I-Neuroscience Yezokuxhumana Kwezempilo: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-fNIRS kwePrefrontal Cortex nokusetshenziswa kocansi kubantu besifazane abancane ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zezempilo zokuvimbela (2020)

IZIMPENDULO ZEYBOP: Ucwaningo oluyingqayizivele oluqhathanisa abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane nabangewona abasebenzisi. Kubukeka njengokulutha kwabalobi:

Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukubukwa kwesiqeshana sezithombe zocansi (vs. isiqeshana sokulawula) kubangela ukwenziwa kwendawo kaBrodmann engu-45 yezwe elingakwesokudla (i-BA 45, i-pars triangularis). Umphumela ubuye uvele phakathi kwezinga lokusetshenziswa okuzimele kanye nokusebenza kwe-BA 45 efanelekile: izinga eliphakeme lokusebenzisa okuzimele, liyanda kakhulu ukwenziwa kusebenze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo ababambiqhaza abangakaze badle izinto zocansi abakhombisi ukusebenza kwe-BA 45 efanele uma kuqhathaniswa nesiqeshana sokulawula esibonisa umehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kwabangewona abathengi nabathengi. Le miphumela iyahambisana nolunye ucwaningo olwenziwe emkhakheni wezidakamizwa. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwesibuko se-neuron lungabandakanyeka, ngokusebenzisa indlela yozwela, engahle ivuse inkanuko evikelayo.

Okuningi okucashuniwe:

Isisusa se-porn sibangela umphumela omkhulu ngokuya ngezinga lokusetshenziswa. Ngokuhambisana nokulindela kwethu, abesifazane abangakaze badle izinto ezingcolile zobulili abazikhuphuli izinga lokuqalisa kwe-BA45 efanele uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo. Lo mphumela uhambisana nokuchazwa kwesikhuthazo se-porn njengesikhuthazo sokubandlulula sokufunda okusebenzayo "ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi": uma umuntu engakaze azidle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukufunda akukaqali, ngakho-ke isikhuthazo asibandlululi, kepha asithathi hlangothi (kungenzeka beversive). …

[Kubalulekile] ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kokuvikela okuyisisekelo (isihloko asikayiqali indlela yokuziphatha eyinkinga) nokuvimbela okwesibili (lapho isimilo sesiqalile futhi sifuna ukuphatha ubungozi noma sikwenze ukuthi sinyamalale). Esimweni sokuqala, ukuvimbela kumele kugxile kwimfundo yezempilo nasezinhlelweni zokukhuthaza ezempilo. … Lapha, i-axis yezokuxhumana kufanele ibe ngendlela yokuthi ichaze isihloko kanye nabaqaphi babo, esimweni sabancane, ukubaluleka kokungaqali ukuziphatha. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kungavusa ngokushesha ukuzwela kwale ndawo ye-cortical prefrontal, ngemiphumela yokulangazelela okungaba khona ngaphambi kwezisusa ezivusa inkanuko. [kugcizelelwe ukugcizelela]

UKUPHAWULA NGESAZULU

Kunengqondo ngokuphelele. Ama-pars triangularis kukhona ingxenye ye-gyrus engaphansi engaphansi (izinto ozifundayo lapho uchitha iminyaka wenza okwenziwa ngumthombo nge-atlases yobuchopho, umqondo omuhle we-neuroanatomy). Futhi i-gyrus engezansi engaphansi icebile kuma-mirror neurons ... ngakho-ke ukubandakanyeka noma ukuqashwa kwesistimu yesibuko kunengqondo ngokuphelele. Abasebenzisa imikhuba yabo “baqeqesha” izinhlelo zabo zemizwa ukuba zibe “ama-avatar” ezikrinini, ngakho-ke lokhu kuvunyelaniswa kunengqondo kimi… manje inkinga ngalokho, ukuthi, uthembele kwabanye abantu ukuthi bakhiqize, ngakho-ke kuletha izinkinga ezi-2: 1. ukungabi bikho kokuvumelanisa kwesibuko, ukungavuseleli (ukudubula ndawonye, ​​ukuxhuma izintambo ndawonye), ukuchaza ukungasebenzi kahle kwabasebenzisi abajwayelekile, 2. Ukwesekelwa kokomthetho kwemodeli ye-3A (ukuthola, ukusebenzisa, ukufaka isicelo), ngakho-ke, ukukopisha nokulingisa i-sadism yezocansi kanye nenhlalo yabantu yezikrini. Okuchaza ukuchayeka kocansi (ubudlova, ukubusa, ukuthotshiswa, njll.) Esizukulwaneni samanje.

Futhi enye inothi, i-IFG iseduze kakhulu ne-insula, ngakho-ke ihambelana nokusebenza kabusha kwe-cue. I-insula ne-ACC zisebenza ngokulandelana… ngoba kufakazelwa ukuthi imililo ye-DACC ifana nokusangana kokuphinda kwenzeke. Ngeke ngimangale uma ungikhombisa i-IFG isabela ngendlela efanayo, ngoba, i-ACC kanye ne-insula ukuvumelanisa ndawonye (kubizwa ngokuthi yi-saliency networking), futhi i-IFG ingumakhelwane walesi sifula, ngakho-ke izinga elithile lomsebenzi odlulanayo uku kulindelwe…

Buka ividiyo ekhombisa ukwenziwa kobuchopho komthengi we-porn.

UCuesta U, uNiño JI, uMartinez L noParedes B (2020)

Ngaphambili. I-Psychol. 11: 2132. i-doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2020.02132

UKUQALA

Lo msebenzi uhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-fNIRS neuroimaging technique kusetshenziswa abafundi besifazane abancane abasekolishi abanamazinga ahlukene wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nokusebenza kwe-prefrontal cortex (cue reactivity) lapho ubuka isiqeshana sezithombe zocansi (ukuvezwa kwe-cue) kuqhathaniswa nesiqeshana sokulawula. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukubukwa kwesiqeshana sezithombe zocansi (vs. isiqeshana sokulawula) kubangela ukwenziwa kusebenze kwendawo kaBrodmann 45 yezwe elingakwesokudla (BA 45, pars triangularis) (p <0.01). Umphumela ubuye uvele phakathi kwezinga lokusetshenziswa okuzimele kanye nokusebenza kwe-BA 45 efanelekile: izinga eliphakeme lokusebenzisa okuzimele, liyanda ukusebenza (p <0.01). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo ababambiqhaza abangakaze badle izinto zocansi abakhombisi umsebenzi we-BA 45 elungile uma kuqhathaniswa nesiqeshana sokulawula (p <0.01) ekhombisa umehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kwabangewona abathengi nabathengi. Le miphumela iyahambisana nolunye ucwaningo olwenziwe emkhakheni wezidakamizwa. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwesibuko se-neuron lungabandakanyeka, ngokusebenzisa indlela yozwela, engahle ivuse inkanuko evikelayo. Ekugcineni, siphakamisa izinhlelo zokusebenza okungenzeka ukuthi le miphumela ibe nezinhlelo zokuvimbela zokuqala nezesibili emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zocansi

Isingeniso

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe etholwe emkhakheni we-neuroscience isivumela ukuthi sifunde ukwakheka kobuchopho nokusebenza kwaso ngendlela ebingaziwa ngaphambili. Lokhu kube yintuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenzisiwe zesayensi yabantu. Omunye wemikhakha othuthuke kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kube ngowempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuvimbela njengoba kwenziwe ucwaningo olubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenziseni ukungenelela kwezempilo zomphakathi (ICuesta-Cambra et al., 2017; Uphondo et al., 2020).

Impilo Yomphakathi Nokuvimbela

Impilo yomphakathi neyokuvikela iyindawo ekhula ngokungavamile. Esinye sezizathu isilinganiso senani lezinzuzo elisinikezayo. Izinhlelo zokuvikela ezingabizi kakhulu ziyakwazi ukufinyelela engxenyeni enkulu yabantu abagwema izingozi nezifo ezibiza kakhulu ukuzelapha uma sezakhiwe. Ubhadane lwakamuva, ikakhulukazi i-COVID-19, luye lwaqhubekisela phambili le ndawo. Enye yezindawo ezifanele kakhulu zomphakathi nezempilo yokuvikela yilezo zokulutha, njengoba kunenkinga ethinta ingxenye enkulu yabantu kanye nemiphumela emibi kakhulu (Mann et al., 2017).

Njengamanje kungenzeka ukugcina izinguquko ze-neural, uhlaziye izithombe ze-neuro futhi uqonde kangcono ukuthi izindlela ezinquma izinqubo zokuqonda noma zokuziphatha zokulutha zisebenza kanjani. Ngenxa yale ntuthuko, ulwazi lwamanje mayelana nezici ezinomthelela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo seluthathe ukugxuma okusemgangathweni, ukukhomba kangcono ezinye zezinqubo ze-neurobiological lapho izici zebhayoloji nezenhlalo zinikela ekuluthekeni (IVolkow noBoyle, 2018). Le migqa emisha yocwaningo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela eziqonde ngqo izindlela ezinquma izinkinga zempilo yokuziphatha, ngakho-ke, zibalulekile ukuvimbela isimilo esixhunyaniswe nokulutha (I-Fishbein ne-Dariotis, ngo-2019).

