Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuQinisekiswa kwe-Bergen-Yale sex Addiction Scale With Sarge National Samp (2018)

Front Psychol. I-2018; 9: 144.

Ishicilelwe ku-intanethi i-2018 Mar 8. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00144

I-PMCID: PMC5852108

I-PMID: 29568277

Cecilie S. Andreassen,^1,^* Ståle Pallesen,¹ UMark D. Griffiths,² I-Torbjørn Torsheim,¹ futhi Rajita Sinha³

abstract

Umbono wokuthi ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili ("ukubheja ngokobulili") uhlobo lokulutha ukuziphatha okuye kwazuza ukuqonda okuningi eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa kusekhona impikiswano enkulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa komqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo eziningi zangaphambilini zithembele kumasampuli amancane omtholampilo. Isifundo samanje sinikeza indlela entsha yokuhlola ukulutha kobulili-i-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) -suselwe ezinxenyeni ezisetshenziselwa ukulutha (isib. Ukuqina / ukuthanda, ukuguquka kwemizwelo, ukubekezelelana, ukuhoxiswa, ukuxabana / izinkinga, nokuphindaphinda / ukulahlekelwa yokulawula). Ukusebenzisa ucwaningo olwenziwe ngezansi, i-BYSAS yenzelwe isampula kazwelonke ye-23,533 aseNorway abadala [iminyaka eyi-16-88; kusho (± SD) iminyaka = 35.8 ± 13.3 iminyaka], kanye nezinyathelo eziqinisekisiwe zezimpawu zobuntu eziBig Five, i-narcissism, ukuzethemba, kanye nesilinganiso sokuziphatha komlutha wezocansi. Kokubili ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola kanye nokuqinisekisa (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) kusekele isisombululo sento eyodwa, yize kwatholakala ukuncika kwasendaweni phakathi kwezinto ezimbili (Izinto 1 no-2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikali sasinokungaguquguquki okuhle kwangaphakathi (iCronbach's α = 0.83). I-BYSAS ihlobaniswe kakhulu nesikali sesethenjwa (r = 0.52), futhi wabonisa amaphethini afanayo wokuqinisekisa okuguquguqukayo nokubandlulula. I-BYSAS yayihlotshanise kahle nokuxoshwa, ukungahambi kahle kwemvelo, ukuqonda / ukucabanga, nokuhlambalaza, nokungahambisani nhlobo nokuzihlonipha, ukuvumelana nokuzihlonipha. Izikole eziphezulu ku-BYSAS zazivame kakhulu phakathi kwalabo ababengamadoda, abangashadile, abancane, kanye nemfundo ephakeme. I-BYSAS iyinqubo emfushane, futhi engokwemvelo engokwethenjelwa futhi evumelekile yokuhlola ukulutha kocansi. Nokho, ukuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-BYSAS kuyadingeka kwamanye amazwe nezimo.

Amagama angukhiye: ukuxhaswa ngokobulili, ukulutha ngokobulili, ukuthuthukiswa kwesilinganiso, isilinganiso se-psychometric, imodeli emihlanu yebuntu, i-narcissism, ukuzethemba, ukubalwa kwabantu

Isingeniso

Eminyakeni yamuva ucwaninga ekuziphatheni kocansi okuqhubekayo nokuphikisanayo kuye kwanda (Kraus et al., 2016). Lokhu kuziphatha okungaziphathi kahle, okweqile nokucindezeleka kuye kwachazwa besebenzisa amalebula amaningi ahlanganisa (phakathi kwabanye) ukuxhumene kocansi, ukucindezela ngokobulili, ukufisa kobulili, i-erotomania, i-nymphomania (kwabesifazane), i-satyriasis (emadodeni), ukulutha ngokocansi, nokuxhomeka kobulili (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015; UWéry noBillieux, 2017). Kube nempikiswano eminingi eminyakeni eminingi mayelana nokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kungcono yini ukuqondiswa njengesiyaluyalu esiphuthumayo, umlutha, noma isifo sokulawula ukucindezela (Karila et al., 2014; Piquet-Pessôa et al., 2014), futhi ngenxa yalokho kwachazwa ngokusho kwamamodeli ahlukahlukene (uCampbell noStein, 2015; Kingston, 2015).

Ngemva kocwaningo olusha olubonisa ukuthi ubulili bunamandla okulutha-cishe cishe buphakathi kwezifunda zengqondo kanye nama-neurotransmitter aziwayo ukuthi ahilelekile ekuhlangenwe nakho komvuzo nokuthokoza-intshisekelo yombono wobulili obufanayo njengesiyaluyalu sekhulile ngokushesha (Holstege et al., 2003; UHamann et al., 2004; Goodman, 2008; Griffiths, 2012; Kor et al., 2013; Karila et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015). Kulesi simo, "ukubheja ngokocansi " kungachazwa njengokubandakanyeka kakhulu emisebenzini yezocansi (isib. ukucabanga, ukushaya indlwabu, ubulili, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) emithonjeni ehlukahlukene (i-cybersex, ucansi ucingo, njll). Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo abanezimo babika isisusa sabo socansi singalawuleki, futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi becabanga futhi bahlanganyela emisebenzini yezocansi okuthinta kabi ezinye izindawo eziningi ekuphileni kwabo.

"Ukulutha kwezocansi" okwamanje akulona ohlwini lwe-taxonomy yengqondo. Nokho, i Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezifo Zomhlaba Wonke (I-ICD-10; I-World Health Organization, 1992), kufaka phakathi ukushayela ngokocansi ngokweqile kanye nokushaya indlwabu ngokweqile njengezifo zokuxilonga, kuhlukaniswe nge-satyriasis (yamadoda) kanye ne-nymphomania (yabesifazane), kanti "ukucatshangelwa ngokocansi" njengamanje kubhekwa njengesiyaluyalu sokulawulwa kokucindezeleka I-ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014). Uhlelo lwakamuva (lwesihlanu) lwe- Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo (I-DSM-5; I-American Psychiatric Association, 2013) ukwandise ukuqashelwa kwazo izidakamizwa ezingekho emakhemikhali (Petry, 2015) ngokufakwa kweGembula Disorder njengokweqile kokuziphatha ngaphakathi kombhalo oyinhloko ne-Internet Gaming Disorder kwisigaba se-appendix seSigaba (isimo sokutadisha okuqhubekayo). Nakuba umlutha wezocansi (ngesimo se-"hypersexual disorder") uhlongozwa (Kafka, 2010) futhi ihlolwe yi- I-DSM-5 ibutho lezemisebenzi, kanye neqoqo lezinqubo ezihlolwe ngokomqondo (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012), inqatshiwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kocwaningo ekubhekiseni izindlela zokuxilonga kanye nokubukwa kokuhlukaniswa kwendlela yokucabanga ngayo isifo (Kafka, 2013; UCampbell noStein, 2015).

Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, umkhawulo wokucwaninga kwangaphambi kokuqala ukuhlola kungabikho kokuvumelanisa ngokujwayelekile mayelana nokuthi ukubhekwa kocansi kufanele kuqondwe, kuqondwe futhi kuhlolwe kanjani (Reid, 2016). Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso zokusabalala ezingathembeki phakathi kwama-sampula okungezona omele (ozikhethela ukuzikhethela) ukusuka ku-3 kuya ku-17% (nangaphezulu) kubikwe. Ngokuphathelene nokuguquguquka kwezindawo, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ubuhlobo obunjalo obuhle obuphakathi kokulutha kobulili nobudala, ubulili besilisa, isimo esisodwa kanye nemfundo ephezulu (ngokubuyekezwa kwakamuva bheka uKafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011; Karila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; UWéry noBillieux, 2017). Kodwa-ke, kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi abesifazane baye baxhaswa ikakhulukazi kulolu chungechunge locwaningo, futhi ngenxa yalokho abancane baziwa mayelana nesimo sabo sokulutha kocansi (uDhuffar noGriffiths, 2014, 2015; Klein et al., 2014).

Ucwaningo luye lwahambisana nokulutha kobulili nobuntu obubonisa ezinye izimo zokulutha (Karila et al., 2014), kufaka hlangana amazinga aphezulu wokudabuka kanye neuroticism namazinga aphansi wokuthembeka nokuvumelanisa (Schmitt, 2004; I-Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Lezi zici zibhekisela kubuntu abanesisindo esikhulu sokufuna, ukusebenzisana ngokomzwelo, okungazenzisi, nokungazicabangeli, ngokumelene nokuphelelwa phansi, ukuzinza ngokomzwelo, ukuzimela, nokukhathazeka ngokuvumelana komphakathi. Ucwaningo olulinganiselwe olusebenzisa imodeli emihlanu yobuntu (Costa and McCrae, 1992; Wiggins, 1996) kulo mongo uthola ukuvuleka kokuziphatha ukuthi kungabhekana nokulutha kocansi (Schmitt, 2004; I-Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka ukuthi "abantu abakhululekile" abathokozela ukuhlangenwe nakho kwe-borderline "basengozini yokubheja ngokocansi, kunabantu bendabuko, abasondelene nabaqapha (isib. Elmquist et al., 2016). Izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi ezithathelisayo nazo zivame ukuhlobana ngokuqondile ne-narcissism (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; Kasper et al., 2015) futhi ehlobene nokuzihlonipha (Cooper et al., 1999, 2004; Delmonico noGriffin, 2008; Kor et al., 2014; I-Doornwaard et al., 2016).

Intshisekelo ekhulayo "ekubhekaneni ngokobulili" kokubili ngokucabangela nangokwemvelo ihambisane nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezinsimbi ezifana nokuhlolwa kocansi ukuhlolwa kwesilonda (SAST; Carnes, 1989) ne-SAST-Revised (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), i-Shorter PROMIS-Questionnaire-sex subscale emfushane (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003), PATHOS¹ (Carnes et al., 2012), kanye nokuhlolwa koMlutha we-Inthanethi Omfushane (osemncane, 1998) eguqulelwe imisebenzi yezocansi e-intanethi (ubulili be-I-IAT; Laier et al., 2013; I-Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a). Ngenkathi ezinye izilinganiso eziqinisekisiwe zenzelwe, zihlola futhi zikwazi ukucabanga ngokuthi "ukucanshangelwa ngokocansi" njengesiyaluyalu esicindezelayo, esiphuthumayo, kanye / noma socansi lokudlwengula (isib. UKalichman noRompa, 1995; Coleman et al., 2001; Reid et al., 2011).

