IZIMPENDULO: Lesi sifundo wahlola imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kobulili kumabhangqwana, kodwa wahlolisiswa ngabanye kuphela (ebuhlotsheni, iminyaka yobudala eyi-28.5), hhayi imibhangqwana (ndawonye). Ngaphezu kokungabandakanyi abantu abangekho ebuhlotsheni, kungabandakanyi imibhangqwana lapho umlingani oxoxwa naye ekhulume khona kuphela nezinye umlingani wasebenzisa i-porn. Lokhu kwakunjalo hhayi isampuli esimele,
njengoba i-75% yabahlanganyeli yayingabesifazana, kanti i-59% yabesifazane basebenzise i-porn (ephakeme kakhulu kunamazinga okutadisha ama-cross-sectional). U-38% walabo abahlolisisiwe babeshadile. Okutholakele:
Imibhangqwana, lapho kungekho muntu osetshenzisiwe khona, ibike ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane obuningi kulabo abashadile ababenebasebenzisi ngabanye. Lokhu kuyahambisana nophenyo olwedlule (UCooper et al., 1999; I-Manning, i-2006), kukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa wedwa kwezinto ezibeka obala ezocansi kuholela emiphumeleni emibi… .Ngemiphumela yobulili egcinwe njalo, Abasebenzisi ngabanye babika ukusondelana nokuzibophezela okuncane kakhulu ebuhlotsheni babo kunabangewona abasebenzisi nabasebenzisi ababelwana nabo.
Njengazinye izifundo, abasebenzisi bodwa babika ubudlelwane obuhluphekile nokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Ucwaningo lubuye lwabika umehluko omncane phakathi kwemibhangqwana lapho bobabili bebukela khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ndawonye kanye nemibhangqwana lapho kungasetshenziswa khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Indlovu egumbini: Njengoba lokhu bekuyinhlolovo yomuntu oyedwa kuphela ebudlelwaneni, hhayi bobabili, sazi kanjani ukuthi bobabili abantu babengewona “abasebenzisi” ngempela? Ikakhulukazi njengoba i-86% yabantu "abangasebenzisi" abaphendula inhlolovo kwakungabesifazane.
Ukuthi ukubukwa kwezingane ezingcolile kubonakala kaningi kangakanani:
“Kukonke, ukuthi umuntu ubuka kangaki izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi kungaba nomthelela emiphumeleni yabasebenzisi. Ucwaningo lwethu luthole ukuthi abasebenzisi abasebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu maningi amathuba okuthi babe nokwaneliseka kobuhlobo obuphansi nokusondelana ebudlelwaneni babo bezothando.
Ekugcineni, lolu cwaningo luhlolisise imiphumela "yokuzibona" ye-porn isebenzisa i-PCES:
“Kukonke, abakwaHigh Frequency Users (HFU) babikile imiphumela emihle kakhulu ebonakalayo kunabasebenzisi be-Low Frequency (LFU) ”
Akumangazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okukhulu kwaholela ekutholeni "imiphumela emihle ebonakalayo," ngoba isifundo sisebenzise indlela ye- Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili (I-PCES). I-PCES iyisibonelo esihle sethrikhi yokucwaninga ngocansi. I-YBOP kanye noprofesa owaziwayo we-psychology wadalula i-PCES ngalokho okuyiyo: Imiphumela Eziqhenyayo Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, I-Hald GM, i-Malamuth NM (2008). Isimo semibuzo ye-PCES nokuthi bathola kanjani amaphuzu kuholela ekutholakaleni okumangazayo (nokujwayela ukuqonda okufana nalokho) okufana nalokhu: Uma ubuka i-porn eyengeziwe, ukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi i-porn iyikho, futhi lapho uyishaya indlwabu kakhulu, imiphumela emihle kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yakho. Kungani? Izinga lempilo elehlisiwe, ukonakala kobudlelwano, nempilo yocansi engekho, kusezingeni elilinganayo kwi-PCES ngokufunda kabanzi ngobulili bendunu nokuthuthukisa izimo zengqondo ezikhululekile ngokuziphatha kwezocansi. Ukufaka isicelo semibuzo ye-PCES kumuntu ngamunye - uma ungumuntu oneminyaka engu-30 ubudala ovaliwe oshaya indlwabu ku-hardcore porn izikhathi ezi-5 ngosuku, i-porn yenza umnikelo omuhle empilweni yakho!
Esikhathini esicacile sokuthi i-PCES ihluleka kangakanani, isifundo samanje sitholile lokho Abasebenzisi be-Porn Frequency Porn bathole amaphuzu aphezulu kwimibuzo yemiphumela emihle ye-PCES (njengoba bekulindelekile), kepha impilo yabo yangempela ibingeyinhle kangako: Babenokwaneliseka kobuhlobo obuncane kanye nokusondelana okuncane ebudlelwaneni babo bezothando. Ukusebenzisa i- Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili (PCES), ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphezulu kwakuhlobene nomsebenzi ocansini ompofu, izinkinga ezengeziwe zocansi, kanye "nokuphila okubi kakhulu kocansi". Ingcaphuno echaza ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-PCES "Imiphumela Emibi" emibuzweni ye- "Life Life" nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kocansi:
Kwakungekho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwe-Negative Effect Dimension PCES kuwo wonke umvuthwandaba wokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo ngokobulili; Nokho, kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu kwi-Sex Life subscale lapho abasebenzisi be-High Frequency Porn babika imiphumela embi kakhulu kunabasebenzisi be-Low Frequency Porn.
Kulula, ngaphandle kwama-PCES Izikolo okusho izinzuzo ekubukeni i-porn, i-porn eningi iholele ezimpilweni zobulili ezimpofu kanye nezinkinga eziningi zocansi. Ungase uzibuze lo mbuzo osobala: Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kakhulu bagcine kanjani ngezimpilo ze-crappier, kepha kube "nemiphumela emihle" ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kocansi? Lowo ngumlingo we-PCES! (funda isihloko sethu)
J Behav Addict. 2016 Oct 27: 1-8.
