Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi "ukusetshenziswa kocansi online" kuhlobene nezici zobuntu ezimnyama (machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and spitefulness). Umbuzo: zingahluka kanjani lezi zimfanelo ngemuva kwesikhathi eside ngaphandle kocansi nemidlalo?
J Behav Addict. 2018 Nov 14: 1-11. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.109.
I-Kircaburun K1, Griffiths MD2.
abstract
UMLANDO NEMIBUZO:
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izici zobuntu zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intanethi okunenkinga (PIU). Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and spiteful) ne-PIU kusazophenywa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhloso zalolu cwaningo bekungukuphenya ubudlelwane bezici ezimnyama nemisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi (okungukuthi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula, ukugembula, ukuyothenga, kanye nezocansi) ne-PIU.
IZINDLELA:
Isamba sabafundi baseyunivesithi i772 baphothule inhlolovo yokuzibika, kufaka phakathi i-Dark Triad Dying Dozen Scale, iDemo leSisusa leSisusa leSisusa, Isikhala Esifushane, kanye nenguqulo eguquliwe yeBergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
IZIPHUMA:
Ukuhlaziywa kokubuyiswa kwe-Hierarchical kanye nemodeli yokulamula okuningi kubonise ukuthi ukuba yindoda kuhlobene kahle nokugembula okuphezulu kwe-inthanethi, ubulili online, nokugembula online, futhi kuhlobene ne-media social nokuthenga online. I-Narcissism yayihlobene nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwemidiya yomphakathi; I-Machiavellianism yayihlobene nemidlalo ephezulu ye-inthanethi, ubulili online, nokugembula online; sadism yayihlobene nobulili online; futhi sukuhawukelwa kwakuhambisana nobulili online, ukugembula online, nokuthenga online. Ekugcineni, iMachiavellianism nokungabi nasimilo kwahlanganiswa ngqo ne-PIU ngokugembula kwe-inthanethi, ukugembula online, nokuthenga online, futhi i-narcissism yahlotshaniswa ngokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokusebenzisa imidiya yokuxhumana nabantu.
ISINGENISO:
Ukutholwa kwalolu cwaningo olwandulelayo kukhombisa ukuthi abantu abaphethe ubuntu obumnyama bangaba sengozini enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okunenkinga nokuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe lufanelekile ukuhlola ubudlelwane bezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama nezinhlobo ezithile zemisebenzi eku-inthanethi eyinkinga.
KEYWORDS:
I-Machiavellianism; ubu-narcissism; ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi; i-psychopathy; sadism; yize kunjalo
I-PMID: 30427212
I-DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.109
Isingeniso
Uhlobo lwakamuva lwe-beta lokubuyekezwa lwe-11th revisation lwe-International Classization of Diseases (I-World Health Organization, i-2017) ibone "inkinga yemidlalo, ikakhulukazi eku-inthanethi," njengokuxilongwa okusemthethweni, nohlobo lwakamuva lwe Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) ifake i-Internet Gaming Disorder engxenyeni ye-3 njengenkinga yezempilo yezengqondo evelayo okufanele iphenywe kabanzi. Yize kunemibono ehlukene yokuthi ubheka imisebenzi enezinkinga eziku-inthanethi, ngaphandle kwe-Intanethi Yezinto Eziphazamisayo, njengokulutha kokuziphatha (UMann, uKiefer, uSchellekens, noDom, 2017), ubufakazi obunamandla bukhombisa ukuthi idlanzana labantu ababika ukuziphatha okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi, njengokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga (PIU; UKuss, uGriffiths, uKarila, noBillieux, ngo-2014). Kunemibandela eminingana esetshenziselwe kabanzi ukuchaza ukuzibandakanya kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga kubandakanya "umlutha we-inthanethi," "ukuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi," "ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okwedlulele," "ukuthembela kwe-inthanethi," kanye "nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuphoqelekile," yize le migomo ichaza inkinga eku-inthanethi ukusetshenziswa kuvame ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokuxilonga (UKuss et al., 2014). Olunye uhlaka olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwe-Symbomatology lubekwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-biopsychosocial of umlutha futhi luqukethe izinto eziyisithupha eziyinhloko ezibandakanya ukubandakanyeka okuyinkinga kunoma yikuphi ukuziphatha (okungukuthi, ubukhali, ukukhathazeka, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, ukubekezelelana, ukuhoxa, nokungqubuzana; Griffiths, i-2005). Kokunye, i-PIU ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhathazeka nokulahlekelwa ukulawula ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intanethi okuholela ekuthikanyezekeni kwempilo yenhlalo yomuntu, ezempilo, ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe yangempela (isb. Umsebenzi kanye / noma imfundo), nokulala kanye amaphethini wokudla (I-Spada, i-2014). Ngenxa yokungaguquguquki, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa igama elithi "ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga" ukuchaza izinhlobo eziningi zokuziphatha ezifanayo kanye / noma okudlula kwe-inthanethi okwenziwe umlutha, okuphoqayo, kanye / noma okweqile. I-PIU ngokuphikisayo yigama lomhlaba wonke (futhi "ekubambeni konke") kunokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-inthanethi, uma i-PIU ingasho ukuthi abantu banenkinga yokuphazamiseka.
Amanani esandulela we-PIU ahluka kakhulu (phakathi kwe-1% ne-18%) ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene (ukubuyekeza, bona UKuss et al., 2014). I-PIU yinkinga yezempilo ebalulekile ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha kanye nabantu abadala abasafufusa ngenxa yamanani abo aphezulu okuthola i-intanethi nsuku zonke (U-Anderson, Steen, noStavropoulos, 2017). Imiphumela emibi ye-PIU phakathi kwabantu abambalwa ifake ukudana, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezelwa, isizungu (U-Ostovar et al., 2016), ukulala isikhathi sasemini, ukuntuleka kwamandla, nokungasebenzi komzimba (UKuss et al., 2014). Lokhu kukhubazeka kuholele ekutheni abacwaningi baphenye izinto ezingabeka engcupheni ye-PIU ukuze bakhe amasu okuvikela i-PIU.
Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-Interaction of Person-Afitive-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE), okungenye yezinhlaka zomqondo ohlongozwayo ukuchaza izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ze-PIU (Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, noPotenza, 2016), ubuntu, ukuqonda kwezenhlalo, umthethosisekelo we-biopsychological, kanye nezinhloso ezithile zokusebenzisa ku-inthanethi ngezinye zezinto ezisemqoka ezihambisana nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokunakekelwa kwe-PIU. Lezi zinto zingahlangana futhi zingadlala izindima ezivumelanayo komunye nomunye maqondana nobudlelwano babo obubandakanya i-PIU (UBrand et al., 2016). Ngakho-ke, lapho ubheka i-PIU, kubalulekile ukuthi ukuxhumana kokwehluka kobuntu ngezisusa ezithile zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi (isb., Ukugembula, ukugembula, ubulili, imithombo yezokuxhumana kanye nokuthenga) kufanele kubhekwe.
Mayelana nokucaciswa kobuntu kwe-PIU, isibuyekezo se-meta-analytic sabona iqhaza elingaguquki lezimpawu zobuntu zeBig Five ekwakhiweni kwe-PIU. Ngokucacile, i-PIU yayihlotshaniswa ne-neuroticism ephezulu, ukweqisa okungaphezulu, unembeza ophansi, ukuvulekela okuvulekile kokuhlangenwe nakho, nokuvuma okuphansi (UKayiş et al., 2016). Ucwaningo olwehlukaniswe ngezigaba lubike ubudlelwano obuphakathi kweempawu ze-PIU ne-HEXACO zobunembeza, ukuthembeka-ukuthobeka, kanye nemizwa (IKopuničová neBaumgartner, 2016). Olunye ucwaningo luthole i-PIU ephezulu ukuthi ihlotshaniswe nokufuna okungekuhle, ukufuna ukuzijabulisa, ukuzicabangela okuphansi, nokugwema imizwa engemihle (UKuss et al., 2014). Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle komzimba omkhulu wezincwadi ezinamandla eziphathelene nomthelela wobuntu ku-PIU, iqhaza lezici zobuntu obumnyama alinakwa.
Isifundo samanje sigxile ku-Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, kanye ne-PIU ngenxa yokuhlangana okuvamile kwalokhu okwakhiwa kobuntu (isib. izintshisekelo) ezihlotshaniswa namazinga aphakeme we-PIU (UDalbudak, u-Evren, u-Aldemir, no-Evren, ngo-2014; UDouglas, uBore, noMunro, 2012; UJames, uKavanagh, uJonason, uChonody, noScrutton, ngo-2014; UKayiş et al., 2016; U-Lu et al., 2017; URichardson & Boag, 2016; ITrumello, iBabore, iCandelori, iMorelli, neBianchi, i-2018). Izici zobuntu obumnyama zihlotshaniswe nokuziphatha okuku-inthanethi okungahambi kahle kufaka phakathi izibuyekezo zesimo esingajwayelekile, i-cyberbullying, kanye noku-trolling kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokufeza izidingo ezahlukahlukene zengqondo kusetshenziswa amapulatifomu ahlukile (Craker & Mashi, 2016; UGarcia noSikström, 2014; IPanek, iNardis, neKonrath, 2013). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lathola futhi lwaphikisana nokuthi iMachiavellianism ne-narcissism zihlobene kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga kwezokuxhumana, okungenzeka kube mayelana nokugcwalisa izidingo zabantu abathile abaphezulu kulezi zici (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, neTosuntaş, i-2018). Imisebenzi eminingi manje ingenziwa lula yi-inthanethi (isb. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, i-inthanethi ngocansi, kanye nokuthenga okuku-inthanethi) okungakhanga izidingo ezahlukahlukene zabantu abanezici zobuntu ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, izici zobuntu ezimnyama zingahlotshaniswa nemisebenzi ehlukile eku-inthanethi ne-PIU. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luphenye ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama, imisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi, ne-PIU.
Izici zobuntu obumnyama ne-PIU
I-Dark Triad ingumfanekiso wezimpawu ezintathu ezigqagqene zobuntu ezingathandekiyo nezingathandisisi ukuthula: I-Machiavellianism, psychopathy, ne-narcissism (UPaulhus & Williams, 2002). Lezi zici zidonsele ukunakwa okukhulayo kubacwaningi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Muva nje, kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi i-Dark Triad kufanele yanwetshwe kwi-Dark Tetrad ngokufakwa kwe-sadism (IBuckels, iTrapnell, noPaulhus, 2014; van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundo ziye zahlola iqhaza lokungabekezeleleki eceleni kwezimpawu zobumnyama beTetrad (UJonason, uZeigler-Hill, no-Okan, 2017; IZeigler-Hill neVonk, 2015). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundiswa ziye zaphikisana nokuthi umnikelo wobudabukisa nokungabi bikho kwe-Dark Triad awucacile futhi ubufakazi obukhona bokuqina buyadingeka (UJonason et al., 2017; UTran et al., 2018). Yize kunezinto ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo zobuntu obumnyama njengokukhwabanisa nokubonisa amandlaUJones & Figueredo, 2013; UMarcus, Preszler, & Zeigler-Hill, 2018), lezi zici zinezici ezihlukile ezingakha ubungozi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga.
I-Narcissism, ebhekisa kumqondo omkhulu wokubaluleka kokuphakama, ubukhulu, ukubusa, kanye nokufaneleka (UCorry, uMerritt, uMrug, noPamp, ngo-2008), kuhlotshaniswe nokuzibandakanya okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yezokuxhumana okuyinkinga (U-Andreassen, Pallesen, noGriffiths, 2017; IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018), ukusetshenziswa okuyinselele komdlalo we-inthanethi (UKim, uNamkoong, Ku, noKim, 2008), ne-PIU (I-Pantic et al., 2017). Labo abaphakeme kwi-narcissism babika ukuzibandakanya okuphezulu ekuziphatheni okuzikhuthazayo (kwesinye isikhathi okukhohlisayo) ekuziphatheni kwe-inthanethi, njengokuhlela kokuzenzisa nokuthumela ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamadoda (I-Arpaci, 2018; UFox noRooney, 2015), kanti ukuzinyusa kanye nokwethula ukuzazisa okuthandwa kakhulu kuma-social media yizici ezibalulekile zobungozi ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (IKircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntaş, & Griffiths, 2018). Abantu abangamaNarcissistic bangathola ubunikazi obuphezulu nokuncomeka besebenzisa imidiya yokuxhumana nomphakathi online (ICasale & Fioravanti, 2018), kanye / noma bahlanganyele ekugembeni kwe-inthanethi njengendlela yokuzizwa bangcono kunabancintisana nabo (UKim et al., 2008). UFuthermore, ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana komphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemidlalo ku-inthanethi kungaholela ku-PIU kubantu abambalwa (UKirály et al., 2014).