Izikali ezibalwe ngenhla zihluka kakhulu ngokwezinqubo zentuthuko, isakhiwo sezinto, amaphuzu okunqunywa, kanye nezakhiwo ze-psychometric (Hook et al., 2010; Karila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; UWéry noBillieux, 2017), futhi ngokuyinhloko kuphenywe ngamasampula amancane angakabonakali emitholampilo kanye nasezihlosiwe (Karila et al., 2014). Ezinye zinabantu abathile (isib., Owesilisa, wesifazane, umlingani; Izinsika, 1991; U-O'Hara noCarnes, 2000; Carnes and Weiss, 2002), kuyilapho ezinye ziyizinto ezixubile kakhulu (isb., ukuziphatha kocansi online, Carnes et al., 2010; Wéry et al., 2016a). Izikali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu (isb., I-SAST-R, i-PATHOS) iphinde ihlanganise izinto ezingafaneleki ngokuqondene nokuchaza ukubheja kobulili [ie, "Ingabe uhlukumezwe ngokocansi njengengane noma ingane?, ""Ingabe abazali bakho babe nenkinga ngokuziphatha kobulili?"(I-SAST; i-Carnes, 1989, iphe. 218-219), "Uke wafuna usizo ekuziphatheni kocansi ongawuthandi?"(PATHOS; Carnes et al., 2012, iphe. I-11)]. I-SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) kanye ne-PATHOS (Carnes et al., 2012) sebenzisa i-dichotomous yebo / ayikho indlela yokwenza impendulo, kanti ucwaningo olunomqondo luveza ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo / okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha ngokocansi okubucayi kufanele kube yingxenye yomkhuba wokuxilonga emitholampilo (Winters et al., 2010; Walters et al., 2011; UCarvalho et al., 2015). Izilinganiso zamanje ezihlola ukuziphatha kobulili okunenkinga zivame ukuba zide. Ngokuqondile, Womack et al. (2013) kubike incazelo yezinto ze-32.5 (SD = 34.2) uma kubuyekezwa ngokuhlelekile ukulinganisa kwe-24 ukubikezela ubuhlobo bobulili obufanayo. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo ezifanele kufanele zanelise izimpawu ezisemqoka (njengebufushane: Koronczai et al., 2011), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abangenasisindo abangakwazi ukubaluleka futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini engapheli isikhathi eside.

Umkhawulo omkhulu wamakhansela wamanje wukuthi izinto ezihlola ukuziphatha kocansi okuluthayo azibonakali izingxenye eziphakathi kokulutha izidakamizwa (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005). Izinqubo ezinjalo zisetshenziswe njengenhlaka yokuthuthukisa isibalo sezingqinamba ezingokwengqondo ezithinta izidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha ezihlanganisa ukulutha komsebenzi (Andreassen et al., 2012a), umdlalo wokulutha (Lemmens et al., 2009), ukuthenga izidakamizwa (Andreassen et al., 2015), ukuvivinya umzimba (Terry et al., 2004), kanye nokulutha kwemithombo yezenhlalo (Andreassen et al., 2016). Ngokuphathelene nokulutha kocansi, lezi zimpawu ziyoba: ubuwula / ukuthanda-Kukhathazeka ngezocansi noma ngokobulili obufunayo, ukuguquka kwemizwelo-Cansi ngokweqile kubangela ushintsho emoyeni, ukubekezelelana-Inani elilinganayo lobulili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhoxiswa-izimpawu ezingathandeki ngokomzwelo / ngokomzimba uma ungalalani, ukungqubuzanaIzinkinga -ngaphakathi / / ezingenasifo somuntu njengomphumela oqondile wezocansi ngokweqile, ubuyela emuva-Kubuyela emaphethini wangaphambilini emva kwezinkathi ngokuzilahla / ukulawula, futhi izinkingaImpilo enempilo nokuphila okuhle okuvela ekuziphatheni kocansi okuluthayo.

Izikali zamanje zivame ukuthwebula ezinye zezimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla, kepha ungazimbozi zonke (isb., I-PATHOS ne-SAST-R). Isizathu esisodwa salokhu kungenzeka ukuthi izikali ezazenziwe ngaphambili zazikhuthazwa amasethi amathathu avelele ezindlela ezihlongozwayo ezikhonjwe ezincwadini. Lezi (i) yiziCarnes ' 1991 imibandela engabandakanyi ukuhoxa nobuqili, (ii) kaGoodman (1998izindlela ezingafaki ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, kanye (iii) nenqubo kaKafka (2010, 2013) engafaki ukubekezelelana, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, ubuthongo nokuhoxa (iWéry noBillieux, 2017). Isilinganiso se-s-IAT-sex (Laier et al., 2013; I-Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a) ihlanganisa yonke imigomo yokulutha umlutha, kepha yakhiwa ngokuqondile ukuhlola ukulutha kobulili e-intanethi kuphela. Yize izinhlelo zokusebenza zanamuhla ze-intanethi zingase zenze ngcono futhi zithuthukise ukuvela komkhuba wokuziphatha ngocansi ngenxa yezici ezifana nokulula, ukungaziwa, ukufinyeleleka, nokuvinjelwa (Griffiths, 2012; UWéry noBillieux, 2017), ngokusobala kudingekile ukuthi kube nesilinganiso esincane sokuhlola okuzwakalayo esinqumayo sokuqhathaniswa ngokobulili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo, umongo nobani.

Njengoba kunikezwe okushiwo ngenhla kanye nezimpikiswano emkhakheni, isifundo samanje sibheke izakhiwo ezingokwengqondo ezithinta umlutha omusha wokulutha ngokocansi, i-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS), ehlanganisa izinto ezakhiwe ngesisekelo semigomo esemqoka egcizelelwe ukubhekana nezilingo eziningana zokuziphatha futhi ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kohlaka lokuqapha ukugqamisa okuqukethwe kokuqukethwe (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005; I-American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Andreassen et al., 2013). Kwakulindeleke ukuthi ithuluzi elisha lizohambelana kakhulu nezinsimbi ezifanayo (okungukuthi, ukufaneleka okuguquguqukayo) futhi zihambelane kahle ngokuzakhela okungafani (okungukuthi, ukufaneleka kobandlululo; uNunnally noBernstein, 1994). Kwacutshungulwa izizathu eziyisithupha. Lawa yilokho:

I-Hypothesis 1. I-BYSAS inesakhiwo sento eyodwa esinokulayisha okuphezulu (> 0.60) kwazo zonke izinto zesikali, nazo zonke izinkomba (impande isho iphutha lesikwele lokulinganisa [RMSEA] <0.06, inkomba yokuqhathanisa efanelekile [CFI] ne-Tucker-Lewis index [TLI ]> 0.95; UHu noBentler, 1999) ebonisa idatha efanelekile.
I-Hypothesis 2. I-BYSAS inokuvumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi (i-alpha kaCronbach> 0.80).
I-Hypothesis 3. I-BYSAS ihambisana ngokulinganayo nesinye isilinganiso sokuziphatha komlutha okuluthayo (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003).
I-Hypothesis 4. I-score ye-BYSAS ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuba yindoda, engashadile futhi ephakeme efundisiwe, futhi ehlobene nokudala.
I-Hypothesis 5. I-score ye-BYSAS ihlobene ngokuqondile neuroticism, extroversion, nokuvuleka, futhi ihlobene ngokungahambisani nokuvumelanisa nokuziqhenya.
I-Hypothesis 6. I-score ye-BYSAS ihlobene ngokuqondile ne-narcissism futhi ihlobene nokungahloniphi.

Izimpahla nezindlela

Inqubo

Idatha yaqoqwa ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo ye-web-based cross-sectional ehlola ukuziphatha ngokweqile. Ucwaningo lwasakazwa kumagazini we-intanethi wamaphephandaba aseNorway wonke ahlukene eNorway ngesikhathi sehlobo lwe-2014. Ukuze babambe iqhaza, abaphenduliwe bafundiswe ukuchofoza kusixhumanisi se-intanethi. Bonke abaphenduliwe kwakudingeka babe okungenani iminyaka engu-16. Ulwazi mayelana nesifundo lunikezwe ekhasini lewebhu. Abaphenduliwe baziswa ukuthi bazothola impendulo ezenziwe ngokuzenzakalela ngokusekelwe ezikoleni zabo kanye nokuhumusha okuhlobene nezilinganiso eziningana lapho kuqedile ukuhlolwa. Akukho ukugqugquzelwa okubonakalayo / kwezimali okwenziwe. Yonke idatha igcinwe kuseva eyabanjwe inkampani ephethe lezo zosesho zabacwaningi (www.surveyxact.no). Ngesonto elilodwa ngemuva kokuqala kokutadisha, yonke idatha eqoqwe ithunyelwe eqenjini locwaningo.

Ngokuphelele, abantu abangu-23,533 baqedile yonke into yocwaningo (futhi bagcinwa ukuhlaziywa). Ukubamba iqhaza kwakunokuzikhethela, okungaziwa, okuyimfihlo, nokungenzi okungenelela, futhi kulandelwa iziqondiso zokuziphatha eziphathelene nesimemezelo se-Helsinki kanye neNorway Health Research Act. IBhodi Lokubukeza Lezikhungo ze-Faculty of Psychology, iYunivesithi yaseBergen, lavuma ukutadisha.

Abahlanganyeli

Iminyaka yobudala yabahlanganyeli (N = 23,533) kwakungu-35.8 iminyaka (SD = 13.3), esukela eminyakeni eyi-16 kuya kwengama-88. Ngokuya ngamaqembu weminyaka afakiwe, iningi labahlanganyeli lalineminyaka eyi-16-30 (40.7%) elandelwa yilabo abaneminyaka engama-31-45 (35%), iminyaka engu-46-60 (19.8%), nangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-60 (4.5 %). Isampula lalinabesifazane abangu-15,299 (65%) namadoda angama-8,234 35 (15,373%). Ngokwesimo sobudlelwano, i-65.3 (8,160%) njengamanje ibisebudlelwaneni (okungukuthi, abashadile, abalingani bomthetho ojwayelekile, umlingani, isoka, noma intombi) kanti abayi-34.7 (2,350%) babengekho (okungukuthi, abangashadile, abahlukanisile, abahlukanisiwe, abafelokazi , noma umfelwa). Mayelana nezemfundo, abangu-10 babeqede isikole esiyimpoqo (5,949%), abangu-25.3 bephothule isikole esiphakeme (3,989%), abangu-17 bephothule isikole sokufundela umsebenzi (7,630%), abangu-32.4 beneziqu zeBachelor (3,343%), 14.2 beneziqu zeMasters (272%), kanti abangama-1.2 babeneziqu ze-PhD (XNUMX%).

Izindlela

Izibalo zabantu

Abahlanganyeli baphothule izinyathelo ezilodwa zento yabantu (isib. Ubudala, ubulili, isimo sobuhlobo, imfundo ephelele kakhulu) ngokusebenzisa ifomu lokuphendula eliphelile.