I-Minarcik J1, I-Wetterneck CT2, Short MB3.
abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sekuye kwanda kakhulu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa izinto zokwenza ucansi (SEMs) babika imiphumela emibi (Schneider, 2000b). Noma kunjalo, amabhuloho (i-2008b) athola ukuthi imibhangqwana esebenzisa i-SEM ndawonye inokwaneliseka kobudlelwane obuphakeme kunalabo abasebenzisa i-SEM ngokuzimela. Ukuphenywa okuqhubekayo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-SEM ezisetshenziselwa ubuhlobo kungase kugcizelele ukuthi i-SEM ihlobene kanjani nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokwaneliseka komabili. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yocwaningo lwamanje ukuhlola umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM okuhlobene nobuhlobo obuhlukene bomdabu.
izindlela
Ucwaningo lwamanje lubandakanya isampula yasekolishi ne-inthanethi yabahlanganyeli be-296 ehlukaniswe ngamaqembu ngokususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SEM ebudlelwaneni (okungukuthi, i-SEM yodwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM nomlingani, futhi akukho ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM).
Imiphumela
Kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ekwanelisekeni kobuhlobo [F (2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026], ukusondelana [F (2, 252) = 7.95, p = <.001], nokuzibophezela [F (2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006]. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-post-hoc kuveze umehluko owengeziwe ekwanelisekeni kobuhlobo [t (174) = 2.13, p = .035] nokusondelana [t (174) = 2.76, p = .006] ngokuya ngemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM.
Ingxoxo
Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwe-SEM kumibhangqwana kuyokwenza kube lula ukuqonda indima yayo ebuhlotsheni obuseduze.
KEYWORDS: imibhangqwana; izithombe ezingcolile; ukwaneliseka komshado; ubudlelwane bomshado; ukwaneliseka ngokocansi; izinto ezicacile zobulili
I-PMID: 27784182
I-DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.078
Isingeniso
Ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [ngenhloso yocwaningo, kuzoshintshaniswa nezinto ezicacile ngokobulili (SEM)] kuye kwashukumisela abacwaningi ukuba baqhubeke behlola umthelela walo kubasebenzisi nobuhlobo bomuntu siqu (Schneider, 2000a, I-2000b). Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubekile, ukusabalalisa kwe-SEM nakho kuhambisane nezakhiwo ezintsha zedijithali, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukutholakala nokufinyeleleka. Njengamanje, kukhona amawebhusayithi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingu-4.2, futhi njalo kwesibili, ngaphezulu kwe-$ 3,000 isetshenziswa ku-SEM (I-Ropelato, i-2010). I-Theory ethi "I-Triple-A Engine", ekhonjiswe ukufinyeleleka okukhulu, ukutholakala, nokungaziwa, kungabika ukusetshenziswa kokwandiswa kwe-SEM kwi-intanethi (Cooper, i-1998).
Imiphumela engalungile yokusetshenziswa kubantu ngabanye
Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kutholakale ukuthi kunezimo eziningi ezimbi kumuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganise nokukhubazeka kokusebenza kwezemfundo nokusebenza, ukucindezeleka, ukucindezelwa ngokocansi (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999; I-Manning, i-2006), nokuhlukunyezwa (U-Allen, D'Alessio, noBrezgel, ngo-1995; UDonnerstein, uDonnerstein, no-Evans, ngo-1975). Ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezihlobene nokwabo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kuye kwandisa ubunzima ebuhlotsheni obuseduze (Hamba, 2007; Oddone-Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2000). Ngokuqondile, ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile komuntu ngokujwayelekile kuholela ekwenzeni ukwehla kobudlelwane kanye nokwaneliseka ngokocansi (Amabhuloho, i-2008a; Hamba, 2007; Schneider, 2000a, I-2000b; UYucel & Gassanov, 2010).
Uma uhlola lezi zinkinga zobudlelwane, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kungukuthi kunqunywe ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka komshado nokungondelana (Schneider, 2000a, I-2000b) futhi kuyinhloko enkulu ekuhlukaniseni nasehlukanisweni (Schneider, 2000b). Eqinisweni, imishado nezinkinga zokulutha ngokocansi ivame ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane obuphansi, futhi abalingani balabo buhlobo babika ukwanda ekusithekeni, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nobuhlobo bokungasebenzi (Amakhadi, i-1992; Schneider, 2000b; I-Wildmon-White & Young, 2002). Lezi zinkinga zibhekwa kakhulu emibhangqwaneni lapho umlingani owodwa kuphela osebenza khona njalo kwi-SEM, okuvame ukuholela ekulahlekelweni kwesithakazelo kwezocansi kanye nobuhlobo bobulili (Schneider, 2000b).
Umthelela omubi wokusetshenziswa kubalingani
Mayelana nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa komlingani, uZillmann noBryant (1984, 1988) wathola ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukwaneliseka komlingani womuntu, ukukhukhumeza okwenyuka kwabesifazane, imibono ephikisayo yokuziphatha ngokobulili, nokunciphisa izindinganiso ezihlobene nomuntu oyedwa nomshado. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwandisa isahlulelo somuntu onobungane obunjalo njengendlela yokuziphatha evamile (Drake, 1994).
Ngaphezu kwemiphumela kumlingani, izifundo zihlolisise ukusabela kwabesifazane ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SEM yabalingani besilisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM yowesilisa kungakhipha imizwa ehlukahlukene engemihle (okungukuthi, ukukhaphela, ukwenqatshwa, nokushiywa) kwabesifazane, okuvame ukuholela ekuqedeni ubudlelwano (Schneider, 2000a, I-2000b). Abesifazane, abathola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili bomlingani babo, bavame ukuqala ukuzibona njengento engathandeki, engenanzuzo, ebuthakathaka, nabangenangqondo (IBergner & Bridges, 2002).
Imiphumela emihle yokusetshenziswa kubalingani
Naphezu kwemiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezinye izifundo zithole ukuthi imibhangqwana esebenzisa i-SEM ndawonye ingaba nemiphumela emihle kunalabo abasebenzisa i-SEM ngokuzimela (Amabhuloho, i-2008b; Amabhuloho neMorokoff, ngo-2010; Schneider, 2000a, I-2000b). Futhi, ngabanye ababuke kuphela i-SEM nomlingani wabo babike njengokwaneliseka kokwecansi nokuzinikezela kumlingani wabo uma kuqhathaniswa nabangewona abasebenzisi. Isibonelo, imibhangqwana, eyabika ukwabelana nge-SEM, ivume izilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zobuhlobo kanye nokwaneliseka kocansi kunezibhangqwana ezingazange zisebenzise i-SEM ndawonye (Amabhuloho, i-2008b).