I-Machiavellianism, okusho ukuthi ukukhohlisa, ukukhohlisa, ukuvelela nokuxhaphaza (UChristie & Geis, ngo-1970), ihlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwemithombo yezokuxhumana (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018), ukunyathela kumidlalo ye-inthanethi (ILadanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017), ukuziqapha okuku-inthanethi, nokuzinyusa (I-Abell & Brewer, ngo-2014). Ama-Machiavellians angakhetha izinkundla zokuxhumana nabantu nezinkundla zokudlala ukuze enze ukuziqhelanisa nabanye noma ukuzinyusa okukhohlisayo (I-Abell & Brewer, ngo-2014; ILadanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017) ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwesaba ukwenqatshwa komphakathi (I-Rauthmann, 2011). Ngokunikezwa uhlobo olungase lubonakale lokwenza lezi zindlela zokuziphatha, lezi zinqubo zokuziphatha eziku-inthanethi zingahle zihambisane nezimpawu ezinjengomlutha njengokucabanga kwangaphambilini kanye nokuguqulwa kwemizwa (Griffiths, i-2005), futhi, ikhule ibe yi-PIU yabantu abambalwa abancane (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Machiavellianism ihlobene kabi nemood emihle (U-Egan, uKhan, noShorter, ngo-2014) futhi nakanjani emazingeni aphezulu wokucindezelwa (URichardson & Boag, 2016). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kuyindlela yokuphikisana nokungahambi kahle emelana nemizwa engemihle (UKuss et al., 2014), kunengqondo ukulindela abanye abantu abaphezulu ku-Machiavellianism ukuthi bazibandakanye ne-PIU futhi babe abasebenzisi abayinkinga.
I-Psychopathy iboniswe ukungazweli okukhulu, ukunganaki, nokuzwela okuphansi (UJonason, uLyons, uBethell, noRoss, ngo-2013). Ifana ne-Machiavellianism, i-psychopathy ibuye ihlotshaniswe nokuhlukaniswa kwemizwelo nomoya ophansi omuhle (U-Egan et al., 2014; IZeigler-Hill neVonk, 2015). Ngaphezu kokuphimiswa okungenzeka kwe-psychopaths ku-PIU njengecebo lokuphokophela okungahambi kahle (UKuss et al., 2014), bangazibandakanya ne-PIU emzameni wokuthola nokuthola umuzwa ophakeme (ILin & Tsai, 2002; IVitacco & Rogers, 2001). Ngokufanayo, abantu abaphakeme ekuthambekeleni okunobudlova baziphatha ekuziphatheni okubi kwe-inthanethi okuyekelelayo nokuhlukumezanayo, njengokuxhumeka kwi-inthanethi (van Geel et al., 2017), ukunyathela nge-inthanethi (IBuckels et al., 2014), i-cyberstalking ebambisene kakhulu (Ukubhema & Mashi, 2017), kanye nokudlala umdlalo wevidiyo onobudlova (IGreitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-psychopaths kanye ne-sadists bangazama ukwanelisa izifiso zocansi online (isb. I-cybersex nokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) futhi baphile ngemicabango yabo (UBaughman, uJonason, uVeselka, noVernon, 2014) ukuze wandise ukuvusa inkanuko yezocansi nokukhuthaza (UShim, uLee, noPaul, 2007). AmaSadis angazama ukukhokhela isidingo sawo sonya (U-O'Meara, uDavies noHammond, ngo-2011) abangenakukwazi ukugcwalisa emhlabeni wangempela ezimeni ezikwi-inthanethi. Imizamo ephumelelayo ingaholela ekusetshenzisweni okuyinkinga ngokuguqulwa okuhle kwesimo.
Isikhala, okubhekiselwe kuso njengokuvuma ukuzilimaza ukuze kulimaze abanye (IZeigler-Hill, iNoser, Roof, Vonk, & Marcus, 2015), ubukhulu bokwehluka kobuntu obufihliwe kepha obumbozanayo nobumbhalo ohlukile wobuntu, okufana nolaka, i-Machiavellianism, i-psychopathy, ukuzithemba okuphansi, ukuzwela okuphansi, kanye nobuhlakani obungokomzwelo obuphansi (UMarcus, uZeigler-Hill, uMercer, noNorris, ngo-2014; UZeigler-Hill et al., 2015). Lezi zinhlaka ziyizici ezibalulekile zobungozi ekuziphatheni okungekuhle nokuyinkinga ku-inthanethi (UKuss et al., 2014). Ngenxa yalokho, ukungabi bikho okuphezulu kungaba yinto engaba yingozi yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi. Njengoba kunikezwe amathuba akhulayo abantu abaphakeme yize behlangabezana nokuhlangana okuyinkinga kwangempela kwezenhlalo ngenxa yobuntu babo obuhlangene, njengokukhwabanisa phakathi kwabantu (UMarcus et al., 2014) nezitayela zokuhlekisa ezilimazayo (IVrabel, Zeigler-Hill, & Shango, 2017), bangahle bathambekele ekubandakanyeni ekusebenzeni okuyinkinga okuyinkinga kakhulu kwi-inthanethi ukugwema ubudlelwane bempilo yangempela kanye / noma ukuphatha abanye kalula (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018; UKırcaburun, uKokkinos, et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okuxakwa kwabantu abanenhlonipho (UJonason et al., 2013; UMarcus et al., 2014) ingabeka abantu abasengozini yokuhlaselwa i-PIU, ngoba ukufakwa kumandla kungenye yezimo ezibikezayo ze-PIU (UKuss et al., 2014).
