocol). Njengoba bekulindelekile, bonke ababambe iqhaza bathola izikolo ezazilingana noma zingaphezulu kuka-34 ngesilinganiso sama-OSAs (isikolo esiphansi kakhulu singaba ngu-14, futhi asibonisi i-IPU yangaphambilini); lokhu kukhombise ukuthi bonke babenze okungenani i-OSA eyodwa ezinyangeni ezi-13 ezedlule. Kwakudingeka amasampula amathathu anamacebo amaningi ukuphendula izinyathelo ezintathu ze-IPU eziyinkinga, okuyi-PPCS, PPUS, ne-s-IAT-sex, ngokulandelana. Isampula ngasinye sibuye saphothula ukuhlolwa okungenhla okushiwo ngenhla lapho bekuzohlolwa khona ubuqiniso babo. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngokuya ngeSimemezelo saseHelsinki, futhi iphrothokholi yavunywa yiKomidi Lezimilo loMnyango Wezengqondo, eFuzhou University (usuku lokuvunywa, 6 Ephreli 7).

I-2.2. Ukuhlaziywa

Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa ku-SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) kanye nenguqulo yesi-7 kaMplus [36]. Ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwemali kuye kwabonwa ukuze kukhonjwe izinto ezingasebenzi kahle. I-CFA yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izakhi zesici sesikali senzalo. Ukulinganiswa kokuhle okuphezulu ngokulungiswa kweSatorra-Bentler kwasetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuvumelana phakathi kwemininingwane nezinhlaka zezici. Ukulinganiswa kwemodeli kuhlolwe ngokuhlola ama-indices alandelayo: Iphutha lesikwele lesilinganiso sokusondela (i-RMSEA; okuhle: .0.06, kuyamukeleka: .0.08), inkomba yokuqhathanisa kufanelekile (i-CFI; okuhle: ≥0.95, kuyamukeleka: .0.90), ne-Tucker- Inkomba yeLewis (TLI; enhle: ≥0.95, iyamukeleka: ≥0.90). Ukwethembeka kwesikali kuhlolwe yinkompetha ye-alpha coefficients yaseCronbach.
Ukukhomba amaqembu angaba khona wabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ezisengozini, kusetshenziswe ukuhlaziywa kwephrofayili ye-latent (LPA). I-LPA yenziwa kusetshenziswa ubukhulu bokuqala besilinganiso ngasinye njengokuhluka okucacile, futhi amaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu abane-IPU enenkinga ahlukaniswe ngokulandelana ngezigaba ezimbili kuya kwezine zokulinganisa okufanelekile kwemodeli. Ukuzwela kuchazwa njengengxenye yabantu abanezimpawu ezinhle (njengoba kuboniwe yi-BPS) kanye namalungu eqembu elisengozini (ekhonjwe nge-LPA), kanti ukucaciswa okuthile kuchazwe njengengxenye yabantu abanezimpawu ezingezinhle kanye neqembu elingahlangani [37].

I-2.3. Imiphumela nengxoxo

2.3.1. Ukuqinisekiswa kweZikali eziNtathu

Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwento, i-CFA, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwethenjwa nokuqinisekiswa kokuqina kuyakhonjiswa Ithebula 2. Ukulungiswa kwento kuye kwabalwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwento. I-PPCS ne-PPUS bakhiqize ama-coefficients aphezulu, futhi zombili lezi zikala ziveze nama-indices fit afanele (ie, CFA) kanye nama-coefficients aqinile athembekile. I-PPCS, i-PPUS, ne-s-IAT-sex ihlobene kakhulu ne-SCS, i-PCQ, i-OSAs kanye nesikhathi sokusebenzisa ngokwehlukana, ne-PPCS ikhombisile ukuba semthethweni kokuqina okuqinile.
Ithebula 2. Ukwethembeka nokusebenza kweqiniso kwezikali ezintathu.
Ithebula