Isiqu se-SEM sisetshenziswa ngothando
Njengoba kunikezwe imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ocwaningweni odlule, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukusebenzisa nokuhlanganyela komlingani we-SEM kunzima. Enye inkinga ephoqelela imiphumela yizinga lokuhlanganyela ebuhlotsheni obuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM. Ngokuqondile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni bomshado kungenziwa kuphela kumuntu oyedwa noma kokubili ngabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uthatha umbono womlingani we-SEM phambi kwe-akhawunti, ngokuvamile, kungaba namaqembu amahlanu okusetshenziswa kwe-SEM: abasebenzisi ngabanye, abasebenzisi abalingani, abasebenzisi abahlukene, abasebenzisi abelwe, nabangewona abasebenzisi. Yiqiniso, umuntu oyedwa angaba ngamaqembu amaningi we-SEM ebuhlotsheni. Uma uhlola ngayinye yalezi zinto, imiphumela yokusetshenziswa ingahluka kumuntu ngamunye esigabeni ngasinye. Ukuqonda ubunzima bokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kungahle kuhlobene nokusebenza kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM. Ukuze uqhubeke uchaza indima kanye nokuguquguquka kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni obunothando (kanye nomthelela walo olandelayo ekugculweni okubikiwe), kungase kube usizo ukuhlola izakhi ezihlobene namazinga aneliseka ngokobudlelwane, njengokungathandana noma ukuzibophezela.
Ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwe-SEM
Ukuchazwa komlingani kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kungathinta ubuhlobo nokugculiswa ngokocansi. Eqinisweni, amabhuloho (2008a) wathola ukuthi imvamisa nemiphumela ye-SEM yokusebenzisa ihluke ngokusekelwe ubulili, imibono yokusetshenziswa kozakwethu, kanye nokusebenza kwe-SEM. Emibhangqwana lapho abesifazane basebenzisa khona i-SEM, bobabili abalingani balinganise ukuba babe nobulili obuphezulu nokuzwana ngokwaneliseka uma kuqhathaniswa nemibhangqwana lapho abesifazane abazange basebenzise i-SEM. Ebudlelwaneni lapho abesifazane abazange basebenzise i-SEM, ukusetshenziswa kwebesilisa kwe-SEM kunomthelela omubi wokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okufunyenwe kwembulwe ukuthi umsebenzi ovunyelwe kakhulu we-SEM wokusetshenziswa kwabesifazane wawuyingxenye yokwenza uthando, kuyilapho owesilisa ngokuvamile ebika ukuthi uyisebenzisa njengomuntu ongeyedwa, usizo lwe-masturbatory (Amabhuloho, i-2008a, iphe. I-79).
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokwaneliseka kobudlelwane, ukuzibophezela, intshisekelo, kanye nokusondelana kungahle kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM. Esifundweni esifanele, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzoba nomthelela ohlangene ekugculweni kobudlelwane obubikiwe (UBenjamin & Tlusten, 2010). Ngokwesibonelo, abanye besifazane babika ukuthi bayayithanda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi basebenzisa njengendlela yokuthuthukisa uthando nomlingani wabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye besifazane babika ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobudlelwane obuseduze kwabangela ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili.
Ucwaningo lwamanje lufuna ukuqhubeka nokuchaza imiphumela ye-SEM esetshenziswa ngaphakathi kobudlelwane bomshado, ikakhulukazi ubudlelwane obuphakathi komongo we-SEM osetshenziswa ngokumelene nezitayela zothando (njengoba kulinganiswa ngombono we-Sternberg), izinyathelo zokwaneliseka, kanye nemiphumela yokubika kwe-SEM. Ukuhlola umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ngabalingani bobabili ubudlelwane bomshado kuyinsimu entsha; Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo lwakhiwe emzimbeni osanda kuhlola.
Isifundo samanje
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni bomshado njengoba kubikwa ngumuntu ngamunye. Izinyathelo zihlolisise izici zomuntu siqu ezingahle zihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kufaka phakathi isitayela sothando (ukusondelana, isifiso, nokuzibophezela (IPC)], ukwaneliseka kobudlelwano, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubheke ukungafani emiphumeleni ye-SEM emkhatsini wamaqembu abantu ngabanye: (a) kuphela umhlanganyeli osebenzisa i-SEM, (b) bobabili abalingani basebenzise i-SEM ndawonye, noma (c) akukho mlingani osebenzisa i-SEM. Bergner kanye namabhuloho (2002) sibheke ukuphendula okwenziwa abesifazane uma bethola umlingani wabo usebenzisa i-SEM, ebonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM akudalwanga ngaso sonke isikhathi ebuhlotsheni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abasebenzisi bomlingani nabasebenzisi abahlukile abafakiwe. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kufanele lubheke uma lungavumelani futhi ngesikhathi esithile imibono engalungile ye-SEM isetshenziswa ngumlingani ongasebenzisi.
izindlela
Recruitment
Abahlanganyeli, iminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu nangokwenyama yothando, baqashwe ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-pool lokuhlanganyela iqhaza lokutadisha e-inthanethi enyuvesi yase-Texas ephakathi nendawo, izimemezelo zekilasi eyunivesithi efanayo, i-imeyili "yebhola le-snowball", izindlela zokukhangisa, kanye nokudluliselwa kwabalingani. Ukuqashwa ngokusebenzisa izikhangisi ze-website kuhilelekile ukuthumela izikhangiso zokutadisha ngezindawo zokukhangisa zenhloso jikelele, njll www.craigslist.com, www.backpage.com, Futhi www.facebook.com.
Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenzeka ezinyangeni ze-6. Lapho bezama ukuhlola inthanethi, bonke abahlanganyeli babelulekwa ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kwabo kwaba ngokuzithandela futhi bangakwazi ukuhoxisa esifundweni nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ngenxa yobuntu bemibuzo yokutadisha, isignesha yemvume yaxoshwa ukuze kugcinwe ukungaziwa, futhi ababambiqhaza bafundiswe ukuhlola ibhokisi ebonisa imvume yabo, ngokuhambisana nenqubo evunyelwe i-IRB. Emva kokuvuma ukubamba iqhaza, abahlanganyeli baqedile lemibuzo. Umbuzo wokuqala wocwaningo lubuzwe ubuhlobo bomlingani bomhlanganyeli. Labo abavuma ukuthi "abangashadile / hhayi okwamanje othandana nabo" baziswa ukuthi abafanelekile ukubamba iqhaza futhi baphuma ekutadisheni.