Indima yemisebenzi ethile online
I-Intanethi iyindlela esetshenziswayo yokuziphatha okuhlukile nokuziphatha, njengokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula, ukugembula, ukuyothenga kanye nezocansi (Griffiths, i-2000; UMontag et al., 2015). Iningi lale misebenzi selivele likhona ezimweni ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemidiya yezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi akwazi ukuthuthela kule kwe-inthanethi ukuzama ukubuyisa izidingo ezingafakwanga ku-inthanethi (I-Kardefelt-Winther, i-2014), njengokudlala, ukugembula, ucansi, ukuyothenga kanye nokuxhumana. Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-I-PACE (UBrand et al., 2016), ubuntu bomuntu bunqumayo obalulekile ekukhetheni ukusetshenziswa kwama-platform athile aku-inthanethi kanye / noma izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ubufakazi obukhishwe ngenhla bokuthi abantu abanezici ezihlukile zobuntu bangakuthola kanjani ukwaneliseka okuhlukahlukene kusuka emisebenzini ehlukahlukene ye-inthanethi linikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli ye-I-PACE.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini eku-inthanethi kungaba umlutha futhi kuholele ku-PIU kubantu abambalwa abambalwa. Isibonelo, ukudlala ku-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswe nokudlala okuyinkinga. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwemidlalo eku-inthanethi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kwezokuxhumana komphakathi kutholakale nokubikezela i-PIU ephezulu, ngenkathi ukudlala okuyinkinga kuhlanganiswa kuphela nokugembula online (UKirály et al., 2014). Ngenxa yalokho, i-PIU ingabizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-intanethi kuyo yonke imisebenzi yayo ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kulezi zinto ezishiwo ngenhla ku-inthanethi zihlobana ne-PIU ephezulu kanye ne-akhawunti yobudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama ne-PIU. Obunye ubufakazi obunamandla bubonakala buxhasa ukusekela lokhu kucabanga ngokubika ubudlelwano obalulekile bokudlala kwe-inthanethi, ukugembula nokubuka izithombe zocansi nge-PIU (I-Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; UCritselis et al., 2013; IStavropoulos, Kuss, Griffiths, Wilson, neMotti-Stefanidi, 2017). Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi ubuntu obumnyama obuhlukahlukene buqondise abantu ngamunye ukuthi basebenzise imisebenzi ehlukile ye-inthanethi, bese, ukuthola ukwaneliseka emisebenzini yabo ye-inthanethi abayithandayo kungaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi okuphindaphindiwe futhi okuyinkinga. Ngakho-ke, kulindeleke ukuthi izici zobuntu obumnyama zihlobane ne-PIU ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziqondile ngemisebenzi ethile online.
Isifundo samanje
Lesi yisifundo sokuqala sokuphenya izinhlangano eziqondile nezingaqondile zezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and spitefulness) nge-PIU ngemisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi (okungukuthi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, ukugembula online, ukuthengwa online , nezocansi online). Izifundo zangaphambilini zigxile kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bezici ezintathu zobuntu obumnyama (isb., Machiavellianism, psychopathy, kanye narcissism) kuzo zonke izindlela zokuziphatha ezi-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, akukho sifundo esake sabheka izici ezinhlanu ezihlukile (okungukuthi, i-Dark Triad ngaphezu kobuhlungu nokudelela) ngokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi e-inthanethi ehlukile ne-PIU ngasikhathi sinye. Bekulindeleke ukuthi kube nomphumela wokulamula ovela emisebenzini eku-inthanethi phakathi kokwakhiwa kobuntu ne-PIU. Ngokuya ngemibono yokucabanga yemodeli ye-I-PACE (eqinisekisa ukuthi izici eziyinhloko ezihlobene njengezici zobuntu kanye nezisusa ezithile zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi zingadlala indima yokulamula ebudlelwaneni babo ne-PIU) kanye nobufakazi obukhona obukhona, lolu cwaningo lwakha futhi lwahlola imicabango eminingi ngenkathi ukulawula ubulili nobudala.
I-H1: I-Narcissism ne-Machiavellianism izohlotshaniswa ngqo ne-PIU futhi ngokungaqondile ngemithombo yezokuxhumana nokugembula online (UKim et al., 2008; IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018; ILadanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017).
I-H2: I-Psychopathy nokudabukisa kuzokuhlobana ngqo ne-PIU futhi kungaqondile ngocansi oluku-inthanethi (IBuckels et al., 2014; ILin & Tsai, 2002; IVitacco & Rogers, 2001).
I-H3: I-Psychopathy kanye nokungahambi kahle kuyohlanganiswa ngqo ne-PIU futhi ngokungaqondile ngokugembula okuku-inthanethi (UJonason et al., 2013; UMarcus et al., 2014).
izindlela
Ingqikithi yabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseTurkey yase772 (i-64% abesifazane), abaneminyaka ephakathi kweminyaka engu-18 ne-28 (kusho = iminyaka engu-20.72, SD = 2.30), imibuzo yamaphepha nepensela egcwalisiwe. Bonke ababambiqhaza baziswa ngemininingwane yocwaningo futhi banikeza imvume yabo enolwazi. Ukubamba iqhaza esifundweni bekungaziwa futhi kungokuzithandela. Imininingwane esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo yaqoqwa ngasikhathi sinye nolunye ucwaningo olushicilelwe kwenye indawo (isb. IKircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018a).
Ukuze uthole imininingwane ephathelene nobulili bababambiqhaza, iminyaka, nemisebenzi ethile online ekwenziwa kuyo, kwasetshenziswa ifomu lemininingwane yomuntu siqu. Abahlanganyeli basebenzise isilinganiselo se-5-point Likert kusuka ku- “ungalokothi"Ukuze"njalo"Ukuze bakhombise ukusebenzisa kwabo ukugembula online (ie,"Ngisebenzisa i-inthanethi ukugembula”), Ukudlala (okungukuthi,“Ngisebenzisa i-inthanethi kwezemidlalo”), Ukuthenga (isb.,“Ngisebenzisa i-intanethi ukuyothenga”), Imithombo yezokuxhumana (isb.,“Ngisebenzisa i-inthanethi kwezokuxhumana nabantu”), Nocansi (ie,“Ngisebenzisa i-inthanethi kwezocansi").
Isikali siqukethe izinto ze-12 esikalini se-9-point Likertaphikisani kakhulu"Ukuze"kuvuma kakhulu, ”Enezinto ezine ngobukhulu bobuntu obunye kufaka iMachiavellianism (isb.,“Ngisebenzise inkohliso noma amanga ukuze ngithole indlela yami”), Ukusebenza kwengqondo (isb.,“Angijwayele ukukhathazeka kakhulu ngokuziphatha noma isimilo sezenzo zami”), Kanye ne-narcissism (isb.,“Ngijwayela ukufuna ukuthi abanye banginake"). Uhlobo lweTurkey lesikali ngaphambili labika ukuqina okuphezulu nokuthembeka (U-Izsoy, uRauthmann, uJonason, no-Ardıç, ngo-2017). Isikali sinokungaguquguquki okwanele kokuhle kwangaphakathi kulolu cwaningo (i-Cronbach's α = .67 – .88).