2.3.2. I-LPA

Imiphumela ye-LPA ikhonjisiwe ku Ithebula 3. Kwi-PPCS, imiphumela ye-Lo-Mendell-Rubin eguqulwe ngokufana (i-LMRT) imiphumela ibalulekile lapho inani lamakilasi lalingu-4, futhi inani le-entropy lalingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba kwakungekho phezulu njengokufana nesixazululo esinezigaba ezintathu; ngenxa yalokho, kukhethwe isixazululo esinezigaba ezintathu. Nge-PPUS, lapho imodeli ibandakanya amakilasi amathathu, imiphumela ye-LMRT ibalulekile; ngaphezu kwalokho, inani le-entropy ngokusobala laliphakeme kunaleyo yekhambi lezigaba ezine. Ngokuqondene ne-s-IAT-ubulili, ukungabi nalutho p-Ukuvela okuvelile kwemiphumela ye-LMRT kuphakamise ukuthi izixazululo ezintathu nezine ezine kufanele zinqatshelwe ngenxa yesisombululo esinezigaba ezimbili.
Ithebula 3. Ama-indices afanelekayo wokuhlaziya iphrofayili yakamuva yezikali ezintathu ezihlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga.
Ithebula
Ngokuqondene namaqembu amathathu avele e-PPCS ne-PPUS, isigaba sokuqala sathola izilinganiso eziphansi kakhulu kuwo wonke ubukhulu Ngakho-ke, leli qembu labizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa okungavikelekile. Isigaba sesibili sathola izikolo ezilinganiselwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobukhulu; Ngakho-ke, la malungu eqembu abizwa njengabasebenzisi bezingcansi abasesengozini encane. Isigaba sesithathu sathola amamaki aphezulu kunawo wonke ubukhulu Ngakho-ke, leli qembu lalibizwa ngokuthi abasebenzisi bengozi. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe Ithebula 4, maqondana namakilasi amabili avele nge-s-IAT-sex, iklasi 1 lithole izikolo eziphansi kuneglasi 2 kuzo zombili ubukhulu Ngakho-ke, babizwa ngokuthi amaqembu angenazimpawu nezisengozini, ngokulandelana (umehluko weqembu kwizikolo ezikusayizi othile uboniswa ku iSithasiselo A).
Ithebula 4. Ukuqhathaniswa nokunemba kwezikali ezintathu.
Ithebula

2.3.3. Ukuhlaziya uzwela kanye nokucacisa okuthile

Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukuzwela kwe-PPCS kwakungu-89.66%, okungaphezulu kwamanani avelayo nge-PPUS (ie, 81.25%) ne-s-IAT-sex (ie, 71.72%). Kube nokuhlukahluka ekuchazeni kwezikali ezintathu, futhi amanani asuka ku-85.86% aya ku-94.95%. I-PPCS ikhombise ukuzwela okukhulu (89.66%), futhi ukucaciswa kwayo kwakungu-85.86%. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi cishe i-10% yabasebenzisi abayinkinga behlukaniswe njengabasebenzisi abangavumelekile futhi cishe i-14% yabasebenzisi abangenacala bayakhonjwa. Ngokuvamile, i-PPCS ne-PPUS zisebenze kangcono kune-s-IAT-sex. Njengoba lolu cwaningo luhlose ukukhomba isikali ngokuzwela okukhulu ekutholeni i-IPU enenkinga, i-PPCS yaphenwa ngemininingwane eminingi.

3. Ingxenye Yokufaneleka: Ukuhlonishwa kwesilinganiso Esinembile Kakhulu

I-3.1. Izindlela

I-3.1.1. Isibonelo

Sixoxisane nabesilisa abangama-22 (abesilisa abangama-20; iminyaka yobudala = 27.2) abanikela ngokuzinikela bensizakalo be-IPU (abanikezela ngezinsizakalo online kwiwebhusayithi elandelayo: http://www.ryeboy.org/; isilinganiso senkonzo yesikhathi esilinganiselwe = iminyaka engu-3.3) nabelaphi abangu-11 (abasebenze nabantu abane-IPU abayinkinga futhi abaneminyaka engaphezu kwemi-3 yolwazi lomtholampilo).

3.1.2. Uhlaka Lwezingxoxo

Njengoba izikali ezisetshenzisiwe zazilula ukuphatha futhi zazinemibuzo esondelene, kwaxoxiswanwa nokuhlolisisa ukubukwa kwababambe iqhaza ngokujulile nangobubanzi. Umhlahlandlela wokuxoxisana wayefuna kakhulu ukuqonda ukuqonda kwababuza imibuzo nge-IPU / umlutha onenkinga nokuhlola kwabo ubukhulu besilinganiso esikhethiwe. Ababuzwe imibuzo babedingeka ukukala ukubaluleka kwezilinganiso ngesilinganiso esivela ku-1 (hhayi nakancane) kuya ku-7 (kubaluleke kakhulu).