Ngemva kokuqedwa kocwaningo, uma ababambiqhaza befisa ukufaka umdwebo we-raffle engama-dollar ayi-50, bachofoza isixhumanisi esiholela efayeleni yedatha ehlukile, okwakungavimbela izimpendulo zemphenyo ukuthi zixhumeke ekungeneni kwe-raffle. Ababambiqhaza ababili, abaphumelele ekudleni, baxhunywe nge-imeyili ukuze bahlele ukuba babe nemali yomklomelo kubo. Abahlanganyeli beyunivesithi banikezwa ithuba lokuthola isikweletu esengeziwe sokubamba iqhaza esikhundleni sokungena ku-raffle. Uma befuna isikweletu esengeziwe, bachofoza isixhumanisi esiholela efayeleni yedatha ehlukile, lapho beshiya khona igama ukuze kunikezwe isikweletu esengeziwe.
Abahlanganyeli
Abaningi babahlanganyeli babevela esampula engeyona umfundi (65%, n = 192). Abahlanganyeli babandakanya abesilisa abangama-75 (25%) nabesifazane abangama-221 (75%) abaneminyaka engu-18-87. Iminyaka yobudala esho yabahlanganyeli yayiyiminyaka engama-28.51 (SD = 9.40). Abantu ebudlelwaneni babo bamanje babehlangene iminyaka elinganiselwa ku-5.36 (SD = 6.60). Kubahlanganyeli, i-97% ibingabobulili obuhlukile kanti i-3% ibingobungqingili. Ngokuya ngohlanga, lesi sampuli sasinabantu abaningi baseCaucasus (65.2%), kwalandela abaseSpanishi (18.9%), i-African American (7.4%), nokunye (8.5%).
Ukuze uhlaziye, isimo somshado senziwe ngokushada (38.1%) futhi singashadile (62.9%). Abahlanganyeli abashadile babeshadile ngokweminyaka eyi-3.47 (SD = 7.11). Iningi labahlanganyeli libike ukuthi lisebudlelwaneni obukhethekile (85.2%), u-8.0% ubusebudlelwaneni obukhethekile, kanti u-6.8% ubudlelwano obungebona obukhethekile. Cishe ama-92% wabahlanganyeli babecansi futhi kubikwa ukuthi balala nabalingani babo bamanje iminyaka engu-5.37 (SD = 6.80).
Abahlanganyeli bahlelwe ngamaqembu amathathu ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwe-SEM elisetshenziselwa ubuhlobo. Iqembu lokuqala ngabasebenzisi ngabanye (n = 72-79; bheka Ithebula 1), lapho ababambiqhaza khona kuphela umuntu ohlotsheni osebenzisa i-SEM. Iqembu lesibili labasebenzisi abelwe ngabanye (n = 68-71), okungabahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi bobabili abalingani basebenzisa i-SEM ebudlelwaneni ndawonye. Iqembu lesithathu ngabangewona abasebenzisi (n = 93-108), okungabantu ababike ukuthi ayikho i-SEM esetshenziswa ngumuntu ebudlelwaneni.
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Ithebula 1. Kusho, ukwehluka okujwayelekile, kanye nezikhathi zokuzethemba (95%) ngamaqembu amathathu ngezinombolo ezixhomeke kuzo
| Abangewona abasebenzisi | Abasebenzisi ngabanye | Abasebenzisi ababiwe | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubude be n | 93-108 | 72-79 | 68-71 |
| Owesilisa (%) | 13.9 | 43 | 35.2 |
| Ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane | 25.22 (5.62) (24.15-26.30) | 23.19 (6.03) * (21.84-24.54) | 25.25 (4.89) (24.10-26.41) |
| Ukwaneliseka ngocansi | 20.54 (14.87) (17.48-23.60) | 23.07 (14.53) (19.68-26.43) | 21.46 (12.30) (18.53-24.39) |
| I-IPC | |||
| Intimacy | 6.22 (0.96) (6/03–6.40) | 5.56 (1.43) * (5.24-5.88) | 6.14 (0.93) * (5.92-6.36) |
| passion | 5.73 (1.34) (5.47-5.99) | 5.53 (1.29) (5.24-5.82) | 5.90 (1.17) (5.62-6.17) |
| Ukuzibophezela | 6.25 (1.17) (5.52-5.83) | 5.70 (1.66) * (5.04-5.54) | 6.35 (1.01) * (5.50-5.84) |
| I-PCES | |||
| I-PED | - | 14.46 (6.30) (13.14-16.05) | 14.87 (6.15) (13.35-16.41) |
| SL | - | 3.05 (1.48) (2.73-3.43) | 3.33 (1.38) (3.01-3.69) |
| LG | - | 2.39 (1.31) (2.11-2.74) | 2.48 (1.32) (2.17-2.83) |
| I-PATOG | - | 1.86 (1.19) (1.61-2.15) | 1.75 (1.18) (1.49-2.06) |
| ATS | - | 3.16 (1.40) (2.86-3.50) | 3.26 (1.42) (2.92-3.61) |
| SK | - | 4.00 (1.68) (3.64-4.37) | 4.05 (1.64) (3.66-4.45) |
| I-NED | - | 8.67 (2.86) (8.01-9.34) | 8.11 (3.34) (7.30-8.92) |
| SL | - | 2.26 (0.86) (2.07-2.48) | 2.18 (0.96) (1.94-2.42) |
| LG | - | 1.96 (0.86) * (1.76-2.16) | 1.68 (0.67) (1.53-1.86) |
| I-PATOG | - | 2.63 (0.98) (2.40-2.87) | 2.53 (1.25) (2.24-2.84) |
| ATS | - | 1.81 (0.78) (1.63-2.00) | 1.71 (0.83) (1.53-1.93) |
Note. The n eqenjini ngalinye lahlukahluka phakathi kweziguquko ezixhomekile ngenxa yokuphuma, idatha elahlekile, nokuthi ngabe lowo muntu wayesebenza ngokocansi noma cha. I-PED = ukuma komphumela omuhle, i-NED = ukuma komphumela omubi, SL = impilo yesondo, i-LG = impilo ngokujwayelekile, i-PATOG = ukuqonda isimo sengqondo ngokubhekene nobulili obuhlukile, i-ATS = isimo sengqondo ngokuphathelene nobulili, ne-SK = ulwazi lwezocansi.
*p = .05.
Izindlela
Lemibuzo yocwaningo iqukethe inamba yokuziphendulela. Ithebula 1 ibonisa izindlela kanye nokuphambana okujwayelekile ngeqembu ngokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye.
Izibalo zabantu
Izibalo zabantu zitholakale kubo bonke abahlanganyeli futhi zihlanganisa imibuzo mayelana nobudala, ubulili, isimo sobuhlobo, ubuhlanga, ukuziphatha ngokobulili, nenkolo.