Ukuvinjelwa kwezidakamizwa kuqukethe ukukholisa amaqembu amakhulu ngezinhlelo zokukholisa zenhlalo ezakhiwe, ngokuyisisekelo, ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana. Ukuxhumana kwezempilo kuyinsimu enokuvela kwayo njalo okuqinisekisa ukuthi iyithuluzi elinamasu okuthi uma lisetshenziswe kahle, lisebenze kakhulu ekuthonyeni ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye (UGoldstein et al., 2015).

Umbiko okhishwe nguMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu e-United States, i-Healthy People 2020, uqokomisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo ekwenziweni kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ngezempilo, isici esiqinisekiswa ezifundweni ezikhombisa ukusebenza kwezokuxhumana ekuvikeleni ukuluthwa ugwayi (UKimber et al., 2020), ukugembula (UParham et al., 2019) noma ezintweni ezihlukile (UTimko noCucciare, 2019).

Kodwa-ke, njengamanje kukhona ukuntuleka kocwaningo oluyisisekelo lwe-neurocognitive olwenza kube lula ukwenza kangcono izinhlelo zokuvikela nokuxhumana. Ulwazi olujulile kuphela lwezindlela ezisebenza ekuguqulweni kuzovumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezanele zokuvimbela. Ngalo mqondo, i-neuroscience inganikeza ngemininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifanele njengezilonda, lapho izindlela ezinokusebenza kwengqondo zidlala indima ebalulekile.

Umkhankaso wezokuxhumana kumele ususelwe ebunzimeni nasebufakazini obuhlinzekwa ngolwazi lwesayensi (UKumkale et al., 2010), okuyisihluthulelo ukukhomba ngezindlela eziqinile izinto ezingena ezingeni lokungenelela eziluthayo ukuze ziveze imilayezo ebhekise ngqo kulezi zinto ezigqugquzela ushintsho ekuziphatheni. Alikho isu lokuxhumana elisebenza kahle uma imilayezo ingakhelwanga ohlakeni lwesithenjwa oluchazwa ngolwazi olwanele ngemiqondo ekhuthazayo evusa ukusabela kwama-receptors ebuchosheni (UGallagher no-Updegraff, 2013). Ngalesi sizathu, abanye ababhali bakhuluma ngokuvela okubalulekile kwendawo entsha yokufunda: i-neuroscience yokukholisa (UCacioppo et al., 2018). Njengoba laba babhali besho: “Izincwadi ezikhulayo kuma-neural correlates okukholisa ziye zavela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule...iningi lezifundo kulezi zincwadi zigxile kuma-neural correlates wokushintsha kokuziphatha kulandela ukuvezwa kwesikhalazo esikholisayo... kepha kunemibuzo ebalulekile esasele okufanele ibhekwe kanye namathuba amakhulu okufanele alandelwe okufanele adonse futhi abhebhethekise ukunakekelwa kocwaningo"(UCacioppo et al., 2018, ikhasi 165). Ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa indlela ye-neuroscientific nemibono yokucutshungulwa kwemininingwane yokuqonda nengokomzwelo engaphansi kokuxhumana okukholisayo nokuvimbela kuyabonakala. Lokhu kuphenya ngeke kukhulise kuphela ulwazi lwethu ngokuxhumana kobuchopho nokuziphatha, kepha futhi kuzosivumela ukuthi siziqonde kangcono izindlela zokukholisa kanye nomthelela kwezenhlalo.

Umlutha kanye nokulutha kokuziphatha

Umlutha ungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zezempilo zomphakathi emhlabeni wanamuhla. Imilutha ehlukene ekhona idala inani elikhulu lokufa kanye nezifo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo, futhi okudala ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, ubuntu, ukuthinteka nokuhlangana komphakathi (ISan Juan, 2019).

Ukuze siqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulutha, izifundo zakamuva kakhulu zigxila ezithakazelweni zabo ekuqondeni ukuthi i-prefrontal lobe isebenza kanjani nokuthi yini imisebenzi ehambisanayo yokuqonda, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi iyiphi indima izinhlelo zokuqinisa i-dopaminergic ezidlala kule nqubo, ukulawula ukuvimbela, isinqumo ukwenza, ukuseshwa kokuhlangenwe nakho noma ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nezinye izinto. UGoldstein noVolkow (2002) chaza ukuthi umlutha wenzeka kanjani lapho uhlelo lokugqugquzela kanye nohlelo lokulawulwa kokuvimbela kuqala selubolile futhi okwedlule kunika inani eleqile entweni edliwe kaninginingi ngenkathi umuntu engakwazi ukuvimbela isimilo esenza umvuzo ngokushesha futhi anganaki ubungozi balesi silutha. Intshisekelo ekhulayo yezidakamizwa, ucwaningo lwamuva luvele ngokuphathelene nokulutha kokuziphatha. Ngo-2013, uhlelo lwesihlanu lweDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders lwashintshwa ukuze kufakwe ukwahlukaniswa kwezifo ezingahlobene nezidakamizwa esigabeni sezinkinga ezihlobene nezeziyobisi (I-Goldstein noVolkow, i-2002). Lokhu kwahlukaniswa kugxile ngqo ekuphazamisekeni komlutha okungabandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yimikhuba yokuziphatha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva i-WHO ingenise ukulutha kokuziphatha ezigabeni zayo. Kulolu hlu olusha, ukulutha nge-inthanethi kungenye yezinto ezisabalele kakhulu futhi kungaba imbangela yokuphazamiseka okubalulekile okungokomzwelo nokungokwengqondo kumuntu ngamunye (I-Demetrovics et al., I-2008; IVondrácková neGabrhelík, 2016). Ngaphakathi kwi-intanethi, ukusetshenziswa kwenetha ngenhloso yokuthola ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kungumkhuba ojwayelekile kakhulu (Cooper noGriffin-Shelley, ngo-2002). Kunobufakazi obuqinile obukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokulutha kwezithombe zocansi kuyanda, ikakhulukazi ezinsizweni (UCastro et al., 2019; de Alarcón et al., 2019), Okudala ubunzima obukhulu kulesi sibalo.

Umlutha Wezocansi

Ngenxa ye-neuroscience, kuye kwenzeka ukuphenya izizathu zokuthi kungani intsha inamathuba amaningi okuba nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kunabantu abadala. Imiphumela ichaza ukuthi ngesikhathi sobusha izindlela zomvuzo / zokugqugquzela kanye namasekethe angama-limbic-ngokomzwelo akhombisa isimo sokungakhathali okukhuthaza ukwenzeka okukhulu ngokomzwelo futhi kuqhube ukufuna kokuziphatha okukhiqiza umvuzo osheshayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cortex eyandulelayo ayikwazi ukuzilawula ngokuphelele, okuholela ekwandeni kokungacabangi nokuthatha ingozi (UJordani noAndersen, 2017). Ngocwaningo olususelwa kuzindlela ze-neuroimaging, kuye kwenzeka ukubona amasekethe we-neural aqala ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokuziphatha okuluthayo, izimpendulo ezijabulisayo, kanye nazo zonke lezo zinqubo ezenza kusebenze isimo kwinto, imizwa, ukukhathazeka noma ukwenza kabusha ngesikhathi sesifo sokuhoxa (I-Volkow et al., I-2016; UZilverstand et al., 2016).

Kunezifundo eziningi ezisuselwa olwazini lwezidakamizwa ezihlobene nezidakamizwa (I-Addicott, 2020; IVotaw et al., 2020), Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluphathelene nokulutha kokuziphatha luyindlala kakhulu, okugcizelela lokho okugxile ekuqondeni ubudlelwano phakathi kokuziphatha okuluthayo nokwenza kusebenze iDorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex nemiphumela yako kwimemori yokusebenza nasekuvimbeleni ukulawulwa kwezimpendulo zokuphuthuma (I-Alizadehgoradel et al., 2020; UMaheux-Caron et al., 2020). Enye yezindlela zokuziphatha ezihehe ukunakwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi. Ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwe-inthanethi kungahle kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okwandayo nokwamukelwa kwezithombe zocansi (UD'Orlando, 2011). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zehlukile njengoba zinikeza ukungaziwa, ukufinyelela mahhala nokulula. Laba bashayeli abathathu bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi okubizwa ngokuthi "Injini yeTriple-A" yikhona okubangela ukuthandwa kwezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi (Cooper noGriffin-Shelley, ngo-2002). Njengomphumela wokwanda kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, kuye kwaba nokugxila okuningi ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi njengesizinda esingaphansi kocansi (U-Carroll et al., 2008; I-Döring, 2009; Griffiths, i-2013). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abadla ucansi lwe-inthanethi ngokuya ngokuya babonisa amaphrofayli amancane, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kubangela ukwehla kokuzethemba nokwanda kwamazinga okucindezeleka kubantu abasha (U-Ainsworth-Masiello no-Evans, 2019). Ngokombiko we-Association for Media Research (AIMC), "Abalaleli be-Intanethi ngoMashi 2020," abasebenzisi abangu-15.3% eSpain ngabantu abasha abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-14 nengama-24 ubudala, okukhombisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kokufakwa esigabeni kusuka ku-14 kuye ku-19 iminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi yintsha ubonakala ngokuziphatha okungacabangi nokungalawulwa lapho kunesidingo sokuphindaphinda isimilo esiluthayo, okudala ukucasuka okuphezulu uma ukuphequlula kuphazanyiswa (I-Xanidis ne-Brignell, ngo-2016; URojas et al., 2018). Uma sicabanga ukuthi esinye sezici zobuntu ezisemqoka zentsha eqeqeshwe eminyakeni yedijithali yisidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola injabulo ngokushesha, sizoqonda kangcono ingozi yemisebenzi yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kokuqukethwe kwe-porn okuku-inthanethi kungaletha abantu abasese inqubo yokuvuthwa yokwenelisa .

