Weisz, Monica G. noChristopher M. Earls.
I-Journal of Violence Interpersonal I-10, cha. 1 (1995): 71-84.
abstract
Lo cwaningo uphenye imiphumela yebudlova bobulili obuvezwe kumafilimu obude obude. Abafundi abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye (abakwa-87 nabesilisa be-106) babekwa eceleni ukuba babheke enye yamafilimu amane: (a) ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kumuntu (Ukukhululwa); (b) ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngokumelene nesifazane (izinja ezimbi); (c) ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba (Die Hard 2); noma (d) ifilimu engathathi hlangothi engekho izigcawu ezicacile zokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba noma ngokocansi (Izinsuku Zokuduma). Ngemuva kokubukela ifilimu, zonke izihloko zacelwa ukuba zigcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo ye-252-item ehambisana nenye yezinkulumo ezine ezilandelwe ngezikhathi ezilandelayo: Ukwamukelwa kobudlova obuphakathi kwabantu, i-Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, ukukhishwa kwesikhumba sokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, I-Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, i-Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, i-Mehrabian-Epstein Empathy Scale, kanye ne-questionnaire yokulinganisa ibhayisikobho. Ababambiqhaza babuye babheka ukuphindaphindiwe kwesilingo sokudlwengula futhi baqedela imibuzo yemibuzo yokudlwengula ye-23-item. Imiphumela yabonisa umehluko omkhulu nokungafani phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane; okungukuthi, abesilisa babemukela ngokwengeziwe ubudlova bendabuko kanye nokudlwengula, okukhanga kakhulu ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukungabi nabubele kumuntu osolwa ngokudlwengula, futhi amathuba okuba ahlulele umsolwa njengecala lokudlwengula. Kwesithakazelo esiyinhloko ukutholakala ukuthi abesilisa babathinteka ngokufanayo nefilimu ebonisa ubudlova obuphathelene nocansi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili besisulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane babengathinteki uhlobo lwefilimu.
UKUKHULUMA
Imiphumela yabonisa umehluko omkhulu nokungafani phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane. Ngokuphelele, uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane, amadoda ayamukela ngokwengeziwe ubudlova bezinkampani futhi ukudlwengula izinganekwane, okukhanga kakhulu ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, okungeke kube nesihawu kulo ukudlwengula abahlukumezekile, abanamathuba okuba bahlulele ummangalelwa njengecala, futhi ngokujwayelekile abahlukumezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko omkhulu wawubhekwe ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wokusebenzisana wehlobo lwefilimu kanye nobulili ekwamukelwa kobudlova obuphakathi kwabantu, kanye nezinyathelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuzwelana nesisulu. Ngokucacile, ukufaniswa okuningi kuveze ukuthi abesilisa abavezwe ifilimu ebonisa ubudlova bezocansi (ngokumelene nesilisa noma owesifazane) babemukela ngokwengeziwe kakhulu ubudlova obuhlukile kunabesifazane ababuka noma yiliphi ifilimu. Ngokuqondene nokuzwelana kwesisulu, abesilisa abavezwa ubudlova obuphathelene nocansi ngokumelene nendoda babengenakuzwelana kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abavelele kumafilimu abandakanya ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili (ngokumelene nesilisa noma owesifazane) noma okuqukethwe okungathathi hlangothi, kanye nabesilisa ababukela ubudlova. Abesilisa ababebukele ubudlova ngokobulili kumuntu noma ifilimu engathathi hlangothi babengenamathuba amancane okugweba lo muntu owenza ubugebengu kunabesifazane ababebukele ifilimu ebonisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili noma ifilimu yokuqukethwe engathathi hlangothi.
Ukuthola okungaqondakali kwakungenxa yokuthi abesilisa ngokuvamile babengathonywa ngokweqile ubulili besisulu kumabhayisikobho odlame ngokobulili. Idatha yokubambisana yabesilisa nabesilisa phezu kwehlobo lwefilimu enobudlova ngokobulili (okungukuthi, ubudlova obuphathelene nocansi olubhekiswe kobudlova besilisa nobulili obubhekiswe kumuntu wesifazane) lwembula uhlobo oluphawulekayo lwefilimu ngomphumela wokusebenzisana ngokobulili ekwamukelweni ubudlova obuphakathi kwabantu, ukukhangwa kobudlova, ukuzwelana, futhi isinqumo; abesilisa ababuka ifilimu enobudlova ngokobulili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili besisulu, bavame ukwamukela ubudlova obuningi bomuntu, bakhonywe kakhulu ekuhlaselweni ngokocansi, futhi abanandaba nosizi ukudlwengula uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abavezwe kumafilimu afanayo noma abesilisa nabesifazane ababukela ubudlova obungokomzimba noma amafilimu angathathi hlangothi.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, lolu cwaningo lubonise izinguquko eziphawulekayo nezinenzuzo esimweni sengqondo ngemva kokubuka amafilimu wesici esitholakalayo. Nakuba abesifazane besalokhu bengathinti uhlobo lwefilimu, abesilisa abathintekayo kakhulu ngamafilimu agqugquzela ubulili okwenza kube nezinguquko ezingalungile ezimweni ezithile ezibhekene nemibono yabesifazane abonisa ukuthi abesifazane bayakufanelwa noma bafisa ngasese ukudlwengula.