I-Bergen-leyo yezinga lesidakamizwa sobulili (BYSAS)

I-BYSAS yasungulwa ngokusebenzisa indlela eyisithupha yokulutha izidakamizwa egcizelelwe yiBrown (1993), Griffiths (2005), kanye ne-American Psychiatric Association (2013) kuhlanganisa ukuqina, ukuguquka kwemizwelo, ukubekezelelana, izimpawu zokuhoxiswa, ukuphikisana nokuphindaphinda / ukulahlekelwa ukulawulwa. Into eyodwa idalwe kwisilinganiso ngasinye. Ngokucacile, le nqubo ihlanganisa izinto eziphathelene nobuhle / ukuthanda (okungukuthi, ukukhathazeka ngokobulili / ukushaya indlwabu), ukuguquka kwemizwelo (ie, ubulili / ukushaya indlwabu kuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo), ukubekezelelana (okungukuthi, ubulili obukhulu / ukushaya indlwabu kuyadingeka ukuze uneliseke) , izimpawu zokuhoxiswa (okungukuthi, ukunciphisa noma ukuvimbela ukulala ngokobulili / ukushaya indlwabu kwenza ukungazitholi kanye nemizwa emibi), izingxabano / izinkinga (ie, ucansi / ukushaya indlwabu kubangela izingxabano futhi kubangele uhlobo oluthile lwenkinga), nokubuyela emuva / ukulahlekelwa (okungukuthi, ukubuyela amashadonga omdala / ukushaya indlwabu emva kwesikhathi sokulawula noma ukungabikho). Amazwi athile wezinto nezinto ezithinta impendulo zisekelwe ezinkambisweni zamagama nezempendulo ezisetshenziswe esikalini ukuhlola ezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha (Andreassen et al., I-2012b). Isikhathi sesikhathi esiphathelene nonyaka odlule besebenzisa ifomu lempendulo ye-Likert yempendulo ye-5 (0 = kakhulu kakhulu, I-1 = okungajwayelekile, I-2 = ngezinye izikhathi, I-3 = ngokuvamile, ne-4 = ngokujwayelekile; bheka iSithasiselo A ukuze uthole uhlu oluphelele lwezinto namafomu ezempendulo ze-BYSAS), enikeza isakhi se-BYSAS esivela ku-0 kuya ku-24 (bona ithebula I-Table1) .1). Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi "umlutha wezocansi" esifundweni samanje, izimpawu kwakudingeka zibe khona ezingeni / ubukhulu abathile [okuchazwe njenge-score okungenani i-3 (ngokuvamile) noma i-4 (ngokujwayelekile)]. Lokhu kuvumelana nendlela yokunqunywa kwezinto eziye zasetshenziselwa ezinye izikali ukuhlola izidakamizwa zokuziphatha (isib. Lemmens et al., 2009; Andreassen et al., I-2012b). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elithile lezinqubo (ngokuvamile ezingaphezu kwesigamu) kwakudingeka zivunyelwe (lapha "kaningi" noma "ngokuvame kakhulu") ukuba zibalwe njengomlutha (i-American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Kulesi simo okungenani izinto eziyisithupha ze-BYSAS zamukelwe ukuze zibheke umhlanganyeli njengomlutha wezocansi. Ukulinganisa i-0 kwi-BYSAS-score ehlanganisiwe ichazwe ngokuthi "akukho ukulutha kobulili" okubonakala kunengqondo njengoba laba bahlanganyeli bephendula "akakaze" kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha. Amaphuzu ahlanganisiwe phakathi kuka-1 no-6 achazwe ngokuthi "ingozi yokulutha ubulili obuphansi" njengoba laba bahlanganyeli bangaphumelela ngaphezu kokunqunywa kokubili ezintweni eziyisithupha. Labo abanamaphuzu ahlanganisiwe we-7 noma ngaphezulu kodwa abazange baphethe indlela yokulutha ngokocansi bechazwa ngokuthi babe "nengozi yokulinganisela ngokobulili". Le ilebula ibonakala ifanele njengoba lokhu kulinganisa amaphuzu asho ngaphezu kwe-1 kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha.

Ithebula 1

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani, amaphuzu athile nokuphambuka okujwayelekile (SD) ezintweni eziyisithupha ze-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) yabesilisa (♂, n = 8,234), abesifazane (♀, n = 15,299), futhi yonke (=) isampula (N = 23,533).

izinto			Ukuvama (%)					Ngisho	SD
Ngaki kangakanani ngonyaka odlule unayo ...			0	1	2	3	4
1.	Uchitha isikhathi esiningi ucabanga ngezocansi / ukushaya indlwabu noma ubulili obuhleliwe? [BYSAS1 ngokuzikhandla-ukuthanda]	♂ ♀ =	20.5 52.6 41.4	19.0 20.1 19.7	31.7 19.4 23.7	20.0 6.1 11.0	8.7 1.7 4.2	1.78 0.84 1.17	1.23 1.05 1.20
2.	Waba nesifiso sokushaya indlwabu / ukulala ocansini kaningi? [BYSAS2 ekubekezeleni]	♂ ♀ =	26.4 58.7 47.4	24.3 19.9 21.4	28.4 15.4 20.0	14.8 4.7 8.3	6.1 1.3 3.0	1.50 0.70 0.98	1.20 0.98 1.13
3.	Ukusebenzisa ucansi / ukushaya indlwabu ukuze ukhohlwe / ukuphunyuka ezinkingeni zakho? [BYSAS3 ngokuguquguquka kwemizwelo]	♂ ♀ =	59.3 76.6 70.6	17.5 11.8 13.8	14.4 8.4 10.5	5.7 2.4 3.5	3.1 0.8 1.6	0.76 0.39 0.52	1.09 0.80 0.93
4.	Uzame ukunciphisa ucansi / ukushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kwempumelelo? [BYSAS4 ngokuphindaphindiwe-ukulahleka kokulawula]	♂ ♀ =	67.0 92.2 83.4	16.3 5.3 9.2	10.6 1.6 4.7	4.2 0.6 1.8	1.9 0.3 0.9	0.58 0.11 0.28	0.97 0.45 0.71
5.	Ungabi nokuphumula noma ucindezeleke uma uvinjelwe ukulala ocansini / ukushaya indlwabu? [BYSAS5 ngempawu zokuhoxisa]	♂ ♀ =	53.0 81.5 71.5	21.0 10.1 13.9	16.4 6.0 9.6	6.8 1.8 3.5	2.8 0.6 1.4	0.85 0.29 0.49	1.10 0.71 0.91
6.	Ingabe ubulili obukhulu kangangokuba buye waba nomthelela omubi ebuhlotsheni bakho obusese, umnotho, impilo noma umsebenzi, izifundo? [BYSAS6 ezinkingeni-izinkinga]	♂ ♀ =	87.1 96.3 93.0	7.8 2.5 4.4	3.3 0.8 1.7	1.0 0.3 0.5	0.9 0.1 0.4	0.21 0.05 0.11	0.63 0.31 0.46

Vula efasiteleni elihlukile

Isilinganiso sisuka ku-0- "ngokungajwayelekile" kuya ku-4- "kaningi kakhulu." Amaphuzu asho ukuthi ayingxenye yesampula yonke i-3.54 (SD = 4.14). Ububanzi bomdlalo obuhlanganisiwe 0-24.

Okuncishisiwe kwe-PROMIS yohlu lwemibuzo-sexcansi

Umbuzo Wezinbuzo Ezifishane Ze-PROMIS [SPQ; UChristo et al., 2003 (I-PROMIS Questionnaire, Lefever, 1988)] yisilinganiso sokuqinisekiswa kwengqondo se-16 (amakhemikhali namakhemikhali) okuziphatha kabi, kufaka phakathi ubulili (isib. Haylett et al., 2004; I-Pallanti et al., 2006; I-MacLaren ne-Best, 2010, 2013). Abahlanganyeli baqedile ukuxhaswa ngokocansi kwe-SPQ besebenzisa isikali se-6-point [0 = angithandi nhlobo no-5 = iningi like nami; Izinto ze-10: M = 13.44, SD = 7.14, α = 0.90; isampula into: "Ngingathatha ithuba lokulala ocansini naphezu kokuba nje nginalo omunye umuntu"(Bheka isithasiselo B ukuze uthole uhlu olugcwele lwezinto)]. I-sex subscale ye-SPQ (lapha okubizwa ngokuthi i-SPQ-S) ihlola ezinye izici zokufuna umvuzo nokuphoqelelwa, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha okuluthayo nokuziphazamisa ngokocansi. Kodwa-ke, ihlola kuphela ukuthambekela komlutha kwezocansi / imisebenzi (nabanye), futhi ingabandakanyi izinqubo zokulutha izidakamizwa. Izinto ze-10 ze-SPQ-S zihunyushwe kusukela ngesiNgisi kuya kwisiNorway ngokwahlukana ngabalobi baseNorway besifundo samanje.

Big five

I-Mini-International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP; Donnellan et al., 2006) yasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubuntu, futhi isilinganiso esincane esamukelekayo futhi esisebenzisekayo esifushane sezinto ezinhlanu ezinkulu (iCosta noMcCrae, 1992; Wiggins, 1996). Abahlanganyeli baphothule i-20-Into Mini-IPIP esebenzisa isikali se-5-point (1 = okungalungile kakhulu no-5 = inembile kakhulu) - izinto ezisezikhundleni ezilandelayo ezilandelayo: i-extroversion (isib. "Khuluma nabantu abaningi abahlukene kumaqembu"; M = 14.47, SD = 3.65, α = 0.81), ukuvumelanisa (isibonelo, "Zizwe imizwa yabanye"; M = 16.32, SD = 2.95, α = 0.76), unembeza (isib. "Njengomyalelo"; M = 14.90, SD = 3.22, α = 0.70), i-neuroticism (isib. "Vuka kalula"; M = 11.81, SD = 3.54, α = 0.73), nokuqonda / ingqondo (isib. "Yiba nomcabango ocacile"; M = 14.26, SD = 3.14, α = 0.69), okulandelayo kufana nokwakha ukuvuleka.

I-Narcissism

I-Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 [NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006 (I-NPI; i-Raskin no-Terry, 1988)] yisilinganiso esingokomqondo se-psychometrically of narcissism esincane (isib. Konrath et al., 2014). Abahlanganyeli baphothule i-NPI-16 ngokusebenzisa isikali se-Likert ye-5-point (1 = aphikisani kakhulu no-5 = kuvuma kakhulu; Izinto ze-16 [isib., "Ngiyakwazi ukubonisa uma ngithola ithuba"]: M = 44.12, SD = 10.11, α = 0.89). Ukuphakama kwezinga, i-narcissistic eyengeziwe. Amaphuzu aphelele ahlotshaniswa kakhulu nezilinganiso zesazi ze-narcissistic personality disorder (Miller noCampbell, 2008).