Ucwaningo lwe-SEM
Lesi silinganiso sakhiwe ngenhloso yesifundo samanje. I-SEM ichazwe ngokuthi "noma yikuphi okubonisa ukuthi abantu abadala ababili bahlanganyela ngokuzibandakanya ekusebenziseni okujabulisayo, okungenabo ubudlova, okungabonakele, nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi." Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM yamanje kwakulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa imvamisa (amahora ngenyanga, izikhathi ezisetshenziswa ngenyanga) nemisebenzi noma izizathu ze-SEM sebenzisa. Ezinye iziguquko, ezifana nohlobo lwezindaba ze-SEM ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-SEM, zahlolwa. Uchungechunge olufanayo lwemibuzo babuzwa mayelana nokusetshenziswa komlingani wabo nokusetshenziswa okwabelwana nge-SEM.
Isilinganiso sokulungiswa kwe-Dyadic (DAS-7)
I-DAS-7, inguqulo encishisiwe yesilinganiso sokuqala se-32, uhlu lwemibuzo luqukethe izinto eziyisikhombisa ze-Likert (UHunsley, Best, Lefebvre, & Vito, 2001). Izinto ezintathu zokuqala zihlanganisa izitatimende mayelana nesivumelwano ngezinkinga ezintathu zomhlaba jikelele (ifilosofi, imigomo, kanye nesikhathi esichitha ndawonye) lapho ababambiqhaza bakhombisa izinga labo lesivumelwano kusukela ku-0 (Ukungavumelani Njalo) kuya ku-5 (Ovumelana Njalo). Izinto ezimbili eziyisibili zihlanganisa izitatimende mayelana nemvamisa yemisebenzi embalwa, futhi abahlanganyeli babonise ukuthi imvamisa yale misebenzi evela ku-0 (Ayikaze) iya ku-5 (Ngokuvame ukwedlula kanye ngosuku). Into yokugcina isitatimende mayelana nesilinganiso jikelele senjabulo ebuhlotsheni abathintekayo abakhombise isilinganiso sabo sesivumelwano esikalini se-7-kusuka ku-0 (Ngokungajabuli kakhulu) kuya ku-6 (Perfect). Ngokuvamile, izikolo eziphakeme zikhomba ubudlelwane obuphakeme ukwaneliseka.
I-DAS-7 ibonise ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi (i-Cronbach's α = 0.78), ngaphezu kokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kwe-retest kusuka ku-α = 0.75 kuya ku-0.80 (UHunsley et al., 2001). Amanani wezinga kusuka ku-0 (ecindezelekile) kuya ku-36 (engakhathazekile). Ukuhlaziywa kokuthembeka kwalesi sampuli kubonisa ukuvumelana okuhle (Cronbach's α = 0.82).
Inkomba yokwaneliseka ngokocansi (ISS)
I-ISS yikali lesikhangiso se-25 ehlola izinga lokungaboni ngokocansi noma ukunganeliseki ngaphakathi kobudlelwane (Hudson, Harrison, & Crosscup, 1981). Izimpendulo zivela ku-1 (Ngokuvamile noma Azikho Isikhathi) kuya ku-5 (Iningi noma Yonke Isikhathi), futhi zifingqwa kuzo zonke izinto ze-25. Ngenxa yesiphambeko sokuphatha, isilinganiselwa se-24 yento esasetshenzisiwe yasetshenziswa; isifundo sokuqinisekisa sokuqala sabika ukuthi ubuqotho bokuthembeka nokuqinisekiswa kwesilinganiso kugcinwa ngisho nalapho imibuzo emibili ingekho (UHudson et al., 1981). Izikole eziphezulu zibonisa ukunganeliseki okungaphezulu, futhi ukuhlukunyezwa kwemitholampilo kuyi-30.
I-ISS inokuvumelana okuhle kwangaphakathi kwe-Cronbach's α = 0.92 nokuhlolwa kwe-test-retest ye-α = 0.93 (UHudson et al., 1981). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokubaluleka lokucwaswa kwe-ISS liphakeme (UHudson et al., 1981). Ukuhlaziywa kokuthembeka kwalesi sampuli kubonisa ukuvumelana okuhle (Cronbach's α = 0.89).
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili (PCES)
I-PCES yikali se-47-into ehlola imiphumela ebonakalayo enhle neyingozi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (IHald neMalamuth, 2008). Lesi silinganiso sinezici ezimbili eziyinhloko, kuhlanganise nesici esihle somphumela (i-PED) nesilinganiso esibi sethonya (i-NED). Kukhona futhi ama-subscales enkombandlela, kuhlanganise nokuphila ngokocansi (SL), impilo ngokujwayelekile (LG), ukuqonda isimo sengqondo ngokubhekene nobulili obuhlukile (i-PATOG), isimo sengqondo ngokuphathelene nobulili (ATS), nolwazi lwezocansi (SK).
I-PCES ayinayo amaphuzu aphelele, kunalokho isethi ye-11 subscales (ububanzi be-1-7 kuwo wonke ama-subscales). Izimpendulo zabahlanganyeli zivela ku-1 (Hhayi Konke) kuya ku-7 (Kuyi-Extenmely Large Extent). I-PED ye-Global itholakala ngezigaba ze-27, kanti i-NED yomhlaba iyatholakala ngemisebenzi ye-20. Izikole eziphakeme zikhombisa isivumelwano esiphezulu.
Ukuthembela okugcwele (okusho ukuthi, i-Cronbach's α) ye-PED yi-0.91 enezilinganiso ezinokwethenjelwa ze-0.91 (SL), 0.90 (SK), 0.90 (ATS), 0.87 (GL), ne-0.73 (PATOG) ekwakhiweni ngakunye. Ukuthembela okugcwele kwe-NED ngu-0.82 ngokulinganiselwa kokuthembeka kwe-0.83 (GL), 0.81 (ATS), 0.71 (SL), kanye no-0.72 (PATOG) ekwakhiweni ngakunye (IHald neMalamuth, 2008). Ukuhlaziywa kokuthembeka kwe-PED ne-NED kwalesi sampuli kubonise ukuvumelana okuhle kakhulu (Cronbach's α = 0.95 kanye α = 0.92, ngokulandelana).