Isikali siqukethe i-10 dichotomous ("ngokungafani nami"Futhi"njengami”) Izinto (isb.,“Nginemibono ebandakanya ukulimaza abantu"). Uhlobo lweTurkey lesikali ngaphambili labika ukuqina okuphezulu nokuthembeka (IKircaburun, uJonason, neGriffiths, 2018b). Isilinganiso sasiba nokuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi kulolu cwaningo (α = .77).
Isikali sokuqala sinezinto eziyi-17 (isb., “Kungakufanele ukubeka engcupheni idumela lami ukuze ngisakaze inhlebo ngomuntu engingamthandi") Esikalini se-5-point Likert kusuka ku-"ungalokothi"Ukuze"njalo. ”Kulolu cwaningo, izinto ze-11 ezihambisana nezitshudeni zaseyunivesithi zaseTurkey zikhethelwe ukuhlaziya (i-EFA) nokuhlaziya okuqinisekisayo (CFA). Njengomphumela, i-EFA (KMO = 0.90; p <.001; imiphakathi esukela phakathi kuka-0.29 no-0.59; kuchazwa okungu-48% wokwehluka) kanye ne-CFA (izilinganiso zokuhlenga okulinganiselwe eziphakathi kuka-0.49 no-0.72) zikhiqize ama-subfactors amabili, acatshangwa njenge ukulimaza abanye (isib. “Ukube benginethuba, khona-ke ngingajabulela ukukhokha isamba semali esincane ukuze ngibone ofunda naye angimthandi ahluleke ukuhlolwa kwakhe kokugcina") Futhi ukukhathaza abanye (isib. “Ukube bengingomunye wabafundi bokugcina ekilasini ebhala izivivinyo futhi ngibona ukuthi ofundisayo ubukeka ephelelwe isineke, ngizoqiniseka ukuthi ngithatha isikhathi sami ngiqeda ukuhlolwa ukuze ngicasule yena"). Oda wesibili we-CFA (χ2/df = 2.67, RMSEA = 0.05 [90% CI (0.04, 0.06)], i-CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.97) ikhombisile ukuthi isikali singasetshenziswa ngendlela engaqondakali. Isikali besinokuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi kulolu cwaningo (α = .84).
I-Turkish BIAS yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlola umlutha we-inthanethi. I-BIAS yathuthukiswa ngokuhambisana ne-Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (U-Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, noPallesen, 2012). I-Turkish BIAS (UTosuntaş et al., 2018) umane ufake igama elithi “Facebook”Ngegama elithi“internet. ” I-BIAS inezinto eziyisithupha (isb., “Kukangaki ngonyaka owedlule uzama ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngaphandle kwempumelelo?") Esikalini se-5-point Likert kusuka ku-"ungalokothi"Ukuze"njalo. ”Uhlobo lwaseTurkey lwesilinganiso ngaphambili lubikwe ukuthi lusezingeni eliphezulu futhi luthembekile. Isilinganiso sasiba nokuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi kulolu cwaningo (α = .83).
Ukugunyazwa kokuziphatha kwalolu cwaningo kutholwe emabhodini okuphatha wobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokuqashwa kwabahlanganyeli, futhi kwahambisana nesimemezelo saseHelsinki.
Imiphumela
Izibalo ezichazayo, i-skewness, i-kurtosis, kanye nokwehluka kwamanani entengo (VIF) amanani, kanye nokuhlobana phakathi kobulili, ubudala, izici ezimnyama ze-Tetrad, naphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi, ne-PIU kubonisiwe kuThebula 1. Ngaphambi kokwenza ucwaningo lokuphindwaphindwa kwe-hierarkical multiple regression, skewness, kurtosis, VIF, namagugu okubekezelela kwahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile kanye ne-multicollinearity akubonwanga. Ngokuka West, Finch, no Curran (1995), imingcele yokubekezela kanye ne-kurtosis yokujwayelekile yi-± 2 ne-± 7, ngokulandelana, kanti uKline (2011) inendlela yokukhululeka ethe xaxa nge-± 3 ne-± 8, ngokulandelana, yize ezinye izinkombandlela zokulondolozwa zokwephula ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile uma amanani okukhohlakala ne-kurtosis bekuyi- ± 2 (UGeorge & Mallery, 2010). Kulolu cwaningo, okuguqukayo akuzange kuguqulwe futhi akuzange kusetshenziswe izivivinyo ezingezona zesisekelo ngoba, lapho inani lokucabanga lingaphansi komkhawulo, ukwephulwa kokucabanga okuvamile kubangelwa i-kurtosis kunganakwa kumasampula amakhulu (I-Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Hierarchical regression ukuhlaziywa (Ithebula 2) isetshenziselwe ukuhlola ubuntu bokubikezela imisebenzi ethile ye-inthanethi ngenkathi ilawula ubulili nobudala kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS 23. Ukuba ngowesilisa kuhlotshaniswe kahle nokugembula online (β = 0.35, p <.001), ubulili obenziwa online (β = 0.42, p <.001), nokugembula ku-inthanethi (β = 0.19, p <.001), futhi kabi ngokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana (β = -0.16, p <.001) nokuthenga ku-inthanethi (β = -0.13, p <.001). Ubudala buhlotshaniswa kuphela nokusetshenziswa kwemidiya yokuxhumana nabantu (β = -0.16, p <.001). I-Narcissism yayihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana (β = 0.18, p <.001); IMachivavellianism yayihlotshaniswa nemidlalo eku-inthanethi (β = 0.11, p <.05) nezocansi eziku-inthanethi (0.09 = XNUMX, p <.05). Labo abaphakeme ngenhloso bathole amaphuzu aphezulu kwezocansi online (β = 0.10, p <.05), ukugembula ku-inthanethi (β = 0.16, p <.001), nokuthenga ku-inthanethi (β = 0.15, p <.01). Ekugcineni, ukudabuka kwakuhlotshaniswa kuphela nezocansi eziku-inthanethi (β = 0.12, p <.01).