Ugqhozu lwakho

I-Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (i-RSES; i-Rosenberg, i- 1965) iyisilingo esivumelekile se-psychometrically for the assessment of self-esteem (isib. Huang no Dong, 2012). Abahlanganyeli baphothule i-RSES ngokusebenzisa isikali se-4-Point Likert (0 = kuvuma kakhulu no-3 = aphikisani kakhulu; Izinto ze-10 [isib., "Konke kukho konke, ngithambekele ekubeni nomuzwa wokuthi ngingumuntu ohlulekile","Ngikwazi ukwenza izinto kanye nabanye abantu abaningi"]: M = 29.23, SD = 5.34, α = 0.89). I-RSES ihlola ukuzethemba njengokwakhiwa okukodwa, futhi yakhelwe ukumela isilinganiso somhlaba wonke sokuzethemba komuntu obambe iqhaza. Ilinganisa imizwa emihle nemibi ngawe. Izitatimende ezinhlanu ezinhle zahlelwa kabusha, okusho ukuthi amaphuzu aphezulu ahlanganisiwe akhombisa ukuzethemba okuphezulu.

ukuhlaziywa kolwazi

Ubukhulu be-BYSAS buhlolwe ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlola (EFA) nokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziqinisekisayo (CFA), okwenziwe ngokwahlukana ngokuhlukaniswa okungahleliwe kwesampuli esigcwele. Inhloso yokuhlaziywa kokuhlola kwakuwukuhlola isakhiwo esiphezulu sezinto ezifakiwe, ngokugxila ikakhulukazi ekutholeni ukwehlukana kwesakhiwo esingalindelekile se-unidimensional. Inhloso ye-CFA kwakuwukuhlola ubuhle bokulingana kwesimodeli esingalinganiswanga sokulinganisa i-BYSAS. Esikhathini se-EFA, indlela yokukhipha isici kwakuyisakhiwo esilula (VSS) (i-Revelle ne-Rocklin, 1979), kanye noVelicer's (1976) isibalo esincane esincane sendawo (MAP). Ukujikelezelana kwe-bifactor (uJennrich noBentler, 2011) yasetshenziswa. Ukujikeleza kwe-bifactor kwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwesici esivamile kanye nenye noma izici ezithile eziqondile. Njengoba kuphawulwe nguReise et al. (2007), imodeli ye-bifactor iwusizo ngokukhethekile njengendlela yokuthola ukwephulwa kokungalingani. Esimweni sokuhlola onobuhle bokulinganisa, ukutholakala kwezici ezithile kwi-bifactor model kuyisibonakaliso sokuxhomekeka kwendawo ngaphakathi kwento. Izici ezinjalo ezithile zingase zibe nesithakazelo esiyinhloko, kodwa zimelela ukuhlukumeza kokungafani komuntu.

Imiphumela evela kusampula ye-EFA ifakiwe esivivinyweni seCFA semodeli engalingani ekuhlukanisweni kwesibili kwesampula. Inhloso enkulu ye-CFA kwakuwukuhlola ukulingana kwemodeli yokulinganisa engalingani ye-BYSAS, kanye nokuhlola ukubandlululwa nolwazi oluvela kusethi yezinto ezifakiwe. Ukulingana kwemodeli yomhlaba kuhlolwe ngesilinganisi esilinganiselwe esincane se-Mplus. Impande isho iphutha lesikwele lokuqagela (RMSEA), inkomba yokuqhathanisa efanelekayo (CFI) kanye neTucker-Lewis Index (TLI) zisetshenzisiwe njengezinkomba zokulingana kwemodeli yomhlaba. Ukuze ulingane kahle, lawa manani kufanele abe ngu- <0.06,> 0.95, no-> 0.95, ngokulandelana (uHu noBentler, 1999). Sasiqhathanisa amakilasi amabili wezinhlobo ze-theory (IRT) ze-unicmensional item response response (i-IRT) 1982), kanye nesimodeli esiphenduliwe (Samejima, 1997). Ukuhlola into ehambelanayo ne-Rasch ye-credit model ekhethiwe sibheke izikwele zokuchaza izigqoko nezingubo (Wright noMasters, 1982). Ngokwezifiso ezijwayelekile zokucwaninga kocwaningi, ukutheleleka, nezembatho zengubo yezimpahla (MSQ) kufanele kube ngcono ku-0.6 ku-1.4 (i-Wright ne-Linacre, 1994), kodwa ngisho nezinombolo ebangeni 0.5 kuya ku-1.5 zingabonakala njengokuthi "zikhiqiza ukulinganisa" (Linacre, 2002). Inani eliphansi ngezansi kwe-1 lisho ukuthi izimpendulo zento ziyakwazi kakhulu (ukugqoka), kanti inani elingaphezulu kwe-1 lisho ukuthi izimpendulo zedatha ziyinqaba (kufanelekile). I-MSQ engenayo igxile ukuze ulwazi eduze kwento ehlosiwe noma umuntu athole isisindo esiningi.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ukungahambi kahle, ukuhlukana kokusebenza okuhlukile (i-DIF) ekubhekaneni nobulili kanye nemikhakha yobudala kuhlolwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokucindezela, njengoba kusetshenziswe ku-R mirt iphakheji (Chalmers, 2012). Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-DIF ekuqaleni kwakunqatshelwe ukuthi kube nokubandlululwa okulinganayo kanye nemigqa emaqenjini. Izithiyo ezibalulekile ezithintekayo zakhishwa ngokulandelana, zisebenzisa izinto ezisele njengezinto zokubeka ihange. Le nqubo ye-stepdown elandelanayo isetshenziswe okokuqala ngobulili, ukuphatha abesilisa njengeqembu eligxile, nabesifazane njengeqembu lokubhekisela. Inqubo efanayo yaphindaphindiwe kumaqembu e-age, ukuphatha abantu abadala (iminyaka engu-16-39) njengeqembu lokubhekisela kanye nokudala phakathi / ukuphela komuntu (iminyaka ye-40-88) njengeqembu eligxile. Ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu lobudala kwenziwa njengokwenzisana phakathi kwebanga lobudala (iminyaka engu-24 vs. 49) nenani labahlanganyeli emaqenjini (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Okokugcina, umthelela we-DIF wezikolo zokuhlolwa wahlolwa ngokusebenza kokuhlola okuhlukile (DTF) njengoba kuchaziwe nguMeade (2010), futhi isetshenziswe nguCharmers et al. (2015).

Olunye ucwaningo lwenziwa nge-SPSS, inguqulo 22. I-BYSAS yahlolwa ngokuvumelana okungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi (i-alpha coefficient ye-Cronbach) yalungisa ukuhlangana okuphelele kwento, ngemuva kokuguqula okuguquguqukayo kube ngamanani ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela ethonywe yi-skewness (Greer et al., 2006). Ama-coefficients okuhlanganiswa ayebalwa ukuze ahlolisane ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo zonke iziguquko zokutadisha; r ngenhla i-0.1, i-0.3, ne-0.5 zihunyushwe njengezinga elincane, eliphakathi nelanga elikhulu, ngokulandelana (Cohen, 1988). Umehluko kubuningi besilinganiso sezinto ze-BYSAS phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane kubaliwe; Ama-Cohen's d Amanani we-0.2, i-0.5, ne-0.8 ahlongozwa njengemiphumela emincane, ephakathi nemiphakathi, ngokulandelana (Cohen, 1988).

Ekucwaningeni izinto ezihlobene nokulutha kocansi, ukuhlaziywa kwamazwe amaningi kwenziwa ngokusekelwe esigabeni esithi "akukho ukulutha kocansi" (amaphuzu zero) (33.8% wesampula) njengesethenjwa. "Ubungozi bokulutha ocansini obuphansi" (amaphuzu ka-1-6) abandakanya isigaba sesibili (i-46.3% yesampula), "ubungozi bokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene" (amaphuzu ayi-7 noma ngaphezulu) abesigaba sesithathu (19.1% sesampula), kanye "nokulutha kwezocansi" (amaphuzu we-3 noma we-4 okungenani izindlela ezine ze-BYSAS) ezibandakanya isigaba sesine (i-0.7% yesampula). Okuguqukayo okuzimele kwakuqukethe ubulili, ubudala, isimo sobudlelwano, izinga lemfundo, izinhlinzeko ezinhlanu zobuntu zeMini-IPIP, kanye nesilinganiso ku-NPI-16 naku-RSES. Imfundo yayibhalwe ngamakhompiyutha ukuze isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke (okungukuthi, iziqu zeBachelor) sibe nesigaba senkomba. Ekuhlaziyweni, ukuguquguquka ngakunye okuzimele kufakiwe ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho isikhawu sokuzithemba esingu-95% (CI) singafaki i-1.00, umphumela uthathwa njengobalulekile ngokwezibalo.

Iya ku:

Imiphumela

Ukwakhiwa kwesilinganiso nokuthuthukiswa

Ithebula I-Table11 ikhombisa izibalo ezichazayo zezimpendulo ezintweni eziyisithupha ze-BYSAS. Isilinganiso esiphakamisiwe kusampula sasingu-3.54 ngaphandle kwe-24 (SD = 4.14). Izinto ze-1 (BYSAS₁: ubuwula / ukuthanda) no-2 (BYSAS₂: tolerance) zivunyelwe kaningi esigabeni sokulinganiswa okuphezulu kunezinye izinto. Amadoda athole amaphuzu aphezulu kunabesifazane kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha ze-BYSAS, nosayizi womphumela (amaCohen's d) umahluko phakathi kwento ethi izibalo phakathi kobulili kwakuyi-0.84 ngobuqotho / ukulangazela (okukhulu), i-0.75 yokubekezela (enkulu), i-0.41 yokuguquguquka kwemizwelo (medium-encane), i-0.69 yokuphindaphinda / ukulahlekelwa kokulawula (medium-large), I-0.65 yokuhoxiswa (medium-large), ne-0.36 yezingxabano / izinkinga (okuphakathi nendawo encane).

I-EFA iphakamise ukukhishwa kwento eyodwa ngokwesimo se-VSS, kepha kunezici ezimbili ngokuya ngemigomo ye-MAP kaVelicer. Ukujikeleza kwe-bifactor kwesisombululo sezinto ezimbili kuveze isici esijwayelekile esijwayelekile kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha ezinokulayishwa ebangeni 0.70 (BYSAS₁) ku-0.86 (BYSAS₄ ne-BYSAS₆) kanye nesici esithile esivela ku-BYSAS₁ ne-BYSAS₂. Isici esithile singachazwa njengokwethembela kwendawo phakathi kwe-BYSAS₁ ne-BYSAS₂, futhi emele ukwephulwa kokungafani komuntu.

Ngokuvumelana nokuthola okuvela ku-EFA, imodeli eyodwa yezinto ezinamaphutha okuhambisana we-BYSAS¹ ne-BYSAS² ihlolwe ku-CFA nomlinganisi we-Mplus olinganiselwe wesilinganiso esincane olinganiselwe wedatha yesigaba. Ulwazi olulinganiselwe olulingana nezibalo ezivela ku-Mplus olunamandla okulinganisela okulinganiselwe kwesilinganiso esincane sendawo lubonise i-RMSEA ye-0.046 [90% CI = 0.041, i-0.051], i-CFI ye-0.998, ne-TLI ye-0.996, ebonisa ubuhle obuhle bokulingana phakathi kwesimo esisodwa se-factor kanye nedatha. Umfanekiso Umfanekiso11 ikhombisa ukulayishwa kwezinto ezisekelwe kwisampuli esisiqiniseko (n = 11,766).