Isilinganiso se-IPC
I-IPC iyinani le-19-into yezingxenye ezintathu ezibandakanya inkolelo ye-triangular yothando (I-Sternberg, i-1986): ukusondelana (i-7-izinto), isifiso (izinto ezingu-8), nokuzimisela (izinto ze-8, ILemieux neHale, 2000). I-IPC ayinayo amaphuzu aphelele, kunalokho isethi ye-subscales amathathu (i-7-49 ibanga lokusondelana, ne-8-56 ububanzi bokuthandwa nokuzibophezela okuzinikela). Izimpendulo zabahlanganyeli zivela ku-1 (Ngokungavumelani kakhulu) kuya ku-7 (Ngokuvumelana Kakhulu). Izikole eziphezulu zilingana nokugunyazwa okuphezulu kwalowo nto. Ukuthembela kokulingana kwama-coefficient kwatholakala kuwo wonke ama-subscales amathathu: ukusondelana (α = 0.89), isifiso (α = 0.94), nokuzibophezela (α = 0.89). Izilinganiso ze-IPC zinokufaneleka okuhle kokuguquguquka nesilinganiso sokwaneliseka kobudlelwane (α = 0.96). Ukuhlaziywa kokuthembeka kwe-IPC subscales yalesi sampuli kubonisa ukuvumelana okuhle kakhulu (Cronbach's α = 0.91, α = 0.94, futhi α = 0.92, ngokulandelana).
Ihlaziya
Idatha yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-SPSS 16.0. Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende kugxile ekuhlukeni kweqembu-phakathi kwamabasebenzisi ngabanye, abasebenzisi abelwe nge-SEM ndawonye, nabangewona abasebenzisi. Isilinganiso sokuhlaziywa kwesimo se-covariance sisetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini umehluko obalulekile otholakala ku-DAS-7 ne-ISS phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu e-SEM. Ucwaningo olunikeziwe lubonise umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SEM ngobulili, ubulili buphinde bufakwe njengesilinganiso sesibili esizimele ukuhlola imiphumela engalinganiselwe yokulinganisela njengegama lokuxhumana. Noma yikuphi umehluko obalulekile (p <.05) kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kokwehluka (ANOVA) kwaqhutshekelwa phambili nokuhlolwa kweTukey's Honestly Significant Difference test yangemva kokufunda kusetshenziswa i-α level of .05. Uchungechunge lwama-ANOVA lwenzelwa ukuhlola ukwahlukana kweqembu le-SEM kwemiphumela ebonakalayo emaqenjini amabili asebenzise i-SEM.
Ukuhlaziya okuthunyelwe ngemuva kokubheka ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kwenziwa ukuze kubone ukuthi lokhu kuguquguquke kuthinte imiphumela. t-Ukuhlolwa kusetshenziselwe ukuhlola ukuthi imvamisa ye-SEM isetshenzisile yini ukwaneliseka kobudlelwano, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, kanye nemiphumela esetshenziswayo yokusetshenziswa. Amaqembu ahlukaniswe ngabasebenzisi abasebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu (ama-HFU; okungukuthi, ngaphezulu kwe-1 hr ngenyanga) kanye nabasebenzisi bemvamisa ephansi (ama-LFU; okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-1 hr ngenyanga) ngokuya ngemibandela esetshenziswe esifundweni sangaphambilini (Amabhuloho, i-2008a).
Ethics
Lolu cwaningo luvunyiwe yiBhodi Yokubukezwa Kwezikole Lase-University of Houston-Clear Lake. Ngenxa yobuntu bombuzo wokutadisha, isignesha yemvume yaxoshwa ukuze kugcinwe ukungaziwa, futhi abahlanganyeli babethelwe ukuba bahlole ibhokisi elibonisa imvume yabo. Emva kokuvuma ukubamba iqhaza, abahlanganyeli baqedile lemibuzo.
Imiphumela
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo nokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM
Ubulili
Abesilisa babevame kakhulu ukusebenzisa iSEM ebuhlotsheni babo (80%) kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane (59%) [χ2 (1) = 17.25, p <.001]. Uma ubheka izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukile zabasebenzisi be-SEM, bekukhona umehluko ngokobulili [χ2 (2) = 20.99, p <.001]. Abesilisa bebesengozini enkulu yokuba ngabasebenzisi ngabodwana (p = .008) futhi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi ungasebenzisi umsebenzisi (p = .002).
Ukubheka izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zamaqembu e-SEM, kwakungekho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalabo abashadile nalabo abangashadile [χ2 (2) = .957, p = .620].
Ngokubanzi, kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kobudlelwane bomphakathi ngokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM, neThebula 2 kugcizelela ukungezwani kobudlelwane obuhlukile (ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane kanye ne-IPC) ngobulili kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlobo lwe-SEM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzisi ngabanye babe namazinga aphansi ahlobene nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano, ukusondelana, nokuzibophezela uma kuqhathaniswa nabangewona abasebenzisi. Ngokungeziwe, abasebenzisi ngabanye babika izikolo eziphansi kakhulu kokusondelana nokuzibophezela kunobudlelwane nokusetshenziswa okwabiwe. Kwakukhona ukuthambekela kobulili obuphawulekayo ekugculiseni ngokocansi, F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068, nabesilisa abonisa amazinga aphansi okwaneliseka kunabesifazane.
|
Ithebula 2. Kusho futhi kuqhathaniswa neziguquko ezixhomekeke ngokobulili kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlobo lwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni
| Ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane | Ukwaneliseka ngocansi | Intimacy | passion | Ukuzibophezela | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ngisho | F futhi p Inani | Ngisho | F futhi p Inani | Ngisho | F futhi p Inani | Ngisho | F futhi p Inani | Ngisho | F futhi p Inani | |
| Ubulili | ||||||||||
| Abesilisa | 25.14 | F(1, 252) = 1.06, p = .305 | 24.34 | F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068 * | 5.94 | F(1, 252) = 0.19, p = .661 | 5.67 | F(1, 252) = 0.46, p = .499 | 5.61 | F(1, 252) = 0.41, p = .551 |
| Abesifazane | 24.31 | 20.38 | 6.02 | 5.79 | 5.53 | |||||
| Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM | ||||||||||
| Umsebenzisi ngamunye | 23.24 | F(2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026 ** | 23.29 | F(2, 230) = 0.21, p = .812 | 5.54 | F(2, 252) = 7.95, p 001 .XNUMX *** | 5.50 | F(2, 252) = 1.67, p = .191 | 5.29 | F(2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006 ** |
| Umsebenzisi owabiwe | 25.39 | 22.05 | 6.14 | 5.87 | 5.69 | |||||
| Okungewona umsebenzisi | 25.55 | 21.74 | 6.23 | 5.81 | 5.74 | |||||
| Ukuxhumana | F(2, 252) = 0.01, p = .992 | F(2, 230) = 0.03, p = .973 | F(2, 252) = 0.64, p = .531 | F(2, 252) = 0.96, p = .386 | F(2, 252) = 0.41, p = .666 | |||||
*p = .10, **p = .05, ***p = .001.