I-3.1.3. Inqubo

Kulolu cwaningo, siqale ukuqonda kwabo umqondo we-IPU oyinkinga nobukhulu besilinganiso esinconyiwe. Abafundi ababili abathweswe iziqu ze-psychology basebenza njengabaxoxisi. Ekuqaleni kwenhlolokhono, labo obebuzwa imibuzo baziswa ngenjongo nokubaluleka kwengxoxo futhi baqinisekiswa ngokungaziwa nangokugcina imfihlo ngokuqinile kwemininingwane yabo yengxoxo; izingxoxo zabhalwa ngemvume yabo.

I-3.2. Ukuhlaziywa

Ukuqoshwa kwengxoxo bekubhalwe emibhalweni yamagama, futhi imininingwane yokuhlonza yababambiqhaza ifihliwe. Okulandelayo, sathola ukuhlaziya okuphathelene nombhalo; Ngamanye amagama, sihlangabeze izimpendulo ezahlukahlukene zababuza imibuzo kumbuzo ofanayo ukudala umbhalo omusha. I-Tree Node yasungulwa ngokususelwa kubukhulu besilinganiso esikhethiwe, futhi izitatimende zangempela zababuzwe imibuzo zakhonjwa zafushaniswa njengekhodi elibhalwe igama. Ngale nqubo, i-NVivo yakhiqiza ngokuzenzakalelayo izibalo zazo zonke izinkomba zemibhalo.

I-3.3. Imiphumela

Mayelana nezimpawu ze-IPU eziyinkinga, sikhiqize ingqikithi yamakhodi angama-20 ngokuhlaziya idatha yodliwanondlebe. Phakathi kwalezi zimpawu, ukugxila kakhulu kwi-IPU (izikhombisi ezingama-22), i-IPU yokuphunyuka noma yokugwema isimo esingesihle sokomoya (ukushiwo okungama-21), ukungqubuzana kwabantu (ukuvezwa okungama-22), nezimpawu zomzimba nezengqondo (izikhombisi ezingama-45) obekushiwo kakhulu ngazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhodi angama-20 afingqiwe ahlukaniswa izigaba eziyisithupha ze-PPCS (bheka Umfanekiso we-1).
IJerph 17 00488 g001 550
Umfanekiso we-1. Imvamisa yamavolontiya kanye nabelaphi bokukhuluma ngobubanzi boSayizi Wokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, izici, nezilinganiso zokubaluleka zezici eziyisithupha (isilinganiso esiphakathi nabaphenyi abangama-33). Qaphela: izinombolo emabhulokhi emibala zimele imvamisa yokuvezwa, kanti i-polyline imelela izilinganiso zokubaluleka kobukhulu obungamashumi ayisithupha (ububanzi = 1-7).
Isikhungo sengxoxo:
  • Umuntu obuzwa imibuzo: Ngokokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kwensiza, ucabanga ukuthi kuyinkinga kangakanani ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kwezithombe zocansi? Ngamanye amagama, yiziphi izinkulumo / izinkomba zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga?
  • Ummeli we-Interviewee (ivolontiya lenkonzo): Bona (abasebenzisi abanenkinga) bakhombisa ukulawula ukulawula isifiso sobunqunu be-inthanethi (ikhodi: ukuthwebula izithombe ezingcolile), abakwazi ukulawula indlela abaziphatha ngayo, ngokwesibonelo, babhekabheka amawebhusayithi ezingcolile, beshaya indlwabu ngenkathi bebuka i-porn njalo (ikhodi: ubunzima kulawulo). Ubuchopho babo buhlala bugcwala izinto zokwenza ucansi (ikhodi: ukunaka). Uma bengadalulwanga ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, bayozizwa bengakhululekile, noma bazizwe sengathi inhliziyo yabo ayinalutho (ikhodi: ukudangala okubangelwa ukuhoxa okungaphumelelanga).
Ngemuva kokwethula ababuzwe ngemibuzo ngezincazelo zezinto eziyisithupha ze-IPU eziyinkinga nokuqhubeka nokucacisa incazelo yazo sisebenzisa izibonelo, sabanikeza imibuzo “Ngokuya ngesipiliyoni sakho senkonzo, ngabe uyasisekela lesi sakhiwo? Yibuphi ubukhulu noma ubukhulu obucabanga ukuthi bumaphakathi ne-IPU? ” Iningi lababambiqhaza (> 95%) livume ubukhulu obuyisithupha. Kungabuye kukhonjiswe kusuka ku- Umfanekiso we-1 ukuthi bobabili amavolontiya kanye nabelaphi bagcizelele ubukhulu bezingxabano, ukubuyela emuva kanye nokuhoxa ku-IPU (ngokwesisekelo imvamisa yokuvezwa); ngasikhathi sinye, bakala ukuguqulwa kwemood, baphinde babuye futhi bahoxise njengezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuyinkinga (ukusekela isilinganiso esibalulekile).