Ifayela langaphandle eliphethe isithombe, umdwebo, njll. Igama legama liyi-fpsyg-09-00144-g0001.jpg

Vula efasiteleni elihlukile

Umfanekiso we-1

Isakhiwo se-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) esibonisa ukulayishwa kwezinto ezilinganiselwe ze-CFA subsample (n = 11,766).

Ukucabangela ukuqoqwa phakathi kwe-BYSAS₁ ne-BYSAS₂ kumamodeli we-IRT angabonakaliyo, i-testlet yesamba se-BYSAS₁ ne-BYSAS₂ lakhiwe. Njengoba izinto zanamuhla zazihlaselwe kakhulu, ukulinganiswa kwe-theta kwakusekelwe endleleni ye-histogram yempi (Woods, 2007). Ithebula I-Table22 ikhombisa izikwele zesikhwama se-infit kanye nezembatho (MSQ) kusuka kusibonelo sesikweletu esinqunyiwe. Konke okushiwo kusho ukuthi izikwele ziyi-0.6 oyifunayo ku-1.4 ububanzi (i-Wright ne-Linacre, 1994; Isibambiso ne-Fox, 2015). I-MSQ yembatho ebonakalayo yezinto ezintathu yayingaphansi kwe-0.6 enqunyiwe kuya ku-1.4 ububanzi ocwaningweni locwaningo, kepha lisaqhubeka lubhekwa ngokuthi "ukukhiqiza ukulinganisa" (Linacre, 2002). Isambatho se-testlet MSQ sasingu-0.46. Izindinganiso ze-MSQ zezingubo zomngcele zingase zibonise izinga elithile lokuqukethwe kokuqukethwe ku-testlet. Okungukuthi, ezingeni eliphakeme lezinga, kukhona ukuvumelana okuphezulu phakathi kwezinto ezimbili, futhi kuncane kakhulu "izimpendulo ezingalindelekile". Amagugu we-MSQ angenele ayevame kakhulu kunani elilindelwe le-1, futhi angabonisa lokho, nakuba izimpendulo zazingaguquguquki, azizange zihlolwe ngomqondo weGuttman wokulandelana okuyikho okulandelwayo kwezinto ezithintekayo kulolu hlobo. Ububanzi bezintambo zokungena nezigqoko kubonise ukuthi izinto ze-BYSAS zihambisana ngokuvumelana nalabo okubikezelwe yi-model ye-Rasch ekhethiwe yesikweletu. Noma kunjalo, imodeli ehambisanayo yayingcono ngokucabanga okukhululekile kwesimodeli esiphenduliwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nesibonelo sekhredithi se-Rasch (isikhala se-Akaikes imininingwane ye-PCM = 95155; i-Akaikes imininingwane yomkhakha wemininingwane ephendulwayo = 94843).

Ithebula 2

Izibalo ezifanelekile ezivela ku-Rasch imodeli yesikweletu esinqunyiwe.

Into	Phatha i-MSQ	i-z.infit	Impahla ye-MSQ	z.outfit
I-BYSAS3	0.937	-3.430	0.696	-6.951
I-BYSAS4	0.942	-2.326	0.556	-7.082
I-BYSAS5	0.809	-10.684	0.575	-10.284
I-BYSAS6	0.916	-2.063	0.502	-6.545
I-Testlet BYSAS1 ne-2	0.647	-26.029	0.459	-34.167

BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale; I-MSQ, isikwele sisho.

Ithebula I-Table33 ibonisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuhlukile kokusebenza (DIF), nomthelela olinganisiwe we-DIF kumanani wezinto nezinto ezilindelwe eziphelele (ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kokuhlola; i-DTF). Ikholomu yokuqala ibonisa ushintsho ku-chi-square lapho ikhulula imibono yezintambo ezingapheli kanye nezimpendulo. Isivivinyo esilinganiselwe sokwehlukana kwezinto ezihlukile ngokusebenza ngokobulili kuboniswe ukuthi yi-BYSAS₃ ne-BYSAS₄ basebenze ngokuhlukile kubantu abesilisa nabesifazane, behla ngokuphawulekayo kwi-chi-square lapho bekhulula izinkinga zokungavali [BYSAS₃: Chi-sikwele (5) = 314.08, p <0.001; I-BYSAS₄: Chi-sikwele (5) = 228.36, p <0.001]. I-DIF ngeqembu lobudala ikhonjwe i-BYSAS₃ ne-BYSAS₄ njengoba izinto zisebenza ngokuhlukile ngamaqembu ezindala [BYSAS₃: Chi-sikwele (5) = 67.28; I-BYSAS₄: I-Chi-square (5) = 54.33]. Kweminye izinto, izithiyo zezintambo azizange ziphawuleke, okubonisa ukuthi ukucabanga kokungavumeli kulezi zinto kwakuhambisane nedatha. Ngakho-ke, i-BYSAS yanelisekile ukucabanga ukulingana okulinganiselwe kwe-scalar kuwo wonke amaqembu obulili nobudala.

Ithebula 3

Isivivinyo sokuhlukana okusebenzayo nokuhlukana kokuhlolwa kokusebenza.

	I-LRT DIF	df	SIDS / STDS	I-ESSD / ETSSD
IGENDER (FEMALES REF.)
I-BYSAS3	314.083	5	-0.281	-0.360
I-BYSAS4	228.358	5	0.193	0.335
Amaphuzu amanani aphelele			-0.088	-0.022
IGREYIDI ELIKHULU (ABANTU ABANTU ABAKHULU REF.)
I-BYSAS3	67.289	5	0.022	0.04
I-BYSAS4	54.334	5	-0.018	-0.05
Amaphuzu amanani aphelele			0.004	0.001

Ukuhlolwa kwe-LRT, ukuhlolwa kwamanani; I-DIF, into ehlukile yokusebenza; I-SIDS, isayini yezinto ezisayinwe kwisampula; I-STDS, umehluko wokuhlolwa osayinwe kwisampula; I-ESSD, ukulinganisa okulinganiselwe kwamanani okulinganiselwe; I-ETSSD, izinga lokuhlolwa elindelekile lokulinganisa okulinganiselwe.

Ikholomu lesithathu nelesine leThebula I-Table33 ikhombisa ubungako bokusebenza be-DIF ne-DTF ye-BYSAS₃ ne-BYSAS₄, kufingqa ngesilinganiso sento esayinwe kwisampula (SIDS / STDS) kanye nokulinganisa okulinganiselwe kwamanani okulinganisa (ESSD / ETSSD). Ngesilinganiso esifanayo semikhuba, isilinganiso semikhakha ejwayelekile esiphakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane kwakuyi-0.36 ye-BYSAS₃ ne-0.335 ye-BYSAS₄. Ezingeni lokuhlola, le miphumela ephikisanayo ikhanselelane, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okungafani kahle kokuhlolwa kokusebenza okulindeleke ukuthi kuqhathaniswe amaphuzu. Ngokufanayo, nge-DIF yenkampani yobudala, umphumela we-BYSAS₃ ne-BYSAS₄ babeseceleni, bekhipha umphumela ophelele. Abantu abadala bahola ama-standard standard e-0.04 e-BYSAS₃, futhi ama-standard standard e-0.05 aphansi ku-BYSAS₄ uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu eliphakathi / eliphuzile labantu abadala. Ezingeni lokuhlola, umthelela we-DIF wawuyizilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-0.0001 kuphela, okuphakamisa ukuthi i-DIF ehlonziwe ye-BYSAS₃ ne-BYSAS₄ ayizange ibe nethonya elilinganisweni lezinga lemaphuzu. Ukufingqa, nakuba i-DIF ibhekwe izinto ezimbili, umthelela ohlakeni lokuhlola (i-DTF) wawuncane kakhulu noma awukwazi. Amaphethini elwazi lokuhlola abesilisa nabesifazane aboniswa ku-Figure Umfanekiso2.2. Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukuthi i-BYSAS yayinolwazi oluningi emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu okubhebhetheka ngokocansi (theta) yabesilisa nabesifazane, kodwa ulwazi oluncane kakhulu emazingeni aphansi okulutha kocansi.

Umfanekiso we-2

I-curve yolwazi lokuhlola kusuka ekulinganisweni okulinganiselwe kwamamodeli we-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (n = 11,766).

Ukuthembeka nokuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-BYSAS

I-alpha yeCronbach ye-BYSAS yayingu-0.83, futhi ama-coefficients wokulungiswa okuphelele kwento alungiswe ezintweni 1 kuya ku-6 kwakungu-0.69 (BYSAS₁: ubuwula / ukuthanda), i-0.74 (BYSAS₂: ukubekezela), i-0.62 (BYSAS₃: ukushintsha kwemizwelo), i-0.57 (BYSAS₄: ukuphindaphinda / ukulahlekelwa kokulawula), i-0.66 (BYSAS₅: izimpawu zokuhoxisa), no-0.42 (BYSAS₆: izingxabano / izinkinga), ngokulandelana.

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuguquka nokubandlulula

Ukulingana kokubambisana phakathi kwamaphuzu we-BYSAS ahlanganisiwe kanye ne-subscale yezocansi ye-SPQ kwakungu-0.52. Ithebula I-Table44 kubonisa ukuthi zombili izilinganiso zibonisa amaphethini afanayo okuhambisana nezinye iziguquko ezihlolwe kulesi sifundo. Ama-coefficient yokuhleleka kwe-zero phakathi kokuhlukahluka kokufundwa kusuka ku -0.53 (phakathi kokuzihlonipha nokwazisa) kuya ku-0.52 (phakathi kwe-BYSAS ne-SPQ-S).