Njengoba le mibuzo yemibuzo ihlola imiphumela emihle ebonakalayo emibi kanye nemiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, yanikezwa kuphela kubasebenzisi ngabanye nabasebenzisi abelwe ngazo.
Isimele t-Isibalo sePESES PED asiveze umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi ngabanye nabasebenzisi ababiwe, t(70) = -0.063, p > .05. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho neyodwa kuma-PED's subscales eveze noma yimuphi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwala maqembu amathathu.
Ngokufanayo, ozimele t-konke amaphuzu we-PCES NED awazange aveze umehluko weqembu, t(70) = -0.194, p > .05. Kwenye ye-NED subscales, i-LG, ezimele tUkuqhathaniswa okukhulu kunemibono ejulile kakhulu engabonakali kusuka kubasebenzisi ngabanye (M = 1.68) kunabasebenzisi ababiwe [M = 1.96; t(138) = -2.10, p = .036].
Ngokubanzi, izindlela kanye nokuphambene okujwayelekile kuboniswa kuthebula 3, futhi lezi ezichazayo zaphinde zaphulwa yizinga lokusebenzisa (HFU vs. LFU).
|
Ithebula 3. Kusho, ukwehluka okujwayelekile, kanye nezikhathi zokuzethemba (95%) ngamacembu amabili ngokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye
| Umsebenzisi we-frequency low | Umsebenzisi we-high-frequency | |
|---|---|---|
| Ubude be n | 75-84 | 65-92 |
| Owesilisa (%) | 32.1 | 34.8 |
| Ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane | 25.18 (5.72) ** (24.01-26.51) | 23.28 (5.47) (22.78-25.02) |
| Ukwaneliseka ngocansi | 21.06 (12.91) (18.45-23.95) | 23.37 (14.08) (11.90-16.06) |
| I-IPC | ||
| Intimacy | 6.08 (0.99) ** (5.85-6.28) | 5.57 (1.43) (5.47-6.03) |
| passion | 5.87 (1.12) * (5.62-6.10) | 5.52 (1.35) (5.37-5.94) |
| Ukuzibophezela | 6.20 (1.31) * (5.41-5.78) | 5.88 (1.46) (5.20-5.59) |
| I-PCES | ||
| I-PED | 13.70 (6.33) * (12.27-15.16) | 15.74 (5.98) (14.26-17.29) |
| SL | 2.96 (1.47) ** (2.63-3.33) | 3.45 (1.37) (3.11-3.80) |
| LG | 2.24 (1.30) (1.96-2.55) * | 2.65 (1.31) (2.33-2.98) |
| I-PATOG | 1.75 (1.13) (1.49-2.00) | 1.87 (1.25) (1.56-2.18) |
| ATS | 2.90 (1.42) * (2.66-3.32) | 3.45 (1.36) (3.11-3.80) |
| SK | 3.75 (1.73) (3.38-4.14) ** | 4.33 (1.52) (3.97-4.71) |
| I-NED | 7.94 (3.35) * (7.22-8.71) | 8.90 (2.75) (8.22-9.59) |
| SL | 2.04 (0.89) ** (1.85-2.24) | 2.43 (0.90) (2.20-2.64) |
| LG | 1.72 (0.77) * (1.55-1.90) | 1.95 (0.78) (1.76-2.15) |
| I-PATOG | 2.46 (1.18) (2.21-2.72) | 2.72 (1.04) (1.6-2.18) |
| ATS | 1.73 (0.91) (1.5-1.94) | 1.81 (0.66) (1.65-1.97) |
Note. The n eqenjini ngalinye lahlukahluka phakathi kweziguquko ezixhomekile ngenxa yokuphuma, idatha elahlekile, nokuthi ngabe lowo muntu wayesebenza ngokocansi noma cha. I-PED = ukuma komphumela omuhle, i-NED = ukuma komphumela omubi, SL = impilo yesondo, i-LG = impilo ngokujwayelekile, i-PATOG = ukuqonda isimo sengqondo ngokubhekene nobulili obuhlukile, i-ATS = isimo sengqondo ngokuphathelene nobulili, ne-SK = ulwazi lwezocansi.
*p = .10, **p = .05.
Ngokuvamile, i-LFU ibike imiphumela engcono kune-HFUs. I-LFU yayinezici eziphakeme zokuzwana ukwaneliseka [t(174) = 2.13, p = .035] nezikolo zokusondelana eziphakeme [t(174) = 2.76, p = .006] kune-HFU. Kwakungekho mehluko wokwaneliseka ngokocansi, uthando, nokuzibophezela kuyo yonke imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM.
Konke, i-HFU (M = 15.74) ibike imiphumela emihle ebonakalayo emihle kune-LFU [M = 13.70; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053]. Kube khona umehluko ophawulekayo futhi obala kancane kokutholakele okulandelayo: SL [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.96; t(138) = -2.02, p = .045], ATS [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.99; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053], ne-SK [HFU M = 4.33; LFU M = 3.75; t(138) = -2.08, p = .040]. Kwakungekho mehluko ophawulekayo kunoma yimaphi amanye ama-subscales.
Kwakungekho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kuma-NED PCES kuwo wonke amandla okusetshenziswa kwe-SEM; Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu kwi-SL subscale lapho i-HFUs (M = 2.43) ibike imiphumela emibi kakhulu kune-LFU [M = 2.04; t(138) = -2.57, p = .011]. Kwakungekho mehluko ophawulekayo kunoma yimaphi amanye ama-subscales.
Ingxoxo
Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM emibhangqwaneni kwakuhlobene kanjani nobuhlobo nokwaneliseka ngokocansi, imiphumela ebonakalayo yokusetshenziswa, nokwakhiwa kobudlelwano (isib. Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kwakuhlobene nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano, kepha akuhlobene nokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Ngokuqondile, imibhangqwana, lapho kungekho muntu owake wasebenzisa khona, yabika ukwaneliseka kobudlelwano ukwedlula leyo mibhangqwana eyayinabasebenzisi ngabodwana. Lokhu kuyahambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini (UCooper et al., 1999; I-Manning, i-2006), ebonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ngokwemvelo kulemiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi imibhangqwana empeleni ihlupheka uma umuntu oyedwa noma bobabili basebenzisa i-SEM. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi imibhangqwana eyabelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ayizange ihluke kwabangewona abasebenzisi noma kumsebenzisi ngamunye, kungcono kakhulu ukuhlolisana uma imibhangqwana ivimba ukusebenzisa i-SEM, futhi uma ifuna ukusebenzisa i-SEM, kufanele iwusebenzise okungenani njengombhangqwana, esikhundleni somuntu ngamunye.