Kuyahambelana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini (iBarnett & Field, 1977; Malamuth & Check, 1981; Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980; Selby, Calhoun, & Brock, 1977; Tieger, 1981), isifundo samanje sathola ukuthi izifundo zesilisa zamukelwa kakhulu lodlame phakathi kwabantu kanye ukudlwengula izinganekwane kunabesifazane. UMalamuth noCheck (1981) bathole ukuthi ukuvezwa kwamafilimu akhombisa ezocansi (kwabesifazane) kukhuphule ukwamukelwa kwezifundo zabesilisa ngodlame lwabantu besifazane. Ngokufanayo, abesilisa ophenyweni lwamanje, ababuke udlame lwezocansi olubhekiswe kowesilisa noma owesifazane, bathole amaphuzu aphezulu ezikalini ezilinganisa ukwamukelwa kodlame lwabantu ukudlwengula ukwamukelwa kwenganekwane uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa ababuke ifilimu enobudlova ngokomzimba noma ifilimu engathathi hlangothi. IMalamuth and Check (1981) nayo ibike ukuthi ukubuka amafilimu ahlukumeza ngokocansi kukhuphule kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwabesilisa kepha hhayi abesifazane ukwamukela izinkolelo-mbono zamasiko ezibonisa ukuthi abesifazane bafanelwe noma bafuna ngasese ukudlwengula. Uphenyo lwamanje luchaza le miphumela.
Kuyathakazelisa nokuthi kulesi sifo samanje abesifazane abonakala bengathinteki uhlobo lwefilimu. Okwamanje, akucaci ukuthi kungani abesifazane behluleka ukuphunyuka ithonya lwazi oluqukethwe kumabhayisikobho noma ngocansi ocansini. Ngokubandakanya ukufanekiswa kwesilisa ukudlwengula esifundweni samanje, sizame ukulawula imiphumela "yokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sengqondo" noma imiphumela ye "reactance phenomenon". Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamafilimu wezinto ezitholakalayo ezentengiselwano, bekungeke kwenzeke ukulawula izindlela izihloko zabesilisa ezikhonjwe ngazo ngesisulu sowesilisa. Esikhundleni salokho, incazelo engenzeka kakhulu yedatha yamanje ingumbono “womhlaba olungile”.
ULinz et al. (1989) bacabangele ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezigcawu eziningi ezivela ohlotsheni lwamafilimu “angaconsi phansi” acishe abonise izisulu zesifazane ngokuzithandela ukuzibeka ezimeni eziyoholela ekulimaleni noma ekufeni okungenakugwenywa kungenza ababukeli basole isisulu ngokuhlaselwa kwaso (okusho ukuthi ukukholelwa “ezweni elinobulungiswa,” umqondo wokuthi ekugcineni sonke sithola lokho okusifanele; uLerner, 1965, 1971). UZillmann noBryant (1982, 1984) nabo baphakamise ukuthi ukuvezwa isikhathi eside ezithombeni zabesifazane ezivezwa njengemiphumela yokuziphatha kabi ngokocansi ekunciphiseni ukudlwengula kanye nezinye izinhlobo zobudlova ngokocansi. Ngokuphathelene nemiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje, le ncazelo ekhonjiwe ngenhla ingachaza kancane kancane imiphumela yokuvezwa kobudlova ngokobulili kubantu besilisa. Enye incazelo ekhona yale miphumela ingumqondo wokutholakala. Ngemuva kokuthola ulwazi olunikezwe kumafilimu ebonisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, le miphumela yiyo eyenziwa kalula kalula. Ukuvezwa kwalezi zici kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhuthaze izifundo zesilisa, okungenzeka ukuthi sezivele zisekela amaphrofayili athile acabanga ukuthi asekela noma aqinisa ubudlova bobulili kwabanye. Okokugcina, izifundo zesilisa ezibuka abanye abesilisa ngokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi ngokuqondene nesifazane zingase zivele zivinjelwe ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane ngokulandela ukungafuni noma ukwenza imfashini.
Ngokusobala, ucwaningo lwamanje luveza ukulinganiselwa okuthile, okuningi okukhona kuzo zonke izifundo zelabhoratri zalolu hlobo. Okokuqala, ababambiqhaza kulolu cwaningo bonke babengabafundi baseyunivesithi. Okwesibili, izifundo zacelwa ukuthi zigcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo futhi zenze "njengamajaji ajezisayo" ngemuva kokubuka ukulingiswa komdlalo ukudlwengula i-trim ngokushesha ngemva kokuvezwa kwamafilimu ahlukahlukene. Okwesithathu, amafilimu asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo aqukethe izinhlobo ezithile zobudlova; kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi udlame luqondiswe kuphi nokuthi izisulu zivezwa kanjani.
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise imiphumela engaba khona yokubambisana kwabantu, umlando womndeni, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuhlangenwe nakho kobulili, nokuningi kokuvezwa ngethelevishini kanye nobudlova oqoshiwe kanye / noma ubudlova bobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukushintsha kokubili inombolo kanye nohlobo lwefilimu, kanye nesikhathi sokubuka phakathi kwe-movie nemisebenzi yokulinganisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esinengqondo, njenge-Buss-Durkee Hostility Paradigm, kanye nokulinganisa ukuvuswa komzimba ngesikhathi sokuchazwa kwefilimu enobudlova ngokobulili, nakho kuzoba usizo.
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