Ithebula 4

Ama-coefficients e-Zero-order correlation (i-Pearson-moment-correlation yomkhiqizo, i-point-biserial correlation, ikho-coefficient) phakathi kwezinguquko.

	eziguquguqukayo	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	BYSAS	-
2	I-SPQ-S	0.519
3	Ubulili _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	-0.377	-0.252
4	Ubudala	-0.190	-0.086	0.031
5	Ubuhlobo^a	0.090	0.078	-0.065	-0.218
6	Isikole sebanga eliphansi	0.046	0.014	-0.028	-0.205	0.149
7	Isikolo sebanga eliphezulu	0.036	0.027	0.015	-0.197	0.094	-0.194
8	Isikole semisebenzi yezandla	0.028	0.028	-0.123	0.138	-0.049	-0.150	-0.263
9	isiqu esiphezulu	-0.051	-0.032	0.095	0.118	-0.081	-0.231	-0.403	-0.313
10	Isiqu esiphezulu	-0.040	-0.029	0.015	0.097	-0.073	-0.136	-0.237	-0.184	-0.282
11	I-PhD degree	-0.014	-0.010	-0.018	0.057	-0.035	-0.036	-0.063	-0.049	-0.075	-0.044
12	Ukuphakanyiswa	0.014	0.091	0.088	0.013	-0.064	-0.050	-0.019	-0.021	0.049	0.024	-0.001
13	agreeableness	-0.151	-0.147	0.343	0.048	-0.048	-0.049	-0.017	-0.060	0.073	0.031	0.001	0.296
14	Unembeza	-0.208	-0.155	0.143	0.200	-0.130	-0.085	-0.052	0.052	0.033	0.041	-0.010	0.093	0.131
15	Neuroticism	0.086	0.025	0.234	-0.116	-0.005	0.059	0.041	-0.021	-0.024	-0.041	-0.022	-0.098	0.093	-0.157
16	Ukuqonda / ukucabanga	0.093	0.075	-0.105	-0.036	0.043	-0.045	-0.042	-0.066	0.026	0.109	0.062	0.163	0.116	-0.116	-0.003
17	I-Narcissism	0.213	0.213	-0.219	-0.125	-0.003	-0.023	-0.039	-0.049	0.034	0.067	0.009	0.370	-0.075	0.026	-0.150	0.196
18	Ugqhozu lwakho	-0.092	-0.016	-0.140	0.154	-0.125	-0.124	-0.104	0.017	0.072	0.109	0.037	0.315	0.055	0.296	-0.530	0.113	0.416

Vula efasiteleni elihlukile

N = 23,533. BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale; I-SPQ-S, i-PROMIS ye-PROMIS yesilinganiso se-Questionnaire-Isondo.

^aI-1 = ebuhlotsheni, i-2 = hhayi ebuhlotsheni.

−0.012 ≤ r ≤ 0.012 — ns, −0.016 ≤ r ≤ −0.013 noma 0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.016 — p <0.05, −0.017 ≥ r noma r ≥ 0.017 — p <0.01.

Ubudlelwane nama-demographics, amakhulu amahlanu, i-narcissism, nokuzethemba

Izinguquko ezizimele zichaze i-23.0% (i-formula ye-Cox-Snell) yokuhlukahluka kwengozi yokulutha ubulili (26.0% ngokusho kwefomu le-Nagelkerke; bheka ithebula I-Table5) .5). Amathuba okuba sengozini "yokulutha ngokocansi okuphansi", "ingozi yokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene" kanye nezigaba "zokulutha ngokocansi" zaziphakeme kubantu besilisa kunabesifazane. Iminyaka yayihlobene ngokungafani nesigaba sokulutha ngokocansi. Ukungabi sebudlelwaneni kwandise amathuba okuba sesigabeni "sobungozi bokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene". Imfundo yezikole zamabanga aphansi yehlise amathuba okuba yingxenye "yengozi yokulutha kwezocansi ephansi" kanye nezigaba "zobungozi bokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene". Ukuba neziqu ze-Master kwehlise amathuba okuba sesigabeni “sobungozi bokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene” ngenkathi ukuthola iziqu ze-PhD kwandise amathuba okuba sesigabeni “somlutha wezocansi”. I-Extroversion yandisa amathuba okuba yizigaba ezintathu eziphezulu zokulutha ucansi, kanti unembeza wehlisa izingqinamba ezifanayo. Ukuvumelana kwehlise amathuba okuba sesigabeni “sokulutha ngokocansi”. I-Neuroticism yande amathuba okuba yingxenye "yengozi yokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene" kanye nezigaba "zokulutha ngokocansi". Ubuhlakani / ukucabanga kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nokuba yingxenye "yengozi yokulutha kwezocansi ephansi" kanye nezigaba "zobungozi bokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene". Ukuzethemba kwakuhlobene ngokungafani nezigaba zokulutha ngokocansi. Ekugcineni, i-narcissism yayihlotshaniswa kahle nokuba yingxenye yemikhakha emithathu yokulutha kwezocansi.

Ithebula 5

Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinto eziningi zokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili (isigaba sokubhekisela: score ye-BYSAS ye-0; OR = 1.00; n = 7,962).

	Ingozi yokulutha ubulili obuphansi (Score ye-BYSAS 1-6; n = 10,907)	Ingozini yokulutha ngokweqile ngokocansi (≥ 7 / <4 imibandela igcwalisiwe; n = 4,490)	Ukulutha komlutha wezocansi eziyingozi kwezocansi (Ukugcwalisa izilinganiso ze-4-6; n = 174)
Okuguquguqukayo okuzimele	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Ubulili _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	0.272 (0.250 - 0.295)	0.081 (0.073 - 0.090)	0.035 (0.023 - 0.051)
Ubudala	0.982 (0.980 - 0.985)	0.968 (0.965 - 0.972)	0.956 (0.941 - 0.972)
Ubuhlobo _{(1 = in, I-2 = hhayi ngaphakathi)}	1.045 (0.977 - 1.118)	1.105 (1.010 - 1.210)	1.030 (0.738 - 1.437)
Imfundo _{(ireferensi = iziqu zeBachelor)}
Isikole sebanga eliphansi	0.752 (0.669 - 0.845)	0.694 (0.595 - 0.809)	1.238 (0.740 - 2.071)
Isikolo sebanga eliphezulu	0.984 (0.906 - 1.069)	0.964 (0.860 - 1.080)	1.083 (0.680 - 1.727)
Isikole semisebenzi yezandla	1.034 (0.942 - 1.136)	1.066 (0.940 - 1.210)	1.299 (0.782 - 2.158)
Isiqu esiphezulu	0.953 (0.867 - 1.047)	0.848 (0.740 - 0.971)	1.022 (0.554 - 1.884)
I-PhD degree	0.777 (0.587 - 1.030)	0.737 (0.493 - 1.102)	3.229 (1.071 - 9.734)
Ukuphakanyiswa	1.030 (1.020 - 1.040)	1.045 (1.031 - 1.059)	1.059 (1.010 - 1.111)
agreeableness	1.008 (0.995 - 1.020)	0.988 (0.973 - 1.004)	0.946 (0.900 - 0.995)
Unembeza	0.958 (0.948 - 0.969)	0.915 (0.903 - 0.928)	0.886 (0.844 - 0.930)
Neuroticism	1.010 (0.999 - 1.021)	1.097 (1.081 - 1.113)	1.249 (1.183 - 1.319)
Ukuqonda / ukucabanga	1.015 (1.004 - 1.025)	1.025 (1.010 - 1.039)	1.002 (0.951 - 1.055)
Ugqhozu lwakho	0.976 (0.968 - 0.984)	0.928 (0.918 - 0.939)	0.858 (0.829 - 0.888)
I-Narcissism	1.027 (1.023 - 1.030)	1.059 (1.054 - 1.065)	1.091 (1.072 - 1.111)

Vula efasiteleni elihlukile

Ukuthola okubalulekile ngesibindi. NOMA, isilinganiso sokulinganisa; CI, isikhathi sokuzethemba; BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale.

Iya ku:

Ingxoxo

Nakuba ukuziphatha kocansi okucindezelayo kuye kwachazwa njengommeli we-addictive disorder, amathuluzi okuhlola asetshenziswe ngaphambili ahlola ukukhubazeka akuzange afake isimiso sokulutha komlutha. Ngenxa yalokho, i-BYSAS yasungulwa ukuze kunqobe lo mkhawulo futhi izakhiwo zayo zengqondo zihlolwe esampula enkulu kazwelonke. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okuqukethwe kuqinisiwe, inqubo yokwakhiwa isekelwe ezintweni ezibonisa ukuthi zonke izilinganiso eziyinhloko zokulutha. Ukuhlaziywa okunamandla kuboniswe ukuthi i-BYSAS ine-psychometrics enhle, futhi ixoxwa ngezansi ngezansi.

Isibonelo esisodwa se-factor ne-correlation eyengeziwe eyengeziwe phakathi kwe-salience (BYSAS₁) nokubekezela (BYSAS₂) imigomo yephutha izuzwe ubuhle obuhle bokulingana kwedatha ehlonziwe. Ngokwale modeli ukukhuphuka komlutha wezocansi kwandisa amathuba okuvumela zonke izici eziyinhloko zokulutha, futhi ukuphakanyiswa kwezinto eziphezulu kubonisa ukuthi inkomba ngayinye yayithinta ulwazi mayelana nokulutha komzimba. Ngenkathi iphakamisa into eyodwa ebalulekile, ukuxhomekeka kwendawo phakathi kwesibindi nokubekezela kudinga ukunakwa. Uma sicabangela okuqukethwe kwalezi zinto ezimbili, ukulungiswa kokususwa akuyona ngokuyinhloko ngokuvumelana okulinganayo, kodwa kungase kubonakale ukuqoqwa okugqugquzela okuthile, kulokho kuthula kungaholela ekwenzeni ukwanda kwesondo. Emkhakheni wokuphatha okusebenzayo, ukuxhomekeka kwendawo akubalulekile, njengoba inani lempahla ngokuyinhloko ibonisa ubukhulu obulodwa. Ubuhle obuphezulu obufanelekile kumodeli owodwa-nhlobo nokulayisha okufanayo okuphakanyisiwe kwanconywe ukuthi i-BYSAS ibonisa ukwakha owodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Hypothesis 1 ne-2 basekelwa ngemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwedatha. Ngokomhlahlandlela we-DIF abesilisa babenephezulu kunabesifazane ku-BYSAS₄ futhi wehla ku-BYSAS₃ kanti abantu abadala (16-39 kweminyaka) bahola ngaphezulu kwi-BYSAS₃ futhi wehla ku-BYSAS₄ kuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala (40 kuya ku-88 iminyaka). Ezingeni lokuhlola le miphumela jikelele ikhanselelana, ngaleyo ndlela umthelela ezingeni lokuhlola wawungaziwa.

Kukhona ukulungiswa okubalulekile nokuhle (0.52) phakathi kwamanqaku ku-BYSAS naku-SPQ-S (Christo et al., 2003). Lokhu kuhlangana okuphezulu kukhombisa ukuguquguquka okuguqukayo kwe-BYSAS futhi kunikeza ukusekelwa kwe-Hypothesis 3. Imiphumela iphinde ikhombise ukuthi i-BYSAS ne-SPQ-S ikhombise ukuhlangana okufanayo nezinye izinto ezihlolwe esifundweni samanje. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo ezihlola ubuqiniso bokubumbana nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kabusha kwe-BYSAS ziyadingeka. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani we-BYSAS kwakuncishiswe kakhulu kwesobunxele (okungukuthi, amaphuzu aphansi), okulindelwe ngoba i-BYSAS ihlolwe izimpawu zokulutha ngokocansi kwisampula enkulu engakhethwanga yabantu. Ubukhali / ukulangazelela nokubekezelelana bekuvunyelwa kaningi esigabeni sokukalwa okuphezulu kunezinye izinto, futhi lezi zinto zinokulayishwa okuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kubonakala kunengqondo njengoba lokhu kukhombisa izimpawu ezingezinhle kangako (isb., Umbuzo mayelana nokudangala: abantu bafumana amaphuzu aphezulu lapho bezizwa bedangele, bese behlela ukuzibulala). Lokhu kungakhombisa nomehluko phakathi kokuzibandakanya nokulutha (okuvame ukubonwa emkhakheni wokulutha umlutha wegeyimu) —lapho izinto ezithinta ulwazi mayelana nobuqili, ukulangazelela, ukubekezelelana, nokuguqulwa kwemizwelo kuphikiswa ukukhombisa ukuzibandakanya, kanti izinto ngokuthepha ukuhoxa, ukubuyela emuva kanye nokuphikisana ngesilinganiso umlutha. Enye incazelo kungaba ukuthi ubuhlakani, ukulangazelela, nokubekezelelana kungasebenza kakhulu futhi kugqame ekuluthweni kokuziphatha kunokuhoxa nokubuyela emuva.