Ngokufingqa, ubuhlobo obwakhiwa njenge-IPC buhlukahluka ngokusekelwe kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni. Ngomthelela wobulili obanjwe njalo, abasebenzisi ngabanye babika ukusondelana nokuzibophezela okuncane kakhulu ebuhlotsheni babo kunabangewona abasebenzisi nabasebenzisi abelwe ngazo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukunciphisa ukusondelana nokuzibophezela ngokutholakala kwe-SEM yedwa kubudlelwane kungase kunganakwa uma bobabili abalingani besebenzisa i-SEM. Idatha isho ukuthi labo bobabili abalingani basebenzise i-SEM noma lapho bobabili abalingani abayeke khona kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SEM babe namazinga afanayo okuthandana, ukuzinikela, nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano okwamanje. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokwakhiwa kobudlelwane (njengokusondelana nokuzibophezela) kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nendlela ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kufakwa ngayo ebuhlotsheni. Isibonelo, labo abanamazinga aphansi okusondelana noma ukuzibophezela bangakhetha ukubuka i-SEM ngabanye, kanti labo abanamazinga aphakeme bangakhetha ukugwema ukusebenzisa noma ukubuka i-SEM ndawonye. Enye incazelo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-SEM kungashintsha izithakazelo zobulili zomuntu futhi kwandise isifiso sabo sokuvuselela ngokocansi. Ngokuqondile, ukusebenzisa i-SEM ephindaphindiwe efanayo kungase kungabi yinto efiselekayo noma inoveli.
Konke, ukubuka komuntu othile i-SEM kungaba nomthelela kangakanani emiphumeleni yabasebenzisi. Ukutadisha kwethu kutholakale ukuthi i-HFU inamathuba amaningi okuba nokwaneliseka kobudlelwane obuseduze nobuhlobo obuseduze ebuhlotsheni babo bomshado. Kodwa-ke, i-HFU ibike kakhulu imiphumela ebonakalayo emihle yokusetshenziswa, kuzo zonke izizinda eziningi, kuneLFU, ngenkathi zibika nemiphumela embalwa engalungile. Lokhu kungase kusiphakamise ukuthi labo abasebenzisa i-SEM kaningi bafaka imali enkulu ekusebenziseni kwabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-HFU ibangela ukwehlisa ubudlelwane obuseduze noma ubudlelwane obunelisayo, noma iziguquko zokugcina ziholela ekusebenziseni okukhulu kwe-SEM, ukutshalwa kwezimali kusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kubonakala sengathi kuyingozi kumngane wabo womshado. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali, abasebenzisi bangase babe nenkumbulo ekhethiwe yokukhumbula imisebenti yabo.
Lesi sifundo sifaka amandla amaningana. Okokuqala, kwakuyisampula ehlanganisiwe yabafundi basekolishi nabahlanganyeli bomphakathi. Ukuba nesampula esiningi (i-65%) evela kubahlanganyeli bemiphakathi yandisa ukukhiqiza okujwayelekile. Okwesibili, kwakungenye yezifundo zokuqala ukuhlola iziguquguquki eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezinhlobonhlobo ze-SEM ezisetshenziswa emibhangqwaneni, okuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu imiphumela ye-SEM ukusetshenziswa emibhangqwaneni. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona inani lokulinganiselwa lapho sichaza imiphumela yesifundo sethu. Lolu cwaningo lwaqoqwa ku-intanethi kanti izihloko ezivezwe kulolu cwaningo zinomthelela emvelweni; Ngakho-ke, kukhona ithuba lokuzikhethela ukuzikhethela. Futhi, mhlawumbe isayizi enkulu yesampula kanye namandla amakhulu kungcono ukuvumela noma yimiphi imibono ekhona ephakanyisiwe ukuze zikhanyise ngokwazo. Okokugcina, sasikwazi kuphela ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM komuntu oyedwa ngaphakathi kobudlelwane obudinga. Kungase kube nezinguquko eziphazamisayo ngaphakathi kwesampula, njengokungathi umlingani ubheka i-SEM ngokungazi.
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungaluhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kokubili abalingani ukuze banikeze ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zentshisekelo. Njengoba i-SEM isebenzisa ngokuvamile kuhilela ukukhohliswa, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole bobabili abalingani bobudlelwane, ukuze bathole imiphumela ye-SEM ekusebenzisaneni ngokobuhlobo, lapho ukusetshenziswa komlingani kufihlekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunikezwe ukungabi nalutho kwenkampani yokuhlola, ukuqondisa komphumela akukwazanga ukunqunywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube khona abalamuleli nabomengameli abahlobene nokusetshenziswa, futhi lokhu kusadingeka kuhlolwe. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo nomklamo wesikhathi eside luzokwazi ukuhlola lezi ziguquko ngezikhathi eziningi, okuzoba kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM ebuhlotsheni obuseduze. Ukuqonda iziguquko ezithile ezikhomba imiphumela emihle nezimbi emibhangqweni nokuhlola ukuqondiswa kokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM nobuhlobo bomhlobo kuzoba izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo.
Umnikelo wabalobi
Bonke abalobi bahileleke kuzo zonke izingxenye zalolu cwaningo. Lo mbhalo wesandla ungumkhiqizo wokugcina we-JM's thesis. Ngakho-ke, wayebandakanyeka kuzo zonke izici zocwaningo kufaka phakathi ukuklama umqondo, ukuklama isifundo, ukuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokuhlaziywa, nokuthuthukiswa kombhalo. I-CTW ne-MBS iqondise futhi iqondise i-JM kuzo zonke izici zalesi sandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili babe nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhleleni umbhalo wesandla wokugcina. Bonke abalobi baye bavuma umbhalo wesandla wokugcina.
Akekho wabalobi okumelwe aveze noma yikuphi ukungqubuzana kwangempela noma okungenzeka okungenzeka kunentshisekelo. Ayikho impikiswano yangempela noma engase ibe khona yenzalo.
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