4. Ingxoxo Okujwayelekile

IPU enenkinga iseyinkinga ephikisanayo; ngokufanele, kubonakala sengathi akukho ukuvumelana kwangempela okukhona mayelana nokuqanjwa kwamathuluzi nokuhlonza ithuluzi eliyinkinga le-IPU. Izikali eziningana ziyatholakala; ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-IPU okuyinkinga akuhambelani, okubonisa ukuthi okutholakele kule ndawo akuqhathaniswa kalula. Ucwaningo olukhona manje luhlose ukukhetha isikali esibucayi kakhulu ukuze sibuke i-IPU enezinkinga, ngoba ukuzwela okuphezulu kusho isilinganiso esiphansi sokuxilongwa okuphuthelwe (ie, abasebenzisi abanenkinga abaye bahlolwa ngokungafanele njengabasebenzisi abangavumelekile). Ngokubhaliswa ngokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okuhleliwe, kwagcinwa izikali ezintathu. Ukucabanga ukuthi ucwaningo ngezindlela ezixubile ezihlanganisa ukucubungula ubungako kanye nobungcweti kungcebisa futhi kuthuthukise ukuqonda kwethu ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi [38,39], indlela yokulinganisa yayisetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukuhlaziywa “okunembe kakhudlwana” kusuka ezikalini ezintathu ezigciniwe. Imiphumela ye-CFA ikhombise ukuthi wonke amabanga amathathu anokusebenziseka kahle kuhla lwamaqembu abantu abadala (ubudala kuleli cala ukusuka kweminyaka eli-18 kuye kwengama-45) kumasampula amathathu angenabala kakhulu; ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izikali ezimbili, i-PPCS ikhombise ukuzwela okukhulu nokuqhathanisa ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamasampula athathwe kubantu abavamile (imiphumela ye-QUAN). Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi inkulumo yocwaningo lwemibuzo imfushane futhi ivaliwe, nokuthi ingxoxo ingaqonda ukubukwa okungachazwanga kwabahlanganyeli ngokujulile nangokuningiliziwe, kamuva, imiphumela ye-QUAL ikhombisile ukuthi izimpawu ze-IPU eziyinkinga ezihlongozwe ngamaseva (amavolontiya nabelaphi) zingaba ahlanganiswe ezinhlakeni eziyisithupha ze-PPCS futhi iningi lamaseva la asekela ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisithupha zePPCS.
Phakathi kwezikali ezintathu, amaphuzu we-PPCS ayehlobene kakhulu nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, imvamisa yokuzibandakanya kuma-OSAs, kanye nezifiso zocansi. I-IPU enenkinga ingavela ngaphansi kwesambulela se-hypersexourse ngokufanayo nokuzibandakanya njalo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ze-cybersex, isifiso esinamandla sezithombe zocansi, kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo [40], ngenxa yokuthi ubudlelwano be-robust abukhombisanga kuphela ukuqinisekiseka okuphezulu kwekhwalithi, kepha babuye baphakamisa ukuthi amathuluzi wokuhlola izithombe (okusho, isifiso sobunqunu, imvamisa nobude besikhathi sokusebenzisa, ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelelayo) kulindeleke ukuthi zisebenze njengezinkomba zesikrini sokuhlola. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi kwabanye abantu, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaveza umuzwa wabo wokungaboni ngaso linye namahloni okufaka isandla ekungqubuzaneni kokusetshenziswa kwangempela kwezinto zokuziphatha ngokocansi nenkolelo yabo; futhi, le mizwa yosizi nehlazo ingashukumisela umbono wokuziphatha oziphethe kabi wokuthi umlutha, kepha lokhu kungenzeka kungabi yisimo sokuziphatha kwangempela [41,42]. Ukuze ugweme ukwahlulela okungafanele ngenxa yokuzibonela kokusebenzisa okuyinkinga, kungakuhle kakhulu ukuhlanganisa ezinye izikali ezisekelayo, futhi kukhethwe izinkomba zokuxilonga zokuhlukahluka ukuze kufakazelwe ukwanda kwe-IPU eyinkinga. Kulolu cwaningo, ngokuhlangana okuphezulu kwe-PPCS imvamisa ye-OSAs, i-PCQ ikhombisile ukuthi uma ihlanganiswe nezinye izinkomba, ingakuvikela kangcono ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga futhi kungenzeka ivikele ukungaqondani okubangelwe umlutha ozithobayo wokuzibona.