Ngokwezibalo zabantu, imiphumela evela kuhlaziyizi ze-multivariate iyavumelana nokuthola okuvela ezifundweni zangaphambilini (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; Wéry et al., 2016a; UWéry noBillieux, 2017), futhi ixhaswe i-Hypothesis 4. Amaphuzu aphezulu ku-BYSAS ahlotshaniswa nokuba yindoda namadoda aphakeme kakhulu kunabesifazane kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha ze-BYSAS, okubonisa ukuthi amadoda asengozini kakhulu kunabesifazane ekuthuthukiseni ukulutha kocansi. Lokhu kufana nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi iningi labantu abafuna usizo lobuchwepheshe ekuziphatheni kocansi lokulutha ngabantu (Kafka, 2010; UGriffiths noDhuffar, 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015). Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu kungase kubonakale ukuthi abesifazane besesincane kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlamba ezingase zibe ngaphezulu nakwehlazo langaphakathi kunamadoda (Gilliland et al., 2011; UDhuffar noGriffiths, 2014, 2015). Ubudala buhlobene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, futhi kufana nobufakazi obumbonisa ukuthi ukubancane kuyinto engcupheni yokuthuthukisa nokugcina izidakamizwa ngokujwayelekile (Chambers et al., 2003). Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zobulili ngokweqile zingadinga ngokomzimba futhi ukuthi i-libido yezocansi iyancipha njengoba abantu bekhula, mhlawumbe akusiqinisekisi ukuthi ukubheja ngokocansi kuhlotshaniswa nobudala obuncane.

Ukungabi ebuhlotsheni kwakuhlobene nokuxilonga ngokocansi, mhlawumbe ngoba abantu abangashadile bashukumiseleka ukwanelisa izidingo ezingavumelani zobulili kunezihlobo ezizinzile (uBallester-Arnal et al., 2014; I-Sun et al., 2014). Enye incazelo kungenzeka ukuthi "izilonda zobulili" zinenkinga ekusunguleni nasekugcineni ubudlelwano (isib. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwengane, ukunamathiselwa okungavikeleki, njll; uDhuffar noGriffiths, 2015; Weinstein et al., 2015). Imiphumela yamanje ibuye ikhombise ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nesigaba sezethenjwa (esineziqu zeBachelor), labo abanezemfundo ephakeme (okusho ukuthi, abane-PhD) kungenzeka ukuthi babe nesilinganiso esiphakeme se-BYSAS. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi imfundo ihlobene nesimo esiphakeme senhlalo, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abanjalo bathole amathuba amaningi ezocansi, ikakhulukazi emadodeni (iBuss, 1998). Noma kunjalo, sihlolisise imiphumela yokusebenzisana (i-gender x PhD), akekho okwakushiwo okuphawulekayo (Ubulili x Bachelor ngokuphambene; imiphumela ayibonwanga). Noma kunjalo, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlolisise ubulili x Ukusebenzisana kwezemfundo mayelana nokulutha ngokobulili.

Izikolo ku-BYSAS zazinobudlelwano obuhle ne-neuroticism, i-extroversion, kanye ne-intelligence / imagination, kanye nezinhlangano ezingezinhle ngokuvumelana nangonembeza. Sekukonke, imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-multivariate njengoba bekulindelekile, futhi isekela ubuqiniso obubandlululayo be-BYSAS (Hypothesis 5). Ubudlelwano obuhle nokuxubusha bungakhombisa ukuthambekela kwe-extroverts yokufuna ukukhuthazeka phakathi kwabanye, nokukhathazeka kwabo ngokuzikhulumela ngakunye kanye nokwenza ngcono ukukhanga komuntu (iCosta neWidiger, 2002). Ukuphila kwabo kungase kwandise amathuba okuthola amathuba amaningi ezocansi (isib. Ukuzibandakanya emaphathini, ezokungcebeleka, njll). Ubuhlobo obuhle ne-neuroticism buhambisana nokufundwa kwezifundo zangaphambilini (Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017), futhi ihambisana nokucabanga ukuthi ucansi lunomphumela we-anxiolytic (Coleman, 1992), nokuthi ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini yezocansi kungasebenza njengokubalekela imizwa yedysphoric (O'Brien noDeLongis, 1996; Dhuffar et al., 2015; Wéry et al., I-2016b). Ukuqonda / ukucabanga kwakunebuhlobo obuhle nokuziphatha kocansi okuluthayo. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi abantu ababeka phambili kulo mkhuba bavame ukuphishekela ukuzithokozisa ngokufuna okuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu, okungavamile, kanye / noma okwesibindi, njengokuziphatha okuqondile kobulili-nokuphathwa kwabo kwenkolo yamahhala (iCosta noWidiger, 2002). Unembeza nokuthokozelwa kwakuhlobene ngokungafani nokulutha ngokocansi, okungachazwa ngokuthi lezi zimfanelo zibonisa izici ezinjengokuzithiba nokukwazi ukumelana nezilingo, nokubeka ezinye izintshisekelo ngaphambi kwezakho, nokuba nozwelo nokuziphatha okuhle. Sekuhlanganisiwe, okutholakele kwamanje kusekela umbono wokuthi ukuvumelana nonembeza (ngokuvamile) kuvikela ekuluthweni, kuyilapho ukuxubana kanye ne-neuroticism (Bambalwa et al., 2014) ukuhlinzekela-okutholakele okuye kwabikwa kwenye indawo (isb., Hill et al., 2000; Kotov et al., 2010; Maclaren et al., 2011; Andreassen et al., 2013; Walton et al., 2017).

Isifundo samanje sithole ukuthi ukubheja ngokobulili kuhlotshaniswa ngokuqondile ne-narcissism, futhi kuhlobene kabi nokuzihlonipha, ukusekela kokubili i-Hypothesis 6 nezifundo zangaphambilini (Kafka, 2010; Kor et al., 2014; Kasper et al., 2015; I-Doornwaard et al., 2016). Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokobulili kungase kube indlela yokulwa nokuzethemba okuphansi nokuthuthukisa ukuzethemba okuphakeme (isib. Imiphumela ehambisanayo ekusebenzisaneni ngokocansi kufaka phakathi imizwa yokuthandwa, ukwamukela ukunconywa, imizwa yobukhosi uma uhlanganyela ocansini, unikezwa ukunakwa ngesikhathi socansi, njll), ukuphunyuka emizweni ephansi yokuzihlonipha, noma ukuthi ucansi oluluthayo linciphisa ukuzethemba. Ukuthambekela kwe-Narcissistic nokulutha kobulili kuye kwahlukahluka kakhulu ezikoleni zangaphambilini (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; I-MacLaren ne-Best, 2013; Kasper et al., 2015), futhi kungase kubonise ukuthi ukuziphatha kocansi ukubonakaliswa kwezici ze-narcissistic (isb., isifiso sokunakekelwa, ukuhlonishwa, namandla, ukuxhaphazwa kanye nokuzizwa kwamalungelo, njll). Okunye okunye ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokobulili kukhuthaza izici zobuningi phakathi kwalabo abanamanani aphezulu abalingani bobulili.

Ukulinganiselwa namandla okufunda okwamanje

Ucwaningo lwamanje lukhawulelwe yizo zonke iziphutha ezivamile zedatha yokubika kanye nokuzikhethela izindlela zokuzikhethela (isib. Ukuzikhethela okuzikhethela, izinga lokuphendula elingaziwa, nokuntula kolwazi mayelana nabangaphenduli). Njengoba izibalo ku-BYSAS zinezabelo ezifanelekile zokusabalalisa, ingozi yemiphumela ephansi eholele imiphumela (isb., Ukwehlisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhiwo) kwakukhona. Kodwa-ke, uhla olugcwele lwezikolo kuzo zonke iziguquko lunikezwe kudatha, okuqinisa ubuqiniso bokuhlolisana okulinganiselwe phakathi kokwakhiwa okuphenywe. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa yesine yokuhlukahluka ekuhlaziyweni kokunciphisa okuningi kwachazwa yizinguquko ezizimele. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhakha emine yamazinga okulutha kocansi okwenziwe esifundweni samanje kufanele kuthathwe njengokuthinteka ngoba akukho ukuhlukaniswa okuchazwe kahle noma ukuvumelanisa okuvunyelwene ngakho okukhona. Lokhu kwasivimbela nokuthi sisebenzise ukuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zokusebenza ze-curve lapho kutholakala khona ukucutshungulwa lapho kutholakala khona ukucutshungulwa ngokobuzwe nokucaca ngokumelene "nesilinganiso segolide." Ukuklanywa kwesigaba sokufunda kungase kube nomthelela wemiphumela ngenxa yezici ezifana nendlela ejwayelekile ukuhlambalaza, ngaleyo ndlela kudala ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene ezihlolwe esifundweni samanje (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobukhulu besampula obunikeza amandla ukuhlaziya, ukuhlangana okuncane eziningana kungenzeka ukuthi kuye kwaba okuphawulekayo. Nakuba ezinye zezinto ezitholakalayo ezibonakalayo zingabonisa ubuhlobo obuncane ngenxa yobukhulu bezampula, isisombululo esithile somphumela wokuhlaziywa kokulungiswa kwemali sasilinganiselwe kuya enkulu sikisela ubudlelwane obuningi obunembile phakathi kokuguquguquka kokufunda (Cohen, 1988).

Nakuba ukuqedwa kokuqapha kwakungabonakali, ukubika ukuziphatha okubi ngokobulili kungahlotshaniswa namahloni kanye nehlazo (uDhuffar noGriffiths, 2014), futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele izimpendulo ezifiselekayo emphakathini. Futhi, ukuphendula ngokuzithandela ku-athikili yephephandaba eku-inthanethi mayelana nokuziphatha ngokweqile kungenzeka kudonse izinhlobo ezithile zomuntu (isb. Labo abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokweqile, abantu abasebasha). Kodwa-ke, ukuheha abantu abanjalo kungenzeka ukuthi kube yinzuzo ngoba ukuba nabantu kwisampula abanezinkinga zokulutha kungahle kuqinise ubuqiniso besikali sokusetshenziswa ezimeni zokwelashwa. Izifundo ezengeziwe zokuhlola ngokwengqondo izakhiwo ze-BYSAS ziyadingeka, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokwethembeka kokuhlolwa kabusha kokuhlolwa kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwayo namasiko nokwenza okujwayelekile.