Ubufakazi obunamandla bubonakala buxhasa umbono wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezihlukumezayo online kuholela ekuziphatheni okubi (izinguquko zokuziphatha ezihlobene nezithandani, ukunciphisa ukuxhumana komphakathi, izindinganiso zemigomo eguquliwe), umzimba (ukuguqulwa kwamaphethini we-psychophysiological wezocansi njengokumiswa) nemiphumela yemizwa (icala, ububi amaketanga omcabango, ukunciphisa ukuzethemba) (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Kukhona nobufakazi obuqinile obukhombisa imiphumela okusetshenziswa yi-porn ebuchosheni (UMuller, 2018). Ngale ndlela, ngokungeniswa okuphindayo, kungenzeka ukuthi uqonde kangcono izindlela ezibangela ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi uhlaziye nokuba khona komehluko ongaba khona noma amaphrofayili e- "typologies" abathengi. Ngalo mqondo, omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu ukuphenya kulo mkhakha umehluko wobulili. U-Inhóf et al. (2019) muva nje sethule ubufakazi obuqinile ngokuhluka kobulili kusebenze i-prefrontal cortex yokulutha kwe-inthanethi. Kwesinye isikhathi, lokhu kuziphatha kugcina sekuba umlutha wokuziphatha, ongahle ukwandise nemiphumela yawo emibi. Ukulutha kokuziphatha sekuyanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abasebasha (isib. Ukugembula ku-inthanethi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-smartphone, nokulutha kwezocansi online. Kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi abesifazane bajoyina ukusetshenziswa kwalawa mawebhusayithi namadivayisi (Shaughnessy et al., 2011, 2017; IFrench noHamilton, 2018).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano zezempilo zikhiqiza amaphrojekthi ocwaningo avumela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuvikela zokuqala nezesekeli ezincike ezinhlelweni esezikhona zokungenelela kule nkambu (IVondrácková neGabrhelík, 2016; USniewski et al., 2018). Noma kunjalo, abukho ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokusebenzisa imikhuba yokusebenzisa i-porn online yabesifazane noma izindlela zezinzwa ezithintekayo kulokhu kuziphatha, okulimaza ukwenziwa kwalezi zinhlelo zokuvimbela.

Lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ngaphakathi kwendawo evelayo ye- "neuroscience yokulutha nokuvimbela" (IVolkow noBoyle, 2018). Kulesi sakhiwo, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi umjikelezo wokulutha umlutha uchazwe ngezigaba ezintathu futhi ubandakanya izifunda ezintathu eziyisisekelo zobuchopho: (1) impendulo elindelwe, ikakhulu ebangelwa yisikhuthazi (sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle) esithinta i-prefrontal cortex futhi ebhekele lokho ukunxanela, isifiso esingenakucindezelwa esiqala isimilo, (2) ukwenziwa kokuziphatha (noma ngaphandle kokudla izidakamizwa) okubandakanya isisekelo se-ganglia nesekethe lomvuzo, kanye (3) nesekethe elandisiwe le-amygdala elibhekele ukuhoxiswa kanye ukubuyisela ibhalansi ekuphenduleni kwengcindezi (UMnyango Wezempilo wase-United States kanye nomsebenzi wabantu, i-2016).

Inhloso yokuvimbela okuyinhloko ukunxenxa abantu okuqondiswe kubo ukuvimbela isimilo senkinga ukuthi singaveli. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwale modeli, umjikelezo wokuphendula okulindelekile, obhekele ukuqala kokuziphatha, yiwona odlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba imodeli ikhombisa, isimilo senziwa sisebenze ngenxa yokuvela kwesikhuthazi. Njengoba ukusebenza kokulutha kuqukethe ukufunda okunamandla kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu bomvuzo, isisusa esikhuthazayo sisebenza njengesikhuthazo sokubandlulula. Isikhuthazi esibandlululayo sichazwa yi-psychology yokufunda njengokuvusa lokho okukhombisa isihloko ukutholakala kokuqiniswa esimweni sokusebenza. Lapho ukuqiniswa kufaka phakathi amasistimu obuchopho be-dopaminergic ngokujule njengoba enza eziluthayo, ukugqugquzela ukubandlulula nokulangazelela kudlala indima ebalulekile. Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekutadisheni ukubaluleka kwesisusa sokubandlulula esinezithombe ezibeka obala ezocansi (ukuvezwa kwe-cue) kanye nempendulo yokulangazelela (cue reactivity) kwabesifazane abasebasha ababuka isiqeshana esinokuqukethwe kocansi noma isiqeshana esinokuqukethwe okungathathi hlangothi. Le paradigm isetshenzisiwe ekutadisheni izidakamizwa, njengokubhema (UKroczek et al., 2017), kepha ayizange ithuthukiswe emkhakheni wezidakamizwa zokuziphatha ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Muva nje, UStrahler et al. (2018) ngifunde ama-neural correlates okwehluka kobulili ekuphazanyisweni yizinto zocansi. Laba babhali bacwaninge ngomsebenzi we-neural oqondene nezithombe zocansi ezifundeni zobuchopho ezibandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni kokukhuthaza nokuvuza. Bathola ukuthi abesilisa uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane bakhombisa izimpendulo ezinamandla kwi-nucleus caudatus, i-anterior cingulate cortex, kanye ne-nucleus accumbens. Izici ezihloswe ngokocansi zazihlanganiswa ngokukhetha nomsebenzi we-nucleus caudatus.

Inhloso yocwaningo lwethu ukuhlaziya indima ye-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ngesikhathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziveza abesifazane abasha. Ngokufeza le nhloso, sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngezinto eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kwalokhu kuziphatha, okuzobeka izisekelo zentuthuko ezayo yezinhlelo zokuvikela eziwusizo. Lolu cwaningo lungasiza futhi ekuhlanganiseni izinhlelo zokuxhumana eseziqalile ezinhlanganweni zezempilo emkhakheni. Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe i-cortex yangaphambili yabahlanganyeli iphakeme (vs. ephansi) ekusetshenzisweni kocansi ikhombise ukwenziwa okuningi lapho ivezwa kokuqukethwe kocansi okuphathelene nesimo sokungalashwa. Minaumugqa nocwaningo lwangaphambilini (UKühn noGallinat, i-2014; UZangemeister et al., 2019) besilindele ukuthi ababambiqhaza baphakame (vs. okuphansi) ekusetshenzisweni kocansi ukwandisa umsebenzi wabo (cue reactivity) endaweni ye-prefrontal cortex lapho bevezwa kumavidiyo anokuqukethwe kocansi (ukuvezwa kwe-cue). Sihlaziye umsebenzi wecortex yangaphambi kokusebenzisa inqubo ye-fNIRS (esebenza eduze kwe-infrared spectroscopy), ekhonjiswe ukuthi iyasebenza kulolu hlobo lokutadisha (UKarthikeyan et al., 2020). Kukhona nobufakazi obufanayo ezifundweni ze-neuroimaging kusetshenziswa i-fNIRS emkhakheni wezidakamizwa (U-Leong et al., 2019).

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisile ukuthi amazinga aphezulu we-pars pars triangularis reactivity njengoba kulinganiswa yi-fNIRS endaweni ye-prefrontal cortex ahlotshaniswa nemizamo yokuzilawula. Vele, kungenzeka ukuthi okunye ukukhuthazeka kumongo webhu kungabhekana nomehluko onjalo ongaba khona ekusebenzeni (isb., Ikhava yendaba, amathuluzi wokulinganisa ubuchopho, imvelo yebhu). Ngakho-ke, inhloso ebalulekile yocwaningo lwamanje kwakuwukuqhathanisa izinga lapho ukwenziwa kwe-prefrontal cortex kwehluke khona njengokusebenza kohlobo lwevidiyo (ababambiqhaza bokulawula i-porn) abadalulwe kuyo. I-hypothesis ezophenywa iphakamisa ukuthi izindawo ezithile ze-prefrontal cortex zizosebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokubukwa kwezithombe zocansi (vs. control). Okokugcina, umphumela wokusebenzisana ubuye ucatshangelwe: Okungukuthi, umphumela wokuphinda usebenze kabusha lapho kukhona isikhuthazi esibandlululayo (isiqeshana se-porn) sizoba sikhulu kakhulu izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi futhi, ngakho-ke, ukufunda okusebenzayo kakhulu kuye kwaba (UFerrari noQuaresima, 2012). Njengombuzo ocwaningweni, kuzocatshangelwa indawo ethile engaphambili lapho kusebenze khona okukhulu kunakho konke esimweni ngasinye.