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Ithebula 1. Izikolo ezisho, SDs, kanye nokuhlangana kukaPearson kokuguquguqukayo kwesifundo
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-1. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi | - | |||||||||||
| I-2. Ukusetshenziswa kwabezindaba kwezenhlalo | .33 *** | - | ||||||||||
| I-3. Ukusetshenziswa kwemidlalo | .14 *** | -.01 | - | |||||||||
| I-4. Ukusetshenziswa kocansi | .10 ** | .00 | .28 *** | - | ||||||||
| I-5. Ukugembula ukusetshenziswa | .14 *** | -.02 | .26 *** | .32 *** | - | |||||||
| I-6. Ukusetshenziswa kokuthenga | .17 *** | .19 *** | .10 ** | .03 | .09 ** | - | ||||||
| I-7. I-Machiavellianism | .24 *** | .10 ** | .19 *** | .32 *** | .22 *** | .05 | - | |||||
| I-8. I-Psychopathy | .15 *** | .04 | .14 *** | .26 *** | .18 *** | .05 | .53 *** | - | ||||
| I-9. I-Narcissism | .20 *** | .18 *** | .11 ** | .24 *** | .07 * | .03 | .50 *** | .28 *** | - | |||
| I-10. Usizi | .20 *** | .08 * | .16 *** | .34 *** | .16 *** | .05 | .47 *** | .48 *** | .29 *** | - | ||
| I-11. Isikhala | .26 *** | .11 ** | .13 *** | .31 *** | .24 *** | .13 *** | .46 *** | .48 *** | .34 *** | .49 *** | - | |
| I-12. Ubudala | −.16 *** | −.17 *** | -.04 | .04 | .06 | -.03 | -.00 | .03 | .02 | -.06 | .00 | - |
| I-13. Amadoda | -.00 | −.12 ** | .37 *** | .50 *** | .25 *** | −.09 ** | .22 *** | .20 *** | .15 *** | .26 *** | .21 *** | .05 |
| M | 16.67 | 4.23 | 2.29 | 1.52 | 1.56 | 2.74 | 9.43 | 9.83 | 16.25 | 11.29 | 16.60 | 20.72 |
| SD | 5.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 9.06 | 1.82 | 6.66 | 2.30 |
| Skewness | 0.17 | 1.80 | 0.69 | 0.20 | -1.45 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 1.38 |
| Kurtosis | -0.37 | 2.44 | -0.62 | -0.56 | 1.67 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 3.11 | -0.93 | 5.16 | 3.59 | 1.67 |
| I-VIF | - | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.05 |
Qaphela. I-SD: ukuphambuka okujwayelekile; I-VIF: ukwehluka kwamanani entengo.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
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Ithebula 2. Isifinyezo sokuqashwa kokuqondisa kwe-hierarchical sidingida ukubikezela kwemisebenzi ehlukene online
| β (t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ezokuxhum | Gaming | Sex | Ukugembula | Shopping | ||
| Vimba i-1 | Men | I-−0.16 (−4.33) *** | I-0.35 (9.93) *** | I-0.42 (13.40) *** | I-0.19 (5.43) *** | I-−0.13 (−3.42) *** |
| Ubudala | I-−0.16 (−4.58) *** | I-−0.06 (−1.85) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.05 (1.56) | I-−0.02 (−0.60) | |
| Vimba i-2 | I-Machiavellianism | 0.01 (0.17) | I-0.11 (2.41) * | I-0.09 (2.33) * | I-0.14 (3.00) ** | 0.01 (0.24) |
| I-Psychopathy | I-−0.02 (−0.49) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.55) | I-−0.00 (−0.03) | |
| I-Narcissism | I-0.18 (4.39) *** | I-−0.00 (−0.11) | 0.06 (1.83) | I-−0.08 (−1.99) * | I-−0.01 (−0.26) | |
| Usizi | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.15) | I-0.12 (3.27) ** | I-−0.02 (−0.46) | 0.01 (0.14) | |
| Isikhala | 0.07 (1.66) | 0.00 (0.10) | I-0.10 (2.60) * | I-0.16 (3.66) *** | I-0.15 (3.37) ** | |
| R2adj = .08; F(7, 764) = 10.48; p <.001 | R2adj = .15; F(7, 764) = 19.84; p <.001 | R2adj = .32; F(7, 764) = 53.25; p <.001 | R2adj = .11; F(7, 764) = 13.97; p <.001 | R2adj = .02; F(7, 764) = 3.62; p <.01 | ||
Inothi. Amanani asebakaki akhombisa t amanani wezinto eziguqukayo.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Ukuze uhlole imiphumela yokulamula okungenzeka yemisebenzi ye-inthanethi phakathi kwezimpawu zobuntu ne-PIU, imodeli yokulamula yokugcwala eminingi yahlolwa ngezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama njengokuhlukahluka okuzimeleyo, imisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi njengabalamuli, i-PIU njengokuhlukahluka komphumela, nobulili kanye nobudala njengezinto eziguquguqukayo zokulawula (Umdwebo 1). Isoftware ye-AMOS 23 yenziwa ukuze kuhlaziywe indlela kusetshenziswa indlela ye-bootstrapping ngamasampula we-5,000 bootstrapped kanye ne-95% ngezikhathi ezithile ezilungisiwe zokuzithemba. Izindlela eziqondile zahlolwa kusetshenziswa isilinganisoIGaskin, 2016). Njengomphumela wokuhlaziya (Ithebula 3), IMachiavellianism yayihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokugembula kwe-inthanethi nokugembula online (β = 0.12, p <.05; I-95% CI [0.02, 0.21]). I-narcissism yayihlotshaniswa ngokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana (β = 0.09, p <.05; I-95% CI [0.00, 0.18]). Ekugcineni, ukuhlukumeza kwakuhlotshaniswa ngqo ne-PIU ngqo nangokungaqondile ngokugembula ku-inthanethi nokuthenga online (β = 0.18, p <.001; I-95% CI [0.10, 0.26]). Imodeli ichaze i-21% yokwahluka kwe-PIU.