Ukukhethwa kwezinyathelo kungase kubuye kunciphise isifundo samanje, ngoba ezinye izilinganiso ezingokomqondo ezingokomqondo ezihlola ubulili obuyinkinga azizange zisetshenziswe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-BYSAS. Isibonelo, i-Hypersexual Disorder Questionnaire (HDQ; Reid et al., 2012) isilinganiso esiphezulu sokuhlola kufaka phakathi indlela ehlongozwayo yokuxilongwa nge-hypersexual disorder (Kafka, 2010). Nokho, okuhlongozwayo I-DSM-5 I-criteria ayibonakali ngokugcwele izici zokulutha izidakamizwa ezifana nokubekezelelana, ukuhoxiswa, nokuguquka kwemizwelo. Ngakho-ke, kwakubhekwa okufanelekile ukuqhathanisa i-BYSAS esikalini esasetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa i-theory kanye nemigomo yokulutha.

Ubukhulu besampula enkulu kakhulu esifundweni samanje ngenye yamandla amakhulu ekunikezeni amandla amanani aphezulu ngokuphathelene nazo zonke izihlaziyo ezenziwe. Okutholakele kufakazela izifundo eziningi ezedlule kanye nezifundo ezithile eziqondene nendawo emkhakheni. Enye amandla esifundo samanje ukufakwa kwezinqubo ezithile zokuvimbela umlutha ekwakhiweni kwenqubo yokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo ezifanele kanye nezinsimbi eziqinisekisiwe ohlelweni lokuqinisekisa. Futhi, i-BYSAS ikhumbula umqondo wokulangazelela (isimo sokufuna / ukuthanda), manje esengezwe kulo I-DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) njengesimiso sokulutha umlutha. Ukwengeza, i-BYSAS iningi lokusebenza kokuhlola ukuhlukumezeka ngokocansi, ngoba ayigxile emaqenjini athile (isib., Owesilisa, umlingani) noma ophakathi (isb., Ubulili obuku-intanethi). Ngenxa yalokho, i-BYSAS ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola kokubili umsebenzi wezocansi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi futhi ngokufanelekayo kufanelekile ukuhlola ukuziphatha ngokobulili okwamanje. Okunye amandla amakhulu ukuthi ukutadisha kwakushunyayelwe kuzwelonke kunokuba kwendawo (kumaphephandaba kazwelonke). Umagazini kazwelonke eNorway uyaziwa ngokuba nezilaleli eziningi zabantu eziqhathaniswa nomshini wendawo. Ngakho-ke, isampula cishe imelela abantu baseNorway futhi iphikisa kakhulu kunezinye izifundo ngokusebenzisa amasampula ozikhethela. Lokhu kungenye yezifundo ezimbalwa kule nsimu egxile kubantu abaningi, futhi iqukethe inani elikhulu labesifazane kanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphuza kwalesi sikali esisha kwenza kube kufanelekile ukuba kufakwe ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe isikhala.

iziphetho

Esifundweni samanje isilinganiso esisha sokuhlola ukuziphatha kocansi okuluthayo, i-BYSAS, yasungulwa. Ukuthembeka kanye ne-BYSAS yasungulwa ngesampula kazwelonke se-23,533 abantu baseNorway. Isakhiwo sokucabanga esisodwa esisodwa sasiqinisekiswa yi-EFA ne-CFA, futhi ukuhambisana kwangaphakathi kwakuphezulu. Ngokufaka izinto ezihlanganisa zonke izimpawu zokulutha umlutha, okuqukethwe okuqinisekisiwe kwaqinisekiswa. I-BYSAS yaqinisekiswa ngokumelene nesilinganiso esithile sokulutha kocansi, kanye nezinyathelo zokubala, ubuntu, nokuzethemba; futhi kuhlongozwa amaphuzu okunqunywa kwamathuluzi. Ngokubanzi, i-BYSAS iyinsimbi ephikisanayo neyengqondo yokuhlola ukulutha kocansi, okungasetshenziswa ngokukhululekile ngabacwaningi nabahlinzeki ngezifundo ze-epidemiological nezilungiselelo zokwelapha.

Umnikelo wombhali

I-CA: Inikelwe ekukhulelweni nasekudalweni komsebenzi, ukuthengwa, ukuhlaziywa, nokuchazwa kwedatha; I-TT: Inikezwe ekuhlaziyweni; I-SP, i-MG, i-TT ne-RS: Inikezwe ekuchazeni idatha yomsebenzi; I-CA: Isungulwe umsebenzi; Bonke abalobi babuyekeze umsebenzi ngokugxila ngokubaluleka kokuqukethwe kwengqondo; Bonke abalobi bavumile inguqulo yokugcina futhi bayolandisa kuzo zonke izici zomsebenzi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo ehlobene nokuchaneka noma ubuqotho kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomsebenzi yayiphenywe ngokufanele futhi ixazululwe.

Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzuzo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

iSithasiselo A

I-Bergen-leyo yesilinganiso somlutha wezocansi

Ngezansi kukhona imibuzo emayelana nobuhlobo bakho nocansi / ukushaya indlwabu. (I-NB! Ngokwebulili kusho lapha ukucabanga okuhlukile kocansi, ukukhuthaza nokuziphathisa okunjengokushaya indlwabu, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imisebenzi yezocansi nabantu abadala abavuma, i-cycling yobulili, ucingo lwezingcingo, amaqembu okuhlukumeza, nokunye okunjalo). Khetha enye impendulo yombuzo ngamunye ochaza kahle kakhulu.

	Ngaki kangakanani ngonyaka odlule unayo...	Ngokuvamile kakhulu	Ngokuvamile	Ngezinye izikhathi	Ngokuvamile	Ngokujwayelekile
1.	Uchitha isikhathi esiningi ucabanga ngezocansi / ukushaya indlwabu noma ubulili obuhleliwe?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Waba nesifiso sokushaya indlwabu / ukulala ocansini kaningi?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Ukusebenzisa ucansi / ukushaya indlwabu ukuze ukhohlwe / ukuphunyuka ezinkingeni zakho?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Uzame ukunciphisa ucansi / ukushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kwempumelelo?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ungabi nokuphumula noma ucindezeleke uma uvinjelwe ukulala ocansini / ukushaya indlwabu?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ingabe ubulili obukhulu kangangokuba buye baba nomthelela omubi ebuhlotsheni bakho obuseduze, umnotho, impilo, kanye / noma umsebenzi / izifundo?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Zonke izinto zilandelwa ngokulinganisa okulandelayo: 0 = Kakhulu kakhulu, 1 = Ngokuvamile, 2 = Ngezinye izikhathi, 3 = Ngokuvamile, 4 = Kakhulu kakhulu

Iya ku:

isithasiselo B

Okuncishisiwe kwe-PROMIS yohlu lwemibuzo-sexcansi

Ngezansi kukhona imibuzo emayelana nobuhlobo bakho nocansi. Khetha enye impendulo yombuzo ngamunye ochaza kahle kakhulu^a

Izimpendulo kufanele zinikezwe ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi sesikhathi sokuphila esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa nje kwamuva, okungukuthi, wake wake wa ...		Angithandi nhlobo					Iningi like nami
		0	1	2	3	4	5
1.	Ngithola kunzima ukudlulisa ithuba lokulala ngokocansi noma okungekho emthethweni	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Abanye baye bakhuluma ngokukhathazeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuziphatha kwami kobulili	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Ngiyaziqhenya ngejubane engingazithola ukuze ngilale ucansi nomuntu futhi ngithole ukuthi ukulala nomuntu ongaziwa ngokuphelele kuyakhuthaza	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Ngingathatha ithuba lokulala ocansini naphezu kokuba nje nginalo omunye umuntu	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ngithola ukwenza ukunqotshwa ngokocansi kungenza ngingabi nentshisekelo kulowo mlingani futhi kungikhombe ukuba ngiqale ukufuna omunye	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ngivame ukuqiniseka ukuthi nginezohlobo zobulili olulodwa noma omunye kunokuba ngilinde umlingani wami ovamile ukuba atholakale futhi emva kokugula noma ukungabikho	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
7.	Ngiye ngaba nezimo eziphindaphindiwe nakuba nginobudlelwane obuvamile	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
8.	Nginabo abalingani abathathu noma ngaphezulu abalingani bobulili ngesikhathi esifanayo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
9.	Ngiye ocansini ngokuzithandela nomuntu ongithandiyo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
10.	Ngivame ukushintsha abalingani uma ubulili buphindaphinda	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Vula efasiteleni elihlukile

Umthombo: Ukusuka Indlela Yokuthola Ukuziphatha Okuluthayo ngu R. Lefever, 1988, London, UK: PROMIS Ukushicilela. [Leli yinkomba yomthombo wemibuzo yamaphepha e-PROMIS, okuvela kuyo izinto ze-sex subscale.]. I-copyright yi-PROMIS Clinics. Iphrintshwe ngemvume enomusa evela ku R. Lefever (ukukhulumisana komuntu siqu, uMashi 14, 2017).

^aAmazwi okufundisa asetshenziselwa isifundo samanje, hhayi ku-SPQ.

Imibhalo yaphansi

¹Iqoqo lezinqubo (Ukuxoshwa, Ukuhlambalaza, Ukwelashwa, Ukulimaza abanye, Ukungaziphathi, Ukudabukisa) kusekelwe ku-PATHOS ngesiNgisi, okuyinto amaGreki asetshenziselwa "ukuhlupheka".

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Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale ngeSampula enkulu kaZwelonke (2018)

abstract

Isingeniso

Izimpahla nezindlela

Inqubo

Abahlanganyeli

Izindlela

Izibalo zabantu

I-Bergen-leyo yezinga lesidakamizwa sobulili (BYSAS)

Ithebula 1

Okuncishisiwe kwe-PROMIS yohlu lwemibuzo-sexcansi

Big five

I-Narcissism

Ugqhozu lwakho

ukuhlaziywa kolwazi

Imiphumela

Ukwakhiwa kwesilinganiso nokuthuthukiswa

Ithebula 2

Ithebula 3

Ukuthembeka nokuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-BYSAS

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuguquka nokubandlulula

Ithebula 4

Ubudlelwane nama-demographics, amakhulu amahlanu, i-narcissism, nokuzethemba

Ithebula 5

Ingxoxo

Ukulinganiselwa namandla okufunda okwamanje

iziphetho

Umnikelo wombhali

Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzuzo

iSithasiselo A

I-Bergen-leyo yesilinganiso somlutha wezocansi

isithasiselo B

Okuncishisiwe kwe-PROMIS yohlu lwemibuzo-sexcansi

Imibhalo yaphansi

Okubhekwayo

ezisheshayo