Izakhiwo ze-psychometric ezinamandla kakhulu nokuqashelwa okuphezulu kwe-PPCS kungenzeka kube nesizathu sokuthi sakhiwe ngokuhambisana nomqondo wesakhi wezingxenye eziyisithupha kaGriffiths (ie, ngokungafani ne-PPUS ne-s-IAT-sex). I-PPCS inohlaka oluqine kakhulu lwethiyori, futhi ihlaziya ezinye izingxenye zokulutha [11]. Ikakhulu, ukubekezelela nokuhoxisa yizici ezibalulekile ze-IPU eziyinkinga ezingabhekwa yi-PPUS ne-s-IAT-sex; I-PPCS ukuphela kwensimbi ehlola ngokusobala into “yokubekezelelana” [11,14]. Ngokuya ngemodeli yokuluthwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezi-“izigaba ezimbili”, lapho isinyathelo sokuqala sivezwa ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, bese kusebenza kwesibili njengophawu ngokuhluleka okuphindaphindiwe ukugqashula ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile, ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi [43]. Izinto ezihlobene nemininingwane ephathelene nosisi, ukubazi, kanye nokubekezelelana zibonisa ukubandakanyeka kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, okuhambelana nesinyathelo sokuqala, kanti izinto ezihlobene nokukhishwa, ukuphinda ubuye, kanye nokulutha kwezingxabano umlutha, okuhambisana nesinyathelo sesibili. Ngokusobala, izakhi ze-PPCS zibandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokulutha kwe-IPU, okunesakhiwo esingokomqondo sokulutha.
I-PPCS ibonakala njengethuluzi elivumelekile lokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, inesicelo esisebenzayo ekutholeni ukuvela okuhlobene nenkinga ye-IPU noma umlutha we-cybersex, futhi ingaba wusizo ekuhlolweni kwemiphumela yokwelashwa. Ukuthola kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi abantu ababala kakhulu kwi-PPCS futhi babika ukuzibandakanya okuningana ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zocansi eziku-inthanethi, isifiso esinamandla sezithombe zocansi, kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo. Ngakho-ke, kubukeka kubalulekile ukuthi odokotela baqaphele ukusetshenziswa okuyinselele kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezinhlangano ezihlobene nazo njengokufisa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isikali se-PPCS sinconywa njengezinto zokuhlonza ukubona abasebenzisi abanenkinga emphakathini futhi bahlole ukwanda kunokusebenzisa ithuluzi lokuxilonga; izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zenze ukucwaninga kokusebenza kwayo kanye nokusikeka kusampula yezempilo; futhi sigqugquzela abantu ukuthi bavakashele udokotela wezokwelapha ngemuva kokuhlonza nge-IPU eyinkinga ngokusetshenziswa kwe-PPCS.
Lolu cwaningo lunemikhawulo eminingana. Okokuqala, imininingwane yayiqoqwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuzibika; ngakho-ke, ukuthembeka kwemiphumela kuncike ekuthembekeni kwabaphenduli kanye nokunemba kokuqonda kwabo kwezinto zesikali. Okwesibili, isampula lokufunda laqashwa yinkampani yezinhlolovo ezenziwa online; Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza balolu cwaningo kungenzeka ukuthi babefundile kakhulu futhi bacebile kunomuntu ojwayelekile waseChina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza esifundweni bahlala ngokuyinhloko enhlokodolobha / enhlokodolobha yesifundazwe, emadolobheni kanye nasemadolobheni. Okwesithathu, ngoba isampula yayiqukethe inani elincane kuphela lezihloko ezingezona ezobulili obuhlukile, akubanga lula ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe isakhi sesici nencazelo yokuqukethwe kwe-PPCS yahlukile kubantu abathile abanezifiso ezihlukile zocansi.