Umfanekiso we-1. Imodeli yokugcina ye-coefficients ebalulekile yendlela. Ubulili kanye nobudala zashintshwa ukuze kube ngumlamuli nemiphumela yokuhlukahluka kwimodeli. Ukucaciselwa, ukuguquguquka kokulawula nokuxhumana phakathi kokuzimela, isilawuli, nokuhluka komlamuli akuzange kuboniswe kusibalo. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
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Ithebula 3. Izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zenani eliphelele, eliqondile, kanye nemiphumela engaqondile yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nokuguquguquka komlamuli
| Umphumela (SE) | Inani eliphelele lichaziwe (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| I-Machiavellianism → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ophelele) | I-0.12 (0.05) * | - |
| I-Machiavellianism → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi (umphumela oqondile) | I-0.09 (0.05) * | 75 |
| Machiavellianism → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | 0.03 (0.02) | 25 |
| Machiavellianism → Ukugembula → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| I-Machiavellianism → Imidlalo yokudlala → Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| I-narcissism → Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga (umphumela ophelele) | I-0.09 (0.04) * | - |
| I-narcissism → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela oqondile) | 0.05 (0.04) | 56 |
| I-narcissism → Ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya yezokuxhumana → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.04 (0.02) * | 44 |
| Isikhala → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ophelele) | I-0.18 (0.04) *** | - |
| Isikhala → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela oqondile) | I-0.14 (0.04) *** | 78 |
| Isikhala → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.04 (0.02) ** | 22 |
| Isikhala → Ukugembula → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.02 (0.01) * | 11 |
| Isikhala → Ukuthenga → Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (umphumela ongaqondile) | I-0.01 (0.01) * | 6 |
Inothi. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Ingxoxo
Ngokwazi kwababhali, lesi yisifundo sokuqala sokuphenya izinhlangano eziqondile nezingaqondile zezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and spiteful) nge-PIU ngemisebenzi ethile eku-inthanethi (okusho, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, ukugembula ku-inthanethi, ukuthenga ku-inthanethi, nocansi oluku-inthanethi). Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa, nangokuhambisana nemodeli ye-I-PACE, izici zobuntu ezahlukahlukene bezihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene online namazinga we-PIU. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi losayizi bomphumela phakathi kokuguquguqukayo bebuncane. Ngenkathi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-narcissism ne-PIU buxhumene ngokuphelele ngokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana, iMachivavellianism yayihlotshaniswa ngqo nangokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokugembula ku-inthanethi nokudlala online. Ekugcineni, ukugembula okuku-inthanethi nokuthengwa kwe-inthanethi kuncike ekuhlanganiseni ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphanga ne-PIU. Ngenkathi imicabango yokuqala neyesithathu yayisekelwa ngokwengxenye, okutholakele kwakungahambisani ne-hypothesis yesibili.
Ngokwengxenye evumelana nomqondo, abezindaba zokuxhumana basebenzisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-narcissism ne-PIU. I-Narcissism yayihlobene nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwemidiya yezenhlalo, futhi, ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezemidiya yomphakathi kwahlotshaniswa ne-PIU ephezulu. Kubonakala sengathi abantu abaphezulu kakhulu kwe-narcissism bakhetha imithombo yezokuxhumana nabantu ezisekelweni zokudlala ze-intanethi ukuze bafeze izidingo zabo ezingokwengqondo ezivela ebuntwini babo bokuphikisana nesidingo sokunconywa (ICasale & Fioravanti, 2018). Ama-narcissists asebenzisa amathuluzi e-media ahlukene ukuthuthukisa nokuziqapha, okungaphenduka ukugxila kumaphrofayili awo nokuphawula kwabanye kokuthunyelwe kwabo (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018). Futhi, lokhu kuhlangana kungaguqulela ku-PIU ngenani elincane labantu. Ngokunikezwe ukuthi, okuhlukile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziku-inthanethi, ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya yezenhlalo kungabandakanyeka kuphela online, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunenkinga kungahunyushelwa kalula kwi-PIU uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi eku-inthanethi enokulingana okungaxhunyiwe kwi-inthanethi.
Njengoba kwenziwa i-hypothesised, iMachiavellianism yayihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokusebenzisa imidlalo yokugembula nokugembula online. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amaMachiavellian angaba nobunzima ekusebenzisaneni kwangempela kwempilo yomphakathi ngenxa yokuvumelana okuphansi, ukuphoqeka okukhulu ngokomzwelo, ukuphakama kwe-alexithymia, nobuhlakani obungokomzwelo obuphansi (U-Austin, Farrelly, Mnyama, noMoore, 2007; UJonason noKrause, 2013), bangazizwa bekhululekile kakhudlwana online futhi bakhethe ukusebenzisana kwe-inthanethi ekuxhumaneni ubuso nobuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi baseMachiavellian batholakale benokuxineka okuphezulu uma beqhathaniswa nezitshudeni ezingezona ezaseMachiavellian (UBakir et al., 2003). Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi kuzoba ne-PIU ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu ku-Machiavellianism, ngoba ukucindezelwa yisibikezeli esingaguquki sokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (IKircaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018).
IMachivavellianism yayihlotshaniswa nemidlalo eku-inthanethi nokugembula ku-inthanethi, futhi, ukugembula okuku-inthanethi nokugembula oku-inthanethi kwaholela kwi-PIU ephezulu. Izifundo zangaphambilini zihlobanise iMachiavellianism nokudlala kosizi (okungukuthi, ukunyathela emidlalweni eku-inthanethi), engaletha incazelo yalobu budlelwano (ILadanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi abantu abaphezulu ku-Machiavellianism bakhonjiswe ukuthi banemizwa yokuncintisana futhi abahambisani nokuziphatha okuhle nokuziphatha ekufezeni izinhloso zabo (UClempner, 2017), kungenzeka ukuthi bahlanganyele ekudlaleni kosizi ukunqoba abanye abadlali futhi le mizamo nemizamo ingahle iphenduke isikhathi esichithwe ukugembula ku-inthanethi. Okufanayo nokugembula, ukugembula kungenye indawo yokuncintisana enemivuzo eyengeziwe efana nokuthola imali yangempela. Izici zokuziphatha zeMachiavellian zitholakele ukuthi zihambisana nokuzwela komvuzo okubonisa ukuthi imivuzo izisusa ezibalulekile zabantu abanezici eziphezulu zeMachiavellian (IBirkás, iCsathó, iGács, neBereczkei, 2015). Ukugembula kwe-inthanethi nokugembula ku-inthanethi kuyimisebenzi emibili ethandwa kakhulu yokusebenzisa i-inthanethi futhi ingashintsha kalula ekuzibandakanyeni okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kwabasebenzisi abathile (UBrand et al., 2016).