Izimpahla nezindlela

Inqubo yokuhlola yocwaningo yamukelwa yikhomishini yocwaningo neyokuziphatha yoMnyango Wezokuxhumana kanye Nezinhlaziyo zeComplutense University yaseMadrid.

Ucwaningo lwenziwa ngezifundo ezingama-28: abesifazane abangakwesokudla, abafundi baseyunivesithi baseSpain (Mean age = 20.04; SD = 0.79) ababambe iqhaza ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kokwazi izinhloso zocwaningo. Abesifazane abathandana nabobulili obufanayo noma abesilisa nabesilisa abashiyiwe. Ukuze kulawulwe ithonya lezenhlalo namasiko, izihloko ezivela kwamanye amazwe nazo azifakwanga. Ukusebenza kwe-correx ye-prefrontal kuhlolwe ngesikhathi sokubuka iziqeshana kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-fNIRS: isiqeshana sezithombe zocansi ezingama-20 sasakazwa silandelwa isikrini esingenalutho sama-20s (isisekelo sezocansi) namanye ama-20 esiqeshana sokulawula (ingxoxo yethelevishini), kwalandelwa Isikrini esingenalutho sama-20s (isisekelo sokulawula). I-oda lokwethulwa kwezimo "i-porn clip + isisekelo se-porn" kanye "nokulawula + isisekelo sokulawula" bekungahleliwe. Izikhuthazi zenzelwe uhlelo lwePsychoPy2¹, iphakethe lomthombo ovulekile elibhalwe ngolimi lwezinhlelo zePython oluvumela ukwenziwa kwesikhuthazi sokubukwayo nesokuzwa, izivumelwano zokwethula kanye nokubhaliswa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ngendlela elula futhi esetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-neuroscience nokuhlolwa kwengqondo ()UPeirce, 2007, 2009; UPeirce noMacAskill, 2018; UHansen, 2016).

Ukuhluka okuzimele bekumi ngokulandelayo: VI₁ = Uhlobo lwevidiyo (ividiyo ye-porn vs. ividiyo yokulawula) ne-VI₂ = ukuzibika ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn njengokuhluka okuqhubekayo (ububanzi 0 kuye ku-6). Ukusebenza kwangaphambilini kwe-cortex kulinganiswa nge-fNIRS kwakuyinto eguqukayo ethembele kuyo.

Sebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-inthanethi

Okokuqala, ababambiqhaza batshelwa ukuthi bazobamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lokuhlola ukuhlukahluka kobuntu nokuphendula kokunye okugqugquzelayo. Ababambiqhaza bese bephendula imibuzo ethile encedisayo ebisebenza ukusekela indaba esembozweni, base bephendula leyo nto (isb., “Uvame ukubukela imvamisa kangaki ngeviki?”) Lapho izimpendulo zisukela ku- “0” kuye ku- “6” ngezinombolo eziphakeme ezibonisa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kocansi okukhombisa ukuthi ngabe babuke izithombe ezingcolile. Lesi silinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sesike sasetshenziswa phambilini (ngezinga elihluke kancane) futhi sikhombisile ukusebenza kwaso nokwethembeka kwalolu hlobo lokutadisha (Grubbs et al., 2015).

Ukuqina

Ngesikhathi sokurekhodwa kwe-fNIRS, izifundo ziyalelwe ukuthi zihlale futhi zigxile esikrinini esingenalutho. Ngemuva kwalokho kwethulwe isiqeshana semizuzwana engama-20, sandulelwa iphoyinti lamasekhondi amabili silandelwe isikrini esingenalutho semizuzwana engama-2 njengesisekelo, ngokulandelana okungaphazanyiswa. Lapho lawa masekhondi angama-20 wesikrini esimhlophe eseqediwe, enye imizuzwana engama-20 iqala ngesiqeshana esingathathi hlangothi silandelwe ngomunye umzuzwana ongu-20 wesikrini esingenalutho njengesisekelo.

Ukwenza isiqeshana esivusa inkanuko yocansi, sikhethe indawo yamaRoma yokuziqhenya ngefilimu uCaligula, nguTinto Brass, eveza ngokusobala ucansi. Kwisiqeshana esingathathi hlangothi, sikhethe ingxoxo ejwayelekile ye-TV enenkinga efanayo yokukhuthaza enesikrini esifanayo esingenalutho njengesisekelo sokuqala. Ukukhethwa kwesimo sezithombe zocansi kukwazile ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili njengoba kwaqinisekiswa esifundweni sangaphambilini somshayeli ngezihloko ezifanayo.

Ukugwema iphutha eliqoqekayo, izikhuthazi zethulwa ngokulandelana okungahleliwe.

Ukulinganiswa Komsebenzi Wangaphambili: fNIRS

Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kusetshenziswa i-fNIRS kwenziwa e-neurocommunication laboratory yeSikole Sokuxhumana seComplutense University of Madrid². Ababambiqhaza babe sebexhunywa ngawodwana kumadivayisi we-fNIRS ukurekhoda umsebenzi wangaphambi kokuqapha ngenkathi bebuka imikhuba.

Idatha yomsebenzi owandulelayo yarekhodwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-NIRSport2 fNIRS yi-NIRx (NIRx Medical Technologies LLC) ehlola ukwenziwa kwengqondo ngokuqopha i-oxygenation ebuchosheni. Ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (ama-LED) kuma-optode abanjwe esikhunjeni ngekhanda eliqinile likhipha ukukhanya kusuka ku-650 kuye ku-1000 nm. Lokhu kukhanya kudlula kugebhezi kanye noqweqwe lokuqala lwe-cortex ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe yimitshina ehambisanayo. Okunye kwalokhu kukhanya kumunca ama-chromophores, kepha izicubu zomuntu zibonakala “zisobala” kulolu hlu lwe-spectral (UFerrari noQuaresima, 2012). IHemoglobin, iphrotheni yokuthutha evumela ukuthi amangqamuzana abomvu egazi athwale umoya-mpilo, ingenye ye-chromophore enjalo. Ukuhlungwa okuphezulu kwe-hemoglobin ene-oxygen kuholela ekukhanyeni okwengeziwe. Uhlelo lwe-fNIRS lubonisa izinga le-oxygenation ngesikhathi sangempela kubacwaningi ngokususelwe kule nhloko. Ukuba khona kwe-hemoglobin enomoya-mpilo kuchazwa njengomphumela wezinsizakusebenza eziningi ze-neural ezisetshenziswa kuleyo ndawo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukwenziwa kusebenze." Abaphenyi benza umsebenzi wokuqonda ngokususelwa ekusebenzeni futhi bathole iziphetho ukusuka lapho. Obunye ubuchwepheshe namasu nawo asetshenziswa njalo ukuhlola umsebenzi we-neural. Njengenqubo ye-neuroimaging, i-fNIRS iyindlela ebiza kakhulu kune-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Ngaphandle kwesilinganiselo sayo esiphansi sesignali-to-noise (SNR), i-fNIRS ihlangana kakhulu nezinyathelo ze-fMRI (UCui et al., 2011), okwenza kube enye indlela ethembekile yokusetshenziswa kwizifundo ze-psychophysiological. I-fNIRS iyashesha futhi ayizweli kangako ezintweni zokuhamba kune-fMRI (UCui et al., 2011), evumela ucwaningo lwe-neuroimaging obekungenakwenzeka, njengezifundo zokunyakaza zomzimba ezigcwele. Amandla e-fNIRS okusetshenziswa ngendlela ephathekayo ahamba phambili abalulekile ezifundweni zemvelo, ngoba inhloso yocwaningo lwezemvelo ukusondela emisebenzini yomhlaba wangempela ngangokunokwenzeka. Ephenyweni lokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-cue kunezinzuzo eziningana ekusebenziseni i-fNIRS, isib. Yize i-fNIRS ingenakulinganisa umsebenzi we-hemodynamic ezakhiweni ezingaphansi, ingahlola zombili i-dlPFC ebandakanyeka ezinkambisweni zokuvimbela kanye ne-OFC ebandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-valence engokomzwelo (U-Ehlis et al., 2014).

I-fNIRS ikhombisa izinguquko ezihlobene emazingeni e-hemoglobin, ebalwa kusetshenziswa umthetho we-Beer-Lambert oguquliwe (Umfanekiso we-1): ushintsho lwe-hemoglobin enomoya-mpilo: i-delta O2Hb (μmol / L), ukushintsha kwe-hemoglobin deoxygenated: delta HHb (μmol / L) kanye noshintsho oluphelele lwe-hemoglobin: delta cHb (μmol / L).