I-5. Iziphetho

Ucwaningo olukhona lukhombisa ukuthi i-PPUS, i-PPCS, kanye ne-s-IAT-sex ziyizinyathelo ezethembisayo ze-IPU eziyinkinga. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuhlolwa nokuzwela kuhlolwa ngasikhathi sinye, i-PPCS yavela njengesilinganiso esifanelekile se-IPU esiyinkinga. Imiphumela etholakele ibuye yaqinisekisa ukuthi abahlinzeka ngemisebenzi baxhasa ukwakheka okungaphansi kwe-PPCS.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

I-Conceptualization, LC; I-curation yedatha, i-LC; Ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile, i-XJ; Ukutholwa kwezimali, i-LC; Uphenyo, i-XJ; Indlela yokusebenza, LC; Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi, i-LC; Izinsizakusebenza, i-LC; Ukwengamela, i-LC; Ukubona, i-XJ; Ukubhala - okusalungiswa kwasekuqaleni, i-LC; Ukubhala-ukubukeza nokuhlela, i-LC kanye ne-XJ Bonke ababhali bafundile futhi bavumelana nohlobo olushicilelwe lombhalo wesandla.

Izimali

Lo msebenzi wesekwa yiNational Social Science Foundation yaseChina (Grant No. CEA150173 no-19BSH117) kanye neprojekthi yokuguqula imfundo yesifundazwe saseFujian (FBJG20170038). Ama-ejensi wokuxhasa ngezimali awabanga nalutho kokuqukethwe kombhalo wesandla futhi imibono echazwe kumbhalo wesandla ibonisa leyo yababhali hhayi eyabo abasebenza ngokuxhasa ngezimali.

Ukuvuma

Sithanda ukwazisa uBin Wu noJan Zhao (abasunguli be-Ama-Reyboys", Inhlangano okungeyona eyekahulumeni egxile ekusizeni abasebenzisi benkinga yezithombe ze-Intanethi) ngosizo lwabo ukuthola izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinikela ngemilutha esiteji esifanelekile, futhi zibakhokhele ngemizamo yabo yokusiza abasebenzisi abanenkinga.

Izingxabano Zesithakazelo

Ababhali babika ukuthi akukho kungqubuzana kwesithakazelo maqondana nokuqukethwe kulo mbhalo wesandla.

iSithasiselo A

Ijerph 17 00488 g0a1 550
Umdwebo A1. Izikolo ezimaphakathi zamakilasi amathathu we-latent asuselwe kubukhulu be-PPCS. Qaphela: I-PPCS = Izinga Lokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, ibanga = 1 - 7; *** p <0.001 ikhombisa ukuthi amaphuzu eqembu elisengozini ayephakeme kakhulu kunalawo eqembu elinengcuphe ephansi; △△△ p <0.001 ikhombisa ukuthi amaphuzu eqembu elinobungozi obuphansi abephakeme kakhulu kunalawo eqembu elingenankinga; ◇◇◇ p <0.001 ikhombisa ukuthi isikolo seqembu elisengozini siphezulu kakhulu kunaleso seqembu elingenankinga. Okufanayo ngezansi.
Ijerph 17 00488 g0a2 550
Umdwebo A2. Izikolo ezimaphakathi zamakilasi amathathu we-latent asuselwe kubukhulu be-PPUS. Qaphela: PPUS = Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa Izinga, ububanzi = 0-5.
Ijerph 17 00488 g0a3 550
Umdwebo A3. Izikolo ezimaphakathi zamakilasi we-tow latent asuselwa kubukhulu be-s-IAT-sex. Qaphela: s-IAT-sex = Uhlobo olufushane lwe-Internet Addiction Test oluhunyushwe emisebenzini yezocansi eku-inthanethi, ibanga = 1-5.

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