Kuhambisana nemiphumela obekulindelwe, yize kunjalo kuhlotshaniswa ngqo ne-PIU futhi kungaqondakali kusetshenziswa ukugembula nokuthenga online. Ifana ne-Machiavellianism, ukungathandeki kuhlobene nokugqwala okukhulu kwemizwa (IZeigler-Hill neVonk, 2015), ukuthwebula, nokukhipha disinhibition (IZeigler-Hill & Noser, 2018) - izinhlangano ezingaphumela ekufezeni izidingo zomphakathi ngezifiso ze-inthanethi (UGervasi et al., 2017; UNiemz, uGriffiths, noBanyard, 2005). Ukuziphatha okuhle kunokushukunyiswa yimizwelo enomona nefanele (UMarcus et al., 2014) kanye nabantu abaphakeme naphezu kwamazinga aphakeme we-narcissism esengozini nokuzithemba okuphansi (UMarcus et al., 2014), ezihlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwe-pathological online (U-Andreassen et al., 2017; ICasale, iFioravanti, neRugai, ngo-2016). Ngokufanayo, abantu abahlukumezanayo bangasebenzisa ukuthenga okuku-inthanethi okushukunyiswa umhawu wabo kwabanye noma isidingo sabo sokuqiniswa nge-ego ngenxa yemizwa yabo yobuchopho yokungazethembi kanye nokuzithemba okuphansi. Futhi, ukuthenga online kungaholela ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelekile kwe-inthanethi lapho kuphenywa wonke amawebhusayithi ahlukene ukuthenga imikhiqizo ehlukile.
Lolu cwaningo luphakathi kokumbalwa okwenziwe ukubheka iqhaza lezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama ku-PIU. Kunokudlana okukhona phakathi kokutholakele okubikwe lapha nalaba phakathi kwalezi zifundo yize kukhona okunye okutholakele okuphikisanayo. Isibonelo, ngenkathi lolu cwaningo lubika ubudlelwane obuqondile phakathi kweMachiavellianism ne-PIU, iMachiavellianism yayingumbikezeli oqondile wokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezindaba zemithombo yezindaba phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi esifundweni esedlule (IKircaburun, iDemetrovics, et al., 2018), futhi bekungafanelekile kolunye ucwaningo kuhlola ukugembula okuyinkinga kwi-inthanethi (UKircaburun et al., 2018b). Ngokufanayo, i-narcissism yayihlotshaniswa ngokungaqondile ngokungaqondile ne-PIU ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana kulolu cwaningo, noma ngabe bekuyisibikezelo esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zokuxhumana ezinenkinga nokudlala okunenkinga. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi lezi zifundo esenziwe ngenhla zenziwe nabafundi beyunivesithi nabagembuli abahluke ngokuphelele, umehluko wesampula kungaba yincazelo engaba khona yezimpawu zobuntu ezahlukahlukene ezibikezela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ye-inthanethi (isb., Imithombo yezokuxhumana, imidlalo, nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi). Kodwa-ke, lo mehluko ubuye usekele umbono wokuthi (naphezu kokugqagqana kwawo ngezinga elithile) izinhlobo ezithile zokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (isb., Imidlalo yezokuxhumana kanye nemithombo yezokuxhumana) kanye ne-PIU yizindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukile ngokomqondo nezinhlangano ezihlukile ze-nosological ezingaba nezibikezelo ezahlukahlukene zobuntu (UBrand et al., 2016; UKirály et al., 2014; UMontag et al., 2015). Yize kunjalo, lezi zifundo ezandulelayo zibonisa ukuthi kufanele kugxilwe kakhulu ezicini zobuntu obumnyama uma ucubungula i-PIU nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha eziku-inthanethi eziyinkinga, futhi ucwaningo oluningi luqinisekisiwe endabeni ukuze luqonde kangcono lobu budlelwano.
Lolu cwaningo lunemikhawulo ethile okufanele ibhekelwe ezifundweni ezizayo. Okokuqala, imininingwane yocwaningo iqoqwe ngama-imibuzo emibiko yokuzenzela kusampula yokuzikhethela esethambekele ekukhetheni okwaziwayo nokulinganiselwa. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zisebenzise amathuluzi ajule kakhulu njengezindlela zokuziphatha noma zokuxubana phakathi kwamasampula amakhulu nangaphezulu. Okwesibili, ukwakheka kwesigaba esiphakeme kuvimbela umdwebo wobudlelwano be-causal. Ukuze ukwazi ukukhombisa ukuqondana nezinkomba zalobu budlelwano, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zisebenzise ukwakheka kobude obude. Okwesithathu, isampula lokufunda laliqukethe iziqu zaseTurkey ezivela eyunivesithi eyodwa; Ngakho-ke, i-generalizability yemiphumela ikhawulelwe. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zizame ukuphinda lokho okutholakele lapha kusetshenziswa amaqembu ahlukene wobudala kanye nabantu abavela emazweni namasiko ahlukile.
Ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa, lolu cwaningo lokuqala lokuhlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama, imisebenzi ethile ekwi-inthanethi, kanye ne-PIU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi yize kunjalo kungahlanganiswa ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ne-PIU ephakeme ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene online. Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kukhombisa ukuthi kufanele kube nolunye ucwaningo olugxile endimeni yezimpawu zobuntu obumnyama ekusetshenzisweni okuyinselele kwe-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano ezibalulekile eziqondile ze-Machiavellianism kanye nokungahambisani ne-PIU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi iMachiavellianism, yize kunjalo, i-sadism, kanye ne-narcissism bezihlobene nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi ye-inthanethi efana nokuya ocansini online, ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya yokuxhumana nabantu, ukugembula online, imidlalo yokudlala online, kanye nokuthenga online, konke okunamandla okubangela ukulimaza ezimpilweni zabanye abantu ngenxa yokuyinkinga futhi / noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ochwepheshe bezempilo nodokotela kumele bacabangele lezi zici zobuntu uma kucatshangelwa amasu wokuvikela nokungenelela we-PIU. Ngokungeziwe kokuchazwe ngenhla, lolu cwaningo luvivinye ukucatshangwa komqondo we-I-PACE imodeli futhi lunikeze ubufakazi obucacile bendima ebalulekile yokwehluka kobuntu ekuhlukanisweni kwemisebenzi ye-inthanethi kanye nokusebenzisa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi, kanye nendima ebalulekile yokuthandwa kwezindlela ezahlukene online. imisebenzi ekunqumeni amazinga e-PIU.
Bobabili ababhali baba negalelo elikhulu ekuqulweni kombhalo wesandla.
Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.
Okubhekwayo
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