Ukuze kukalwe izinguquko ku-oxygenation ye-cerebral lolu cwaningo lusebenzise uhlelo lwe-NIRSport2. (NIRSport2 8-8, NIRx Medical Technologies LLC, United States) okuyi-portable, wearable, multichannel fNIRS system equkethe imithombo engu-8 yokukhanyisa i-LED nezinzwa eziyi-8 zokuthola okusebenzayo. Ama-Emitters abekwa ezikhundleni zeF1, AF3, FC3, F5, F6, AF4, FC4, neF2 ngenkathi imitshina ibekwe ezikhundleni F3, AF7, FC5, F7, F8, AF8, FC6, nakuF4 (Umfanekiso we-2). Kwasethwa iziteshi eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezihlanganisa i-prefrontal cortex. Umthombo-ibanga lomtshina kwakungu-3 cm. Ama-Optode abekwa ekhanda lalowo obambe iqhaza esebenzisa i-Easycap ephathelene nohlelo lwamazwe omhlaba lwe-10/20UJasper, 1958). Imininingwane itholwe nge-Aurora 1.4. i-acquisition Software (v2014 NIRx Medical Technologies LLC) ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziseduze nelambu elibomvu lokukhanya okungama-760 no-850 nm, ngesilinganiso sokusampula esingu-7.81 Hz.

Ababambiqhaza babe sebehlala phambi kwesikrini, batshelwa ukuthi kuzokhonjiswa izithombe zevidiyo. Bayalelwe ukuthi bayibuke ngenkathi izinsimbi zilinganisa ukusebenza kwengqondo yabo, nokuthi balinde cishe amashumi angama-20 ngemuva kokuphela kwevidiyo ukuze kuqoqwe kubuyelwe esisekelweni. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuqoqwa kwedatha, ababambiqhaza bachazelwa, babongwa futhi baxoshwa.

Imiphumela

INIRSport2 ihlangana ne-Aurora fNIRS: ipulatifomu yesoftware eyenzelwe ukurekhoda isignali. I-algorithm ezenzakalelayo yokusebenziseka kwesiginali iqinisekisa ikhwalithi yesiginali efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba kukalwe isilinganiso. Uma idatha seyirekhodwa, izinguquko zokuhlushwa ze-HbO ne-Hb zingabonakala ngesikhathi sangempela ngezindlela eziningana zokubonisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubonwa okuphelele kwekhanda eliphelele kutholakala ngokushesha.

Futhi, iphakethe le-nirsLAB liyatholakala: iyindawo yokuhlaziya isoftware esekwe kwi-MATLAB ukusekela ukutadisha kokuhluka kwesikhathi esilinganisweni sezilinganiso zeso lefoni kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-NIRSport2. Yakhiwe ngamamojula woku: Ukungenisa idatha yesilinganiso se-NIRS. Ukwakha amafayela aqukethe isikhundla se-optode. Ukulungiswa kabusha kwedatha yokulinganisa kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zesoftware ezingafaki ngaphandle iziteshi zedatha ezinomsindo omkhulu, zisusa izikhawu zesikhathi ezingasebenzi, zisuse izinto zokwakha kusuka kudatha nokuhlunga ukukhipha amabhendi emvamisa angasebenzi. Izimo ze-computing hemodynamic zisebenzisa izilungiselelo zamapharamitha ezixhomeke kubude besikhathi nobude bendlela. I-Data Analysis isebenzisa imisebenzi etholakala kuphakheji ye-SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping) ukukhulisa amandla e-nirsLAB ukufaka ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kochungechunge lwesikhathi se-hemodynamic-state. Imisebenzi ifaka phakathi: I-Level-1 general linear model (GLM) analysis of fNIRS hemodynamic-state time series, ukuhlola ubudlelwano obuxhomeke esimeni phakathi kwezimpendulo zedatha yesiteshi esihlanganisiwe namamodeli wesikhashana acaciswe ngumsebenzisi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Level-1 no-Level-2 kokubaluleka kwezibalo zama-coefficients wokulinganisa imodeli ye-GLM (t-kuhlolwa, i-ANOVA), noma kokuchazwa okuchazwe ngumsebenzisi kwamamodeli amabili noma ngaphezulu.

Umfanekiso we-3 ikhombisa isibonisi se-beta yomphathi wokuphikisana we-SPM ku-0.01 pinani. Imibala ikhombisa ubukhulu bempendulo ye-hemoglobin enomoya-mpilo kusiqeshana sezithombe zocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nesiqeshana esingezona ezocansi kanye nendawo ethile yecortex yangaphambili eyasebenza (pinani = 0.01). Okuwukuphela kwendawo eyenziwe yasebenza kakhulu lapho kubukwa isiqeshana sezithombe zocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nesiqeshana esingewona esocansi kwakuyiso esihambisana nesiteshi iFC6 (optode D07) neF6 (optode S05) ehambelana nesiteshi N12 (Umfanekiso we-3). Lesi siteshi siqopha indawo eyi-Brodmann eyi-45 (BA45) efanele, ikakhulukazi ama-pars triangularis. Kuvidiyo evela njengo Umfanekiso we-4, ukwenziwa kwe-prefrontal cortex kumuntu odlayo kungabonakala ngamandla ngesikhathi sokubuka isiqeshana se-porn. I-heatmap kuvidiyo ikhombisa ukushuba okuphezulu kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-BA45 elungile³. Lapho lezi zihloko zihlelwe zaba ngamaqoqo amabili (okungewona abathengi kuqhathaniswa nabathengi) ngokususelwa kumbiko wakho wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ukuhlaziywa kwe-SPM2 kuveze umphumela ofanayo maqondana nendawo eyenziwe yasebenza (right pars triangularis) eqinisekisa umphumela wokusebenzisana (p <0.01): izihloko zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu zibonisa okuningi kwesokudla Umsebenzi we-BA45 lapho ubuka isiqeshana sezithombe zocansi kunezihloko ezingezona ezabathengi (Umfanekiso we-5). Lesi sibalo sikhombisa ukuthi umsebenzi ofanele uphansi kanjani kunomsebenzi wesobunxele kwabangewona abathengi.

Ukuqagela 6A-C bonisa izinguquko ezihlobene emazingeni e-hemoglobin yesiteshi 12 lokho kungabonakala ngesikhathi sokubukwa kwesiqeshana sezithombe zocansi (Umfanekiso 6A) esihlokweni esinezilinganiso eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (umthengi) kanye (Umfanekiso we-6B) isihloko esinamaphuzu okusetshenziswa okuphansi (okungewona umthengi). Ku- Umfanekiso we-6C singabona amazinga we-hemoglobin enomoya-mpilo ne-deoxygenated ebhekiswe ku-BA 45 efanele kumthengi ngesikhathi sesiqeshana se-porn.

Lapho nje abakwa-nirsLAB sebekhombisile ukuthi okuwukuphela kwemiphumela ebalulekile evele esiteshini se-12, senze uhlaka oluhlelekile lokuhlaziya sisebenzisa i-PROCESS 2.16 macro Model 1 ye-SPSS (SPSS, HLELA: SCR_002865) nokusetshenziswa kocansi (okugxile), izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesibikezelo sezigaba eziningi (Control Video, Return to Baseline Control, Porn Video, Return to Baseline Porn), kanye nokusebenzisana kokuguquguqukayo okubili kokugeleza kwegazi elibambe iqhaza esiteshini se-12 se-prefrontal cortex (ama-pars triangularis angakwesokudla). Siqhathanisa amakhodi we-porn kanjena: −2 = Ukulawula, −1 = Isisekelo sokulawula, i-1 = Ividiyo ye-Porn, i-2 = i-Porn Baseline. Ukuze siphenye kahle ukusebenzisana okunesibikezeli sezigaba eziningi, silandele okokufundisa ngo UMontoya noHayes (2017). Lokhu kudinga ukuguqula ukuguquguquka okuzimele kube ngokuhlukahluka okuthathu okwehlukile (D₁, D₂, no-D₃). Sibika konke ukuqhathanisa okungenzeka phakathi kwezimo (Control vs. Baseline Control, Control vs. Porn, Control vs. Porn Baseline, Control Baseline vs. Porn, Control Baseline vs. Porn Baseline, kanye Porn vs. Porn Baseline).

Ukuhlehliswa kuveze ukuxhumana okubili kwezindlela ezimbili phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nemidwebo yevidiyo, ΔR² = 0.019, F(3,23427) = 154.67, p <0.001, okusho ukuthi ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezibikiwe nokusebenza kabusha kwama-pars triangularis kuyehluka njengokusebenza kwamavidiyo ahlukahlukene nezisekelo (bheka Umfanekiso we-7 kukho konke ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili).

Ngokuqondile, lapho kuqhathaniswa ividiyo yokulawula kanye nesisekelo sokulawula, kuvele ukuxhumana okubili kwezindlela ezimbili, B = -408.79, t(23427) = -10.963, p <0.001, 95% CI: -481.881, -335.708. Njengoba kungabonakala ku- Ithebula 1, babungekho ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-porn okuzimele nokubika kabusha kwe-pars triangularis kwividiyo yokulawula, B = -16.31, t(23427) = -0.60, p = 0.543, 95% CI: -68.968, 36.337. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kwakuhlotshaniswa kabi nokusebenza kabusha kwe-pars triangularis ku isisekelo sokulawula, B = -425.11, t(23427) = -16.43, p <0.001, 95% CI: -475.799, -374.422, okukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziphakeme (+1 SD) bakhombise ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-pars triangularis ephansi kwesokudla kunalabo ababike ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphansi (−1 SD).

Ukuhlangana kwezindlela ezimbili ohlangothini oluhlukile kuvele lapho kuqhathaniswa ividiyo yokulawula enevidiyo ye-porn, B = 396.634, t(23427) = 10.321, p <0.001, 95% CI: 321.309, 471.959. Kwakungekho buhlobo phakathi kokuzibika kocansi okusetshenzisiwe nokuziphendulela okulungile kwe-triangularis kuvidiyo yokulawula, B = -16.31, t(23427) = -0.60, p = 0.543, 95% CI: -68.968, 36.337. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kuhlotshaniswa kahle ne-pars pars triangularis evuselelayo kuvidiyo ye-porn, B = 380.31, t(23427) = 13.83, p <0.001, 95% CI: 326.453, 434.184, okukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababike ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ephezulu (+1 SD) kukhombise ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-pars triangularis ukwedlula labo ababike ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphansi (−1 SD).

Ukusebenzisana okubaluleke ngokulinganayo kwezindlela ezimbili kuvele lapho kuqhathaniswa ividiyo yokulawula enesisekelo sokuqala se-porn, B = 74.60, t(23427) = 1.824, p = 0.068, 95% CI: -5.569, 154.772. Ngokuqondile, kwakungekho buhlobo phakathi kokuzibika kokusebenzisa i-porn nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-pars triangularis kwividiyo yokulawula, B = -16.31, t(23427) = -0.60, p = 0.543, 95% CI: -68.968, 36.337. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kancane ne-pars pars triangularis reactivity kusisekelo sokuqala se-porn, B = 58.28, t(23427) = 1.88, p = 0.058, 95% CI: -2.171, 118.743, okukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababike ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwe (+1 SD) ukusetshenziswa kocansi kukhombise ukuphakama okuthe xaxa kwesokudla kwepar triangularis ukwedlula labo ababike ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphansi (−1 SD).

Lapho uqhathanisa isisekelo sokulawula nevidiyo ye-porn, ukuxhumana okubalulekile kwezindlela ezimbili kwavela, B = 805.43, t(23427) = 21.34, p <0.001, 95% CI: 731.464, 879.394 (Ithebula 2). Ukusetshenziswa kocansi okubikiwe kwakuhlotshaniswa kabi nokusebenza kabusha kwe-pars triangularis kusisekelo sokulawula, B = -425.11, t(23427) = -16.43, p <0.001, 95% CI: -475.799, -374.422. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nokuphindaphindeka kwe-pars triangularis kwividiyo ye-porn, B = 380.31, t(23427) = 13.83, p <0.001, 95% CI: 326.453, 434.184.

Ukuxhumana okubalulekile kwezindlela ezimbili kuphinde kwavela phakathi ividiyo ye-porn kanye nesisekelo sokuqala se-porn, B = -322.033, t(23427) = -7.79, p <0.001, 95% CI: -403.006, -241.060, lapho ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-pars triangularis kwividiyo ye-porn, B = 380.31, t(23427) = 13.83, p <0.001, 95% CI: 326.453, 434.184. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kancane ne-pars pars triangularis reactivity kusisekelo sokuqala se-porn, B = 58.28, t(23427) = 1.88, p = 0.058, 95% CI: -2.171, 118.743. Okokugcina, ukuxhumana okubili kwezindlela ezimbili kwavela futhi phakathi kwesisekelo sokulawula nesisekelo se-porn, B = 483.396, t(23427) = 12.00, p <0.001, 95% CI: 404.501, 562.291. Njengoba kungabonakala ku- Ithebula 1, kubikwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kuhlotshaniswa kabi ne-pars pars triangularis reactivity kusisekelo sokulawula, B = -425.11, t(23427) = -16.43, p <0.001, 95% CI: -475.799, -374.422. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kancane ne-pars pars triangularis evuselelayo kuvidiyo ye-porn, B = 58.28, t(23427) = 1.88, p = 0.058, 95% CI: -2.171, 118.743 (bheka Umfanekiso we-7 kukho konke ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili).

Njengoba kungabonakala ku Ithebula 3, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka ibonisa amanani abalulekile ngokwezibalo kuwo wonke amazinga wokuhlaziya (p <0.01) kuyo yomibili imiphumela nokusebenzisana, okuqinisekisa idatha etholwe phambilini ngokuhlehliswa okuningi.

Kulesi sibalo esilandelayo (Umfanekiso we-8) izinga lokusebenzisa elizimele eliguqukayo liguqulwe lahlukahluka kakhulu: izihloko ezingakaze zisebenzise izinto ezingcolile kanye nezihloko ezisetshenzisile. Ukuguquguquka okusha kwe-dichotomous kukhiqize amaqembu amabili afanayo ngokuya ngenani lezifundo.

Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluka okwenziwe (Ithebula 4) kukhombisile ukuthi kunemiphumela emikhulu (p <0.01) yesici "sohlobo lwesiqeshana esibukwayo" (control vs. porn) kepha ayikho imiphumela eyinhloko (p <0.144) yesici “ukusetshenziswa kweleveli” (umthengi uma kuqhathaniswa non-umthengi) kanye nomphumela wokusebenzisana (p <0.01). Lokho wukuthi, umphumela wokusebenzisana unamandla ngokwanele wokweqa umphumela oyinhloko wohlobo lokubuka: izihloko ezingakaze zibone i-porn zinciphisa ukusebenza kwazo kwe-cortical ku-N12 (BA45, right pars triangularis) ngenkathi labo abayibonile bandisa ukwenziwa kwe-cortical kakhulu ku-BA45 efanele.

Ingxoxo

Inhloso bekuwukuthola ubufakazi obusivumela ukuthi sinikele ngolwazi hhayi kuphela ezisekelweni ze-neuroscience, kepha futhi nasezisekelweni zokukholisa i-neuroscience nokuxhumana nezempilo. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yokugcina yalolu cwaningo ukuthola iziqiniseko ezivumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela ezempilo. Ngokuqondile, endaweni yokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi ngabesifazane abasebancane, abasanda kujoyina ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi (Shaughnessy et al., 2011, 2017; Serrano, 2017; IFrench noHamilton, 2018).

Ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwe-inthanethi kungahle kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okwandayo nokwamukelwa kwezithombe zocansi (UD'Orlando, 2011). Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zehlukile njengoba zinikeza ukungaziwa, ukufinyelela mahhala nokulula. Laba bashayeli abathathu bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi okubizwa ngokuthi "Injini yeTriple-A" yikhona okubangela ukuthandwa kwezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi (Cooper, i-1998). Njengomphumela wokwanda kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, kuye kwaba nokugxila okuningi ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi njengesizinda esingaphansi kocansi (U-Carroll et al., 2008; I-Döring, 2009; Griffiths, i-2013).

Izinhlelo zokuvikela ziyakwazi ukufinyelela engxenyeni enkulu yabantu abagwema ubungozi nezifo. Kodwa-ke, kunokushoda okusobala kocwaningo lwe-neurocognitive olwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezingcono zokuxhumana kwezempilo. Ulwazi kuphela lwendlela yokusebenza okufanele iguqulwe kuzovumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezanele zokuvimbela.

Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekutadisheni ukubaluleka kwesisusa sokubandlulula esinezithombe ezibeka obala ezocansi (ukuvezwa kwe-cue) kanye nempendulo yokulangazelela (cue reactivity) kwabesifazane abasebasha abathengi nabangewona abathengi bamavidiyo we-porn. Le paradigm isetshenziswe kaningi esifundweni semilutha yezidakamizwa (UKroczek et al., 2017), kepha yathuthukiswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezidakamizwa zokuziphatha njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Umqondo oyisisekelo yilokhu okulandelayo: ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zokuvikela ezisebenzayo ekusetshenzisweni kocansi, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi isisusa sokubandlulula esidala ukuqala kokuziphatha. Kubalulekile ukuthi ubheke ukuthi imvelo lapho ukukhula kwentsha kukhula khona njalo kuveza inkanuko yecala eliphakeme lezocansi elingasebenza njengesikhuthazo sobandlululo. Hhayi nje kuphela ezokukhangisa, kepha ezinye eziningi, ezinjengalezo ezivela kumanethiwekhi omphakathi njenge-Instagram noma iTikTok, ziveza inani elikhulu lokuqukethwe okuvusa inkanuko okungasebenza njengezikhuthazo zobandlululo ezibangela isimilo nokuqinisa ukufundwa kokuziphatha okuyinkinga. Kukhona nobufakazi obuqinile obukhombisa imiphumela okusetshenziswa yi-porn ebuchosheni (UMuller, 2018). Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe i-cortex yangaphambili yabahlanganyeli iphakeme (vs. ephansi) ekusetshenzisweni kocansi ikhombise ukwenziwa okuningi lapho ivezwa kokuqukethwe kocansi okuphathelene nesimo sokungalashwa. Ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini (UKühn noGallinat, i-2014; UZangemeister et al., 2019) Besilindele ukuthi ababambiqhaza baphakame (vs. okuphansi) ekusetshenzisweni kocansi ukwandisa umsebenzi wabo (cue reactivity) endaweni ye-prefrontal cortex lapho bevezwa kumavidiyo anokuqukethwe kwezithombe zocansi (ukuvezwa kwe-cue). Sihlaziye umsebenzi wecortex yangaphambi kokusebenzisa inqubo ye-fNIRS (esebenza eduze kwe-infrared spectroscopy), ekhonjiswe ukuthi iyasebenza kulolu hlobo lokutadisha (U-Leong et al., 2019; UKarthikeyan et al., 2020).

Ocwaningweni lwamanje, abesifazane abasha be-28 basekolishi bazibike ngokwabo ngemikhuba yabo yokusebenzisa i-porn futhi babheka amavidyo kliphu we-20-second (porn vs. control) ngenkathi umsebenzi we-prefrontal cortex yabo uqoshwa kusetshenziswa i-fNIRS. Imiphumela etholakele ikhombisile ukuthi ukugqugquzela ukubandlulula kudale umsebenzi omkhulu we-cortical endaweni kaBrodmann engu-45 (i-BA45 yangakwesokudla, i-pars triangularis) yezwe elilungile kubathengi besifazane, kepha hhayi kwabesifazane abangadli (p <0.01). Bakhombise nokuthi u-tumphumela wakhe uvela eqenjini lokuhlola uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo nokuthi isisusa se-porn sibangela umphumela omkhulu kuye ngezinga lokusetshenziswa. Cngokuhambisana nokulindela kwethu, abesifazane abangakaze badle izinto ezingcolile zobulili abazikhuphuli izinga lokusebenzisa i-BA45 efanele uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo. Lo mphumela uhambisana nokuchazwa kwesikhuthazo se-porn njengesikhuthazo sokubandlulula sokufunda okusebenzayo "ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi": uma umuntu engakaze azidle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukufunda akukaqali, ngakho-ke isikhuthazo asibandlululi, kepha asithathi hlangothi (kungenzeka beversive). Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlaziye umehluko phakathi "kwabangewona abathengi" kanye nabathengi ukuhlola le hypothesis yokuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemilutha efana nokugembula, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, njll. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kulolu cwaningo ukuhlinzeka ngobufakazi besisekelo sezinhlelo zokuvikela empilweni nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane, kubalulekile ukujulisa ukuhunyushwa komphumela: ukwenziwa kwe-pars triangularis (indawo yama-45 ka-Brodmann) eyandulelayo yenkabazwe elungile. Yize lo mugqa wocwaningo usanda kwenzeka, sekuvele kukhona uhla lwezincwadi lapho kutholakala khona imisebenzi eminingi ye-pars triangularis efanele ekuluthweni. Ngokwesibonelo, Irizar et al. (2020) ithole ukuthi ivolumu yangasese engezansi engakwesokudla engezansi (okungukuthi, ama-pars triangularis) yayingu- kukhulu kakhulu kukho kokubili ukugembula kwe-pathological kanye ne-cocaine kuncike kumaqembu wokulawula. Kunobhalo oluningi oluxhumanisa le ndawo nama-mirror neuron nozwela (Uribe et al., 2019; IKrautheim et al., 2019; URymarczyk et al., 2019). Muva nje kuqinisekiswe ngamandla ukuthi indawo elungile inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ukuthinta nolimi olungakhulumi ngamazwi, ikakhulukazi indawo kaBrodmann 45 (U-Inhóf et al., 2019; IKrautheim et al., 2019). Le mininingwane ingasho ukuthi indawo kaBrodmann engu-45, ngokwesiko ehlotshaniswa nolimi lokukhuluma engxenyeni yangakwesobunxele, igcwaliswa yimisebenzi eyenziwe endaweni elungile. Ngale ndlela, i-hemisphere yangakwesobunxele ibizoba nendima exhunyaniswe kakhulu nenkumbulo ye-semantic kanye nokuqondwa kwezincazelo zolimi, ngenkathi i-hemisphere elungile izobhekana nokuqondwa kwezincazelo ezingezona ezolimi. Kokubili kuzosebenza ngokubambisana nememori yokusebenza kepha kuxhunyaniswe nemisebenzi ehlukile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-correlates e-neocortical nawo atholakele kubukhulu bokuzwelana kwengqondo, kuyilapho uzwela olunamandla luzohlobene nezakhiwo ezingaphansi. Ngokusebenza, ukuzwelana okuthintekayo kubonakala kuxhunyaniswa nokuxhuma phakathi kwama-cortices we-orbital ne-cingate kanye nezakhiwo ezijulile zohlelo lwe-limbic (Uribe et al., 2019; I-Xiong et al., 2019). I-hypothesis ebonakala kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi isakhiwo se-ne45-cortical se-BAXNUMX sisebenza njengesixhumi phakathi kokuqonda nokuzwela kwemizwa yozwela nokuchazwa kokungazenzi komlomo kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le hypothesis iyahambisana neqiniso lokuthi kutholakala inani elikhulu lama-mirror neurons kule ndawo, elizobandakanyeka kakhulu kuzwela (I-Gallese, 2001; Ishumi, 2002; U-Preston no-De Waal, ngo-2002; I-Decety neJackson, 2004; UKeysers noGazzola, ngo-2010). Eqinisweni, le ndawo yobuchopho, nezinye zisondelene kakhulu, njenge-anterior insula, i-anterior cingate cortex, i-cortex engaphansi engaphansi, zixhunyaniswe kakhulu nokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwelo efana nokunengeka, injabulo noma ubuhlungu, ikakhulukazi lapho kubukwa omunye umuntu obhekene nobunzima le mizwa (I-Botvinick et al., I-2005; U-Lamm et al., 2007). UFreedberg noGallese (2007) bakhombisile ukubaluleka kohlelo lwe-mirror neuron lokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle. Okuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle kubhekwa njengokuhlangenwe nakho kokubona, ukudala kanye nokuhlola izinto ezivusa imizwa enamandla kakhulu (IChatterjee, 2011; UPearce et al., 2016). AmaChristian Keysers eSocial Brain Lab nozakwabo bakhombisile ukuthi abantu abazwela ngokwengeziwe ngokusho kwemibuzo yabo yokuzibika banokuvuselelwa okunamandla kwemizwa, banikeze ukwesekwa okuqondile komqondo wokuthi uhlelo lwesibuko luxhumene nozwela. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo lwesibuko aluphenduli ngokungaqapheli ekubukweni kwezenzo kepha luthonywa yimicabango yomuntu obukayo (Molenberghs et al., 2012).

Lolu phenyo lusivumela ukuthi siphakamise le ncazelo elandelayo yemiphumela yocwaningo lwethu: izihloko ezidla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngokusho kwemibuzo yazo yokuzibika, zingakhombisa ukuzwelana okukhulu nezithombe zocansi. Ngamanye amagama, "ukuvezwa kwe-cue" kungashukumisa ukusabela okukhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kohlobo lwe- "vicarious eroticism" oluxhunyaniswe nozwelo kunenjabulo ye-dopaminergic emsulwa enikezwa yizinhlelo zobumnandi bobuchopho. Yize bungakabi bikho ubufakazi obenele bokuqina, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ama-mirror neurons abandakanyekile ekuziphatheni ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yaso yokuzwelana. Okumhlophe (2019) ukhuluma "ngozwela lwezocansi" lapho ebhekisa kulo mqondo. Njengoba sibonisile, le hypothesis ehumushekayo nayo izosekelwa iqiniso lokuthi yi-hemisphere efanelekile yobuchopho ekhombisa umsebenzi we-BA45. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe, i-hemisphere elungile kubonakala sengathi yiyo ephethe ukucubungula ukutolika kokuqonda kwezici ezingezona eze-semantic zokuxhumana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umehluko ocacile wobulili utholakele kule ndawo yobuchopho. Ngokwesibonelo, UKurth et al. (2017) kutholakale inani elikhulu kakhulu lezimpunga kwabesifazane kunabesilisa nge-BA eyi-44 ne-BA 45 ngakubili kepha akukho mehluko obalulekile wezocansi maqondana ne-BA 44/45 asymmetry. Lokhu kungachaza umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokwamandla we-semantic kanye ne-empathic ezicini eziningi zobudlelwano bengqondo.

Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwalesi siphakamiso, abanye ababhali bathole imininingwane esekela umbono wokuthi indawo yangakwesokudla kaBrodmann engu-45 yezwe elifanele ingaxhunyaniswa nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha ezixhumene kakhulu nozwela nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, USchmitgen et al. (2020) ithole lezo zihloko nge Ukulutha kwe-Smartphone kukhombise ukwenziwa okukhulu ku-cortex yangaphambili yangaphambili, ikakhulukazi kuma-pars triangularis (kwesokudla i-BA 45). Ngomqondo ofana kakhulu, U-Inhóf et al. (2019) kukhombisile ukuthi abesifazane abazibike ngokwabo ukuthi banenkinga yokusebenzisa noma ukulutha kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu kwi-Intanethi bakhombise ukwenziwa okukhulu endaweni efanayo: i-pars triangularis (i-BA efanele ye-45) yezwe elilungile kanye ne-pars opercularis efanele. Ngokubheka ukuthi inhloso yalo msebenzi ukufaka ulwazi endaweni yezokuxhumana kanye ne-neuroscience yezempilo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngokuvikela, kuyadingeka ukuphakamisa umbono ohumushayo wale miphumela ngokwethiyori yezokuxhumana nokuvikela. Ngalo mqondo, izindlela ezimbili zocwaningo zesikhathi esizayo zingasungulwa. Okokuqala ukubheka umehluko phakathi "kwabangewona abathengi" kanye "nabathengi": idatha ibonakala ikhombisa ukuthi ukusabela kokucwasayo okubandlululayo (okugqugquzela i-erotic), okunesibopho sokuvezwa kwe-cue, kwenza okuhluke kakhulu kwabangewona abathengi uma kuqhathaniswa ukuphumula. Kubabambiqhaza okungebona abathengi, i-BA 45 efanele (i-pars triangularis) evela ku-hemisphere yangakwesokudla ayikhombisi ukuthi yenziwe yasebenza, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-stimulus erotic, ehambisana kakhulu nomqondo wokuthi iyisikhuthazi esibandlululayo. Isiphetho sokuqala, ngakho-ke, sibalulekile: kulula ukuhlukanisa ngokusobala phakathi kokuvikela okuyisisekelo (isihloko asikayiqali inkinga yenkinga) nokuvimbela okwesibili (lapho isimilo sesiqalile futhi sifuna ukuphatha ubungozi noma ukusenza sinyamalale) . Esimweni sokuqala, ukuvimbela kumele kugxile kwimfundo yezempilo nasezinhlelweni zokukhuthaza ezempilo. Lapha, i-axis yezokuxhumana kufanele ibe ngendlela yokuthi ichaza isihloko kanye nabaqaphi babo, esimweni sabancane, ukubaluleka kokungaqali isimilo. Ukuqala kungashesha ukuvusa ukuzwela kwalesi sigaba sangaphambi kocortical, nemiphumela yokulangazelela okungenzeka ngaphambi kokucwasana okubandlululayo. Endabeni “yokuvikela” yesibili, izinhlelo zokuncenga kufanele zigxile ekuguquleni isimo sengqondo saleso sihloko ukuze kuqedwe noma kuguqulwe indlela yokuziphatha kwabathengi. Endabeni yabesifazane abasebasha, umphumela walolu cwaningo ubonakala ukhombisa ukuthi isisusa esibalulekile ekuziphatheni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba ukusesha okuxakile kwezixhumanisi ezinesimo socansi esiqhutshwa kakhulu yisistimu ye-mirror neuron. Ngamanye amagama, singathola okuguquguqukayo okubili: uhlelo lokuthokozisa lwe-limbic lokuziphatha okungathandeki kanye nesistimu yesibuko se-neuron yokuziphatha kokuziphatha okuhilelekile.

Uma le mibono ilungile, izinhlelo zokuvimbela abesifazane abasebasha kufanele zigxile ekuguquleni izimo zengqondo ezixhumene nokufuna "uzwela lokuvusa inkanuko yobulili" noma "ukuvusa inkanuko evikelayo." Kushiwo ngokwethiyori yezokuxhumana: ukuqonda kwelitshe kukhombisa ukuthi i-axis yezokuxhumana necebo lezinhlelo zokuvimbela kufanele ligxile kulezi zici zokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngakho-ke (ngokwenkolelo-mbono yokuxhumana kwezenhlalo ekholisayo) i-USP (isiphakamiso esiyingqayizivele sokuthengisa) kufanele ibhekise ezinzuzweni ngokuya ngozwela lokuvusa inkanuko okuzotholwa yisihloko uma belungisa izimo zabo zengqondo (futhi, ngalokho, nokuziphatha kwabo) kule ndawo . Ngomqondo ofanayo, i-RW (Isizathu Kungani) kufanele inikeze isihloko izisusa ezintsha zokuqinisa ukuze kuthathe indawo yenjabulo yokuqonda nengokomzwelo enikezwe "yi-vicarious / empathic eroticism."

Ngakho-ke, ngalo mqondo, imigqa yocwaningo yesikhathi esizayo kufanele ithuthukiswe: ukuhlaziya, kusetshenziswa amasu we-neuroimaging (fNIRS, fMRI), ukuthi izindlela zobuchopho zezihloko ziziphatha kanjani ngokumelene nemiyalezo ehlukene yokuxhumana kule ndawo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Inqubo ingahle ibe nokukhohlisa, njengokuguquguquka okuzimele, uhlobo lomlayezo, i-USP ne-RW, kusetshenziswa imiphumela ye-neuroimaging njengokuhluka okuthembele kuye. Ngalo mqondo, omunye umugqa obalulekile wocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo ungahle ube nokuhlaziya umehluko wobulili. Uma i-hypothesis ilungile, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi izindawo ezahlukahlukene ze-prefrontal cortex ziyasebenza emadodeni uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane, lapho kunesimo sezocansi.

Ukulinganiselwa kwalolu cwaningo kubhekisa ngosayizi wesampula: yize inani lezifundo libalulekile kulolu hlobo locwaningo lwe-neuroimaging, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukuthi isampula lifana kakhulu (abafundi abasha basekolishi besifazane baseSpain). Kodwa-ke, ukunwetshwa kosayizi wesampula kungenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa kangcono phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okulutha naphakathi "kwabangewona abathengi" nabathengi.

Iparadigm yethu iyathakazelisa ngezindlela eziningana. Okokuqala, kukhombisa ukuthi, kwabesifazane abasebasha, i-BA 45 (i-pars triangularis) evela ku-correx ye-prefrontal efanele idlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphatheni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Lokhu kutholakala kungachaza ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-cue okubangelwe ukuvezwa kwe-cue okuzoba nesibopho sokulangazelela lokho, okungadala isimilo sokusebenzisa. Okwesibili, le mininingwane ingathathwa njengesisekelo sezinhlelo zokuvikela ezesibili lapho isu lokuxhumana, iReason Why kanye ne-Unique Selling Proposition kwakungu "vicarious / empathic eroticism." Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinhlelweni zokuvikela okuyisisekelo, isu lokuxhumana kufanele ligxile ekuchazeni ukuguqulwa kumasekethe we-prefrontal cortex yangakwesokudla edala ukuqala kwalokhu kuziphatha nemiphumela yako yokuqonda nengokomzwelo. Ekugcineni, lolu cwaningo lungaba wusizo, uma ucwaningo luqhubeka ngale ndlela, ukuthola izimpawu zebhayoloji kulokhu kuziphatha okuyinkinga noma okuluthayo, ngokuhambisana nolunye ucwaningo olufanayo (Umuntu et al., 2019).

Isitatimende sokutholakala kwedatha

Imininingwane engahluziwe esekela isiphetho sale ndatshana izotholakala ngababhali, ngaphandle kokubhuka okungafanele.

Isitatimende Sokuziphatha

Inqubo yokuhlola yocwaningo yabuyekezwa futhi yamukelwa yikhomishini yophenyo kanye nenkambiso elungile yokuziphatha yoMnyango Wezemfundiso Nokuhlaziywa Kwezokuxhumana zeComplutense University yaseMadrid. Iziguli noma ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume yabo ebhaliwe yokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

I-UC isize ekucabangeni nasekusebenzeni kocwaningo, ngokuyinhloko elibhekele ukuhlaziywa kwedatha nokubhalwa okuncane kombhalo wesandla futhi libuyekeze ngokucophelela lo mbhalo futhi lavuma ifomu lawo lokugcina. UJN usize ekwakhiweni komqondo kocwaningo, ukubhalwa okuncane kombhalo wesandla, futhi wabuyekeza ngokucophelela lo mbhalo futhi wavuma ifomu lawo lokugcina. I-LM isize ekukhumbuleni kwedatha nasekuhumusheni, ekubhaleni umbhalo wesandla nasekubuyekezeni okubucayi, futhi yavuma umbhalo wesandla wokugcina. I-BP isize ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha nasekuchazeni nasekubuyekezeni okubucayi kombhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali banikele ku-athikili futhi bavumela inguqulo efakiwe.

Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

Ukuvuma

Ukubonga kwethu kuCarolina Bengochea, abasebenza ekusekeleni ucwaningo e-UCM Neurolabcenter laboratory (www.neurolabcenter.com) ngokubambisana kwabo ekuqoqeni nasekuhlaziyeni idatha. Futhi kuMarion Roberts, oqeqeshwayo waselebhu ngosizo lwabo ekuxhumaniseni ucwaningo.

Izinto ezengeziwe

I-Supplementary Material yalesi sihloko ingatholakala ku-intanethi ku: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02132/full#supplementary-material